Many things in human civilization appeared only after the birth of Christ. What happened before Christmas? What are Old Testament times, why are there different calendars, and even Christmas itself is celebrated in different days? All these questions can be answered by knowing history.

How to find out what people thought before the birth of Christ

The guardians of human wisdom are books... Each of them stores someone's thoughts, hopes, sleepless nights. But there are a number of books-symbols, they are wisdom - those that are revered by billions of people around the world.

In all centuries, humanity has had different religions and accepted different beliefs. The science of religious studies divides faiths into religions, sects, denominations, movements and simply personal beliefs. Faith is not scientifically provable. In fact, every person has faith in something Higher, even atheists who are convinced that there is no God cannot prove this.

World religions - Christianity, Islam, Buddhism - these are the four religions that are most widespread on Earth, while Christianity is historically inherent in the Slavic lands of Rus'. However, it is also divided into confessions - movements within the religion. Orthodoxy and Catholicism are widespread in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, and Moldova.

The key books of world religions are, respectively, the Bible, the Koran and the Vedas.

Bible - Old Testament about the times before our era

The book of books is what the Bible is called, and this is how its name is translated from Greek. The Bible is made up of many parts, also called “books.” All of them were written by a number of authors under God's inspiration over thousands of years. It is the basis of a number of human civilizations and cultures.

The main division of the Bible is into New and Old Testament. The word “covenant” means agreement, that is, the old and new covenant of God and man are the definition of the different relationships of man with God. Many people know the word “Gospel” (translated as Good News) - these are books about the Birth, life, death and Resurrection of the Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who came into the world to save people and imprisoned New Testament, a new agreement between God and man.

Traditionally, people pray before reading the Old Testament. You can read the Lord's Prayer “Our Father”. Summary Each book of the Old Testament can be read in a number of publications: the Orthodox Encyclopedia, the Children's Bible, and also before each part of the Bible in most of its editions.

History of the ancient Jews and other peoples

To every believer and simply cultured person it is necessary to understand the difference between the names of the books of the Bible and know what the Torah or Pentateuch is. These are the 2 names of the first five books of the Bible, according to legend, written by the prophet Moses himself.

The Torah is revered in both Judaism and Christianity. For Jews, this is such a sacred book that it can be opened only after a number of rituals. In Christianity, even the Gospel is treated more simply.

In Judaism, the Torah, also known as the Pentateuch, is still read on scrolls, which are inserted into expensive cases and passed on from generation to generation.

The Book of Genesis is a story about the Creation of the world by God, His creation of people, the Fall of man, as well as the history of several generations of people who lived before the Flood and its history. These points are still controversial to this day, but even the most atheistically minded scholars understand that the language of the Bible is metaphorical, and “in the eyes of God a thousand years are like one day.” Therefore, the Creation of the world could not have taken seven days, as written in the Bible, but many years. It's the same with the first people. Regarding the Flood, many scientists agree that it really happened.

In the middle of the book of Genesis, the plot entirely tells about the history of only one family - the patriarch (that is, the forefather, ancestor, head of the clan) Abraham. It was his sons who became the “twelve patriarchs” of the Jews - the “tribes of Israel” (tribes) of the Jewish people were named after their names (Leviticus, Benjamin, etc.). For centuries, the Jews maintained their faith in the true God, despite many falls into sin. The Jews were the chosen people in the Old Testament, but Christ, incarnate from the Virgin Mary, being a man in the flesh, became the Savior of all humanity - all nations. Christ's apostles eventually called upon people of all nationalities to "make a covenant with God."

In addition to Genesis, the Pentateuch of Moses includes the books of Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. They contain the laws, quite cruel ones at that, by which the Jews lived before Christ came into the world.

In addition to the Pentateuch, the Old Testament includes about a dozen more books. They tell the history of the Jewish people (as, for example, in the books of Chronicles and Kings), provide poetic comparisons of love for God and a loved one (Song of Songs), tell about the life, death and miracles of the prophets (for example, Amos and the most famous and revered Old Testament righteous man - Elijah the prophet). An important book is the Psalter, a collection of prayers and reflections written mainly by the prophets and kings David and Solomon. The Psalter is read at services in Christian Churches every day.

Let us note that not only Christians revere the Bible, but also Muslims, Jews, and even many Buddhists. In all centuries, humanity has had different religions and accepted different beliefs. The science of religious studies divides faiths into religions, sects, denominations, movements and simply personal beliefs. Faith is not scientifically provable. In fact, every person has faith in something Higher, even atheists who are convinced that there is no God cannot prove this.

World religions - Christianity, Islam, Buddhism - these are the four religions that are most widespread on Earth, while Christianity is historically inherent in the Slavic lands of Rus'.

Commandments - moral laws before Christmas and after Christmas

The Pentateuch of Moses contains the Ten Commandments that God Himself gave to Moses. They are still relevant today. They can be explained as follows:

The first three commandments tell us how to relate to God: to worship only Him, not to believe in the gods of other religions, pagan gods, and not to worship dark and unknown spirits. Do not make idols, that is, do not worship anything earthly as God. Do not simply call on the Name of God in conversation, do not break an oath in the face of God.

The fourth commandment calls for devoting part of your time to serving God and neighbor, to work with zeal and diligence. Don’t be lazy, but also don’t indulge in revelry, fun with oblivion of others and excesses.

The fifth commandment is to treat your parents with respect, take financial and emotional care of your parents, give them love and support, and at least pray to God for them if you have a difficult relationship.

The sixth commandment prohibits encroaching on the lives of other people and your own; prohibits harming the health of another, only for the purpose of self-defense; says that a person is guilty even if he did not stop the murder. Suicide is also terrible sin; we give away what has been given to us by God and others - life, leaving our loved ones and friends in terrible grief, dooming our soul to eternal torment.

The seventh commandment prohibits sexual relations outside of marriage. The Lord does not bless shamelessness, viewing explicit and pornographic visual materials, and monitoring your thoughts and feelings. It is especially sinful, because of one’s lust, to destroy an already existing family by betraying a person who has become close.

With the eighth commandment, the Lord instructs us that we must not only take other people’s property, but, what is important for the modern world, we must not cheat, make fraudulent transactions, or take bribes.

The ninth commandment prohibits all lying and deception. And, of course, this commandment prohibits slander and intrigue.

With the tenth commandment, God blesses us to rejoice in what we have, not to envy or grumble about the arrangement of our lives and the lives of our neighbors.

You can often hear that the worst sin is pride. They say this because pride clouds our eyes, it seems to us that we have no sins, and if we did something, it was an accident. Of course, this is absolutely not true. You need to understand that people are weak, that modern world We devote too little time to God, the Church and improving our soul with virtues, and therefore we can be guilty of so many sins, even through ignorance and inattention. It is important to be able to weed out sins from the soul in time, like weeds, through confession.

Nativity of Christ

It has long been proven that Christ is like a real man existed on Earth. The place of His burial was widely known among the Jews of His time. In addition, after His Resurrection, He appeared to many people more than once, as the evangelists say. And the apostles themselves - holy men, according to the testimony of many - could not lie, unanimously asserting that He ascended to Heaven and pointing out the place where the Church of the Holy Sepulcher is now located as the place of His burial.

The most important dogma of Christianity is that Jesus Christ, the Almighty Son of God, became incarnate from the Virgin Mary and voluntarily accepted death to save people from the power of sin. He Himself showed people the meaning of the death, burial and Resurrection of Christ. His words and actions remain in the Gospel.

After being condemned to death, the Lord Jesus was Crucified on the Cross like the last thief, with ordinary thieves nearby. The apostles left Him, afraid of death, and only Holy Mother of God remained with the Apostle John the Theologian at the Cross.

When the Lord gave up the ghost, the disciples - not the apostles, but simply the disciples of Christ Joseph and Nicodemus - asked to give them the Body of the Lord for burial. They left it in the garden, where Nicodemus himself had bought a place for his future burial. However, Christ rose again a day later, appearing to the holy myrrh-bearing women.

Only after the Resurrection did the Apostles believe in the Divine will about the Crucifixion, death and the Kingdom of the Lord and understood this to the end.

On the 40th day after the Resurrection, Christ called the apostles to the Mount of Olives, blessed them and ascended to heaven on a cloud, that is, he began to rise higher and higher until he disappeared from view. At the Ascension, the apostles received a blessing from the Lord to go and teach the Gospel to all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Holy Trinity.

Christ is one of the Persons of the Holy Trinity. Holy Trinity- God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit are the One and Only God, Whom Christians all over the world worship. The dogma of His Unity in Three Persons is the most important for Christians, regardless of denomination.

An Orthodox xmas

It is known that in the Orthodox Church every day the memory of a saint or a holiday is celebrated in honor of an important historical event for the teaching of Christ. Each church holiday has a special edifying, educational meaning. Church holidays preserve the true purpose of holidays - it is a renewal of life, a reminder of special events, and not just drunken fun, unbridled fun.

Many church holidays became truly popular, signs were associated with them, they began to bring certain seasonal fruits for consecration, that is, God’s blessing in the church, and to pray for certain things related to the holiday.

In the annual church circle there are twelve holidays, called “twelve” (in Church Slavonic duodecimal). These are days dedicated to the most important events in the earthly life of Christ and the Most Holy Theotokos, as well as the most important historical events of the Church.

In every Orthodox country, these holidays reflect traditions, national mentality and historical culture. Thus, in Russia and Greece, on various holidays, earthly fruits are brought for blessing. Elements of Slavic ritualism have been preserved, for example, in the traditions of caroling on Christmas Day in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus. Thanks to the tolerance and love of the Orthodox Church, many good ancient traditions have survived to this day.

The twelfth holidays are divided by content:

• Lord's (Lord's) - eight holidays,
• Theotokos - four,
• days of remembrance of sacred events.

It is interesting that Christmas refers to the Lord's holidays, and the priests' vestments on this day are the Theotokos, that is, blue and silver. This is a tribute to honoring the Mother of Christ, because this is also Her holiday.

On Christmas Day the birthday of the Lord Jesus Christ Himself is celebrated. The Gospel tells that because of the population census, Joseph the Obrochnik and the Most Holy Theotokos were forced to come to Bethlehem, Joseph’s homeland. Due to a simple everyday detail - hotels for the poor were overcrowded and there was no money for expensive rooms - they were forced to take refuge in a cave along with their livestock and pets. Here the Virgin Mary gave birth to the Son of God and laid him in a manger, in straw. Simple shepherds, called by the Angels, came here to worship the Baby, and wise wise men led by the Star of Bethlehem.

It is historically testified that at the time of the Birth of the Lord Jesus Christ there was a certain new star, a celestial phenomenon—possibly a comet. However, it lit up in the sky as a sign of the coming into earthly life of the Messiah, Christ the Savior. The Star of Bethlehem, according to the Gospel, showed the way to the Magi, who, thanks to it, came to worship the Son of God and bring their gifts to Him.
On Christmas, they ask the Lord for the gift and upbringing of children, remember the simplicity of the Birth of the Infant God, and try to do good deeds during Christmastide - the week between the Nativity of Christ and Epiphany.

Different calendars

The main Christian Churches are divided church calendar: Orthodox Church celebrates holidays and days of remembrance of saints according to the old style (Julian calendar), the Catholic one - according to the Gregorian calendar (this is associated with astronomical phenomena).

Regarding the Nativity of Christ Gregorian calendar more convenient: after all, the week of holidays begins on December 24-25 with Christmas and continues with the New Year, but Orthodox Christians must celebrate the New Year modestly, calmly, in order to observe fasting. However, and Orthodox man can have fun on New Year's Eve, trying not to eat meat or any particularly tasty things (if he is visiting). Likewise, children in Orthodox families should not be deprived of the New Year holiday and the joy of Santa Claus. Just many Orthodox families they try to emphasize the significance of Christmas with more expensive gifts, more active joint visits to events, etc.

Note that Christmas is celebrated on December 25 and a number of Orthodox Local Churches, but all Orthodox Christians celebrate Easter on the same day (this holiday shifts depending on the phases of the moon). The point is that only in Orthodox Easter convergence occurs Holy Fire in Jerusalem.

God bless you!

There is such a thing in chronology as era. The fact is that whatever the calendar year, it must have serial number, that is, counted from some starting date - the basis of chronology.

Actually, the term era itself is believed to be an abbreviation of the following phrase: “ab exordio regni Augusti”, i.e. “from the beginning of the reign of Augustus” (aera - era).

In this regard, we note that an era can be real - this is when the count of years comes from some real event, for example, from the beginning of the reign, or fictitious - this is when the counting of years comes from some mythical event, for example, from the creation of the world.
As long as the count is consistent, this doesn't matter.

We know one such era - the Christian era, or chronology system from the Nativity of Christ.
It was created by the Roman monk Dionysius the Lesser in the 6th century. n. e. Then the so-called era of Diocletian was used, i.e., the years were counted from the date of accession to the throne of the Roman Emperor Diocletian.
Dionysius somehow calculated that the year of Christ's birth took place 284 years before the beginning of the era of Diocletian, or, in other words, he equated the initial year of Diocletian's reign to 284 of the Christian era. The era of Dionysius was accepted throughout Christian Europe.

This was not the case in Russia at all. Since Christianity came to us from Byzantium, the Byzantine chronology system also came to us from there. from the creation of the world. This system was used in Russia until 1700, until by decree of Peter I Russia was transferred to the Christian era.

According to the Byzantine chronology system, 5508 years passed from the creation of the world to the birth of Christ. The year in it, as well as in the Christian system, was built on the basis of the Julian calendar.

It would seem that if the difference is only in the starting point, then the translation between eras is trivial, but in fact ancient Rus' until the end of the 17th century New Year began not from January, as in the Christian era, but from March (as in ancient Rome) or from September (as in Byzantium). That is, before the decree of Peter I, there were already two parallel calendar styles: the March style, according to which the new year fell on March 1, and the September style, with the new year coming on September 1.

Different styles change the calculation slightly, since in the March style the new year is two months behind the Christian new year, and in the September style, on the contrary, it is four months ahead of the Christian new year. Let's explain this with an example.

Let's assume the year March 7100 is indicated according to the “March style”. This corresponds to (7100-5508=1592) March 1592 from the Nativity of Christ.
If February 7100 is indicated according to the “March style”, that is, almost the end of the year, then it will correspond to February 1593 from the Nativity of Christ.

Now let's look at September 7100 according to the “September style”. This corresponds to September 1591 from the Nativity of Christ, but February 7100 according to the “September style” corresponds to February 1592.

At the same time, when dating events in the chronicles, naturally, it was not indicated which “style” was used. However, there are a lot of logical techniques that help researchers establish the style used in the chronicle. It is also known that since the end of the 15th century, the September style has practically replaced the March style (really, why look up to Rome). In addition, the March style had two more modifications - ultra-March and circus-March styles, but we will not go into such jungle.

Actually, the calculator below converts dates from our era to Old Russian (Byzantine), and is more for fun. The task of reverse translation required to correctly date the chronicles, as shown above, is more complex and requires an analysis of the context to determine the style used in the chronicles.

A final word about months - since it was based on the ancient Roman (Julian) calendar, then in the most early sources the names of the months are found in the form closest to the Latin prototype, which have not yet acquired a Russified form, for example, June, July, August, and so on.

It is rather strange that pages 286 to 289 (reverse), according to Kloss, are written in another handwriting, which is used only here. However, there is nothing special on these pages. On page 286, however, as indicated in the comments to the text of the first edition, the corner is damaged, but the loss of the text does not seem to be observed, it continues previous entry. And on the 289th, in general, part was written by one scribe, and part by another.

So here, I think, Kloss got carried away. But as for the two scribes... An interesting consideration arises here. What if the text was originally written by the first of them? The one in whose handwriting the entire beginning of the collection is written. And then they started editing his text. And the second scribe was told: “You must put a new, expanded text in the same volume of pages in which it was.” So he started to get smaller. Eh, I should check the sheets! What if one text was erased and another was written on top? Who will give it!

As for the time of creation of the Rogozh Chronicler, researchers, based on the watermarks, came to the conclusion that the collection in which it is included was written in the middle of the 15th century. N.P. Likhachev, having analyzed part of the sheets, those on which “ the sign is more or less noticeable" talked about the 40s. N.P. Popov, based on the handwriting, believed that this was the end of the XV - beginning of XVI V. Y. S. Lurie dated the compilation of the Rogozh chronicler (in terms of content) to the 50s. XV century, and the collection (on paleography) - a little later. B. M. Kloss, preparing a new edition, as he himself writes, clarified the time of creation of the sheets on which the collection was written. It turned out that they date from 1439–1445. (deer filigree), 1447 (horseshoe), 1432–1456. (“a horn in a heart-shaped shield, above which is a fleur-de-lis”), 1448 (“a bull’s head with fused nostrils, between the horns a mast with an asterisk”) and 1444 (“a pilgrim’s flask”). Anisimova’s clarifications did not add anything fundamental. The earliest date is 1439, the latest is 1456.

In general, it seems that Lurie was closer to the truth, and the chronicle was written after 1450, but before 1500. Although for some reason Kloss believes that Likhachev is right. This is strange, considering that among the filigree there is one (“the head of a bull with a bang and a mast between the horns, ending in a five-petalled flower”), dating, according to the Briquet catalog, to 1455. It is used, according to Kloss, on sheets 372–379 and 391 –392. Next to them are pages whose dates may well also be after 1450. Thus, paper for sheets 388–389 and 394–395 was produced between 1429 and 1461. And some time must have passed between the time the paper was issued and the date the text was written on it. So the end of the 15th century, in my opinion, looks more preferable as the date for writing the collection, based on the dating of the paper.

The part that interests us, dedicated to the Battle of Kulikovo and the events around it, is located on sheets 316-344, that is, in notebooks 40-43. The text was written by one scribe. And there is only one filigree on the sheets, “ploughshare”. That is, for the collection - the main one. So this part of the Rogozhsky collection seems quite homogeneous. Let's see what can be learned from its contents.

From the Creation of the World to the Nativity of Christ

The most interesting thing: in this chronicle there are many dates for which the days of the week are indicated. Which is very valuable for checking dating. After all, in the chronicles the years are indicated from the Creation of the World (S.M.), and we like to translate them to dates from the Nativity of Christ (R.C.).

This is where the problems begin. The fact is that how much time has passed from S.M. BC, no one knows. Eat different opinions. And different old chroniclers and historians use different dates in their works. There is, for example, the so-called. the era of Hippolytus, in which the Nativity of Christ falls on 5500 from S.M. There is the African era, in which Christmas is in 5502 from S.M. In the Alexandrian era of Panodorus - 5495, in the Alexandrian, but Annian, - 5502, in the Proto-Byzantine - 5508, in the Byzantine - 5507.

If we compare it with the traditional era AD, proposed by Dionysius the Less (the first to paint the Easter canon according to the Julian calendar and the years after the Nativity of Christ), then we will see different numbers. The fact is that, according to Dionysius, Christ was born on December 25, 1 A.D. That is, by the time of his birth, one year of the new era had almost passed. And this first year “from A.D.” Dionysius corresponded to 5502 from S.M. Hippolyta and Africana, 5494 Panodora, 5493, Anniana, 5510 Proto-Byzantine and 5509 Byzantine.

Confused yet? But I didn’t give all the options. There were about 200 of them in total! Moreover, the spread of dates from R.H. - from 3483 to 6984 years. We indicate only the main eras.

Table 1

Three so-called world eras became most widespread: Alexandrian (starting point - 5493–5494 BC), Antioch (5969 BC) and Byzantine (5508 BC).

Well, at least it became clear to you, I hope, that you should not automatically subtract 5508 years from the date from the Creation of the World to get the date from the Nativity of Christ (as we are all taught in school). It doesn’t hurt to first clarify: which S.M. is he talking about? we're talking about? Otherwise, you will inadvertently miss the mark by fifteen years, as there is nothing to do. Or even for all 461, if the date is given according to the Antiochian era!

There is such discrepancy in Russian chronicles. To be convinced of this, it is enough to look at what is written there at the very beginning, in the traditionally undated parts.

Let's take a look at The Tale of Bygone Years:

“...from Adam to the flood there are 2242 years, and from the flood to Abram 1000 and 82 years, and from Abram to the march of Moses 430 years; and from the descent of Moses to David the years were 600 and 1; and from David and from the beginning of the kingdom of Solomon until the captivity of Jerusalem in 448 years; and from captivity to Oleksandr 318 years; and from Alexander to the birth of Christ 333 years.”

Let's sum it up and get 5454 years. This, by the way, is a very original number, as far as I know, not found anywhere else except in the Russian chronicles, which were set out in the first part of the PVL. Most likely, the Tale contains a clear error in calculating the number of years from Abraham to the exodus from Egypt. Here it stands 430 years, while in all other chronicles, in which the PVL is not slavishly repeated, it is 505. And in fact, according to the official Jewish (Masoretic, 7 AD) tradition, the exodus was after 505 years after the birth of Abraham (Book of Exodus). 430 is the number of years the Jews spent in Egypt. But the author of the PVL obviously accepted the Samaritan version, according to which 430 years have passed since the settlement of the Jews “in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt,” that is, it should be counted from the resettlement of Abraham. However, if we add these 75 years, we get 5019. Also original.

World creation. Old Russian painting

Now we look at the Rogozhsky chronicler. And we read: “ From Adam to Christ 5500 years". That is, something like the era of Hippolytus was used. And here’s what the 1st Pskov Chronicle says: “ Our Lord Jesus Christ was born from the Virgin Mary in the year 5000 505...". Here we most likely have the so-called. Bulgarian era. In the same chronicle the figure 5505 is confirmed in several other places (“From Adam to Christ there are 5500 and 5 years”). But... in the same chronicle, on the same page where the first entry is located, there is also a calculation of the date of Christmas, similar to that available in the PVL. Here he is: " From Adam to the Flood 2242 years; and the descent of Noah from the ark in the month of April in 28; and from the flood to the mixing of the tongue 500 and 30 years; from the placement to the beginning of Abraham 550 and 2 years; from the beginning of Abraham to the end of the Jews through the Red Sea, 500 and five years; from the exodus of the children of Israel to the death of King David 630 years; from the beginning of the reign of Solomon to the capture of Jerusalem 443 years; from the captivity of Jerusalem to the death of Alexander, King of Macedon, 261 years; from the death of Alexandrov to the reign of Tsar Augustus, 200 and 90 years; from the beginning of King Augustus to the birth of Christ, the great king of heaven and earth, the Lord God and our Savior Jesus Christ, whose kingdom has no end, 42 years.” We count. It turns out... 5495, Alexandrian era. That is, on the same page - two different dates for the Creation of the World!

From the Creation of the World to the Nativity of Christ

The most interesting thing: in this chronicle there are many dates for which the days of the week are indicated. Which is very valuable for checking dating. After all, in the chronicles the years are indicated from the Creation of the World (S.M.), and we like to translate them to dates from the Nativity of Christ (R.C.).

This is where the problems begin. The fact is that how much time has passed from S.M. BC, no one knows. There are different opinions. And different old chroniclers and historians use different dates in their works. There is, for example, the so-called. the era of Hippolytus, in which the Nativity of Christ falls on 5500 from S.M. There is the African era, in which Christmas is in 5502 from S.M. In the Alexandrian era of Panodorus - 5495, in the Alexandrian, but Annian, - 5502, in the Proto-Byzantine - 5508, in the Byzantine - 5507.

If we compare it with the traditional era AD, proposed by Dionysius the Less (the first to paint the Easter canon according to the Julian calendar and the years after the Nativity of Christ), then we will see different numbers. The fact is that, according to Dionysius, Christ was born on December 25, 1 A.D. That is, by the time of his birth, one year of the new era had almost passed. And this first year “from A.D.” Dionysius corresponded to 5502 from S.M. Hippolyta and Africana, 5494 Panodora, 5493, Anniana, 5510 Proto-Byzantine and 5509 Byzantine.

Confused yet? But I didn’t give all the options. There were about 200 of them in total! Moreover, the spread of dates from R.H. - from 3483 to 6984 years. We indicate only the main eras.

Table 1

Three so-called world eras became most widespread: Alexandrian (starting point - 5493–5494 BC), Antioch (5969 BC) and Byzantine (5508 BC).

Well, at least it became clear to you, I hope, that you should not automatically subtract 5508 years from the date from the Creation of the World to get the date from the Nativity of Christ (as we are all taught in school). It doesn’t hurt to first clarify: which S.M. is he talking about? are we talking? Otherwise, you will inadvertently miss the mark by fifteen years, as there is nothing to do. Or even for all 461, if the date is given according to the Antiochian era!

There is such discrepancy in Russian chronicles. To be convinced of this, it is enough to look at what is written there at the very beginning, in the traditionally undated parts.

Let's take a look at The Tale of Bygone Years (20):

“...from Adam to the flood there are 2242 years, and from the flood to Abram 1000 and 82 years, and from Abram to the march of Moses 430 years; and from the descent of Moses to David the years were 600 and 1; and from David and from the beginning of the kingdom of Solomon until the captivity of Jerusalem in 448 years; and from captivity to Oleksandr 318 years; and from Alexander to the birth of Christ 333 years.”

Let's sum it up and get 5454 years. This, by the way, is a very original number, as far as I know, not found anywhere else except in the Russian chronicles, which were set out in the first part of the PVL. Most likely, the Tale contains a clear error in calculating the number of years from Abraham to the exodus from Egypt. Here it stands 430 years, while in all other chronicles, in which the PVL is not slavishly repeated, it is 505. And in fact, according to the official Jewish (Masoretic, 7 AD) tradition, the exodus was after 505 years after the birth of Abraham (Book of Exodus). 430 is the number of years the Jews spent in Egypt. But the author of the PVL obviously accepted the Samaritan version, according to which 430 years have passed since the settlement of the Jews “in the land of Canaan and in the land of Egypt,” that is, it should be counted from the resettlement of Abraham. However, if we add these 75 years, we get 5019. Also original.

World creation. Old Russian painting

Now we look at the Rogozhsky chronicler. And we read: “ From Adam to Christ 5500 years"(21) . That is, something like the era of Hippolytus was used. And here’s what the 1st Pskov Chronicle says: “ Our Lord Jesus Christ was born from the Virgin Mary in the year 5000 505..."(22) . Here we most likely have the so-called. Bulgarian era. In the same chronicle the figure 5505 is confirmed in several other places (“From Adam to Christ there are 5500 and 5 years”). But... in the same chronicle, on the same page where the first entry is located, there is also a calculation of the date of Christmas, similar to that available in the PVL. Here he is: " From Adam to the Flood 2242 years; and the descent of Noah from the ark in the month of April in 28; and from the flood to the mixing of the tongue 500 and 30 years; from the placement to the beginning of Abraham 550 and 2 years; from the beginning of Abraham to the end of the Jews through the Red Sea, 500 and five years; from the exodus of the children of Israel to the death of King David 630 years; from the beginning of the reign of Solomon to the capture of Jerusalem 443 years; from the captivity of Jerusalem to the death of Alexander, King of Macedon, 261 years; from the death of Alexandrov to the reign of Tsar Augustus, 200 and 90 years; from the beginning of King Augustus to the birth of Christ, the great king of heaven and earth, the Lord God and our Savior Jesus Christ, whose kingdom has no end, 42 years.” We count. It turns out... 5495, Alexandrian era. That is, on the same page - two different dates for the Creation of the World!

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In the fifth century BC Question 3.25At the beginning of the fifth century, Aristides, nicknamed “The Just,” enjoyed enormous influence. statesman and general (c. 530–467). He was one of the strategists in the Battle of Marathon, then the Supreme Archon, and then... his

From the book From Pharaoh Cheops to Emperor Nero. The ancient world in questions and answers author Vyazemsky Yuri Pavlovich

In the fifth century BC Answer 3.25 The historian Plutarch describes the scene: Aristides asked the peasant: “Has Aristide offended you in any way?” The peasant replied: “No, I don’t even know this man. But I'm tired of hearing at every step: Fair yes

From the book Tsar of the Slavs. author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

6.5. Discussion of the date of the Nativity of Christ according to the Paley Let us dwell in more detail on the chronological details described in this Paley of gospel events. It says in plain text that Christ was crucified at the age of 33. This is also confirmed by the dates deciphered above.

From the book The Great Borgias. Geniuses of evil author Tenenbaum Boris

AD 1492 I The AD 1492 began truly significant - on January 2 of this year, the long siege of Granada finally ended, Emir Boabdil surrendered his capital to Their Catholic Majesties, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, bowed

From the book The Lost Gospels. New information about Andronicus-Christ [with illustrations] author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

4.2. Description of the horoscope of the Nativity of Christ early XVIII century in Western Europe Ebenezer Sibley's book “A new and complete illustration of occult sciences” was published. In particular, it contains a drawing depicting the zodiac of Christ with

From the book Egyptian, Russian and Italian zodiacs. Discoveries 2005–2008 author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

2.1.2. Description of the horoscope of the Nativity of Christ At the beginning of the 18th century, Ebenezer Sibley’s book “A new and complete illustration of occulte sciences” was published in Western Europe. In particular, it contains a drawing depicting a horoscope for the date

From the book Forgotten Jerusalem. Istanbul in the light of the New Chronology author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

The new era and the era from the birth of Christ are different things. In the new chronology, when speaking about certain dates of old events, we use the usual chronology “according to new era" At the same time, we treat it as a PURELY CONDITIONAL SCALE, in no way connected with any known to us

From the book Baptism of Rus' [Paganism and Christianity. Christening of the Empire. Constantine the Great - Dmitry Donskoy. Battle of Kulikovo in the Bible. Sergius of Radonezh - image author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

1. DATING OF THE Nativity OF CHRIST Here we briefly recall the dating of the Nativity of Christ, obtained in 2003, to 1152 AD. e. The crucifixion of Christ dates back to 1185, 33 years later. Detailed analysis see in our book “Tsar of the Slavs”. It turned out that the dating of Christmas

From the book History with a Question Mark author Gabovich Evgeniy Yakovlevich

From the Nativity of Christ to the era before Christ (before Christ) We will not consider here in detail the procedure for introducing into use all the countless eras, above named or not named. In most cases, this is impossible to do, because historians have not written any tales on this topic.

From the book Restoration of the Roman Empire [Church Reformers and Aspirants to Power] by Heather Peter

Chapter 5. The Day of the Nativity of Christ 800 Rome: morning of December 25, 800 from the Nativity of Christ. The Frankish king Charlemagne - Karolus Magnus, Charlemagne - pays a visit to the old capital of the empire and enters St. Peter's Basilica to hear Christmas mass. What happens next

From the book Agrarian History Ancient world by Weber Max

B. COLONATE SINCE THE IV CENTURY AFTER It was thus not possible to stop the desolation of the empire depicted above, as they tried to do already under Augustus, by distributing uncultivated lands to the petty emphyteuts of the emperors. Already under Pertinax they resorted to

author Sapozhnikova I Yu

51. ABOUT THE REIGN OF SVYATOPOLK in Kyiv, years from the creation of the World 6525, and from the birth of Christ 1017. SVYATOPOLK VLADIMIROVICH, having buried his father Vladimir, sat down without permission on the Throne of the Principalities in Kyiv. For it is not for him to rule Kiev like his father. Envy and godless lust for

From the book Dream of Russian Unity. Kyiv synopsis (1674) author Sapozhnikova I Yu

52. ABOUT THE REIGN OF YAROSLAV in Kyiv, years from the creation of the World 6527, and from the birth of Christ 1019. YAROSLAV VLADIMIROVICH, after the death of his brother Svyatopolk, accepted the Throne of the reign of Kiev and became the Autocrat of all Russia. Having strengthened your reign, renew the city of Kiev and create the Church

From the book Dream of Russian Unity. Kyiv synopsis (1674) author Sapozhnikova I Yu

116. ABOUT THE ARRIVAL OF MULTIPLE Tsarist forces and Zaporozhian troops to Kyiv in the year from the creation of the world 7187, from the birth of Christ

That was a long time ago. According to the Byzantine tradition, the creation of the world occurred in 5580 BC, and today it is 7519 from the creation of the world, or rather, it has already gone 7520, because the beginning of the year falls on September 1 (September 14 according to the Julian calendar). True, they managed to convince us, and we believed, that the world was not created by the Lord God, but arose by itself as a result of some kind of explosion or something else. In general, for some reason we are inclined to believe everything that the enemy of the human race instills in us. And he seems to be an expert at distortion historical facts, however, this is not surprising, because the devil, as we know, is the father of lies. Today, only the Church adheres to the chronology from the creation of the world, remembering that the earthly world was created by the Lord, however, the Church quite rarely reminds us of this. The date from the creation of the world can only be found on the title page of some liturgical book(and even then extremely rarely, mostly in reprint editions), and that’s all. Why do we so persistently avoid mentioning that there is such a calendar from the creation of the world? Probably because this dating, willy-nilly, suggests that the world was created by God after all, and not by some other means. Why remind people once again of their divine origin? In Bolshevik times, they even went so far as to throw out such familiar attributes of dating from the Russian language. historical events, as “before Christ” and “according to Christ”, (before the Nativity of Christ and after the Nativity of Christ), replacing them with “before AD.” and "N.E." (BC and AD). And what kind of “our era” is this, when all of humanity (in any case, the entire European Christian culture) singles out only one event in history, the Nativity of Christ, in relation to which all events that took place either before the Nativity of Christ or after him? BC (Before Christ) or AD (Anno Domini/year of our Lord) are commonly used and understandable designations. But the atheistic rulers in Russia were really sick of any mention of anything Divine. And what’s remarkable is that “before AD” is persistently preserved in our language to this day. (sometimes you can even hear about this “new era” from the pulpit), although Soviet power seems to have left, yes, apparently, godlessness is too deeply rooted in the people, who suddenly, for no apparent reason, began to believe that man is not God was created in His image and likeness, but came from a monkey, and the whole of God’s world is not God’s at all, but simply no one’s and exists on its own, and therefore is devoid of any higher meaning and purpose. Thus, having abandoned God, we unexpectedly discover that we live in a meaningless, insane, no one’s world, governed by no one, and our whole life is the same useless absurdity and misunderstanding. After this, is it any wonder that we have turned the God-given world order into complete madness, taken to the extreme degree of absurdity, making our own life unbearable and mediocre torment and eternal punishment?