Question 1. Why are mosses, horsetails and ferns classified as higher spore plants?
Moss mosses, horsetails and ferns are classified as higher plants due to the presence of organs - stems, leaves and roots. And they are called spore-bearing because they reproduce by spores.
Question 2. Where do they grow?
Moss mosses, horsetails and ferns grow mainly in damp shady places. Moss mosses grow mainly in pine forests. Horsetails grow in fields, forests or near bodies of water, usually in wet areas. acidic soil. Ferns are very widespread, living both on land, where they grow not only on the soil, but also on tree trunks and branches, and in water (perennial floating ferns are also found).
Temperate ferns - perennial herbaceous plants, tree-like forms are found in tropical forests. A few species (salvinia) live in water.
Question 3. What is their structure?
All ferns have a stem, leaves and roots.
In club mosses, the shoot branches dichotomously and is divided into underground and aboveground parts. The root system is represented by adventitious roots, without root hairs. The leaves are small with one vein. Gametophytes (thralls) are small, green or colorless.
Horsetails grow in damp or marshy areas. Aboveground shoots have articulated stems with whorled branches extending from the nodes. The leaves are small, scale-like, collected in whorls at the nodes. Silica crystals are deposited in the cells of the skin of stems and leaves, so the body of horsetails is very tough. Aboveground shoots of horsetail are formed annually from the buds of the rhizome. Adventitious roots extend from the rhizome. Horsetail has two types of shoots. In early spring spring shoots develop. They light brown, non-photosynthetic. Spore-bearing spikelets form at the ends of spring shoots.
The fern sporophyte is clearly divided into root, stem and leaf. The roots are always adventitious, the stem is usually well developed, sometimes modified and represented by a tuber or rhizome). The leaves are usually feathery, complex, they are called fronds. Fronds grow from rhizomes. On the underside of the frond, small brown tubercles - sporangia - develop. Young leaves are snail-shaped. Sporangia are located on the underside of the leaf. The prothallus (gametophyte) is often heart-shaped. It bears archegonia, antheridia and rhizoids.
Question 4. Which plants - ferns or mosses - have a more complex structure? Prove it.
The difference between mosses and ferns is that the body of mosses is divided into organs (stem and leaves), mosses do not have real roots, they are replaced by rhizoids, with which they strengthen themselves in the soil and absorb water. Ferns have roots. In addition, all ferns have a more complex internal structure of leaves.
Question 5. What is the significance of club mosses, horsetails and ferns?
The role of ferns in nature and in human economic activity is mainly associated with deposits coal, formed by ancient pteridophytes in the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic. Modern ferns are used in medicine (for example, male shield is used as an anthelmintic), as ornamental plants, in aquariums and ponds (for example, salvinia, azolla carolina). Some types of Azolla are used as a green fertilizer that enriches the soil with nitrogen. In metallurgy, casting molds are sprinkled with powder from the spores of these plants, and metal parts easily come off the walls. In some areas of our country, spring shoots of horsetail are eaten (raw, steamed, and as a filling in pies), as well as young leaves of bracken fern. Bracken on Far East harvested in large quantities for food purposes. Horsetails are often nasty weeds; Among them there are also poisonous forms.
Why mosses are called higher spore plants, you will learn from this article.
Why are mosses called higher plants?
Spore-bearing higher plants include those plants in which the process of reproduction and distribution is carried out with the help of spores. The spores themselves are formed in 2 ways - sexual and asexual. Spore-bearing higher plants include lichens, algae, fungi, ferns, horsetails, mosses and mosses.
Mosses are higher spore plants with a fairly simple structure. They are classified as this species only because mosses have developed similarities to leaves, stems and a number of tissues. Scientists have proven that they lack roots and rhizomes. But these plants have rhizoids, thanks to which they “attach” to the soil and draw water from it.
So what is the structural feature of mosses that allows them to be called higher plants?
The thing is that they do not have a wired system. They also consist of the same type of fabric. These spore plants belong to the spore plant because of their reproduction by spores.
Scientists have proven that the distant ancestors of mosses were rhyniophytes - an extinct group of plants that were the first multicellular plants to emerge from water on land and create vascular tissues. The stems of mosses have wire, covering and mechanical tissues. All this is due to adaptation to living on land. For example, covering tissues protect the plant from drying out, and mechanical ones help the moss stay upright. Many of them have leaves consisting of a single cell layer. In general, the tissues are poorly developed, so there are no large plants among mosses - they reach only a few centimeters in height.
The picture shows psilophytes - extinct plants.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, establish the era and period in which these organisms appeared, as well as a possible ancestor of the plant division level.
Indicate by what characteristics psilophytes are classified as higher spore plants.
Geochronological table
| ERA, age in million years | Period | Vegetable world |
| Mesozoic, 240 | Chalk | Angiosperms appear and spread; Ferns and gymnosperms are declining |
| Yura | Modern gymnosperms dominate, ancient gymnosperms die out | |
| Triassic | Ancient gymnosperms dominate; modern gymnosperms appear; seed ferns are dying out | |
| Paleozoic, 570 | Permian | Ancient gymnosperms appear; a wide variety of seed and herbaceous ferns; tree horsetails, club mosses and ferns are dying out |
| Carbon | The flowering of tree ferns, club mosses and horsetails (forming “coal forests”); seed ferns appear; psilophytes disappear | |
| Devonian | Development and then extinction of psilophytes; the emergence of the main groups of spore plants - lycophytes, horsetails, ferns; the appearance of the first primitive gymnosperms; occurrence of fungi | |
| Silur | Algae dominance; the emergence of plants on land - the appearance of rhiniophytes (psilophytes) | |
| Ordovician | Algae bloom | |
| Cambrian | Divergent evolution of algae; emergence of multicellular forms | |
| Proterozoic, 2600 | Blue-green and green unicellular algae and bacteria are widespread; red algae appears |
Explanation.
Let's use the table and find psilophytes in the third column; We determine by the second and first columns the era and period when psilophytes lived
Answer:
1) Era: Paleozoic
Period: Silurian
2) The ancestors of psilophytes are multicellular green algae.
3) The characteristics of higher spore plants are:
Dividing the body into two parts - aboveground and underground
The presence of multicellular reproductive organs - sexual (gametangia) and asexual (sporangium)
Primitive conductive system, integumentary tissue
Note.
Psilophytes had a tree-like shape; individual thread-like processes served them to attach to the soil and absorb water and minerals from it. Along with the formation of a semblance of roots, stems and a primitive conducting system, psilophytes have developed integumentary tissue that protects them from drying out.
Higher plants are multicellular phototrophic organisms adapted to life in a terrestrial environment and characterized by the correct alternation of sexual and asexual generations and the presence of differentiated tissues and organs.
The main characteristics that distinguish higher plants from lower ones:
Adaptation to living in a terrestrial environment;
The presence of clearly differentiated tissues that perform specific specialized functions;
The presence of multicellular reproductive organs - sexual (gametangia) and asexual (sporangium). Male gametangia of higher plants are called antheridia, female gametangia are called archegonia. Gametangia of higher plants (unlike lower ones) are protected by membranes of sterile (sterile) cells and (in certain groups of plants) can be reduced, i.e. reduced and simplified;
Transformation of the zygote into a typical multicellular embryo, the cells of which are initially undifferentiated, but are genetically determined to specialize in a certain direction;
Correct alternation of two generations - haploid sexual (gametophyte), developing from a spore, and diploid asexual (sporophyte), developing from a zygote;
Domination in life cycle sporophyte (in all departments except Bryophytes);
Division of the sporophyte body (in most departments of higher plants) into specialized vegetative organs - root, stem and leaves.
Source: Unified State Exam - 2018, I will solve the Unified State Exam
Valeria Rudenko 15.06.2018 16:32
Hello. I don’t understand, how should we determine the ancestor of plants? Why do we take multicellular green algae?
Natalia Evgenievna Bashtannik
We use biological knowledge, and the drawing shows weak differentiation of the body
Vasily Rogozhin 09.03.2019 13:39
Of course, the ancestors of psilophytes, like all higher plants, are not ancient Green algae, but Characeae, which now form an independent department.
And in addition to the answer about the differences between higher plants and lower ones, it is worth noting that “the presence of clearly differentiated tissues” is not an absolute distinguishing feature of these groups of plants today. Brown algae, for example, related to lower plants, have real tissues (tissue type of thallus differentiation). The presence of organs - yes, this is a sign only of higher plants, but both higher and lower plants can have real tissues.
The subkingdom of higher plants unites multicellular plant organisms, the body of which is divided into organs - roots, stems, leaves. Their cells are differentiated into tissues, specialized and perform specific functions.
According to the method of reproduction, higher plants are divided into spore And seed. Spore-bearing plants include mosses, mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Mosses- This is one of the most ancient groups of higher plants. Representatives of this group are most simply structured, their body is divided into stems and leaves. They do not have roots, and the simplest ones - liver mosses - do not even have a division into stem and leaves; the body has the appearance of a thallus. Mosses attach to the substrate and absorb water with minerals dissolved in it using rhizoids– outgrowths of the outer layer of cells. This is basically perennials small sizes: from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (Fig. 74).
Rice. 74. Mosses: 1 – Marchantia; 2 – cuckoo flax; 3 – sphagnum
All mosses are characterized by alternating generations of sexual (gametophyte) and asexual (sporophyte), and the haploid gametophyte predominates over the diploid sporophyte. This feature sharply distinguishes them from other higher plants.
On a leafy plant or thallus, germ cells develop in the genital organs: spermatozoa And eggs. Fertilization occurs only in the presence of water (after rain or during floods), through which sperm move. From the resulting zygote, a sporophyte develops - a sporogon with a capsule on a stalk in which spores are formed. After ripening, the capsule opens and the spores are spread by the wind. When dropped into moist soil, the spore germinates and gives rise to a new plant.
Mosses are fairly common plants. Currently there are about 30 thousand species. They are unpretentious and can withstand very coldy and prolonged heat, but grow only in moist, shady places.
Body liver mosses rarely branches and is usually represented by a leaf-shaped thallus, from the back of which rhizoids extend. They settle on rocks, stones, tree trunks.
IN coniferous forests and in the swamps you can find moss - cuckoo flax Its stems, planted with narrow leaves, grow very densely, forming continuous green carpets on the soil. Cuckoo flax is attached to the soil by rhizoids. Kukushkin flax is a dioecious plant, i.e. some individuals develop male and others develop female reproductive cells. On female plants After fertilization, spore capsules are formed.
Very widespread white, or sphagnum, mosses. Accumulating in your body a large number of water, they contribute to waterlogging of the soil. This is due to the fact that the leaves and stem of sphagnum, along with the green cells containing chloroplasts, have dead, colorless cells with pores. It is they who absorb water 20 times more than their mass. Sphagnum has no rhizoids. It is attached to the soil by the lower parts of the stem, which, gradually dying, turn into sphagnum peat. The access of oxygen into the peat layer is limited; in addition, sphagnum releases special substances that prevent the proliferation of bacteria. Therefore, various objects, dead animals, and plants that fall into a peat bog often do not rot, but are well preserved in the peat.
Unlike mosses, other spore mosses have a well-developed root system, stems and leaves. More than 400 million years ago, they dominated among tree organisms on Earth and formed dense forests. Currently, these are a few groups of mainly herbaceous plants. In the life cycle, the predominant generation is the diploid sporophyte, on which spores are formed. Spores are carried by the wind and favorable conditions germinate, forming a small outgrowth – gametophyte This is a green plate ranging in size from 2 mm to 1 cm. Male and female gametes are formed on the prothallus - sperm and eggs. After fertilization, a new adult plant, a sporophyte, develops from the zygote.
Moss mosses- very ancient plants. Scientists believe that they appeared about 350–400 million years ago and formed dense forests of trees up to 30 m high. Currently, there are very few of them left, and they are perennial herbaceous plants. In our latitudes the most famous club moss(Fig. 75). It can be found in coniferous and mixed forests. The stem of the club moss creeping along the ground is attached to the soil by adventitious roots. Small awl-shaped leaves densely cover the stem. Mosses reproduce vegetatively - by sections of shoots and rhizomes.
Rice. 75. Ferns: 1 – horsetail; 2 – clubmoss; 3 – fern
Sporangia develop on erect shoots collected in the form of spikelets. Ripe small spores are carried by the wind and ensure the reproduction and spread of the plant.
Horsetails- small perennial herbaceous plants. They have a well-developed rhizome, from which numerous adventitious roots arise. Articulated stems, unlike the stems of club mosses, grow vertically upward, with lateral shoots extending from the main stem. The stem contains whorls of very small scaly leaves. In the spring, brown spring shoots with spore-bearing spikelets grow on the wintering rhizomes, which die off after the spores ripen. Summer shoots are green, branching, photosynthesize and store nutrients in rhizomes, which overwinter and form new shoots in the spring (see Fig. 74).
The stems and leaves of horsetails are tough and impregnated with silica, so animals do not eat them. Horsetails grow mainly in fields, meadows, swamps, along the banks of water bodies, and less often in pine forests. Horsetail, difficult to eradicate weed of field crops, used as medicinal plant. Stems different types Horsetails, due to the presence of silica, are used as a polishing material. Horsetail poisonous to animals.
Ferns, like horsetails and club mosses, were a thriving group of plants during the Carboniferous period. Now there are about 10 thousand species, most of which are distributed in tropical rainforests. The sizes of modern ferns range from a few centimeters (grasses) to tens of meters (trees of the humid tropics). Ferns of our latitudes are herbaceous plants with a shortened stem and feathery leaves. Under the ground there is a rhizome - an underground shoot. From its buds, long, complex feathery leaves - fronds - develop above the surface. They have apical growth. Numerous adventitious roots extend from the rhizome. The fronds of tropical ferns reach a length of 10 m.
Ferns are the most common in our area. bracken, male shieldweed etc. In the spring, as soon as the soil thaws, a shortened stem with a rosette grows from the rhizome beautiful leaves. In summer, brown tubercles appear on the underside of the leaves - sori, representing clusters of sporangia. Spores form in them.
Young leaves of the male fern are used by humans as food and as a medicinal plant. Bracken fronds are used to decorate bouquets. In tropical countries, some types of ferns are grown in rice fields to enrich the soil with nitrogen. Some of them became decorative, greenhouse and indoor plants, For example nephrolepis.
The main difference between gymnosperms and previously studied plants is the presence of seeds and the reduction of the gametophyte. The formation of germ cells, fertilization and seed maturation occur on an adult plant - sporophyte. The seed tolerates unfavorable conditions better and promotes the spread of the plant.
Let's consider the features of reproduction gymnosperms using pine as an example (Fig. 76). In the spring, at the end of May, pollen is formed in the light green male cones of the pine tree - a male gametophyte containing sex cells - two sperm. The pine begins to “gather dust”, clouds of pollen are carried by the wind. At the tops of the shoots, female reddish cones consisting of scales develop. They bear two ovules openly (nakedly), hence the name - gymnosperms. Two eggs mature in the ovules. Pollen falls directly on the ovules and grows inside. After this, the scales are tightly closed and glued together with resin. After fertilization, a seed is formed. Pine seeds ripen 1.5 years after pollination. They become brown, the scales move apart, mature seeds with wings spill out and are carried by the wind.
Rice. 76. Development cycle of conifers (pines): 1 – male cone; 2 – microsporophyll with microsporangium; 3 – pollen; 4 – female cone; 5 – megasporophyll; 6 – scale with two ovules; 7 – scales with two seeds in a cone of the third year; 8 – seedling
Coniferous class contains about 560 modern species plants. All conifers are trees and shrubs. There are no herbs among them. These are pines, fir, spruce, larch, juniper. They form coniferous and mixed forests, which occupy vast spaces. These plants got their name because of their peculiar leaves - pine needles They are usually needle-shaped, covered with a layer of cuticle, their stomata are immersed in the pulp of the leaf, which reduces water evaporation. Many trees are evergreens. Among the coniferous forests of our forests are known and widespread different kinds pine trees – Scots pine, Siberian pine (cedar) etc. These are tall, powerful trees (up to 50–70 m) with a well-developed, deep-rooted root system and rounded crown, located at the tops of adult plants. The needles are located in different species, 2, 3, 5 pieces in a bunch.
There are nine species of spruce found in Russia: common spruce (European), Siberian, Canadian (blue) etc. Unlike pine, the crown of spruce is pyramidal, and root system– superficial. The needles are arranged one at a time.
Pine and spruce wood – good construction material, resin, turpentine, rosin, and tar are obtained from it. Seeds and needles serve as food for birds and animals. They contain a large amount of vitamin C. Cedar seeds – pine nuts local population collected and used for food.
Great importance has and Siberian fir, growing in Russia. Its wood is used to make musical instruments.
Unlike evergreen pines and spruces, larches are deciduous trees. Their needles are soft and flat. Most common Siberian larch And Daurian Their wood is strong, durable, and resists rotting well. It is used in shipbuilding, for the manufacture of parquet, furniture, and for the production of turpentine and rosin. It is also grown in parks as an ornamental plant.
Conifers also include cypress, thuja, and juniper. Common juniper - evergreen shrub, found almost everywhere. Its cones are berry-shaped, juicy, small, they are used in medicine and as food.
One of the tallest (up to 135 m) trees on the planet is the sequoia, or mammoth tree. In height it is second only to eucalyptus.
More ancient gymnosperms are representatives of another class - cycads. They reached their heyday in the Carboniferous period. They are found in all parts of the world except Europe and resemble a palm tree in appearance. Another representative of relict gymnosperms is ginkgo. These trees survive only in Japan, Korea and China.
Angiosperms. Angiosperms, or flowering plants, appeared relatively recently, about 150 million years ago, but quickly spread and conquered our entire planet. Now this is the largest group of plants, numbering about 250 thousand species.
These are the most highly organized of higher plants. They have complex organs, highly specialized tissues, and a more advanced conduction system. They are characterized by intensive metabolism, rapid growth and high adaptability to various environmental conditions.
main feature of these plants is that the ovule is protected from adverse influences and is located in the ovary of the pistil. Hence their name - angiosperms. Angiosperms have a flower - a generative organ and a seed protected by a fruit. The flower serves to attract pollinators (insects, birds), protects the reproductive organs - stamens and pistil.
Flowering plants represented by all three life forms: trees, shrubs, grasses. Among them there are both annual and perennial plants. Some of them switched to life in water for the second time, losing or simplifying some organs and tissues. For example, duckweed, elodea, arrowhead, water lily. Flowering plants are the only group of plants that form complex multi-layered communities on land.
Angiosperms are divided into two classes based on the number of cotyledons in the seed embryo: dicotyledonous And monocots(Table 5).
Dicotyledonous plants- a more numerous class, it includes more than 175 thousand species, united in 350 families. Features class: the root system is usually taprooted, but in herbaceous forms it can also be fibrous; the presence of cambium and differentiation of bark, wood and pith in the stem; leaves are simple and compound with reticulate and arcuate venation, petiolate and sessile; flowers are four- and five-membered; The seed embryo has two cotyledons. Most well-known plants are dicotyledons. These are all trees: oak, ash, maple, birch, willow, aspen, etc.; shrubs: hawthorn, currant, barberry, elderberry, lilac, hazel, buckthorn, etc., as well as numerous herbaceous plants: cornflower, buttercup, violet, quinoa, radish, beets, carrots, peas, etc.
Monocots make up approximately 1/4 of all angiosperms and unite about 60 thousand species.
Distinctive features of the class: fibrous root system; the stem is mostly herbaceous, the cambium is absent; leaves are simple, often with arcuate and parallel veins, sessile and vaginal; flowers three-membered, rarely four- or two-membered; The seed embryo has one cotyledon. The predominant life form of monocots is herbs, perennial and annual, tree-like forms are rare.
These are numerous cereals, agaves, aloe, orchids, lilies, reeds, sedges. Monocot trees include palm trees (date, coconut, Seychelles).
Spore plants - plants that reproduce and spread by spores that are formed asexually or sexually. Spore-bearing plants include mosses, mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
Spore plants also called archegonial. The body of higher plants is differentiated into tissues and organs that appeared in them as one of the adaptations to life on land. The most important organs are root And the escape, dissected into stem and leaves. In addition, at land plants special tissues are formed: cover, conductive And main.
cover tissue performs protective function, protecting plants from unfavorable conditions. Through conductive fabric metabolism takes place between underground and aboveground parts plants. Main fabric performs various functions: photosynthesis, support, storage, etc.
In all spore plants, in their life cycle of development, the alternation of generations is clearly expressed: sexual and asexual.
The sexual generation is the outgrowth, or gametophyte- formed from spores, has a haploid set of chromosomes. It performs the function of forming gametes (sex cells) in special organs of sexual reproduction; archegonia(from the Greek “arche” - beginning and “gone” - birth) - female genital organs and antheridia(from the Greek “anteros” - blooming) - male genital organs.
The sporangial tissue also has a double set of chromosomes; it divides by meiosis (division method), resulting in the development of spores - haploid cells with a single set of chromosomes. The generation name "sporophyte" means a plant that produces spores.
In mosses, the gametophyte (sexual generation) predominates; in horsetails, mosses, and ferns, the sporophyte (asexual generation) predominates.
Bryophytes, or mosses, are a separate group of higher plants, the development of which has led to an evolutionary dead end. Unlike all other divisions of higher plants, in the life cycle of mosses, the haploid gametophyte predominates over the sporophyte and carries out the functions of photosynthesis, providing water and mineral nutrition.
Riccia is a commonly found plant in aquariums. It is an openwork lush green moss floating on the surface of the water and forming very beautiful islands. This plant has no stems, leaves or roots. It consists of small branching flat plates, the so-called thallus.
Key moss. Typically, key moss grows in large groups, attaching itself to stones at the bottom of a reservoir. The highly branched stems are covered with numerous leaves about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. The color of the plant depends on the habitat and ranges from light green to dark green.
Java moss. The long, highly branched stems reach 50 cm. It is an interweaving of thin threads of dark green color, small (about 0.2 cm) leaves are painted in various shades of green.
Anchor moss. Slowly grows in any light. Moss sinks in water, and when carbon dioxide is added, it forms into lush bushes.
Phoenix moss. One of aquatic species moss. Grows in Mexico. Light range: low to very high. The rhizoids of this moss cling well to wood or stone. It is small in size and slow growing.
Hepatic moss - in the summer, growing quickly, liver moss fills the entire surface of the water, preventing oxygen from entering the aquarium from the atmosphere, therefore liver moss must be removed periodically. In this case, you should leave stronger branches, also called flyers, which usually form in the most illuminated place of the aquarium.
Peacock moss. It grows slowly. Growth can be accelerated by increasing light levels. Also an important condition for its more intensive growth is a water temperature not exceeding 25°C. If you increase the temperature to 30°C, the moss leaves will begin to deform.
(12)FLAME MOSS
(13) CRYING MOSS
(14)CURVED MOSS
(15)BLEPHAROSTOMA
(16)CHINESE MOSS
Lycophytes are ancient plants that descended from rhiniophytes, apparently in the mid-Devonian period of the Paleozoic era and reached their peak in the Carboniferous period. At that time, there were giant forms of club mosses. One of the popular types of aquarium plants today are ferns. These are spore-bearing plants that can independently develop and reproduce if conditions are suitable. Also, some species can grow in different temperature conditions, which makes this type of plant practical. Outwardly, all types of ferns are similar to each other, but it is possible to distinguish them. They belong to the largest group of plants that reproduce by spores.
(18) Moss ram
(19) Plaunpartridge
(20) Moss oblates
(21) Juniperus moss
(22) Moss annual
(23) HORSEtail
Horsetails are a small group of plants, numbering about 20 species. They were much more widely represented in the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods
(24) WINTERING HORSEtail
(25) Riverside horsetail
(26) FERN
Ferns, or ferns, like other higher spore plants, originated from rhiniophytes in the Devonian and reached their peak in the Carboniferous period of the Paleozoic era.
Azolla carolina or water fern
Azolla carolina is aquatic plant, which does not grow in the depths of water, but floats on its surface. Some algae grow on its leaves, which contribute to the absorption of nitrogen and oxygen. This is how the plant “feeds”. Several Azolla plants can create green areas on the surface of the water, like carpets. The plant is very delicate and requires careful handling. It is relatively rare among aquarists. It has a pronounced seasonal growth pattern with a dormant period in winter.
(28) Wolfia rootless
The plant is not demanding on temperature conditions.
It can be grown in warm temperate and tropical aquariums.
(29) Limnobium shoot-bearing Limnobium is a plant floating on the surface with round glossy leaves 2-3 cm in diameter, sitting on short stalks. It is used not only as an ornamental plant, but also as a natural shade in the aquarium. Under favorable conditions, Limnobium grows rapidly and covers the entire surface of the aquarium.
(30) Pistia or Water Salad
Pistia is one of the most beautiful plants floating on the surface of the water. It is a rosette of large velvety leaves of a bluish-green color. The diameter of the rosette can reach 25 cm. Large specimens of the plant reach a height of 15 cm. Pistia has a well-developed root system, consisting of many long roots. The intertwining of roots can go down to a considerable depth, up to 25-30 cm.
SMALL DUMPENA
Consists of individual leaves round shape light green in color with a diameter of up to 5 mm. Thin thread-like roots can be up to 10 cm long.
SALVINIA FLOATING
The plant has short stems on which bright green leaves up to 1.5 cm long are arranged in pairs, round in shape, covered below with thin brown hairs
(33) SALVINIA EARED
The stem is branched, short. The leaf arrangement is whorled, with 3 leaflets in a whorl. Two floating leaves are round to oblong in shape, opposite each other and have two convexities, covered with short hairs, touching the water only with the edges and midrib. The third leaf is lowered down, thread-like and looks like a root. The color of the leaves ranges from light green to bluish-green.
(34) Ludwigia repens
(35)HORNED FERN
(36) Indian water fern
(37) Thai fern, winged
(38) Rotala roundifolia or Rotala indica
(39) Limnophila aquatic, Ambulia aquatic
(40) Aponogeton Kapuroni
(41) Calamus (acorus)
(42)Hydrocotyla white-headed or White-headed stinkhorn
