FRAMEWORK
In industrial construction, bricks are used to build: walls of buildings with damp aggressive environment; small industrial buildings; section of walls with a large number of
vom technological holes or openings; a variety of buildings in areas where brick is a local material.
The thickness of brick walls depends on thermal requirements and is 250, 380 and 510 mm. Laying such walls is labor-intensive, which increases the cost and lengthens the construction period.
By load perception brick walls there are:
1. Bearers, forming the skeleton of the building. They are supported on strip foundations; in places where beams or trusses are laid, they are reinforced from the inside with pilasters (Fig. 76, a, b). Within the walls of warehouses bulk materials They arrange inclined projections (buttresses) on the outside to absorb horizontal forces.
2. Self-supporting(Fig. 76, c, d), leaning against the columns of the frame. They are supported on foundation beams on top of a waterproofing layer. Walls of this design are most common in industrial construction.
3. Mounted(Fig. 78.5), supported on strapping beams located above the window openings.
Self-supporting brick walls to the frame columns (Fig. 76, e) secured with flexible ties every 1.2 m in height. Thickening in the corners of frame buildings (Fig. 76, e) prevents freezing of the walls.
Brick wall plinths are plastered cement mortar or veneer ceramic tiles. Openings (up to 4.5 m wide) are covered with reinforced concrete
jumpers. The top of the wall ends with a cornice formed by overlapping rows of bricks, or a parapet.
To increase the decorative effect of the masonry, the seams on the facades are embroidered, giving them a convex or concave shape. On inner surface the seams are level with the plane of the wall.
DESIGN SOLUTIONS FOR PANEL WALLS IN INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS.
JOINT CONSTRUCTIONS
Walls of heated buildings
arranged as hinged (with a panel thickness of 160 mm) or self-supporting and self-supporting with a thickness of 240-300
For curtain walls(Fig. 81,a) are characterized by strip openings and support of over-window panels Fig. 81,c) on steel consoles. The same consoles are also necessary on blind sections of walls through 4.8-
6 m in height. Self-supporting 240-300
For yourself load-bearing walls (Fig. 81.6) are characterized by individual openings 3-4.5 m wide and the support of the over-window panels on the partitions. The height of such walls depends on bearing capacity panels.
In curtain and self-supporting walls plinth panels(Fig. 81, d) are laid on the foundation beam along a layer of waterproofing made of cement mortar.
In the corners of the walls of heated buildings (Fig. 81.5), additional blocks are installed: see coursework
(Layout of panels in height (Fig. 82,a,b) perform so that one of the horizontal seams is located 600 mm from the column head. Below this mark, the panels are attached to the columns, above - to the covering structures. Top panel walls(Fig. 82.0, G) completes the parapet or cornice. shove it into a note)
Walls of unheated buildings They are carried out only as hinged ones from flat reinforced concrete panels 70 mm thick. Basement part walls are arranged in the same way as in heated buildings. The wall assemblies (Fig. 83, a) are made of elongated panels laid in the direction of the longitudinal walls. Panels end walls they are fixed to the half-timbered posts, and the longitudinal walls to the frame columns. Top part the walls have a parapet or cornice (Fig. 83.6) made of steel profiles, welded to the bottom panel.
Design of joints. The seams of large-panel walls are filled with elastic gaskets made of germite or poroizol and sealed with mastic (UM-40, UMS-50). Along the edges of the panel (Fig. 84,a, b) lay rigid gaskets that fix the thickness of the horizontal seams. Sealing joints with cement mortar is permitted as an exception.
Fastening panels to columns must be strong and flexible under temperature and sedimentary deformations of the walls.
The panels are fixed (Fig. 84,d, d, f, g) a bolt with a plate for three-layer panels, an anchor with a plate for a column spacing of 6 m,
TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTK)
MASONRY OF EXTERNAL WALLS FROM CERAMIC BRICK DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF A MONOLITHIC BRICK HOUSE
I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION
I. SCOPE OF APPLICATION
1.1. A standard technological map (hereinafter referred to as TTK) is a comprehensive organizational and technological document developed on the basis of methods of scientific organization of labor for performing the technological process and defining the composition of production operations using the most modern means mechanization and methods of performing work using a specific technology. The TTK is intended for use in the development of the Work Performance Project (WPP) by construction departments and is its integral part in accordance with MDS 12-81.2007.
1.2. This TTK provides instructions on the organization and technology of work when laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house, defines the composition of production operations, requirements for quality control and acceptance of work, planned labor intensity of work, labor, production and material resources, activities on industrial safety and labor protection.
1.3. The regulatory framework for the development of technological maps is:
- standard drawings;
- building codes and regulations (SNiP, SN, SP);
- factory instructions and technical specifications(THAT);
- standards and prices for construction and installation work (GESN-2001 ENiR);
- production standards for material consumption (NPRM);
- local progressive norms and prices, norms of labor costs, norms of consumption of material and technical resources.
1.4. The purpose of creating the TC is to describe solutions for the organization and technology of work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house in order to ensure their high quality, as well as:
- reducing the cost of work;
- reduction of construction duration;
- ensuring the safety of work performed;
- organizing rhythmic work;
- rational use of labor resources and machines;
- unification of technological solutions.
1.5. On the basis of the TTK, as part of the PPR (as mandatory components of the Work Project), Workers are being developed technological maps(RTK) to perform certain types of work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house.
The design features of their implementation are decided in each specific case by the Working Design. The composition and degree of detail of materials developed in the RTK are established by the relevant contracting construction organization, based on the specifics and volume of work performed.
The RTK is reviewed and approved as part of the PPR by the head of the General Contracting construction organization.
1.6. The TTK can be tied to a specific facility and construction conditions. This process consists of clarifying the scope of work, means of mechanization, and the need for labor and material and technical resources.
The procedure for linking the TTC to local conditions:
- reviewing map materials and selecting the desired option;
- checking the compliance of the initial data (amount of work, time standards, brands and types of mechanisms, building materials used, composition of the worker group) with the accepted option;
- adjustment of the scope of work in accordance with the chosen option for the production of work and a specific design solution;
- recalculation of calculations, technical and economic indicators, requirements for machines, mechanisms, tools and material and technical resources in relation to the chosen option;
- design of the graphic part with specific reference to mechanisms, equipment and devices in accordance with their actual dimensions.
1.7. A standard technological map has been developed for engineering and technical workers (work producers, foremen, foremen) and workers performing work in the third temperature zone, in order to familiarize (train) them with the rules for carrying out work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during monolithic construction -a brick house using the most modern means of mechanization, progressive designs and materials, methods of performing work.
The technological map has been developed for the following scope of work:
II. GENERAL PROVISIONS
2.1. The technological map has been developed for a set of works on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house.
2.2. Work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house is carried out in one shift, the duration of working hours during the shift is:
2.3. The scope of work performed when laying walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house includes:
- installation, movement and dismantling of inventory scaffolds;
- supply of ceramic bricks, aerated concrete blocks, lintels and cement mortar;
- masonry of external walls 125 mm thick from ceramic bricks;
- insulation of external walls with 350 mm thick masonry made of aerated concrete blocks;
- insulation of external walls, installation of reinforced concrete lintels over window and door openings.
2.5. For laying external walls, the main materials used are: Rockwool facade slab
- this is a rigid slab made of mineral wool 1000x600x100 mm; cement-sand mortar M100
in accordance with GOST 28013-98 *; ceramic bricks
size 250x120x65 mm in accordance with GOST 530-2007*; aerated concrete blocks D500
size 600x350x200 mm in accordance with GOST 31360-2007.
________________
* GOST 530-2007 is not valid. Instead, GOST 530-2012 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.
Fig.4. Ceramic brick
Fig.5. Aerated concrete block
2.4. The technological map provides for the work to be carried out by a complex mechanized unit consisting of: concrete mixer Al-Ko TOP 1402 GT
(weight m=48 kg, loading volume V=90 l); mobile petrol Honda power station
ET12000
(3-phase 380/220 V, N=11 kW, m=150 kg); automobile jib crane KS-45717
(load capacity Q=25.0 t) as a driving mechanism.
Fig.1. Concrete mixer Al-Ko TOP 1402 GT
Fig.2. Honda ET12000 power station
Fig.3. Load characteristics of the KS-45717 truck-mounted jib crane
2.6. Work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:
-
;
- SNiP 3.01.03-84*. Geodetic work in construction;
________________
* SNiP 3.01.03-84 is not valid. In exchange, SP 126.13330.2012 applies
- Manual for SNiP 3.01.03-84. Production of geodetic works in construction;
- SNiP 3.03.01-87
- STO NOSTROY 2.33.14-2011. Organization of construction production. General provisions;
- STO NOSTROY 2.33.51-2011. Organization of construction production. Preparation and execution of construction and installation works;
- SNiP 12-03-2001. Occupational safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements;
- SNiP 12-04-2002. Occupational safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production;
- PB 10-14-92*. Rules for the design and safe operation of load-lifting cranes;
________________
* PB 10-14-92 is not valid. - Database manufacturer's note.
- VSN 274-88 Safety rules for the operation of jib self-propelled cranes;
- RD 11-02-2006. Requirements for the composition and order of operation executive documentation during construction, reconstruction, major renovation capital construction projects and requirements for inspection reports of works, structures, sections of engineering and technical support networks;
- RD 11-05-2007. The procedure for maintaining a general and (or) special log of work performed during construction, reconstruction, and major repairs of capital construction projects.
III. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK EXECUTION
3.1. In accordance with SP 48.13330.2011 "SNiP 12-01-2004 Organization of construction. Updated edition" before the start of construction and installation work at the site, the Contractor is obliged to obtain from the Customer in the prescribed manner design documentation and permission to carry out construction and installation work. Carrying out work without permission is prohibited.
3.2. Before starting work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks during the construction of a monolithic brick house, it is necessary to carry out a set of organizational and technical measures, including:
- develop an RTK or PPR for laying external walls made of ceramic bricks;
- appoint persons responsible for the safe performance of work, as well as their control and quality of execution;
- conduct safety training for team members;
- install temporary inventory household premises for storing building materials, tools, equipment, heating workers, eating, drying and storing work clothes, bathrooms, etc.;
- provide the site with working documentation approved for work;
- prepare machines, mechanisms and equipment for work and deliver them to the site;
- provide workers manual machines, tools and personal protective equipment;
- provide construction site fire-fighting equipment and alarm systems;
- prepare places for storing building materials, products and structures;
- fence the construction site and put up warning signs illuminated at night;
- provide communication for operational dispatch control of work;
- deliver to the work area necessary materials, devices, equipment, tools and means for safe work;
- check quality certificates for ceramic bricks, aerated concrete blocks, reinforced concrete lintels, reinforcing steel, cement-sand mortar;
- test construction machines, means of mechanization of work and equipment according to the nomenclature provided for by the RTK or PPR;
Draw up an act of readiness of the facility for work;
- obtain permission from the Customer’s technical supervision to begin work (clause 4.1.3.2 RD 08-296-99*).
________________
* RD 08-296-99 are not valid. - Database manufacturer's note.
3.3. General provisions
3.3.1. The basis of brick-monolithic construction technology residential buildings lies the principle of connecting a monolithic reinforced concrete frame and brick walls.
3.3.2. Only construction can be made from reinforced concrete interfloor ceilings and load-bearing structures, and the walls are formed with brickwork in the same way as in traditional brick construction.
3.3.3. The external walls of a brick-monolithic residential new building usually consist of insulation, an air gap and brick.
3.3.4. The outer wall is insulated from the inside foam concrete blocks. Following the masonry, internal partitions are installed.
3.3.5. Monolithic brick houses practically do not shrink, so interior finishing can be done right away, and then you won’t have to redo it. This occurs due to the fact that the unloading of the external brickwork occurs on each floor (due to concrete floors), accordingly, shrinkage of the brickwork occurs only at the level of one floor - these are hundredths of a millimeter. With other construction technologies (panel, brick), shrinkage occurs entirely within the house and can continue for several years after the construction is completed.
3.3.6. According to the parameters of thermal efficiency and noise insulation brick-monolithic houses They are not inferior to brick ones, and even surpass them in terms of moisture resistance.
Monolithic brick houses take the main load on a monolithic frame of columns and inter-apartment walls - this allows for the implementation of a variety of planning solutions (including consolidated apartment layouts). In brick and panel houses The load-bearing function is performed by the internal walls of the apartment, so the layouts are not so varied.
3.3.7. In a monolithic brick house, the brickwork does not carry a vertical load, performing the function of a fence. Due to the rigidity and strength of the structure, brick-monolithic houses have virtually no height restrictions.
3.3.8. The brickwork of the external walls must be continuous and completely cover the interfloor ceilings from the outside. Only in this case, so-called “cold bridges” do not form.
If the interfloor ceilings are not closed, at low temperatures outside the floors and ceilings may freeze, since monolithic slab It doesn't protect anything from the outside.
To cover the floor slab, it is necessary to lay external walls 250 mm thick (one brick).
3.4. Preparatory work
3.4.1. Before starting work on laying external walls made of ceramic bricks, the preparatory work provided for by the TTK must be completed, including:
- install three floors above the floor where the brickwork will be done;
- prepare a site for receiving the solution from vehicles;
- work sites must be cleared of unused equipment, fixtures, and construction materials;
- deliver and place pallets with bricks in the storage area;
- prepare a site for receiving materials on the floor;
- prepare a site for cladding columns located on the edge of the ceiling;
- clear the base on which the walls will be laid from debris, ice, snow (in winter);
- check, prepare and supply the necessary tools, devices, and equipment to the place of work;
- make a geodetic alignment of the axes and mark the position of the walls in accordance with the project.
3.4.2. When carrying out brickwork work, the building is divided into sections, and the sections into plots, depending on the number of links. The brickwork of the floor, in height, is divided into tiers no more than 1.20 m high.
3.4.3. The first tier is made directly from the flooring. The brickwork of the second tier is made from inventory scaffolding (pedestals), 1.2 m high (see Fig. 4). The scaffolding is installed at a distance of 1.0 m from each other. Placed on scaffolding wood flooring(board thickness at least 50 mm) see Fig. 5.
Fig.4. Inventory mason's scaffolding (stands)
Fig.5.* Installation of scaffolding in working position
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* Numbering of drawings corresponds to the original. - Database manufacturer's note.
3.4.4. The supply of ceramic bricks, aerated concrete blocks, insulation boards and cement mortar at the workplace must correspond to the 2-4 hour demand for them.
Boxes with solution are installed against the openings at a distance of no more than 4.0 m from one another. Pallets with bricks and blocks are placed against the walls. When laying blind sections of walls, pallets with blocks and boxes with mortar are installed in alternating order.
3.4.5. Marking the locations of the walls begins with drawing center lines on the floor, then using a plumb line, this marking is transferred to the ceiling.
For quick and error-free wall laying, it is recommended to mark the locations of door and other openings on the floor. IN doorway It must be indicated which door is being installed (right or left). Marking is done using a folding meter, tape measure, metrostat and cord breaker. Marking of large rooms is carried out using a laser or optical level.
First, the design position of the frame is marked on the floor. Marking begins from the wall located parallel to the partition being built, taking out the horizontal axis. Then, on this axis, the location of door and other openings, as well as outputs and through passages of communications, is noted.
Then, using a metrostat and a cord breaker (if the height of the room is more than 3 m, then a level or plumb line), the markings are transferred in a mirror to the ceiling. Metrostat is sliding device with measuring scale and bubble level. Used for marking, control, and also as a spacer during installation. The vertical axes of the walls are applied to the walls of the room using a metrostat and a plumb line.
The breakdown accuracy is assigned according to SNiP 3.01.03-84* (Table 2) and is agreed upon with the design organization or directly calculated and specified by it. Alignment points damaged during the work must be immediately restored.
________________
* SNiP 3.01.03-84 is not valid. Instead, SP 126.13330.2012 applies. - Database manufacturer's note.
3.4.6. The completed work must be presented to the Customer’s technical supervision representative for inspection, and documentation by signing the Act on the layout of the axes of the capital construction project on the ground in accordance with Appendix 2, RD 11-02-2006 and obtain permission to lay walls.
3.4.7. The completion of preparatory work is recorded in the General Work Log (The recommended form is given in RD 11-05-2007) and must be accepted according to the Act on the implementation of occupational safety measures, drawn up in accordance with Appendix I, SNiP 12-03-2001.
3.5. Wall masonry
3.5.1. Work on laying external load-bearing walls begins with laying aerated concrete blocks on the floor, and then facing with ceramic facing bricks.
Fig.6. Design outer wall
3.5.2. Brickwork of external walls is carried out in the following sequence:
- marking of locations for walls, door and window openings and securing them to the ceiling;
- installation of slats - ordering;
- installation and rearrangement of the mooring line;
- cutting blocks with an electric saw (as necessary);
- feeding and laying out blocks on the wall;
- shoveling, feeding, spreading and leveling the mortar on the floor;
- laying blocks of the first row;
- checking that all joints are filled with mortar;
- checking the correctness of the masonry using a building level;
- installation of mason's scaffolding (for the production of brickwork above 1.2 m);
- brick lining of columns located at the edge of the ceiling.
3.5.3. Before starting masonry, the mason installs and secures corner and intermediate orders, indicating the marks of window and door openings on them.
To do this, the mason fastens a clamp in the vertical seam of the masonry, and after 3-4 rows - another. Then, between the installed clamps, the order is inserted and pressed against the masonry with a screw clamp. The screws at the lower end of the order regulate its vertical position. The mason controls the correct installation using a plumb line and level or level. The serifs for each row in all orders must be in the same horizontal plane. Orders are installed at corners, at intersections and junctions of walls.
Fig.7. Installation diagram of inventory metal order
3.5.4. Particular attention should be paid to laying the first row of blocks. The convenience of further work and the quality of the entire construction depend on this. The horizontal and vertical position of the blocks is controlled using a level and, if necessary, adjusted with a rubber mallet.
Fig.8. Block position control
3.5.5. If there is a gap in the first row of masonry that is less than the length of a whole block, you need to make an additional block. In this case, cutting of aerated concrete is carried out hand saw. The sawn surface should be leveled with a trowel. The ends of the sides must be coated with cement mortar during installation. The installation of the second top row begins with laying it on top of the cut block in order to maintain the band, that is, to obtain a standard brickwork with an offset. After laying the first row, the surface of the blocks is leveled with a special sanding board or aerated concrete plane. Small fragments and dust remaining after leveling are removed with a brush.
Fig.9. Preparation of aerated concrete blocks for masonry
3.5.6. A mooring cord is stretched between the installed outer blocks, as shown in Fig. 10, and the row is filled. When laying walls, a mooring cord is installed for each row, pulling it and rearranging it using a movable clamp at the level of the top of the bricks being laid, indented from the vertical plane of the masonry by 1-2 mm. At lighthouses, the mooring is secured with a bracket shown in Fig. 10 b, the sharp end of which is inserted into the seam of the masonry, and a mooring cord is tied to the long blunt end, resting on the lighthouse gas silicate block. The free end of the cord is wound around the handle of the staple. By turning the bracket to a new position, tighten the mooring for next row. To eliminate sagging, a beacon is placed under the cord, as can be seen in Fig. 10 c - a wooden beacon wedge, with a thickness equal to the height of the masonry row. Press the cord with a brick laid on top. Lighthouses are placed across opposite walls with a projection behind vertical plane walls by 3-4 mm.
Fig. 10. Installation of mooring cord
A - mooring bracket; b - installation of the bracket; c - use of wooden lighthouse bricks
The mooring cord can be tied to nails secured in the joints of the masonry, see Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. Scheme for securing the mooring with nails
A - general view of a stretched mooring, b - fastening the mooring with a double loop, c - tensioning the mooring
Fig. 12. Laying aerated concrete blocks
3.5.7. The connection of the wall with a perpendicular reinforced concrete wall is made using metal ties located every 2-3 rows of blocks. In this case, one part of the connection is placed in the seam of the block masonry and fastened with special nails, and the second part is attached to the side surface of the wall.
Places where blocks adjoin reinforced concrete floors are filled polyurethane foam, due to which the wall acquires additional stability.
Fig. 13. Connecting blocks to reinforced concrete structures
3.5.8. Cladding walls made of aerated concrete blocks with ceramic face brick carried out according to the same rules as ordinary brickwork. It is performed with a ventilation gap 20-40 mm wide (see Fig. 6). The facing brick is fixed to aerated concrete wall using galvanized strips that are nailed to aerated concrete blocks on one side, and laid in the seam between the bricks on the other. When facing with bricks with a gap, it is necessary to lay a brick across the masonry every four rows, resting against the wall. Insulation can be placed in the resulting voids.
3.5.9. The insulation of the partitions between the loggias is carried out using the Rockwool facade slab (Denmark) - this is a rigid slab made of fire-resistant, moisture-repellent and durable mineral wool, specially designed for insulating facades. Its density is approximately 145 kg/m with a thermal conductivity of 0.035 W/mK.
To connect the internal monolithic wall with the brickwork, appropriate connections are provided in the monolithic layer, bent during concreting; after removing the formwork, the connections are unbent and insulation is pinned onto them.
Fig. 14. Insulation scheme for loggia partitions
Fig. 15. General form external walls in a monolithic frame house
3.4.3. The completed work on the installation of external walls must be presented to the Customer's technical supervision representative for inspection and documentation by signing Inspection Certificates for critical structures, in accordance with Appendix 4, RD 11-02-2006.
IV. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORK
4.1. Control and assessment of the quality of work when laying walls made of porous ceramic blocks should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents:
- SP 48.13330.2011. "SNiP 12-01-2004 Organization of construction. Updated edition" ;
- SNiP 3.03.01-87. Load-bearing and enclosing structures;
- GOST 28013-98 Construction mortars. General technical conditions;
- GOST 530-2007. Ceramic bricks and stones. Technical specifications;
- GOST 31360-2007. Wall products not reinforced from cellular concrete autoclave hardening.
4.2. Quality control of the work performed must be carried out by specialists with the assistance of an accredited construction laboratory equipped with technical means that ensure the necessary reliability and completeness of control and is entrusted to the manufacturer of the work or the craftsman performing the work of laying walls made of ceramic bricks.
4.3. Construction quality control of work should include input control of design working documentation and engineering survey results, as well as the quality of previous work performed, operational control of construction and installation work, processes or technological operations and acceptance control of completed work with conformity assessment.
4.4. Transportation and storage
4.4.1. Aerated concrete blocks and ceramic bricks
transported on pallets in accordance with GOST 18343 with rigid fixation with shrink film or bandaging them with steel tape in accordance with GOST 3560 or other fastening that ensures the immobility and safety of the blocks.
Transportation is carried out by any type of transport in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9238 and Technical conditions for loading and securing cargo.
When transporting products, the products must be protected from mechanical damage and moisture.
Each packaged item must be marked with a sign “Afraid of moisture” in accordance with GOST 14192. Each batch of blocks that differ in concrete strength grades must be marked.
Loading and unloading of products from vehicles should be done mechanically using soft slings or a forklift. It is prohibited to load blocks in bulk and unload them by dropping them. Using steel cables will damage the smooth surface of the blocks.
Blocks should be stored sorted by type, category, strength class, grade by average density and stacked in stacks no more than 2.5 m high. Blocks must be protected from moisture.
Pallets must be stored on a level area that prevents distortions and flooding.
If long-term storage of the blocks is expected before the start of construction and installation work, the pallets should be partially unpacked to begin drying the aerated concrete. Those. remove the film from the sides of the pallets, leaving only the “cap” cover.
Remove the film from the top edge of the package only immediately before starting work.
Bricks are stored on pallets (see Fig. 16 and Fig. 17) in the crane's operating area in rows with a gap between pallets of 100+120 mm. A passage 0.7+1.0 m wide should be left through 3+4 rows of pallets. It is allowed to store packages of bricks in stacks on pads, with a stack height of no more than 2 tiers.
Fig. 16. Brick pallets
A- on bars; b- with hooks
Fig. 17. Laying bricks on pallets with ligation
A, b- cross; V- "to the Christmas tree"
4.5. Incoming control
4.5.1. Incoming inspection is carried out to identify deviations from the project requirements and relevant standards. Incoming inspection of building materials, structures and products arriving at the site is carried out:
- registration method by analyzing data recorded in documents (certificates, passports, invoices, etc.);
- external visual inspection (according to GOST 16504-81);
- technical inspection (according to GOST 16504-81);
- if necessary - by the measuring method using measuring instruments (checking the main geometric parameters), incl. laboratory equipment;
- control tests in cases of doubt about the correctness of the characteristics or the lack of necessary data in the certificates and passports of manufacturers.
4.5.2. Incoming inspection of incoming materials is carried out by a commission appointed by order of the director of the construction organization. The commission includes a representative of the supply department, the Production and Technical Department and line engineers. Organization input control purchased products and materials are carried out in accordance with the instructions:
- N P-6 dated June 15, 1965 “On the procedure for accepting production and technical products and consumer goods by quality”;
- N P-7 dated April 25, 1966 “On the procedure for accepting production and technical products and consumer goods by quantity.”
4.5.3. During the incoming inspection of working documentation, its completeness and sufficiency of technical information for the execution of work are checked.
During the incoming inspection of working documentation, it is checked by employees of the Technical and Production departments of the construction organization.
Comments on the Design and Estimate Documentation and Organizational and Technological Documentation are drawn up in the form of a conclusion for presentation to the design organization through the customer. Accepted documentation is sent to the construction site with a mark "To the production of work"
and signature of the chief engineer.
4.5.4. During entrance control project documentation checked:
Completeness of the design and working documentation included in it to the extent necessary and sufficient for the execution of work;
- mutual coordination of dimensions, coordinates and elevations (heights), corresponding design axial dimensions and geodetic basis;
- availability of agreements and approvals;
- compliance of the construction site boundaries on the construction master plan with the established easements;
- availability of links to regulations on materials and products;
- existence of requirements for the actual accuracy of controlled parameters;
- conditions for determining with the required accuracy the proposed tolerances for the dimensions of products and structures, as well as ensuring the monitoring of the parameters specified in the design documentation when installing products and structures in the design position, the availability of instructions on methods and equipment for performing the necessary tests and measurements with reference to regulatory documents ;
- technical equipment and technological capabilities to perform work in accordance with the design documentation;
- sufficiency of the list hidden work, for which it is required to survey the structures of the facility subject to intermediate acceptance.
4.5.5. At the construction site during incoming inspection:
- quality documents and markings of structures, products, parts must be checked to determine the presence of all required data in the quality documents, as well as to determine the compliance of received structures, parts and fasteners with the requirements of the project and regulatory documents;
- the presence of the quality control stamp on structures, products and parts must be checked;
- an external inspection of structures, products, parts and the required measurements must be carried out in order to verify their compliance with the requirements of regulatory and technical documentation and to detect unacceptable defects on the surfaces of structures;
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1. External wall panels one floor high rest, like beams on two supports, on two floor planes. Structures several stories high work as continuous beams. They can be suspended from the plane of the upper ceiling (1.1) or stand on the lower ceiling (1.2). Panels of external walls can also rest only on columns 11.3) or, as slabs supported along the contour, on columns and ceilings (1.4).
2. Panels of ribbon facades are attached to only one floor. In addition, additional horizontal supports(2.1) or supported on the ceiling (2.2), or rigidly attached to the ceiling, for example monolithic (2.3). If there are columns, the panels are fixed on two sides to the columns (2.4) or on three sides to the columns and the ceiling (2.5).
Exterior walls can be attached directly to the supporting structure, but in most cases the fastening elements are dispersed.
Fastening external walls to floor slabs
To fasten external walls to floor slabs, use anchor strips or bolts inserted into tubes embedded in concrete, or dowels in drilled holes.3.1. A reinforced concrete window sill slab is installed on the mortar on the floor slab.
3.2. A reinforced concrete wall panel, the internal load-bearing side of which has a supporting projection, is installed on mortar.
3.3. Fastening reinforced concrete wall using steel connecting angles with oval holes to accommodate tolerances.
3.4. The façade posts are secured with dowels in the floor slab.
3.5. Fastening façade pillars using anchor supports.
3.6. Rigid connection of the window sill. Fastening the console with bolts in embedded pipes.
Fastening external walls to floor beams
Steel floor beams provide an ideal opportunity for attaching external walls by bolting or welding the connected elements.4.1. The floor beam is located perpendicular to the facade with the panels joining through gussets using paired overlays. For thermal insulation of the joint, gaskets made of artificial materials. Precise installation of the beams is necessary, since horizontal shifts in the plane of the facade must be limited.
4.2. Screwing corners with oblong holes to the beam wall.
4.3. The wall is bolted to the ceiling beam made of channel, which runs parallel to the facade.
4.4. Floor beams or purlins located at a certain distance behind the facade have cantilevered abutment elements.
4.5. The window sill panel is bolted to the floor beam and has additional support in the form of a strut.
Fastening external walls and steel columns
There are various possibilities for attaching external walls if columns are behind them. Since in columns with fire-retardant cladding, the abutment elements cut through the cladding, the outer walls perform fire-retardant functions. In fire-resistant window sills, the junctions must also be fire-resistant.5.1. In the simplest case, the outer wall is bolted directly to the column.
5.2. Adjacent to outside fireproof cladding.
5.3. Single-wall console with the column moved away from the wall.
5.4. Double wall console for heavy walls.
5.5. Supporting wall elements on welded corners. The outer flange of the column remains open.
5.6. A pair of ribs welded to the column has a plate on top with drilled hole to strengthen the anchor bolts on which the wall is hung. This solution makes it possible to shift wall panel to the side and adjust its height using a bolt. After leveling the wall, the plate is welded to the ribs.
5.7. The same two connections as 5.6, but on a box-shaped console.
5.8. A shaped node element close to the column serves for separate fastening of the outer and inner layers of a two-layer wall.
Tolerance Leveling
The seams of the outer wall compensate for the deformation vibrations described in and manufacturing tolerances. Precast exterior wall elements are manufactured to relatively tight tolerances, with metal elements having tighter tolerances than reinforced concrete elements. Tolerances for the construction of load-bearing structures are coarser. Therefore, it is necessary to provide leveling elements at the joints of the panels to ensure their mutual fastening without special adjustment on site.6. Points for attaching external walls to load-bearing structures can be shifted against the design position in three directions and can be rotated around three axes.
7. Six degrees of freedom system:
- 7.1 δ X - shift parallel to the outer wall;
- 7.2 δ Y - change in the gap between the plane of the wall and the supporting structure;
- 7.3 δ Z - height shift;
- 7.4 α X - rotation around the horizontal axis x;
- 7.5 α Y - rotation around the horizontal axis y;
- 7.6 α Z - turn around vertical axis z.
9. An example of supporting a facade with the ability to move. All-round rotations are ensured by point support on bolts.
Exterior walls
In buildings with a load-bearing frame in the form of frame-shelf systems, the outer walls are arranged as non-load-bearing, supported floor by floor elements and performing enclosing functions to protect the internal volume of buildings from temperature changes, noise and atmospheric influences. For the construction of such walls, small stones or blocks of lightweight concrete (for example, cellular concrete or gas silicate) or other low thermal conductivity materials are used that provide the required thermal resistance to external walls.
Rice. 27.10.1. Option for constructing and supporting homogeneous non-load-bearing walls made of lightweight concrete blocks on the floors in houses with frame-shelving systems:
a – blank wall; b – wall with window opening
Rice. 27.10.2. A variant of constructing a non-load-bearing homogeneous wall made of cellular concrete blocks, supported floor by floor on reinforced concrete slabs floors (section 2 – 2; Fig. 27.1.5)
A B C)
Rice. 27.10.3. Options for constructing and supporting external non-load-bearing homogeneous walls made of cellular concrete blocks in the wall part (a) and in places with openings (b, c)
The walls can be homogeneous, that is, made of the same material, or heterogeneous. Heterogeneous walls are arranged layered in thickness, i.e. in such walls, to reduce their thickness and weight, a layer of effective lightweight insulation is laid between the inner and outer layers, the thickness of which is determined by calculations for thermal protection. The outside walls are covered with a protective finishing layer, for example, a layer of plaster 20-30 mm thick, or facing bricks, or special facing stones or slabs, and inside - a finishing plaster layer 10-15mm thick. In Fig. 27.10.1. – 10.27.11. options shown constructive solutions external walls and their support points on the floors and connections to other frame elements.
Rice. 27.10.4. Option for constructing and supporting an external non-load-bearing non-uniform wall made of lightweight concrete blocks and effective insulation with cladding facade tiles(wall with window opening):
a – section; b – plan; 1 – fittings
Rice. 27.10.5. Option for constructing and supporting an external curtain wall made of gas silicate blocks with brick cladding:
C1 – reinforcement mesh
Rice. 27.10.6. Option for constructing an external non-load-bearing wall made of cellular concrete blocks with brick lining and a junction of the wall to the frame column
Rice. 27.10.7. A variant of a unit for supporting an external non-load-bearing homogeneous wall made of lightweight concrete blocks on a floor slab.
Rice. 27.10.8. Option for connecting an external non-load-bearing homogeneous wall made of cellular concrete blocks to a corner column
Rice. 27.10.9. Option for joining a curtain wall made of cellular concrete blocks to a frame column
Rice. 27.10.10. Option for angular connection of non-load-bearing cellular concrete longitudinal and transverse walls to the frame column
Rice. 27.10.11. Device option expansion joint in external curtain walls
Partitions
Partitions in residential buildings with a load-bearing frame in the form of prefabricated frame-shelving systems can be constructed both large-panel and from small-sized piece elements, and with prefabricated-monolithic or monolithic frame options - only from small-sized piece elements (in connection with the technology of constructing these frames, i.e. connection with the need to install supporting and formwork-ceiling equipment on the floor of the previous floor for the installation of the floor of the next highest floor).
At the same time, interior and inter-apartment partitions can be made from the same small-sized piece elements as in frameless houses, but most often they are made from gas silicate or cellular concrete slabs or frame plasterboard, and the partitions separating wet rooms, including sanitary ones, technical components are made of moisture-resistant materials, for example, red brick. In Fig. 27.11.1. – 27.11.8. Shown are options for constructive solutions for partitions made of small-sized piece elements and the nodes of their support on the floors and abutments to walls and ceilings.
Rice. 27.11.1. Option for the junction and fastening (cross section) of a two-layer combined (of cellular concrete and brick layers) partition to the upper floor:
1 – caulk; 2 – dowel; 3 – sizing with fabric; 4 – retaining bracket; 5 - reinforcement cages; 6 – antiseptic wooden beam with a section of 40 x 40 mm along the length of the partition; 7 – plaster
Rice. 27.11.2. Option for the junction and fastening (plan) of a two-layer combined partition (from cellular concrete and brick layers) to the wall:
1 – caulk; 2 – dowel; 3 – sizing with fabric; 4 – retaining bracket; 5 – reinforcement cages; 6 – antiseptic wooden beam with a section of 40 x 100 mm along the height of the partition; 7 – plaster
Figure 27.11.3. Option for joining and fastening double partitions to the upper (ceiling) floor:
1 – overlap; 2 – retaining bracket; 3 – dowel; 4 – partition; 5 - reinforcement cage
Rice. 27.11.4. Option for joining and fastening double partitions to vertical wall(to Fig. 27.11.2.):
1 – wall; 2 – partition; 3 - dowel; 4,5,6 – reinforcement cages at the level of the retaining bracket; 7 – retaining bracket
Rice. 27.11.5. A variant of the design of a retaining bracket, the length of which is set depending on the thickness of the partition (in the figure, the length of the bracket is 265 mm, to Fig. 27.11.1., 27.11.2 and 27.11.4.)
Rice. 27.11.6. A variant of the unit for supporting and connecting a two-layer partition made of cellular concrete blocks to the floor slab. Between the floor slab and the top of the partition there is a flexible elastic gasket 10 mm thick
Rice. 27.11.7. Options for junction points and fastening with separate retaining brackets of two-layer brick and combined partitions to floor slabs and their support on the floors:
1 – floor slabs; 2 – sizing with fabric; 3 – retaining brackets; 4 - caulk; 5 – reinforcement cages; 6 – plaster; 7 – brick; 8 – plinth; 9 - cement-sand mortar. The gap between the floor slab (and itself) and the partition is sealed with caulk
Rice. 27.11.8. Options for junction points and fastening of two-layer partitions to walls with separate retaining brackets (in plan):
1 – retaining brackets; 2 – plaster; 3 – cadmium nails; 4 – sizing with fabric; 5 – reinforcement cages. Gaps between walls and partitions are sealed with caulk
Stairs and elevators
The walls of staircase and elevator units are arranged according to the type of frame, i.e. prefabricated or monolithic, and they, in addition to enclosing functions, absorb loads from elements of stairs and ceilings and at the same time serve as vertical rigidity diaphragms.
Stairs are made of prefabricated large-element or large-panel Z-shaped profiles, and with a monolithic version of the frame it is possible to install monolithic stairs. The load-bearing elements of the stairs rest either on supporting ledges-tables in load-bearing elements frame, or secured by welding embedded parts in the load-bearing elements of the frame and stairs (Fig. 27.12.1. and 27.12.2.).
