The SNiP requirements for stairs should not be regarded as mandatory documents, despite the fact that they describe the dimensions, installation conditions, device and other important points. On the contrary, the requirements of GOST R 53254-2009, which regulate the manufacture and installation of both fire structures and fences arranged on roofs, must be strictly observed.

Official edition

Basic Provisions

Fire structures are carried out in marching and vertical design. For these types of stairs, SNiP were developed in the last century. For marching, the installation of fences is implied in any case, while vertical only starting from their height of 6 m.

Requirements for the norms of the device and the dimensions of mid-flight fire escapes in accordance with SNiP are as follows:

• Its stationary version must be made only of metal - the use of any other materials is prohibited. Portable can be made of aluminum;
• The steps must withstand the application of a vertical load of more than 180 kgf, the barrier structure - the application of a horizontal load of at least 54 kgf;
• The surface must be completely free of scale, cracks, burrs, rust;
• Strength tests are carried out every 5 years, and verification is carried out every year.
• Marches should be fenced with a metal structure of at least 1 m, and fences on the roof - 60 cm.

The requirements for the width of the steps of the stairs SNiP establish the following:

• Not less than 0.8 m for vertical ladders in the presence of a barrier, z not less than 0.6 m in the absence thereof;
• For marching ones - not less than 0.6 m.

Steel stairs

Back in 1981, SNiP II-23-81 was approved, the requirements of which apply to all structures made of steel. Despite its dilapidation, the document has not lost its relevance to this day.

When designing stairs, SNiPom establishes two options for connecting their elements - by means of a bolted connection or by arc welding.

It is also possible to manufacture support parts not only from steel, but also from cast iron, since there are no shock effects during operation. When developing a project, it must be borne in mind that each element must be painted or galvanized.

In addition to the requirements for the structure itself, SNiP also gives methodological instructions regarding the calculation of strength, the use of steels of various grades, according to climatic regions.

General scheme

Reinforced concrete stairs

According to SNiP, stairs in public buildings, their dimensions are designed based on the following requirements:

• The minimum width is not less than 1.35 m. If more than 200 employees are allowed on the floor at the same time, then the width should not be less than 1.2. Near a separate workplace, it should not be narrower than 0.7 m. For all other special cases, the march should not be narrower than 0.7 m;
• The installation of flights is carried out with the greatest slope not steeper than 45 degrees, the slope of the march leading to a separate working platform, the permissible angle increases to 60 degrees;
• The width of the treads is set from 25 cm, the height of the steps is 22 cm.

Important! If up to 15 workers work in the workshop to which the staircase leads, the tread width can be reduced to 12 cm.

• The intermediate platform is arranged with a width of at least 1 meter;
• For evacuation stairs, SNiP provides for the prevention of overlapping paths with open doors;
• It is forbidden to place pipes on staircases transporting flammable liquids and gases.
• It is prohibited to locate cabinets and boxes on staircases that are not related to the supply of various communications, as well as fire hydrants;
• The electric cable is not allowed to be placed open. The only exceptions are wires directly intended for lighting the staircase;
• Heating radiators can be placed only in the niches of the walls, while the layout of the staircase does not allow it to smoke.

Fencing

According to SNiP, stairs in residential buildings are also are regulated by the main dimensions and rules for placing fences:

• Railings on staircases of apartment buildings are mounted with a height of at least 1.2 m.

Important! The fences must be continuous, they must withstand the application of a horizontal load of more than 30 kgf for each linear measure.

• For individual residential buildings, the standards set the height of the railing from 0.9 m, while the remaining strength requirements remain unchanged;

Important! In any case, if the size of the stairs exceeds 6 m, the railing is placed exactly 1 m.

• Roof fences of industrial buildings should have a minimum height of 0.6 m; if there is a parapet on the roof, the total height of the fence with a parapet is 0.6 m.

Wooden stairs

Two versions of documents contain the requirements of SNiP for wooden stairs:

• The erection of wooden structures is regulated by SNiP II-25-80;
• General requirements for the construction of residential buildings are covered in Sanitary Standards 2.08.01-89.

As such, the combination of the words "wooden staircase" is not present in the designations of these documents.

To wooden staircases, which are mostly arranged in individual houses, the following requirements are stipulated:

• Areas between floors should be lit with natural light;
• The march should be from 3 to 18 steps;
• Fences and handrails must be present;
• The installation of marches is made with the greatest slope not steeper than 40 degrees;
• The construction of wooden stairs is limited to the use of only softwood, deciduous varieties can be used only for steps, dowels and other elements that bear the main load.

Important! Larch, distinguished by its relative cheapness, does not lend itself to rotting even at high humidity and does not require a protective layer to be applied to it. But due to the excessive resinousness of the wood, it is not recommended for the construction of handrails - it leaves splinters.

Wheelchair ramps

The main document that regulates the construction of stairs and ramps is SNiP 35-01 2001. They are established for those whose ability to move without assistance is limited - mainly for the elderly and people with disabilities.

What dimensions need to be maintained

The main goals that are achieved by the introduction of this document:

• Providing unhindered access to buildings for people whose ability to move is limited;
• Increasing the level of safety of people when moving under standard conditions and during evacuation measures.

The following requirements are established:

• For people with reduced mobility, the width of ramps and stairs is set at least 1.35 m. If the width of such devices is more than 2.5, then handrails are installed in the middle;
• The maximum allowable slope of the ramp is no more than 8 degrees with the highest elevation up to 0.8 m;
• Treads are arranged no more than 30 cm, steps - no higher than 15 cm;
• On one march, all steps must have the same geometrical shape and dimensions;
• The ribs of the steps are given a rounded shape, the outer edge of the tread is equipped with a 2 cm side.

Important! A ramp below 0.2 m can be built with a slope of up to 10 degrees.

• The ramp can be built up to 1 m wide if the movement along it is mainly one-way;
• On both sides, the structures are equipped with double handrails - at a height of 0.7 and 0.9 m;
• The edges of the ramp are equipped with bumpers. Their size is up to 5 cm.

The routes of communication between the floors of buildings are stairs, ramps and mechanical means (elevators and escalators). Ladders and ramps are also ways to evacuate people from buildings and structures in emergency conditions. The staircase is a horizontal element, it is designed as a flexible element. But since the flight of stairs works in difficult conditions and is an evacuation route, special attention is paid to its operation, good and reliable condition.

In accordance with the purpose, the stairs must meet the requirements of strength, durability, creating the necessary comfort and safety when moving people, and fire safety. If the stairs serve as calculated routes for the evacuation of people from stone buildings, then, according to fire safety requirements, they are fenced from all four sides and from above with fire-resistant fences, forming a separate room - staircase.

Structural elements of stairs. The ladder consists of inclined and horizontal parts, which are respectively called marches and sites... In turn, the march consists of load-bearing beam(bowstring, kosour) and steps, which are the main elements of the staircase.

Steps. The first staircase step called starting and the last one is day off... Usually the shape and size of the starting step is different from the others. Such steps are called frieze... Between the starting and output stages there are intermediate stages, which in their shape can be straight, straight beveled, wedge-shaped (or run-in) and arcuate. By their design, the steps can be planar solid, profiled solid and through.

The upper horizontal plane of the steps, which remains open when they overlap, is usually called tread, and the difference in height between the two treads is riser or plug... The term may also occur "overhang", arising from the need, when designing stairs, sometimes resort to overlapping in terms of the lower tread with a tread located above.

Stairs with glass or transparent plastic steps used in the pool or in the house, in modern style interiors. Various types of glass are used: multilayer, satin, screen-printed, transparent plastic - plexiglass or hexane.

Stone steps . The stone for the steps can only be used that is mined in a quarry, not by an explosive method, but by drilling out blocks, and then sawn off, since the cracks that have arisen from the explosion will certainly manifest themselves during operation. Marble is used only indoors, and granite outdoors. There is a special technology, according to which, for strength, stone steps are reinforced - iron rods are inserted into them. It must be remembered, as mentioned above, that stone is a rather slippery material, therefore if children or elderly people live in the house, it is better to strengthen special anti-slip rugs on the steps.

Step in a flight of stairs they are placed strictly horizontally. The front angle of inclination of the steps should not exceed 1-1.5 °. Otherwise, such steps become dangerous. And, in addition, moisture accumulating in the corner between the tread and the riser penetrates the cracks in winter and freezes, destroying the stairs. In order to prevent moisture from accumulating in the riser area during cleaning and to be easily removed, the front edge of the tread should be slightly lower than the rear one. This rule especially applies to outdoor stairs, on the steps of which atmospheric moisture gets.

Depending on the shape of the step there are straight, straight beveled, run-in and arched. Their number in the march should be at least three and no more than 18. These numbers are the result of a long study of the biomechanics of walking and human consumption of energy, depending on the slope and the total number of steps on the entire staircase.

There are several formulas for determining the optimal ratio of the sizes of treads and risers, which serve for the correct calculation of stairs: a formula based on the length of a step, a comfort formula and a safety formula.

By the method of fastening the steps to the base there are stairs on kosoura and bowstrings, on bolts (bezosourny, cantilever, hanging), on a support column, monolithic.

	Ladder on wooden bowstrings with mortise steps: a-general view of the stairs: 7-groove under the steps; b- various ways of fastening bowstrings: 2- screw strand; 3-tie with wooden wedges; 4-tie with steel wedges; c-marking according to the bowstring pattern with the same step sizes: 5-sheet of plywood; 6- wooden guides

A ladder on bowstrings with mortise steps (that is, when risers and treads are inserted into special grooves made in the bowstrings) is the most common design. The grooves should have a depth of 15-20 mm. In order for the tread to fit snugly, the grooves in the bowstring must be made even and of the same depth.

The design will not warp if you accurately mark the bowstring before cutting. To mark the grooves, use a template, the design of which is practically no different from the template made for stairs with stringers.

The template for marking the bowstrings is also made of plywood. The difference between this template is that during its manufacture, the slats need to be shifted by 30-50 mm from the design dimensions of the step. The indent is made in order not to accidentally cut the bowstring to the very edge of the workpiece during sawing, thus turning it into a stringer.

Stairs on kosoura	Stairs

The design and method of fastening the steps are determined based on the architect's intention, general purpose and construction situation.

Kosourami called beams that support the steps only from below, bowstrings - supporting the steps simultaneously from the bottom and from the ends.

Boltsy- special steel bolts.

Marching stairs called a continuous series of steps located between two levels or landings. In terms of their projection in the plan, staircases can be straight, oblique and curved. If the staircase consists of several flights, then the first flight is called starting, and the latter, respectively, - weekend... The line, usually located in the middle of the flight of stairs, along which they go up or down the stairs, is called sprout line... In the case of curved marches, in which the edges of the steps are not parallel, the emergence line should be located in the area of ​​the working surface, the width of which exceeds half the size of the tread.

Have spiral and circular staircases the emergence line is determined by the calculated points and is located in the area between the line passing in the middle of the march and its outer third. The emergence line should not be closer than 30 cm from the edge of the useful width of the flight of stairs. From this rule it follows that the flight of stairs cannot be narrower than 60 cm. The width of the flight of stairs is dictated by the planning conditions, the size of the opening in the interfloor overlap and the intensity of use of the stairs.

Of course, when the flight of stairs is located in the center of the room and with a slope of up to 40 °, the width of the flight of stairs can be made on the basis of two-way movement. But in this case, it is necessary to install a railing on both sides of the march.

Staircase is a horizontal section located between two flights. Stairways can be quadrangular, polygonal, or curved in their horizontal projection. The sizes of the platforms should be commensurate with the length of the human stride. Their length is usually equal to the width of the staircase, and their width is equal to the width of the flight. Therefore, if the direction of the flights in the plan is perpendicular to each other, then the site usually has the shape of a square, and if the flights are parallel, then the site has the shape of a rectangle or semicircle.

Staircases located at the floor level are called storey, and those located between floors are called intermediate, or inter-storey.

Intermediate landings are necessary for the convenience of walking on stairs with a large number of steps (more than 15-18), as well as for the convenience of walking on turning staircases, in which intermediate landings are arranged at turning points.

Clearance between marches represents the space that remains free between the inner edges of flights of stairs and landings. In terms of their shape, the gaps can be square or rectangular, but there are stairs in which the lumen has the shape of a parallelogram, triangle, circle or ellipse. In spacious rooms, the gap between marches can be used for decorative purposes.

Staircase called the room where the stairs are located. The sides of the staircase, bounding it on both sides, are called ladder cheeks... The outer cheek of the staircase faces the wall, and the inner one faces the cage.

The staircase with a gap between the flights is characterized by great visibility, its natural lighting is more efficient. In addition, decorative lamps or other interior elements can be placed in the gap. But most often, in order to save usable area, the dimensions of the lumen are minimized or even dispensed with. It is recommended to maintain the clearance between flights within 10-30 cm, as the most acceptable for buildings with a small number of floors. In this case, the lumen can be used to accommodate the railings and decorative lamps.

Partition or core wall is a one-piece or through structure, built-in between flights of stairs or landings and separating them in whole or in part. The use of a bar wall, as a rule, is caused by the need for supporting anchorage of the stairs.

Appointment stair railings is to ensure safety and create maximum comfort when moving people. A railing with a height of 90-110 cm is installed along the edges of flights and staircases: and in its upper part it should end handrail... The handrail can be installed not only on the fence. If the flight of stairs is located along the wall, then the handrail can also be fixed to the wall.

Metal railings are widely used in construction. In this case, we do not mean the monotonous metal railings and railings that we are used to seeing on the staircases of standard high-rise buildings, made in an industrial way. The railing of such stairs is usually made of vertical metal posts with a wooden or plastic handrail and does not have high aesthetic qualities. But practice shows that completely different railings and fences can be made from the same material.

The manufacturability of metal and the skill of the performer allow you to create handrails of various shapes even from straight elements, without resorting to forging and bending technology. Metal intermediate posts can be installed not only vertically, but also parallel to the axis of the flight of stairs and even at a certain angle.

Railing metal can be subjected to various galvanic treatments (chrome plating, nickel plating, etc.). The metal processed in this way in combination with turned elements can create a real work of art from the stairs, but in order not to damage the coating, welding cannot be used when installing the fence.

The high temperature that occurs during the burning of the welding arc destroys the galvanized coating. In this case, threaded connections are used, making nuts by turning and milling of the most various decorative shapes. But the special beauty of the railings is achieved by filling the gap between the support posts with bent metal elements. Intricate forms of bent elements are obtained by cold forging and bending using a variety of devices.

Installation of bent elements in place and their splicing together can be done with rivets or electric arc welding. Welding in this case is preferable, since the complex shape of the curls does not always make it possible to drill a hole for the rivet in the right place and get close with a hammer to strike.

Railing fixings.
Metal railings can be used regardless of what material the staircase is made of. They are equally well suited to metal, concrete or wooden stairs, they are used with metal, plastic or wooden handrails. The only difference can be in the methods of fastening. So, to metal flights of stairs railings are fixed by welding or bolted connections. V concrete stairs for this purpose, special embedded plates are usually provided, to which the railing posts are subsequently welded. To wooden flights of stairs handrail posts are usually fastened either with bolted connections or with screws through specially made flanges. Flanges welded to the railing posts, and then fastened to the staircase with screws.

Handrails for metal railings best made from wood. The metal matches very well with its texture and, moreover, wooden railing much more practical. First, a metal strip handrail is welded to the railing, in which holes are drilled for fastening. At the bottom of the wooden handrail, a sample is made to fit the size of this strip. The handrail is placed on the strip and fastened from below with screws.

Plastic handrail fastened with specially made beads for this purpose, which are made during the casting of the handrail. Before installation, the handrail is heated and placed on a metal plate with beads. After cooling, the plastic hardens and is firmly attached to the metal strip. There are options for fixing the plastic handrail with screws.

Metal railings can be filled with a wide variety of materials. For this, wooden or plastic panels, high-strength glass and even stained glass filling are used. But with all this variety, it should be remembered that sharp metal edges and corners can cause injury. Therefore, all edges must be carefully cleaned, and the corners are best done with a bend.

Materials used for the manufacture of stairs. The variety of materials used allows the staircase to be used as an element of decoration in almost any room in any style. For the manufacture of stairs, various types of wood, metal, different types of glass can be used, including tempered and triplex, plastic, natural stones, agglomerates, ceramic products, etc. Stairs can be given a strict ascetic look or decorated, for example, with graceful molding or colored stained-glass windows.

Ceramic tile- an excellent material for facing stairs. Ceramic products used for facing steps are usually produced by manufacturers of various types: several types of step tiles, cornices (they are also called ceramic corners), risers and baseboards.

Tiles for stairs are elements necessarily with special anti-slip elements (sills), thanks to which the descent and ascent of the stairs is safe.

The step can be made in the form of a tile, on which either cuts are made or embossed anti-slip paths are applied. Strips of abrasive material, which are sprayed onto the tile, can also be used. To the touch, the rough surface of such stripes looks like a fine-grained skin.

Ceramic steps with a figured edge (cornice) are also produced. They are like whole and prefabricated (in the latter case, the cornice is a separate element). Advantages prefabricated steps consist in the fact that, if necessary, you can always replace or pick up a cornice of a different color than the step itself. In addition to the usual, there are also corner steps, which are placed at the corners of the stairs. Such an element has either an edge rounded on both sides, or two cornices.

For facing external stairs, as well as stairs, which will be walked by a large number of people, it is better to use ceramic granite tiles.

Skirting boards for stairs... If a plinth is laid along the walls in all rooms, then it is necessary to use it on the stairs. There are left and right skirting boards for steps. If the step is decorated with a figured (protruding) cornice, then the cutout of the plinth should have the same figured slot.

Staircase lighting. Correct staircase lighting solves several important tasks at the same time. Firstly, if the staircase is not lit or lit incorrectly, it is inconvenient and dangerous to use it. The staircase is a transition from one high-rise space to another, therefore, a person walking along this passage should have a feeling of safety. And the longer this transition, the better it should be illuminated.

Secondly, the aesthetic qualities of the staircase can be associated with lighting. So, lighting can emphasize and enhance the spatial effect of a staircase, for example, connect the staircase volume with the surrounding rooms or, conversely, separate them.

If you use lighting only for the convenience and safety of using the stairs, then it is enough to create a normal level of illumination on the staircase itself and the approaches to it. To do this, you can use the same light sources, using not only artificial lamps, but also natural (daytime) lighting.

Different orientations will play an important role in this - a horizontal hall and a vertical staircase. The combination of the hall and staircase space will occur with the same and uniform illumination.

On correct organization of staircase lighting Availability natural light source(window in the staircase) allows you to illuminate the staircase during the day without consuming electricity. However, in cloudy weather, natural lighting is not enough, so even during the day it may be necessary to turn on artificial lamps.

The role is especially great artificial lights during a transitional time of the day, when not enough light enters through the window or stained glass windows for normal lighting of the stairs. An important role in the choice of lighting is also played by stair type... It is one thing to illuminate a straight one-flight staircase, and another thing is an intricate screw, which, with thoughtful lighting, can be presented "in a favorable light."

Lighting types. A staircase, like a room, can be illuminated in several ways: direct, diffuse, reflected and combined lighting.

Wall lights that are taller than the person's height are well suited for this purpose. Luminaires should not create a glare effect, therefore it is better to equip them with diffusers or lampshades. The choice of shape, size and quantity depends on the specific conditions and style of the entire staircase space and the room in which the staircase is located. To make it easier to use the stairs, in addition to general lighting, they use local... For this, light sources are placed at the same distance from each other at the junction of the wall and the flight of stairs. A sufficiently high decorative effect is provided by the placement of lamps at the bottom of the flight of stairs. Neon lights installed directly in the steps decorate the staircase and allow you to use it quite safely. If the staircase is not crowded, then it is better to muffle the shadows, directing the light flux from top to bottom.

If the ladder is equipped stained glass, then the double stained glass window can mask the fixtures of the required wattage to create the illusion of natural light.

It should be borne in mind that staircase lighting can be formed not only with the help of lamps ... Glass partitions or doors can serve as a second light source.

The illumination level is influenced by color and tone of finishing the staircase space what must be considered when choosing light sources. Thus, the white surfaces of the stairwell walls optically increase the space, make it lighter, and maintain the illusion of daylight. The warm color scheme creates a cozy feeling and supports artificial lighting. This color scheme of the staircase space is suitable for stairs that do not have an exit to the windows. Dark, cold tones of the stairs are permissible only under the condition of intense lighting, both during the day and at night.

Outdoor staircase lighting, performing the same tasks has its own characteristics. As a rule, it is general in nature and serves for a convenient and safe approach to the house using an outdoor staircase or exit to the garden at night. This lighting can be common(for the entire yard space) and local(only for a flight of stairs and its landings). First of all, the electrical wiring for outdoor luminaires must be made with reinforced and frost-resistant insulation. The electrical connection to the staircase luminaires can be installed in several ways. Luminaires can be placed on building structures, on separate supports, or suspended on a special cable wiring, creating the required level of illumination of the staircase space. In this case, the voltage supply to the luminaires will be carried out using a cable fixed at a certain height.

If the task of decorating the staircase space with the help of lamps is being solved, then ground lamps installed on special racks can play a huge role. Such lamps will decorate the staircase even during the day, when the need for lighting is no longer necessary. In this case, it is better to lay the cable wiring underground, protecting it from accidental damage.

Stair design... The choice of the type of intra-apartment staircase depends on the capital and fire resistance of the building, the nature of the intended movement, the availability of free space and the height of the room. The shape of the staircase is chosen depending on its purpose and location, the architectural design of the room and the structure as a whole.

The placement of stairs in the building plan, their number and dimensions depend on the purpose, dimensions and layout of the building, taking into account the provision of convenient and at a given time for evacuating people. So, in civilian buildings there must be at least two stairs, and for residential buildings with 10 or more floors, an exit from each apartment to two stairs directly or On through a connecting passage is provided. The staircase consists of flights and platforms. The march is a structure consisting of steps supporting them with stringers (located under the steps) or bowstrings (adjacent to the steps from the side).

Two-flight staircase (section and floor plans): 1 - basement march; 2 - floor areas; 3 - fence; 4 - flight of stairs; 5 - interfloor area; 6 - entrance visor; 7 - entrance area Staircases are storey (at the floor level) and interfloor (intermediate).

For safety and convenience of movement, flights of stairs and landings are equipped with fences with handrails 0.9 m high. At the steps, the vertical edge is called the riser, and the horizontal edge is called the tread. All steps of the flight of stairs must have the same shape, except for the upper and lower ones, called friezes.

According to their purpose, the stairs are divided into main, or main, serving for permanent use and evacuation, auxiliary - for service communication between floors and emergency (external evacuation stairs, firemen). According to the number of flights within the height of one floor, the stairs are divided into one-, two-, three- and four-flight.

Types of stairs:

a - one-march straight staircase; b - two-flight straight staircase with an intermediate platform; c - two-flight L-shaped staircase with an angular intermediate platform; d - two-flight U-shaped staircase with an intermediate platform; d - three-flight staircase with two corner intermediate platforms; e - one-flight curved staircase located against the wall; g - single-flight curved staircase, placed in a rectangular volume; h - spiral staircases; and - one-march staircase with winder steps and 90 ° turn; k - single-flight staircase with upper and lower winder steps and 90 ° turn; l - single-flight staircase with medium winder steps with 180 ° turn

In some buildings, when the staircase is used by a small number of people (for example, in apartments on two levels), spiral staircases are used. The slope of staircases is taken according to regulatory requirements (depending on the purpose of buildings) for main stairs 1: 2 - 1: 1.75, and for auxiliary ones - up to 1: 1.25.

The number of steps in the march is assigned no more than 16, but not less than 3. The height of the passages between the platforms and marches must be at least 2 m. The width of the flights of stairs is assigned taking into account the provision of evacuation of people at a given time. In this case, the smallest width of the flights of the main stairs in two-story houses should be 900 mm, and in houses with 3 or more floors - 1050 mm.

There must be a gap (in plan) of 100 mm between the march for the passage of fire hoses. The width of the landings must be at least the width of the march (from the condition of ensuring the same throughput), and the width of the landings of the main stairs is assigned at least 1200 mm. The height and width of the steps of the stairs are determined in such a way as to ensure the convenience of movement of people.

In this case, it is assumed that the normal step of a person is approximately 600 mm when walking on a horizontal surface and 450 mm when moving up stairs. Based on this, the width and height of the step should total 450 mm. Hence, the width of the step (tread) should be 300 mm, but not less than 250 mm (the length of a person's foot).

The height of the step (riser) is most often made 150 mm, but not more than 180 mm. In order to determine the dimensions of the stairs and the staircase in which they will be placed, it is necessary to know the height of the floor and the dimensions of the steps. The height of the floor is divided by the number of parts equal to the number of risers in the floor, and horizontal lines are drawn through the points obtained. Then the horizontal projection (laying the march) is divided by the number of treads without one and vertical lines are drawn through the points obtained. The profile of the stairs is drawn according to the resulting grid.

When designing stairs, the following requirements must be taken into account:

Maximum convenience and reliability;

Convenient safe approach for both ascent and descent;

Convenient and safe location of the railings;

Correspondence of the width and height of the steps to a comfortable step length and a comfortable leg rise;

Good lighting.

Staircase width is determined by the throughput of the stairs, that is, the number of people who can pass in its narrowest place within one minute.

For the passage of one person, 0.6- 0.7 m is enough.The width of the intra-apartment flights should be at least 0.9-1 m, in luxury houses - 1.25-1.5 m.To determine the size of the stairs, it is necessary to install it place on the plan and the height of the floor, choose the scheme of the stairs and the dimensions of the steps. As a rule, the angle of rise of a flight of stairs is from 20 to 50 °, however, ladders with an angle of rise from 30 to 45 are more convenient.

Example. Determine the dimensions of a two-flight staircase of a residential building if the floor height is 3.3 m, the width of the flight is 1.05 m, the slope of the staircase is 1: 2.

We accept a step with dimensions of 150x300 mm Staircase width B = 2 b + 100 = 2 x 1050 + 100 = 2200 mm. Height of one march N / 2 = 3300: 2 = 1650 mm. Number of risers in one march n = 1650: 150 = 11. The number of treads in one march will be one less than the number of risers, since the upper tread is located on the landing: n - 1 = 11 - 1 = 10.

The length of the horizontal projection of the march, called its inception, will be equal to a = 300 (n-1) = 300 x 10 = 3000 mm. We accept the width of the intermediate floor area from 1 = 1300 mm, s 2 = 1300 mm and we get that the total length of the staircase (clean) will be A = a + c 1 + c 2 = 3000 + 1300 + 1300 = 5600 mm.

Diagram of the relationship between the size of the steps and the angle of inclination of the march

Plotting the angle of elevation of a staircase. The ease of use of the ladder and the associated safety guarantee depend mainly on the relative value of the rise of the march (the angle of rise). The elevation angle of the run can be set graphically, knowing the location of the stairs in the plan and the height of the room.

Comfortable stride length and leg lift. It has been established by practice: a ladder is comfortable and safe if the riser height is doubled. folded with the width of the step (tread) is equal to the average step of a person. a person's stride length on a plane is approximately 62-64 cm, and a comfortable leg lift is 30-32 cm.

Based on this, the tread and rise are determined as follows:

2a + b = 64cm or a + b = 47 cm,

where a- step height, b- the width of the tread.

For example, if the step is 12 cm, the tread will be 40 cm (excluding the ledge of the edge of the step). Such a solution gives a too wide tread, using the second ratio, we find that the tread width is 35 cm.It has been established in practice that stairs with a step height of 140 to 170 mm and a tread width of 340 to 370 mm are most convenient for lifting. Thus, to determine the width of the tread with a step height of 140 to 170 mm, it is recommended to apply the first formula. The step height should be no more than 200 mm and no less than 120 mm. The edge of the step (protrusion) should be about 20-40 mm.

Types of steps. The higher the step, the narrower the tread should be, and vice versa. The width of the step must be at least equal to its height.

The middle line of the march- this is an imaginary line, which in rectilinear staircases runs in the middle of the width of the march, and in curved staircases - at a distance of 40-50 cm from the edge of the span (for spiral staircases - from the axis of the rack). The treads of the steps of the curved march have a wedge-shaped shape, and the narrow side of the tread must be at least 140 mm. This is necessary so that the width of such a step along the center line of the march is equal to the width of the steps of a straight march. Climbing a curved staircase, a person most often deviates from the center line, overcoming the rise in steps of various sizes. To eliminate inconvenience, ladders are constructed with dispersed steps with a gradual change in their width along the entire length of the march.

Clear passage height- the minimum vertical distance between the upper edge of the tread and the lower edge (or lower side) of the superior structural element - take at least 1900 ... 2000 mm. This dimension should be maintained as you climb the stairs. Openings above the stairs should be designed at the same time as the stairs. The size of the opening should provide free passage for a person.

The main mistakes in designing stairs.The ascent / descent angle is very steep, more than 50 degrees - you will be able to climb with difficulty, it will be simply dangerous to descend. The recommended angle is 30-40 degrees. In extreme cases, up to 45. And think about future old age, if you are young and full of energy.

The staircase is very complex by configuration - it will not allow you to subsequently bring in furniture and other bulky and heavy household items.

Baluster railing installed too seldom- a child or a pet may fall. The recommended safe distance between the balusters is no more than 15 cm.

The ladder has a slippery surface(glossy varnish, glass, polished stone) - of course, everyone has the right to experiment and unusual design. However, it must be remembered that you are responsible not only for your own safety. Such stairs should be covered with a safe carpet.

Constructive solutions for stairs According to the method of construction, the stairs can be prefabricated and monolithic. Prefabs are made of small-sized and large-sized elements.

Stairs from small-sized elements consist of separately installed reinforced concrete stringers, steps, reinforced concrete platform slabs and fences with handrails. To mate the stringers with the platform beams, the latter have nests into which the ends of the stringers are inserted. Connection betweenelements of stairs is achieved, as a rule, by welding embedded parts. The steps are laid along the stringers in cement mortar.

Precast reinforced concrete platform slabs are supported on the platform beams. During the repair and reconstruction of previously built buildings, one can find staircase structures made of stone or reinforced concrete steps along kosoura and platform beams made of rolled metal profiles (channel or I-beam). To increase the fire resistance of metal structures, they need to be plastered over a wire mesh. Railings on stairs are usually arranged with metal with wooden or plastic handrails. The fence posts are welded to the embedded parts of the steps or embedded in a cement-sand mortar into the nests in the steps.

Ladder constructions: a - prefabricated of small-sized reinforced concrete elements; b - on steel stringers; c - monolithic reinforced concrete; d - embedding of racks and fastening of a wooden handrail; e, f - fastening of plastic handrails; 1 - step; 2 - platform beam; 3 - socket for the end of the stringer; 4 - prefabricated reinforced concrete kosour; 5 - staircase slab; 6 - steel stringer; 7 - plaster on steel mesh; 8 - steel platform beam; 9 - frieze step; 10 - handrail post; 11 - steel strip; 12 - screws; 13- handrail

The most widespread in construction are prefabricated staircases from large-sized elements - sites and marches of factory production or marches with two half-platforms. Prefabricated elements are installed in place with cranes and fastened by welding embedded parts.

Stairways and landings for residential buildings are manufactured at the factory with cleanly finished steps and surfaces. In public buildings, marches with overhead treads are used, which are laid after the completion of the main work on the installation of the building. It is advisable to use prefabricated flights with folded steps, which make it possible to reduceconcrete consumption by 15%.

Staircase made of prefabricated elements: 1 - landings; 2 - flights of stairs; 3 - a fragment of the fence

Landings with their ends are usually supported on the side walls of the staircase, and in large-panel buildings - on special metal elements (tables) welded to embedded parts in the wall panels of the staircase. In intra-apartment staircases, it is allowed to use run-in steps and spiral staircases. According to fire safety standards, such ladders cannot serve as escape routes, therefore they are not used as the main ones.

When assigning the sizes of wedge-shaped winders and steps of spiral staircases, their calculated values ​​are taken in the middle of the march. Spiral staircases can be made of wood, metal, precast and monolithic reinforced concrete. The steps rest on the walls and on the central support pillar. They can also be calculated in the form of consoles with support only on the walls or only on the support pillar.

Monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are rarely used, mainly in unique buildings, if an atypical solution is given to the staircase for architectural and planning reasons. Their device requires complex formwork and all the work on the construction site. In front of the entrance to the building, a platform is arranged, which is always located at least 150 mm above the ground level in order to prevent atmospheric water from flowing into the room. To protect the entrance area from precipitation, a so-called visor is arranged. If an external porch is arranged in front of the building, then its steps are supported on special walls erected on independent foundations.

External entrances to the basement are designed in the form of single-flight stairs located in pits adjacent to the outer walls of the building and fenced off with retaining walls. An extension with walls, a roof and an entrance door is erected above the pit, or they are limited to an umbrella and a low side wall.

	The device of the external entrance to the basement: 1 - concrete preparation; 2 - compacted sand cushion; 3 - reinforced concrete slab; 4 - canopy posts; 5 - timber; 6 - brick fence; 7 - retaining wall; 8 - steps; 9 - basement overlap

Wooden stairs . The wood used for the manufacture of stairs should only be of high quality, carefully selected, dried using modern industrial drying methods. Proper drying of wood is the only guarantee that the ladder will not lead in operation.

Wood is used both for the manufacture of the supporting structures of the stairs and for their finishing. Soft types of wood (pine, spruce, larch), semi-hard (birch) and hard (oak, beech, maple, ash, cedar) are used. The latter are preferable, but they are also more expensive. Finishing can also be made from exotic woods - walnut, teak, cherry, cypress, iroko, mogano, araucaria, etc. It is impossible to combine different types of wood in load-bearing structures that have an unequal coefficient of expansion of the fiber with a change in moisture, overhead cladding elements of different species trees are quite possible.

For the final surface treatment of stairs, various varnishes and tints are used (for better texture display and for optimal combination with furniture and parquet).

Currently, not only solid wood is widely used, but also glued from several layers, with different directions of fibers to compensate for possible deformations when the temperature and humidity conditions in the room change. Glued timber is used for the manufacture of stringers, steps and railings.

Self-supporting wooden stairs. In residential and public buildings, 2-level apartments, stairs are an irreplaceable functional structure. The most modern wood processing technology, careful selection of materials for each product, professional installation determine the highest quality of wooden stairs.

The stairs are made from hardwoods that have been qualitatively dried in computer-controlled dryers. The quality of workmanship is controlled at every stage of production and installation of products. The modern assortment is the manufacture of stairs from solid wood of hardwood (oak, beech, ash, maple) and semi-hard (birch). From soft woods we use spruce, pine or larch.

For the final surface treatment of stairs, Swedish-made varnishes and paints are used that meet the highest hygienic, sanitary and environmental requirements and standards.

Decoration of stairs. Wooden stairs are traditionally decorated carved balusters and railings. Do oval entry pads, starting racks in the form of handmade wooden sculptures, perform various sockets on the stringer.

The color of a wooden staircase is usually matched to the color of the door, window, etc. The best coatings for wooden steps are matt and semi-matt parquet lacquers. Along with wood for the manufacture of fences and in decoration can be used forged, cast, welded structures from ferrous and non-ferrous metals with various types of electroplated coatings (up to gilding).

Metal structures are often also painted in a wide variety of colors - modern polymer paints and varnishes allow you to make the stairs very elegant. Also used are triplex, acrylic and polycarbonate glass, crystal and ceramics, precious stones, decorative concrete. Another innovation - illumination of steps... If the staircase is open, without side slats, then the lamps located on the “inside” of the staircase gently illuminate each step. If the lamps are mounted in a stringer, you can use them as an additional light source in the evening or during the day.

In wooden staircases, steps are coupled with a bowstring in its lateral edge by arranging grooves in them, into which the ends of the boards of treads and risers enter.

Metal stairs... Metal parts can be pickled or galvanized, stamped or forged, glossy or matt, chrome or gold plated. All-welded handrails are made, which significantly strengthen the structure of the stairs, at the same time giving it delicacy and weightlessness.

When working on metal stairs, the most modern and advanced technologies are used, for example, a special polishing of stainless steel, which gives the metal a unique depth and a feeling of a soft glow; Powder coated 'marble'. Artificial aging technologies are also used, which make it possible to turn a modern product into antiques - patina is applied to brass products.

The use of entirely metal stairs is widespread, the use of metal is widely used for the manufacture of load-bearing elements of stairs, for example, kosour, to which steps of any material can be attached.

The supporting structure of the flight stairs can also be made of separate steel elements, which, when connected to each other, constitute the base that supports the steps. These elements are equipped with a special rotating mechanism both horizontally and vertically, which allows you to create stairs of any shape - rectangular, spiral, S-shaped, easily adaptable to the height of any room.

A number of models of spiral staircases have been developed, which can be adapted to any premises with various ceiling openings. This versatility is achieved through the use of a special mechanism - spacer rings, which allow you to change the height of the stairs by adjusting the distance between the steps.

Attic staircase Is a structure made of pine and consists of three parts. The staircase design has the following advantages:

a thermal insulation cover with a thickness of 36 mm is installed as standard;

the front side of the cover is smooth, there are no fasteners on its surface;

the original design allows you to easily climb up.

The attic staircase can be additionally equipped with a handrail and a barrier.

Standard sizes:120cm x 60cm,120cm x 70cm,130cm x 60cm,130cm x 70cm.

Many gardens have at least one place where you need to go down or up from one level to another - for example, when crossing from path to patio or from lawn to driveway. The first thing that comes to mind when it becomes necessary to somehow arrange such a transition is a staircase. However, it is worth considering whether it would not be better to make a shallow concrete ramp: it may not look so beautiful, but it will undoubtedly simplify your life if you have to transport a heavy lawn mower from one level to another.

And yet, in most cases, they prefer to build not a ramp, but a staircase. There are two main types of stairs. It is easier to make an embedded staircase - its steps are cut into the slope, and they rest on the ground. A free staircase adjoins a vertical wall and leads from one horizontal level to another. The simplest ladder can be folded by an amateur, but it is better to entrust the construction of complex brick ladders to professionals.

The choice of building materials is extremely wide. For risers, bricks and blocks are most often used, but stone, rounded logs and railway sleepers are also used. Slabs are the preferred material for treads today, but they are also made from gravel, brick, natural stone, bark, paving blocks and wood. Whichever material you choose, do not forget that the stairs must be safe, comfortable and beautiful. Safety comes first. Most garden accidents requiring hospital treatment involve falls from stairs. All risers should be of the same height, and the treads should be of the same width - their dimensions should not exceed those indicated in the figure. In addition, treads should never be slippery - never make them out of smooth concrete or smooth slabs. Use only sidewalk bricks and remember to remove algae and moss from the stairs.

The ladder should be comfortable. Make the steps sturdy and wide enough so that you can walk on and carry your garden tools without any problems. The appearance of the stairs is a matter of taste, but there are a few general rules. For example, curved stairs are considered more attractive than straight ones; the material from which the staircase is made must organically fit into the environment and be combined with the material of the adjacent paths, patios and walls.

The steps do not have to be rectangular - in some conditions, a staircase with round or hexagonal steps will look spectacular. In a semi-natural garden, a ladder made of logs and bark can successfully replace the popular brick and slab construction.

And one last caveat. Before starting the construction of a staircase, carefully design it and make the steps wide enough to use whole slabs or sleepers, since cutting them to size is extremely laborious.

: 1. Staircase- wide tread between marches; 2. Tread - that part of the step, which is stepped on with the foot. The steps are made 30-45 cm wide. To prevent rainwater from accumulating on the stairs, the treads are slightly tilted by 1-1.5 cm towards the base of the stairs; 3. Riser - the vertical part of the step, separating one tread from another. Riser height - 10-18 cm; 4. Step ledge - the slab tread should overhang the riser by about 2.5 cm. This will make the staircase more beautiful and reduce the risk of stumbling; 5. Foundation. The slope itself serves as the basis for the embedded staircase (see below). For a free staircase, if there are no more than five steps in it, you need a strip concrete foundation under the side walls, and with a staircase height of five or more steps, a solid concrete foundation; 6. Ladder slab necessary if the ladder goes directly to the lawn.

Stage 1. Mark the steps of the stairs in the slope

Accurately measure the height of the slope and calculate the number of ladder steps. Remove the soil as shown in the illustration. Please note that there should be a layer of rubble 7-8 cm thick under the ladder slab and the same layer of concrete. Pack the ground.

Step 2. Lay the ladder slab and the first riser

When the concrete has hardened, place the landing slab on a thin layer of mortar and lay the first riser out of blocks or paving bricks.

Stage 3. Install the first tread

Install the first tread. Fill the space behind the first riser with rubble and compact it properly. The surface of the crushed stone should be flush with the riser. Apply the mortar and lay the first tread slabs.

Stage 4. Complete the construction of the stairs

Continue placing risers, filling the space behind them with rubble, and treading on the mortar until you reach the top of the slope. Fill the remaining ditches on the sides and at the base of the stairs with earth. Decorate the edges of the stairs with plants and / or large stones.

Stage 1. Prepare the base of the stairs

Dig a shallow trench along the entire length of the slope. Tamp the bottom of the trench with a roller, rammer, or with your feet.

Step 2. Drive in the first pegs

As shown in the picture, drive two pointed pegs into the ground to support the first log.

Step 3. Place the first log

Saw the logs for the risers, soak them for several days in an antiseptic. Place the log close to the pegs and fill the space behind it with ballast, tamp and level the surface. The ballast layer should be about 5 cm below the top of the log.

Step 4. Place the rest of the logs

Repeat steps 2 and 3 until you get to the top of the slope.

Stage 5. Complete the construction of the stairs

Tread gravel or crushed bark on each rung. Compact and level the tread material. Cover the remaining ditches on the sides of the ladder with earth. Decorate the edges of the stairs with plants and / or stones.

For the implementation of pedestrian connections between surfaces at different levels with a longitudinal slope of paths of more than 60%, it is necessary to provide for the device of stairs and ramps.

Stairs... Ladders are special devices for moving from one level of relief to another. They play an important architectural and artistic role in the park and city landscape. According to their purpose and design, park stairs are subdivided:

On the main ones - on the main pedestrian paths and alleys - 10 m or more wide. They are ceremonially decorated with sculptures, lamps, flower girls, fountains and other decorative elements, usually equipped with decorative railings;
secondary - on the side (secondary) alleys and paths - from 2.5 to 10 m wide, simpler in the design of the sides and railings;
pathways - on additional footpaths up to 2.5 m wide, or paths with separate steps.

The placement of stairs on slopes can be done in different ways: in combination with a retaining wall, on a lawn with handrails, without side stops (Fig. 5.1). Turns, bends of stairs enhance the impression of the surrounding space, change the angles at which the most interesting objects are viewed.

Rice. 5.1. Placement of stairs on the slope: I - stairs with retaining walls: a - in the embankment; b - in the recess; c - in a half-fill-half-ditch; II - stairs without retaining walls: a - steps-slabs lying on the surface of the slope; b - steps cut into the slope; c - steps formed by local soil filling

Rice. 5.2. The parameters of the steps (a) and the visual perception of the stairs (b): 1 - tread; 2 - riser; 3 - person; h - riser height; b - tread width

However, despite the importance of the aesthetic qualities of a staircase, the main thing in the design and construction of a staircase is its safety and ease of movement for pedestrians. Creating a staircase that is as comfortable as possible for movement is based on calculating the ratio between the dimensions of its main elements: tread and riser.

The step (the horizontal surface of the step) is characterized by the width b and the transverse slope i, the riser (the vertical plane of the step) is characterized by the height h (Fig. 5.2, a). When studying the features of a pedestrian's movement on stairs, it was found that the double height of the riser and the width of the tread in total should correspond to the average length of a person's step:

2h + b = 0.58 ... 0.65 m.

Due to the fact that the movement of pedestrians along the paths of parks and gardens is mainly associated with walking and rest, for the convenience of movement, stairs with steps 10 ... 12 cm high and 38 ... 40 cm wide are created. The standard slope of the slope of park stairs is 1 : 4. Such stairs make it much easier to climb in comparison with typical stairs in residential and public buildings, where the height and width of the steps are 15 and 30 cm, respectively.

In other cases, depending on the difference in the relief and the steepness of the slope, the dimensions of the tread and the riser are calculated using the above formula, by the selection method. This makes it possible to ensure precise mating of the first and last rungs of the stairs with the coatings of the adjoining platforms. The approximate dimensions of the steps depending on the steepness of the slope are given in table. 5.1.

Table 5.1. The dimensions of the steps depending on the steepness of the slope

The steepness of the site,%	Riser height, cm	Tread width, cm
200	9	45
400	14	35
600	17	28
800	19	24
1000	21	21

The critical step dimensions are therefore 21 x 21 cm, which allows the ladder to be placed on a slope with a maximum slope of 1: 1 at an angle of 45 °. Further reduction of the tread width is unacceptable. However, such steep staircases should be avoided when designing in order to ensure safe movement, especially in winter. It is not recommended to use stairs with a tread width of less than 35 cm. If such stairs are necessary, then they must be equipped with handrails. If it is necessary to mate areas with sharp relief changes, it is recommended to use stairs with turns.

Important parameters of stairs are the number of steps and the total height of the stairs. Single steps pose an increased danger to pedestrians, they are hardly noticeable, and it is easy to stumble or stumble on them. Therefore, they should not be used. As a last resort, you can use stairs with two, or better - with three steps. To focus the attention of a pedestrian on an obstacle, such stairs should be marked with light, planting, railings, etc.

It is important to design stairs on objects of landscape architecture taking into account the peculiarities of the psychology of visitors and their physical endurance. Low descents and ascents with a height of 0.3 ... 0.5 m, calculated with a certain rhythm, can stimulate movement around the object, while drops of 1.8 m and more are not interesting and are perceived by visitors as requiring significant efforts to climb, which can significantly restrict movement. The lack of interest in high climbs is also associated with the peculiarities of visual perception. So, it is important for the visitor to see where he is going, what awaits him when he ascends (Fig. 5.2, b). The average level of a person's line of sight is at a height of 1.5 m. In this regard, a maximum of every 1.5 m in height, which corresponds to 10 ... 12 steps, called a march, it is necessary to arrange platforms. The length of the site should be at least 1.5 m, which corresponds to the length of two steps and allows the pedestrian to continue moving up the stairs without losing the rhythm. If it is necessary to place a platform of greater length, then it should be calculated, each time adding to the minimum size (1.5 m) a distance that is a multiple of the length of two steps.

A ladder with unloading platforms, depending on the number of flights, is called two-flight or multi-flight. All steps of stairs within one flight must be the same in terms of riser height and tread width.

For the organization of surface runoff of rainwater on the stairs, slopes and storm water inlets (trays, wells) associated with the storm network are provided. The steps should have a transverse slope of 10 ... 20% and a longitudinal slope of 5 ... 10%, which will avoid the irregular flow of water from one step to another and the formation of ice in the cold season. When designing multi-flight stairs, the calculations also need to take into account the longitudinal and transverse slopes of the sites, which are necessary to ensure surface runoff - 5 ... 20%.

For the convenience of moving the stairs, its width is also important. In urban areas, it should not be less than 1.5 m, which allows two people walking in opposite directions to disperse; in private gardens, the width of the stairs can be reduced to 1.05 m.

For the construction of stairs, various designs are used, the choice of which is closely related to the intensity of pedestrian loads, the architectural and artistic appearance of the object and the amount of funding.

The most widely used concrete structures using metal reinforcement, which allow you to create stairs directly at the facility. Such structures are almost universal, but only if we are dealing with stable subsoil that are not subject to any deformation. Ladders bounded by side walls will have the maximum stability (see Fig. 5.1, a, b). This is especially important on fill slopes, where there is a danger of soil displacement, for example, as a result of its subsidence.

Rice. 5.3. Ladder structures: a - on a pile reinforced concrete foundation: 1 - crushed stone; 2 - reinforced concrete foundation; 3 - the level of soil freezing; 4 - prepared soil base; b - located between the side retaining walls: 1 - side retaining wall; 2 - concrete structure of the staircase; 3 - metal mesh (15 x 15 cm); c - with the strengthening of individual steps: 1 - stone slabs; 2 - cement-sand mixture; 3 - crushed stone; 4 - concrete; 5 - vegetable soil, mixed with seeds of stolon-forming grasses, or a covering of stone sowing; 6 - wooden beam treated with a protective compound; 7 - wood

The structures of garden and park (outdoor) stairs, according to the method of their strengthening, can be divided into three main types (Fig.5.3):

On a pile reinforced concrete foundation;
located between the side retaining walls;
with the strengthening of individual steps.

When building a foundation, it is necessary to take into account the depth of soil freezing, which depends on the climatic region. The device of monolithic structures requires the design of expansion joints to ensure their protection against moisture penetration using waterproofing materials.

During the construction of stairs, it is necessary to provide for their protection against flooding (drainage devices), which can provoke the destruction of the structure.

To create steps, materials of natural and artificial origin are used: stone of various types, wood in the form of a bar and small diameter logs, clinker bricks, concrete tiles and others, as well as ready-made stairs or individual steps cast from concrete, or metal structures.

The top covering of the steps must be resistant to foot traffic and have a non-slip surface. On the territory of public spaces of the city, for the safety of pedestrians, it is recommended to highlight the edge of the first steps of the stairs with stripes of bright contrasting color, and also to use a tactile coating - a coating with a noticeable change in the texture of the surface layer, at a distance of at least 0.8 m from the steps.

Ramps... Ramps are also designed to move vehicles and pedestrians from one level of the surface to another. They are inclined surfaces without steps. The ramp at the same height is usually 3 to 4 times longer than the stairs. The ramp is characterized by steepness, expressed in the ratio of its height to the length of the inception.

The ramps are arranged parallel or at a slight angle to the line of the edge of the slope. In the absence of restrictions on the planning solution of the territory, the ramp can be cut into the slope in the direction perpendicular to the edge of the slope and continue in the cut within the upper planned site until its elevations coincide with the planned surface.

Depending on the functional purpose, there are three categories of ramps:

1) ramps for the movement of pedestrians and wheelchair users;
2) ramps along the stairs for moving hand luggage on wheels, prams and bicycles;
3) curb ramps to ensure descent from the sidewalk to the level of the carriageway.

The most stringent requirements are imposed on the ramps of the first category. The recommended steepness of the ramp for pedestrian movement is 1:10 (100% o); for the movement of disabled people in wheelchairs - no more than 1: 12 (83%). The minimum width of the ramp, designed for the movement of one person, is 0.9 m, for two people - 1.8 m. If the length of the ramp exceeds 9 m, then it is necessary to provide horizontal platforms with a length of 1.5 m; when turning the ramp, the size of the platform must be at least 1.5 x 1.5 m (Figure 5.4).

Rice. 5.4. Typical configurations and sizes of ramps: a - for the movement of one person; b - for two people; в - a ramp with a turn; 1 - platform; 2 - ramp; 3 - handrail

The most widespread ramps of the second category, located parallel to the stairs (Fig.5.5). They are used by pedestrians with strollers or bicycles. These ramps are usually very steep. They must be equipped with handrails and have a raised surface for their safe use.

Rice. 5.6. Curb ramp: a - section: 1 - vertical granite board; 2 - recessed granite board; 3 - road surface; 4 - lowered granite board; b - plan: 1 - inclined board for the passage; 2 - recessed granite board

Curb ramps(Figure 5.6) are also an exception. For them, a steepness of 1: 8 (120%) is allowed, provided that the length of the descent does not exceed 0.9 m; the recommended width of such ramps is 1.2 m.

All ramps must have a non-wet, hard, non-slip surface suitable for pedestrians. For the construction of ramps, you can use concrete and other monolithic hard coatings with a pronounced rough texture of the top layer due to casting or the inclusion of exposed aggregate. When using type-setting coatings, it is necessary to ensure high quality of joining of elements with each other.

The transitional structure between the ramp and the staircase is stupopandus, having wide low steps with an inclined surface (Fig.5.7).

Rice. 5.7. The construction of the stupopandus: a - section: 1 - concrete bar on cement mortar; 2 - pebbles embedded in cement mortar; 3 - concrete base; 4 - compacted sand; 5 - crushed stone; 6 - prepared soil base; b - plan

Stupopands make it much easier to descend and ascend steep long slopes, on which it is impossible to install ladders. They are placed on slopes with a steepness of 25 ... 83%.

The projected steepness of the step-pandus steps is 1: 12, and the height of the riser depends on the initial steepness of the slope. For convenient movement, the height of the riser should not exceed 10 cm, and the width of the tread should not be less than 90 cm (preferably 150 cm). The width of the tread is allowed - up to three steps.

To ensure safe movement, the covering of tread steps should not be slippery, the edges of the tread can be highlighted with a different color or texture in order to be more noticeable. Most often, for the steps of stupopandus, type-setting coatings of small elements (paving stones from crushed stone) are used, as well as monolithic coatings with an exposed aggregate. A bar with a rectangular section or a curb made of concrete or natural stone is laid as a riser (see Fig.5.7).

The Stupopandus is sometimes referred to as the Italian ramp, as it is featured prominently in numerous Italian Renaissance villas located in rugged terrain.

A source: Construction and operation of objects of landscape architecture. Teodoronsky V.S.

Modern staircases in multi-storey cottages play not only a functional role, but also bring their own flavor to the interior of the room. They differ in a variety of shapes, materials, sizes, design solutions. Despite their appearance, there are three main components of stairs:

• Basic structure;
• steps;
• fencing.

Of course, there are varieties of stairs that do not have railings and other fences, which is provided for by their purpose and design features. But such species are extremely rare and more often as auxiliary ladders.

Ladders can have other elements as well. As a rule, they have a decorative role to improve the aesthetic appearance of the structure, but do not have a functional purpose. So, for example, in the steps you can mount lighting, spotlights. They highlight the design, making it more attractive. On the outer edges of the steps, you can install profiles that protect the edges from mechanical stress.

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Basic structure

Ladders can be made of various materials: wood, glass, stone, metal, concrete. They vary in shape.

But no structure can be installed without supporting elements.

A distinction is made between the following load-bearing components:

• bowstrings - side ladder elements that look like a curved beam and are designed to support the steps from below and from the ends. They are located at an angle;
• kosoura - supports supporting the steps from below;
• bolts - metal bolts designed to connect the steps to the walls of the house;
• the axis of the spiral staircase is a vertical rack on which all the elements of the stairs are fixed and held.

The load-bearing parts of the structure can be made of various materials, and it may differ from the material of the steps themselves. For example, wooden steps and railings can be attached to a metal frame.

The load-bearing structure is influenced by the loads from the weight of the rest of the ladder parts, as well as from the movement of people along the structure. Therefore, the material must have high strength, resistance to stress and deformation. Most often, the frame is made of metal. Another common material is wood. To increase the strength, the elements must have a certain thickness and high quality.

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Steps and intermediate platforms

Steps are the main element of any staircase. When planning a structure, it is necessary to choose them not only from an aesthetic point of view, but according to the criterion of ensuring safety and ease of movement. The most optimal are treads 30 cm wide and risers 15 cm high.When designing, it is necessary to strive to obtain a ratio of 1: 2. However, it is far from always possible to obtain optimal sizes. Dimensions depend on the height and area of ​​the room.

The steps can be straight, beveled, arched, run-in, wedge-shaped. There is also a special type of “goose step” staircase. A special feature is that only one specific leg (right or left) can be placed on each step.

Steps can be made of wood, metal, glass, concrete, artificial or natural stone, plastic. The choice of material depends on several factors: operating conditions, type of building, building safety standards and interior design.

In some cases, the staircase can be two- or multi-flight, that is, it can consist of several flights. In this case, an intermediate platform is arranged between marches. It is made from the same materials as the treads. In U-shaped structures, the width of the intermediate platform should be equal to the width of two flights.