Relations with the West.
In the 50s, the thesis about the peaceful coexistence of socialist and capitalist states prevailed in the USSR. Given the existence of nuclear weapons, this thesis seemed the most reasonable. It was enshrined in the materials of the XX Congress of the CPSU in 1956. At the congress, Head of State Khrushchev named the conditions for ensuring peace on the planet: the creation of a collective security system and disarmament.
However, there was still mutual mistrust between the USSR and the West. Both sides preferred to conduct foreign policy from a position of strength. And the arms race continued.
In 1956, Khrushchev announced a change in the military doctrine of the USSR: the transition from the massive use of troops on the battlefield to nuclear missile confrontation. In 1957, the USSR successfully tested the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. Large-scale equipment of ground forces, air defense and air forces with missiles began, and the construction of a powerful nuclear missile submarine fleet began. In this area, by the beginning of the 60s, the Soviet Union managed to achieve priority over the United States.
The Soviet Union often took advantage of its temporary military superiority in negotiations with Western countries, preferring a hard line to compromise. This increased tension in the world. 1961 turned out to be a very dramatic year. In July, Khrushchev's meeting with US President John Kennedy in Vienna ended in failure. Relations with the West became even more strained in August, when the famous Berlin Wall was erected, becoming a symbolic border between the two political systems. In September the USSR unilaterally refused an agreement with the United States on a moratorium on nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and conducted a series of nuclear tests. All these actions were accompanied by the threat of using nuclear missile weapons.
But the most dangerous was the Cuban Missile Crisis, which broke out in 1962. The cause of the crisis was the USSR's decision to station in Cuba nuclear missiles medium range. The United States responded by preparing to invade Cuba. The world was on the verge of nuclear war. At the last moment, Khrushchev and Kennedy managed to find a compromise, and nuclear war was avoided. Both sides agreed to withdraw their missiles: the Soviet Union from Cuba, and the United States from military bases in Turkey. In addition, the United States guaranteed the security of Cuba.
The Cuban missile crisis became the apogee of the confrontation between the West and the USSR. After this, a period of relative detente began in East-West relations. This became possible thanks to the mutual trust that developed between Khrushchev and Kennedy. But after the death of Kennedy in 1963 and the removal of Khrushchev in 1964, this process was interrupted.
Relations with socialist countries.
One of the most important directions of the USSR's foreign policy was support for allied states in Europe, Asia, and Cuba.
In 1955, a military-political bloc of socialist countries was created led by the USSR - the Warsaw Pact Organization. The treaty was signed by eight countries of Eastern and Central Europe– USSR, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania. The parties to the Treaty pledged to provide each other with mutual military assistance in the event of external aggression.
The socialist countries of Europe greeted with enthusiasm the thesis of the 20th Congress of the CPSU on the diversity of forms of transition to socialism. In some allied states, processes of de-Stalinization and democratization began.
In 1956, workers' demonstrations and strikes took place in Poland. As a result of these speeches, the leadership of the country changed here. To suppress the protests, the Soviet leadership was ready to send troops into Poland, but the new Polish leadership managed to resolve the situation.
Also in 1956, the Hungarian uprising broke out. The leading Labor Party was sharply criticized, including for its pro-Soviet orientation. Soviet troops were brought into Hungarian territory and suppressed the uprising.
Thus, the USSR showed that it could use weapons to defend socialism and its influence in the countries of Eastern Europe.
Relations with the "third world".
One of the results of World War II was the collapse of colonial empires. The national liberation movement was growing in the countries of the Third World. The 20th Congress of the CPSU named him one of the leading forces of the revolutionary process in the world. The Soviet leadership took energetic measures to attract the liberated countries into its orbit.
In 1955, Khrushchev and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Bulganin made visits to India, Burma, and Afghanistan. In subsequent years, negotiations were held with leaders of more than 30 developing countries, and more than 20 cooperation agreements were signed. Developing countries were provided with extensive economic and military assistance; the Soviet leadership did everything to win over the countries of the “third world” to its side and direct their development along the socialist path. The result of this policy was the strengthening of confrontation between the USSR and the USA. Western countries called these actions of the USSR “Soviet expansion” and launched a coordinated fight against it.
Start " cold war» Signs of the “Cold War” Politics of the USSR USA Creation of military blocs CMEA 1949, Warsaw Wars 1955 NATO 1945 Division of the world into two camps: capitalist and socialist Leadership for world domination, expansion of spheres of influence in the world, especially in the countries of Eastern Europe, elimination of the nuclear monopoly USA Leadership for world domination, policy of containing and rolling back Soviet “expansion” - the Truman Doctrine, development of a plan for a nuclear war with the USSR, the Marshall Plan. Ideological confrontation the spread of socialism the spread of capitalism Participation in hostilities in “third countries” Korean War 1950 -1953
1. Foreign policy of the USSR The struggle in the Soviet leadership on the issue of the main ways of developing foreign policy. After Stalin's death, two began to be considered different lines in directing the country's foreign policy. V. Molotov proposed maintaining a tough confrontation between the two systems. He rejected the idea of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems.
1. Foreign policy of the USSR G. M. Malenkov. G. M. Malenkov assessed the situation differently. Seeing the real danger posed by nuclear weapons, G. Malenkov not only advocated peaceful coexistence, but also considered it the only possible basis for interstate relations in the nuclear age. In March 1954, Malenkov stated that “war in modern conditions means the death of world civilization.” Although he was removed from political leadership. N.S. Khrushchev shared his position regarding the policy of “peaceful coexistence.” However, all leaders understood that the future of the USSR depended on the development of relations with the West.
2. Relations with capitalist countries N. S. Khrushchev’s visit to the USA in 1959. The term “detente” in relation to reducing the level of military confrontation between the USSR and the USA was first used by G. M. Malenkov in August 1953, discussing the successful test by the Soviet Union of the first in the world of the hydrogen bomb, developed by a team of scientists led by A.D. Sakharov and V.L. Ginzburg. In the spirit of resolving international contradictions, the USSR, with the support of the PRC, in the spring and summer of 1953, made efforts to normalize the situation on the Korean Peninsula. On July 27, 1953, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the DPRK (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea. In September 1959, the first visit of the leader of the USSR to the USA took place in the history of Soviet-American relations. In addition to negotiations with President D. Eisenhower, N. S. Khrushchev made a report at a meeting of the UN General Assembly, in which he stated the need for “general and complete disarmament.” The USSR and the USA signed a bilateral moratorium on nuclear explosions in the atmosphere.
2. Relations with capitalist countries The Berlin Wall near the Brandenburg Gate. It was built in one night on August 13, 1961. The Berlin Wall Memorial. In May 1960, a meeting of the leaders of the USA, USSR, Great Britain and France was supposed to take place in Vienna to resolve the Berlin issue. West Berlin was not part of East Germany, and through it the influence of capitalist countries was exercised, as well as the emigration of GDR citizens to the West. But the meeting fell through because on May 1, 1960, an American reconnaissance plane was shot down by Soviet air defense forces over Sverdlovsk. The cooling of relations led to the Berlin crisis of 1961. In August 1961, N.S. Khrushchev called on German communists to take action against the “subversive activities” of West Berlin. In 10 days, a reinforced concrete wall was erected around the territory of West Berlin and barbed wire, which for many years became a symbol of the division of Germany and the Cold War.
2. Relations with capitalist countries In October 1961, N.S. Khrushchev announced that the USSR was unilaterally abandoning the moratorium on nuclear explosions in the atmosphere. The pinnacle of this confrontation was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war, was caused by the deployment of Soviet atomic weapons in Cuba. President JF Kennedy's response was a naval blockade of Cuba and a demand to remove Soviet missiles from the island. Not only the armed forces of the USSR and the USA, but also NATO and Internal Affairs troops were put on combat readiness. The world was on the brink of a nuclear conflict. The great powers came to the edge of the abyss, but managed to stop in time. Thanks to intensive negotiations between Khrushchev and Kennedy and the willingness of both leaders to compromise, a peace agreement was reached. The USSR removed its missiles from Cuba, and the United States guaranteed its security and removed its medium-range missiles from Italy and Turkey. F. Castro and N. Khrushchev N. . Khrushchev and D. Kennedy
2. Relations with capitalist countries US medium-range missile "Jupiter" In August 1963, the leaders of the USSR and the USA signed a treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere, under water and in space. The first step on the long road to banning nuclear weapons had been taken. At the beginning of 1964, a memorandum of the Soviet government “On measures aimed at weakening the arms race and easing international tension” was published. Despite the significant improvement in relations with the West and numerous disarmament initiatives, Khrushchev understood “peaceful coexistence” as a new form of struggle, competition between two systems (“...Catch up and overtake America!”), in which any methods are acceptable. Therefore, it is impossible to talk about mutually beneficial and long-term cooperation during that period.
Task 1: Using the textbook pp. 292 - 294, fill out the table. Events that testified to the peaceful cooperation of the USSR with capitalist countries Events that testified to the tension in relations between the USSR and capitalist countries Conclusion: (what do these events indicate? Indicate new features and contradictions of the foreign policy of the USSR)
CHECK your relations with capitalist countries! Events that testified to the peaceful cooperation of the USSR with capitalist countries Events that testified to the tension in relations between the USSR and capitalist countries 1953 - cessation of the Korean War 1956 - change in the military doctrine of the USSR (transition from the massive use of troops on the battlefield to nuclear missiles confrontation) 1953 - USSR refusal to create naval bases on Turkish territory 1957 - the USSR successfully tested the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (temporary priority over the USA) 1954 - cessation of the war in Indochina 1956 - Suez crisis 1955 - an agreement was signed with Austria, according to which the USSR withdrew its troops from its territory 1961 - Berlin crisis 1955 - the USSR announced the end of the state of war with Germany 1961 - the USSR abandoned the moratorium on nuclear explosions in atmosphere 1956 – The USSR announced the end of the state of war since 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
Assignment Think about why in the late 50s and early 60s. The West never responded to Soviet proposals for arms reduction and disarmament?
3. The beginning of the crisis of the world socialist system. Hungarian revolutionaries escort a secret service officer. The Soviet authorities considered the strengthening and expansion of the socialist camp to be one of the forms of confrontation between East and West. After the death of I.V. Stalin in March 1953, tension began to grow in the countries of Eastern Europe. The people of these states hoped for a softening of the political regime, and the old party nomenclature was afraid of losing power. N.S. Khrushchev believed that in order to preserve the socialist camp, the “countries of people's democracy”, like the USSR, needed some liberalization. De-Stalinization began in all Eastern European countries. The Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO), created by the socialist countries led by the USSR in May 1955, provided for the establishment of the Unified Command of the Armed Forces and a unified border security system for the countries of socialism. In addition, in the summer of 1955, N.S. Khrushchev restored relations with Yugoslavia, recognizing that the country could choose its own path of transition to socialism, moving away from the Soviet experience. N. S. Khrushchev’s soft position towards Yugoslavia aroused hope in other Eastern European countries that the time of Soviet dictatorship was ending for them too.
3. The beginning of the crisis of the world socialist system. The symbol of the Hungarian uprising is the destruction of the monument to Stalin. Soviet tanks on the streets of Budapest. Anti-Soviet sentiments were especially strong in Poland and Hungary. Demonstrations of thousands demanded “Freedom!” , “Down with communism!” , "God!" , "Of bread!" . As regards Poland, the crisis was overcome peacefully. Having agreed to recognize the popular W. Gomulka as the leader of the PUWP (Polish United Workers' Party), the Soviet authorities somewhat weakened control over political life Poland and recalled to Moscow the Soviet Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky, appointed in 1945 as Minister of National Defense of Poland. In Hungary, the situation got out of control. The Hungarian uprising, which began in October 1956, led to the threat of Hungary's exit from orbit political influence USSR and gaining true independence. The Soviet leadership could not allow this. On November 4, 1956, the Soviet armed forces launched Operation Whirlwind to "restore order in Hungary." The Hungarian uprising was drowned in blood, and the puppet government of J. Kadar was installed at the head of the country.
3. The beginning of the crisis of the world system of socialism N. S. Khrushchev and Mao Zedong At the same time, criticism of Stalin’s personality cult led to a worsening of relations between the USSR and China. In 1960, the Chairman of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong, accused the leadership of the CPSU Central Committee of “revisionism”, and accused himself of being the only authority on issues of building socialism after the death of J.V. Stalin. In response, N.S. Khrushchev recalled Soviet specialists from China and reduced USSR economic assistance to China. Mao Zedong presented the USSR territorial claims, border conflicts began. China was supported by Albania, which by 1961 withdrew from the CMEA and the Warsaw War.
Assignment Think about what new has appeared in the relations of the USSR with the socialist countries and liberated states in 1953 -1964. ?
4. USSR and the countries of the “third world” Speaking about liberalization and “peaceful coexistence” with the West, N.S. Khrushchev in no way allowed the thought of the collapse of the socialist camp. On the contrary, he sought to use the collapse of the world colonial system to increase the number of socialist countries. During these years, at all international meetings, the Soviet leader acted as a consistent supporter of granting independence to the colonies. At the 1954 Geneva Conference on Indochina, the USSR achieved the withdrawal of French troops from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia and recognition of their independence.
4. USSR and “third world” countries Created in 1945 in the north of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( Democratic Republic Vietnam) led by Ho Chi Minh enjoyed every support Soviet Union. Since 1956, the USSR initiated the admission of a whole group of young states to the UN. The Suez crisis of 1956, when Great Britain and France supported Israeli aggression in Egypt, and the Soviet Union, with its firm position in the UN, achieved the withdrawal of foreign troops from the Suez Canal, further strengthened the authority of the USSR among developing countries. In 1959, the USSR supported the revolution in Cuba (in 1961, the leader Cuban revolution F. Castro began socialist reforms), and in 1961 - the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement. The Soviet authorities developed political and trade contacts with Iran and Syria. Afghanistan, India, Egypt and other young states. And the government that announced the choice of the “socialist path of development” could count on free economic and military support from the USSR. N. S. Khrushchev and G. A. Nasser.
Conclusion “Cold War” (economic, political and ideological confrontation between the USSR and the USA), which began in the mid-1940s. , continued during the reign of N. S. Khrushchev (1953 - 1964). The dual nature of the USSR’s foreign policy during this period was clearly manifested in the fact that when they came up with the initiative for “peaceful coexistence” of powers with different political system, the Soviet leadership at the same time continued to escalate the arms race. Another important reality of this time is the struggle of the USSR to strengthen and expand the socialist camp. The collapse of the colonial system, which began in the late 1940s. , led to the emergence on the world stage of many new states, the so-called. third world countries. The country's leadership believed that by providing support to these states, it was possible to expand the bridgehead of socialism. The victory of the Cuban revolution of 1959 aroused a lot of enthusiasm. On the other hand, after Stalin was exposed, the prestige of the Soviet Union was undermined; it was no longer considered as a carrier absolute truth in matters of creating a new society. To summarize, we can say that foreign policy N.S. Khrushcheva was as contradictory and impulsive as the personality of this leader.
Consolidating what has been learned Task No. 1 for consolidation Answers to task No. 1 Task No. 2 for consolidation Homework Solve the crossword puzzle
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Slide captions:
"The policy of peaceful coexistence: successes and contradictions"
In search of a new strategy. Molotov Malenkov, later Khrushchev Proposed to take a break in the Cold War, but at the same time maintain a tough confrontation between the two systems. The situation in the world changed in favor of the USSR and socialist countries, they advocated peaceful coexistence
Relations with the West. In 1953, the Soviet Union reached a compromise with the United States, which resulted in an armistice in Korea. Korean War 1950-1953
Relations with the West. In 1954, agreements were reached to end the war in Indochina. As a result of negotiations, French troops left Indochina War in Indochina 1946 -1954.
Relations with the West. In 1955, the victorious countries signed a state treaty with Austria, according to which the USSR withdrew its troops from its territory. In 1955, the USSR declared an end to the state of war with Germany, and in 1956 - with Japan.
Relations with the West. In March 1954, Malenkov emphasized not only the need to fight for peace, but also spoke about the inadmissibility of world conflicts in the conditions of the existence of nuclear weapons. G.M. Malenkov
peaceful existence and competition of two systems; possibilities for preventing wars in the modern era; variety of transition forms various countries to socialism; The XX Congress of the CPSU consolidated theses about:
Khrushchev identified the 3 main directions for ensuring peace: - the creation of a collective security system in Europe, - then in Asia, - as well as disarmament. The main directions highlighted by Khrushchev
Mutual distrust of the leaders of the countries Lack of means of control over the enemy's nuclear weapons The treaty is only valid if it is backed by guns. If a contract is not backed by force, then it is worth nothing. Difficulties in relations with the West
Changing military doctrine In 1956, Khrushchev announced a change in the military doctrine of the USSR: the transition from the massive use of troops to nuclear missile confrontation
1957 – testing of the first intercontinental ballistic missile. Equipping the ground forces, air defense, and air forces with missile weapons, creating a nuclear missile submarine fleet. In the early 60s. – achieving temporary priority over the United States
Due to N. Khrushchev’s tough position, the meeting with US President John Kennedy in Vienna ended in failure. N.S. Khrushchev and D. Kennedy at a meeting in Vienna
...God knows I'm no isolationist, but it seems extremely stupid to risk the lives of millions of Americans over a dispute over autobahn access rights...or because the Germans want a reunified Germany. There must be much larger and more important reasons than these if I have to threaten Russia with nuclear war. The stake should be freedom for all Western Europe, before I pin Khrushchev to the wall and subject him to the final test, J. Kennedy recalled after the meeting:
Berlin crisis. In the beginning. In the 1960s, when the situation in the GDR worsened and thousands of people fled to the Federal Republic of Germany, a decision was made to build a wall in Berlin.
The most dangerous was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, when, by decision of the Soviet leadership, medium-range nuclear missiles were deployed in Cuba. The world was on the verge of nuclear war. Gromyko and Dobrynin at a reception with Kennedy assure him that there are no Soviet offensive weapons in Cuba Cuban missile crisis
Fidel Castro and N.S. Khrushchev Soviet missiles on Liberty Island. Aerial photography of the US Air Force. The withdrawal of USSR missiles from Cuba, the US commitment to respect its sovereignty. Results: Withdrawal of USSR missiles from Cuba, US commitment to respect its sovereignty.
USSR and socialist countries
Diversity of forms of countries' transition to socialism - establishing relations with Yugoslavia 1956. – demonstrations in Poland 1956 - introduction of Soviet troops into Hungary Confrontation with China ATS 1955 as part of the USSR, Poland, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Albania, East Germany, Bulgaria NATO (West Germany joined in 1955) Soviet tanks on the streets of Budapest USSR and the socialist camp
1955 – Khrushchev’s visits to India, Burma, Afghanistan 1957-1964. – negotiations with leaders of 30 developing countries Providing them with preferential loans and gratuitous assistance, supplies of equipment Khrushchev in India Khrushchev in Afghanistan USSR and Third World countries
The death of I. Stalin in March 1953 became a turning point in the foreign policy of the USSR. This was expressed in the weakening of totalitarian control over the development of socialist countries and the establishment of broader economic contacts with third world countries.
The visit of government and party leaders to China contributed to the expansion of economic cooperation. In 1955, reconciliation took place between Yugoslavia and the USSR. The easing of tensions in the Cold War between West and East was facilitated by the signing of a non-aggression and neutrality treaty between Austria and the victors in World War II. In 1955, the USSR withdrew its troops from Austrian territory, which had been there since 1945, and Austria pledged to maintain neutrality.
The countries of the newly formed socialist camp in Eastern Europe concluded the Warsaw Pact in 1955, which had a primarily defensive status. In addition to the USSR, it included the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. The main concept of this agreement was cooperation on the basis of peace and mutual understanding not only among themselves, but also with states that have a social system. To ensure the security of the countries included in the Warsaw Pact, joint armed forces were created, which also had general leadership. To monitor the foreign policy situation, the Warsaw Pact countries formed a Political Advisory Committee.
In 1956, an uprising broke out in Hungary, which was suppressed with the help of the armed forces of the USSR and the Warsaw Pact countries. Since 1956, Soviet-Chinese relations began to deteriorate sharply due to the policy of destanalization, which was actively pursued by the Soviet leadership. Albania supported China in this.
In relations with the developed capitalist countries of the West, the Soviet Union advocated the principles of peaceful coexistence and economic competition between the two systems. In this regard, the visit of the leader of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev to the USA, which took place at the invitation of President D. Eisenhower in 1959, is very significant. Both countries strived for world leadership in the production of atomic weapons, and the USSR had real chances in this regard.
The beginning of the 60s is difficult period in the relations of the USSR with Western countries and the USA. On May 1, 1960, an American reconnaissance plane was shot down over Soviet territory, which led to increased tension. The construction of the Berlin Wall in August of the same year, which divided Berlin into two parts, significantly aggravated this conflict. The decision of the Soviet leadership in the fall of 1962 to place Soviet missiles in Cuba led to the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the whole world froze in anticipation of a terrible catastrophe - the Third World War. But through the efforts of the leaders of the USA and the USSR, the conflict was resolved peacefully, although tension and mutual distrust remained.
The beginning of the end of the Cold War can be considered the agreement signed in Moscow in 1963 banning nuclear weapons tests in space, the atmosphere and under water. More than one hundred states have joined this agreement.
The fairly successful foreign policy of 1953-1964 is a considerable merit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs A.A. Gromyko, who remained in office for more than 28 years and enjoyed great respect and well-deserved authority from the leaders of foreign states.
1. Liberalization and contradictions in relations with Western countries.Given the change in the international situation after the Second World War and real threat nuclear weapons, Chairman of the Council of Ministers G.M. Malenkov, and later N.S. Khrushchev believed that in the nuclear age, peaceful coexistence of states is the only possible basis for interstate relations. This determined the direction of the USSR's foreign policy in the post-Stalin period. The 20th Congress of the CPSU substantiated and consolidated theses about the peaceful coexistence of the two systems, about the possibility of preventing war in the modern era, about the variety of forms of transition of different countries to socialism. As the main directions for ensuring peace, N.S. Khrushchev called for the creation of a system of collective security in Europe and then in Asia, as well as the achievement of disarmament. Despite the continuing Cold War environment, international relations happened important changes. At the same time, serious contradictions remained in the Soviet foreign policy doctrine, determined by communist ideology. The task was set to provide all possible support to left-wing national liberation movements in the countries of the “third world.” N.S. Khrushchev came up with a number of large-scale peace-loving initiatives (a draft treaty on collective security in Europe, a statement on the unilateral reduction of its armed forces, the liquidation of military bases in Finland and China; a proposal to suspend nuclear tests, etc.). In 1958 The USSR declared a unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing. In August 1963, in Moscow, the USSR, the USA and England signed a Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in three environments: in the atmosphere, outer space and under water. There has been a process of improving relations between East and West. In 1955 The victorious countries in World War II signed a State Treaty with Austria, according to which the USSR withdrew its troops from its territory. In the same year, diplomatic relations were established with Germany. In 1956 A declaration was signed with Japan. Already in 1956 The Soviet side announced a transition from the massive use of troops to nuclear missile confrontation. In 1961 The USSR unilaterally abandoned the agreement with the United States on a moratorium on nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and conducted a series of nuclear tests. Cuban missile crisis or "missile crisis" of 1962 brought the world to the brink of thermonuclear war.
2. USSR and countries of the socialist camp
There was a liberalization of ties with socialist states (including Yugoslavia, relations with which were normalized in 1955 on the initiative of the Soviet leadership). New forms of cooperation developed. In 1955 economic cooperation of the socialist countries within the framework of CMEA was supplemented by military-political cooperation - the formation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO), which legalized the presence of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe. This circumstance was used by the Soviet side to interfere in the internal affairs of the participating countries (in October 1956 in Hungary). In August 1961, in response to the mass flight of East Germans to West Berlin, the Berlin Wall was erected, which became a symbol of the confrontation between East and West. The real deterioration of relations between the USSR and Albania began in 1960, and already in 1961. they were practically interrupted. The aggravation of Soviet-Chinese relations led to the actual collapse of the unified socialist system. In Chinese circles, claims were made to some Soviet territories.
3. Relations with developing countries
Colonial collapse and education independent states forced the Soviet leadership to pay attention to the countries of the "third world". For the first time, the head of the Soviet state N.S. Khrushchev paid visits to these countries (India, Burma, Indonesia, Afghanistan, Egypt). Total for 1957-1964 Moscow exchanged visits with more than 20 developing countries. 20 different cooperation agreements were signed. Due to Soviet aid up to 50% of allocations for economic development covers UAR (Egypt) and up to 15% - India. To provide support developing countries Asia, Africa, Latin America in Moscow on February 5, 1960. Peoples' Friendship University opened (since 1961 named after Patrice Lumumba). At the same time, increasing military assistance not only helped developing countries defend their independence (as was the case in 1956 in Egypt, where the intervention of England, France and Israel was prevented by the threat of the USSR to send its “volunteers”), but also led to the expansion of conflicts , their transformation into protracted local wars. This policy of the Soviet Union was similar to the foreign policy line of the United States, which implanted “allied” regimes in the “third world” countries. In which began in 1961. The war in Indochina saw a military clash between the United States (openly) and the USSR (hidden).
4. Results. In the mid-50s - the first half of the 60s, the international situation was characterized by a certain stabilization and a decrease in international tension. During this period, attempts were made to limit the armed forces, contacts were established between the leaders of the leading powers of the world. Soviet foreign policy has undergone changes towards liberalization of the course. The principle of peaceful coexistence of states with different political systems was confirmed as the basis of the foreign policy concept of the USSR; the diversity of paths to transition to socialism was recognized. At the same time, the course towards an irreconcilable confrontation with world capitalism remained unchanged, the primacy of ideology over politics remained, which led to the most acute political crises on the international stage. Due to finalization The two-bloc confrontation intensified the struggle between the USSR and Western countries for influence in the “third world.”
