slide 11

Ivan Kalita was the grandson of the famous Prince Alexander Nevsky. In his possession, he got the deaf, lost in the forests town of Moscow and 7 even smaller cities. But over time, the tiny principality became the largest and most powerful among the Russian lands.

slide 12

Under Ivan Kalita, the ruler of the Golden Horde did not send troops against the Moscow principality. Khan was pleased with the Russian prince. Ivan Kalita not only regularly paid tribute and made rich gifts, but also collected tribute from all over the Russian land. Kalita led this business so deftly that the Tatars were satisfied, and his own treasury replenished.

slide 13

Under Kalita, Horde invasions and pogroms stopped for 40 years. Kalita was the first of the princes to understand that the main reason for the impotence of the Russian land and all its disasters was inheritances. He began to collect and merge with Moscow the scattered parts of the Russian land. Therefore, he is called the first collector of Russia.

Slide 14

Textbook work

Read the text on pages 66-69 of the textbook and answer the questions:

• What was the name of the fortress under Ivan Kalita?
• What kind of walls surrounded it?
• What did the princes of Moscow inherit from Ivan Kalita?

slide 15

In the XIV century, the great Moscow prince Ivan Kalita hurries to strengthen Moscow. It was at that time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. Near the Kremlin, a marketplace (place of trade) was formed - the future Red Square.

slide 16

New oak walls and towers of the Kremlin are being built to replace those that burned down in 1331. Hewn oak logs were huge. Their diameter was 70 cm. This fortress served for more than 25 years.

Working with a historical map

Find on the map (see previous page) North-Eastern Russia. Name her cities. Test yourself against the text of the textbook.

The misfortunes that befell Russia did not break the Russian people. The surviving inhabitants, hiding in the forests, returned to their native ashes. I needed to rebuild my life.

The northeastern lands, the most distant from the Horde, have become safer for life. The cities of Moscow, Vladimir, Suzdal, Rostov, Tver, Yaroslavl were located here. Settlers from other Russian regions went here. Nature provided everything necessary for life - lands suitable for cultivation, forests abundant in game, rivers and lakes rich in fish.

The princes of North-Eastern Russia were caring and enterprising hosts. They set up new cities and fortresses. Gradually, the old crafts were revived. Skillful blacksmiths, tanners, potters, shoemakers, carpenters, stone cutters worked in the cities of North-Eastern Russia. Specialists began to appreciate the craftsmen who make weapons and armor - armorers, shield makers, archers, and chain mail.

Merchant caravans stretched from city to city. Merchants traded calmly and profitably under princely protection.

New monasteries sprang up. It often happened like this: a recluse monk would settle in a dense forest, and people would reach out to him for advice, consolation, and some would stay, also become monks.

Near the city of Radonezh in the middle of the XIV century, the Trinity (later Trinity-Sergius) monastery arose. Founded by Sergius. They began to call him Sergius of Radonezh. Princes, boyars and common people turned to the elder for advice and support. Sergius helped everyone with his word, he did not refuse anyone. Soon the monastery founded by him became famous throughout Russia.

Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita

Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich, grandson of Alexander Nevsky, took care of order in his principality. He ruled from 1325 to 1340.

Moscow - the center of the principality - grew rich and grew under him. Merchants and artisans moved to Moscow, attracted by the opportunity to live under reliable protection. Muscovites successfully traded. In the summer, on the piers near the Moscow River, there were many ships with goods. In winter, sledges were drawn.

Under Ivan Danilovich, builders did not sit idle. Along the Moskva River, rafts and ships with white stone went to the city. It was mined near Moscow. Skillful masons erected the first white-stone cathedrals on Borovitsky Hill.

Skilled carpenters surrounded the fortress with new oak walls instead of the old log fence. It was at that time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. Near the Kremlin, a marketplace was formed - a place of trade.

Ivan managed to gain confidence in the Khan of the Golden Horde. The Moscow prince was allowed to collect tribute for the Horde himself. Who knows how much of the collected money remained in the hands of the thrifty prince?! These savings were useful to him - he bought a lot of new lands, steadily expanding his possessions.

The prince was thrifty, but did not skimp when it was necessary to help the destitute. On his belt, he always wore a purse with money (in old Russian “Kalita”), from which he gave to the poor. Therefore, they called him Kalita.

As a legacy from Ivan Kalita, the Moscow princes received the grand ducal headdress. In his will, Kalita called him a golden cap. Later, it became known as the Monomakh's cap and became a symbol of power. The legend says that it was sent as a gift by the Byzantine emperor Konstantin Monomakh to one of the Russian princes. Eight gold plates, covered with the finest patterns and precious rubies and emeralds, adorn the cap. She is crowned with a cross.

The Moscow principality became the strongest in North-Eastern Russia. Ivan Kalita began to collect Russian lands around Moscow.

• Follow on the map how the Russian lands gathered around Moscow.

Let's discuss!

What role did the personal qualities of Ivan Kalita play in the success of his reign?

test yourself

1. What facts about the revival of North-Eastern Russia can you give?
2. What is Ivan Kalita known for in history? Why did he get such a nickname?

Homework assignments

1. Write in the dictionary: monastery.
2. According to the illustration (see above), tell us about Moscow during the time of Ivan Kalita.
3. Using the Internet, prepare a message about the Monomakh's hat.

In the next lesson

We learn how Russia fought for independence. On the map we will determine the place of the Battle of Kulikovo. Let's try to understand what role the Battle of Kulikovo played in the history of Russia.

Remember what feats of arms of the defenders of our Fatherland you know.

Lesson Objectives:

• the formation of students' ideas about the revival of Russia, the exploits of the defenders of Russia, about Moscow during the time of Ivan III, comparing it with the reign of Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy;
• the development of students' speech, the ability to work with a map, the ability to draw conclusions;
• development of cognitive abilities of students through illustrations and their comparison;
• instilling an interest in history.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Organizational moment

II. Message topics, objectives of the lesson.

Teacher. A severe test fell on Russia in the 13th century. But they did not break the Russian people. The theme of our lesson is " Russia spreads its wings".
During the lesson, we will learn about how Russia was reborn. We will get acquainted with the activities of Prince Ivan Kalita to expand the Moscow principality. We will find ourselves on the Kulikov field with Prince Dmitry Donskoy and his soldiers. And also we will find out what changes took place in Russia during the time of Ivan the Third.
In the meantime, let's remember how Russia became dependent on the Golden Horde.

III.Updating basic knowledge (Appendix 2 )

- Who are the Tatar-Mongols?
Who led the conquering army?
- When did the invaders invade Russia?
- How did Russian cities defend themselves?

IV. Formation of new knowledge. Opening a new

1. Introductory conversation

Students:

- The misfortune that befell Russia did not break the Russian people. The surviving inhabitants, hiding in the forests, returned to their native ashes. I needed to rebuild my life. ( Annex 1 , slide 1)

The northeastern lands most distant from the Horde became safe for life. ( Annex 1 , slide 2)

The cities of Moscow, Tver, Yaroslavl were located here. ( Annex 1 , slide 3) Settlers from other Russian regions went here. Nature provided everything necessary for life - lands suitable for cultivation, forests rich in game, rivers, lakes.

The princes of northeastern Russia were caring and enterprising owners; they set up cities and fortresses. Blacksmiths, tanners, potters, shoemakers, carpenters, stonemasons worked in these cities. Craftsmen who made weapons and armor were especially valued.

New monasteries sprang up. It often happened like this: a recluse monk would settle in a dense forest, and people would reach out to him for advice and consolation, and some would also remain and become monks. ( Annex 1 , slide 4)

So the monk Sergius founded the Trinity Monastery near the city of Radonezh. Sergius of Radonezh was respected in Russia. He was humble, worked hard himself, and encouraged others to work hard. Many people turned to him for advice and help. Father Sergius sought to eradicate evil on earth, to destroy the lies and shortcomings of people, but by the end of his life he realized that he was unable to do this. Then he took an oath never to talk to anyone until the end of his days. And so he died in silence.

But the memory of him has been preserved for centuries. In his honor, the monastery founded by him was named the Trinity Sergius Lavra, and the city where this monastery stands is called Sergiev Posad.

2. The reign of Ivan Kalita

Teacher. To continue the story of the revival of Russia, we need to consider in more detail the periods of the reign of the 3 princes of Moscow, Ivan Danilovich Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy and Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich.

Students:

The people gave the apt nickname Kalita to the Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich. So in Russia they called a leather bag for money. Kalita dubbed the prince for 2 reasons. Firstly, he managed to accumulate and hide a lot of gold and silver from the greedy Horde khans. Secondly, he always carried a pouch of coins on his belt to distribute to the poor.

He got the deaf, lost in the woods town of Moscow and seven even smaller towns. But over time, the tiny principality grew so much that it became the largest and most powerful among the Russian lands. And Moscow has turned into a rich, well-fortified city.

Under Ivan Danilovich, the builders did not have to sit idle. Along the Moskva River, rafts and ships with white stone went and went to the city. It was mined near Moscow. Skillful masons erected the first stone cathedrals on Borovitsky Hill.

Skillful carpenters surrounded the fortress with oak walls instead of the former wooden tyn. It was at that time that the fortress began to be called the Kremlin. Near the Kremlin, a marketplace was formed - the future Red Square. The roads leading to the Kremlin turned over time into the main Moscow streets.

Under Ivan Kalita, the ruler of the Golden Horde did not send troops against the Moscow principality. Khan was pleased with the Russian prince. Ivan Kalita not only regularly paid tribute, but also made rich gifts. For this, the Khan called him the Grand Duke.

Having become the Grand Duke, Kalita began to travel to the Horde even more often and entered into great favor with the Khan. Other princes saw this, and not one of them dared to argue with Ivan, everyone obeyed and was afraid of him. Khan completely entrusted himself to the Moscow prince and instructed him to collect tribute from all over the Russian land. Kalita led this business so deftly that the Tatars were satisfied, and his own treasury replenished. Then he began to buy their volosts from other princes, and where it was possible, he took them by force. The Moscow principality grew and grew stronger from year to year, and by the end of Ivan's life it became the largest and strongest in Russia.

Under him, the destructive, Horde invasions and pogroms stopped for 40 years. Thanks to this respite, Russia was able to begin to gather forces in order to later give a decisive rebuff to foreign invaders. Thus, Kalita was the first to collect and merge with Moscow the scattered parts of the Russian land.

As a legacy from Ivan Kalita, the Moscow princes received a grand-princely headdress. The Moscow grand dukes and tsars during solemn exits or receptions necessarily carried special signs of power - regalia. In one hand the monarch held a scepter, and in the other a round orb, and a peculiar and very expensive cap crowned his head. This was Monomakh's hat.

The origin of the Monomakh's cap is connected with a legend: as if it was received as a gift from Byzantium at the beginning of the 12th century by the Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh, who was a relative of the Byzantine emperor Konstantin Monomakh by his mother.

In fact, the hat is of oriental origin. This is a golden pointed hat of Central Asian work. From above it is crowned with a cross, and below it is trimmed with sable fur. When the next king ascended the throne, he was crowned with the cap of Monomakh. In 1724, the cap was replaced with an imperial crown. In history, the Monomakh's cap has remained a symbol of royal power in Russia. It is now kept in the armory of the Moscow Kremlin.

Teacher: Please tell me what happened to Moscow during the reign of Ivan Kalita? How did Ivan Kalita manage to expand his principality? What did the Moscow princes inherit from Ivan Kalita? What is Ivan Kalita famous for in history?

3. Dmitry Donskoy and the Battle of Kulikovo

Teacher: More than once Russian people rose up against the Golden Horde, Russia slowly gathered strength. The grandson of Prince Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Ivanovich, issued an open challenge to the Horde - he stopped paying the hated tribute. Meanwhile, the once mighty Golden Horde was in decline. The angry ruler of the Horde, Mamai decided to teach the recalcitrant prince a lesson and equipped a large army against him. Dmitry Ivanovich understood well that in order to successfully fight the Tatar-Mongols, the weight of the Russian principalities must determine all their forces. Prince Dmitry sent fast messengers throughout the Russian land with his letters. In 30 days, such an army gathered that had never before gathered in Russia. There were squads of almost all Russian princes, as well as the militia of different cities. The main offensive weapons were spears and arrows.

Prince Dmitry swiftly led his army south to meet the Mongol ruler Mamai. The troops converged on the Kulikovo field, where the Nepryadva river flows into the Don. The morning of September 8, 1380 came. Early morning mist was creeping over the future battlefield, when Russian regiments lined up here over the rows of mines ready for battle, the breeze slightly swayed the banners. Above the main regiment, the grand ducal banner with the face of Jesus Christ was developing, and Prince Dmitry himself, in the clothes of an ordinary warrior, stood in the general ranks.

Students:

There is a legend that the battle began with a duel between two heroic warriors. Mamaia's horse guard Chelubey rode out of the enemy ranks on a mighty horse guard. Shaking his spear, in a thunderous voice he challenged to a duel any Russian warrior who was not afraid to measure his strength with him. This challenge was accepted by the hero Peresvet. With a spear overweight, the riders rushed at each other and collided at full gallop. Their horses barely resisted, and both warriors struck each other to death. And then the Russian and Horde regiments met in a bloody battle. Arrows fell like rain, spears broke like straw, swords sparkled like lightning in the sun.

Mamai's army was defeated. The Russian victory was complete. But the feeling of triumph and jubilation was mixed with bitterness and grief for the dead. Many glorious sons of the motherland perished on the Kulikovo field. All of it was richly saturated with blood, and the waters of the Don, as they later told, were three red.

With the victory, the Russian people had a strong hope to free themselves from the power of the Horde. People associated this hope with the name of Dmitry Donskoy - this is how the people began to call the thirty-year-old prince in memory of the victory.

Thus, the Battle of Kulikovo is of great importance in the history of the Russian people. It made a decisive change in Russia's attitude towards its wild conquerors. The Russian people were clearly convinced that their main strength should lie in the unification of their disparate parts. Eyes from all over the Russian land turned to Moscow: the people began to expect protection from Moscow from all their strong enemies.

4. The reign of Ivan III

Teacher: 100 years have passed since the Battle of Kulikovo. The Moscow principality expanded and strengthened even more, annexing most of the Russian lands. The Russian army has changed, guns have appeared, handguns have squeaked. The main force in the Russian army was the forged army - well-armed cavalry, on campaigns it was supported by the ship's army - foot troops, which were delivered to the battlefield by boat.

Students:

In the summer of 1480, the Moscow prince Ivan III learned that the Horde Khan Akhmat was leading his troops to Russia. By the time of the reign of Ivan III, Russia also changed - all the principalities united around Moscow. The Moscow prince was now the chief among all the princes.

Ivan III led the army to meet Akhmat. The chronicle says that there were 180 thousand people in the Russian army. Not far from Kaluga flows the narrow river Ugra. The Russian army occupied the fords and all attempts of Khan Akhmat to cross the river ended in failure. The famous standing on the Ugra began. Russian - Mongolian troops stood up against each other on opposite sides of the river, and no one dared to be the first to start the performance. This continued until October. Frosts hit, and the river was covered with ice. Unexpectedly, Khan Akhmat led his army away. This one - November 11, 1480 - is considered to be the day of the liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Thus ended the dependence of Russia on the Horde.

5. Generalization

Teacher: What kind of person was Ivan III? What decisive step did he take? What common tasks did Russia face during the reigns of Ivan Kalita, Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan the Third? How did the actions of Ivan the Third in relations with the Golden Horde differ from the actions of Ivan Kalita?
- What conclusion did you draw for yourself?