Using the technique MMPI(Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Questionnaire, MMIL modified by F.B. Berezin and etc., SMIL in the modification Sobchik L.N.) in the models for constructing effective production activities has a number of significant advantages:
1. Questions presented in the methodology reflect the picture of the subject's (recipient's) well-being, his habits, behavior characteristics, his attitude to various life phenomena and values, the moral aspect of this attitude, the specifics of interpersonal relations, the focus of interests, the level of activity and mood, etc. ...
Most of the statements are projective and gradually reveal the reactions of the recipient in different situations, modeled by the statements of the method. Therefore, it can be argued that this method of studying personality occupies a certain intermediate position between a conscious subjective assessment and a projective study of unconscious personality tendencies, which significantly increases the quality of the diagnostic material and expands the concept of personality.
2. Although the MMPI methodology is built on the principle of a questionnaire, the assessment of the data obtained as a result of the study is not based on a direct analysis of the recipient's answers, but on the data of statistically confirmed discrete significance of each answer in comparison with the average standard data.
4. Personal traits and qualities determined by this technique effectively help to distinguish behavioral tendencies formed on the basis of temperamental characteristics and manifested as behavioral features inherent in the characteristics of the polarity of factors 16 PF.
4. The MMPI methodology is based on the study of personality traits and qualities, personality states that have the nature of stably manifested behavioral features. It turned out that these features, being initially identified in the behavioral complexes of persons with clinical deviations, have one or another degree of severity in the stable behavior of healthy people.
In psychoanalytic practice, such a severity of behavioral characteristics is explained as the use in life of certain sets of primary and secondary unconscious defenses, formed as a result of some failures in the process of early development of the mental structures of the personality.
In case of serious failures at a certain stage of development, a kind of "stuck" and "generalization" of the mental state occurs, which subsequently leads to neurotic, or more severe psychotic clinical deviations. The consequence of this "stuck" will be a behavioral complex, referred to in clinical practice as " psychopathic», « hysterical», « manic depressive», « schizophrenic" etc.
It is believed that the personality in the process of development was unable at a certain stage to form optimal systems of interaction and its further development took place both through this underdevelopment and under its influence distorting other stages.
The reasons for the emergence of neurosis Z. Freud called the structural features of the psyche and fate, as a system of a kind of complex distorting external influence on the psyche at a certain stage of development.
Depending on the characteristics of the mental structure, the stage of development and the nature of the impact, clinical behavioral characteristics are already formed.
It turned out that even with healthy mental functioning, peculiar traces remain, similar to the nature of the formation of neuroses. Naturally, they differ in the strength of the impact and, most importantly, in the consequences for the form of life.
Characterological features can be explained as features formed on the basis of the structural components of the psyche, which survived certain external influences in the process of ontogenesis (the environment, systems of parental and educational influence, emerging mechanisms of object interaction, etc.) and have taken the form of persistent behavioral systems acceptable for the personality interactions.
Acceptability can be expressed as a certain development of neurotization of reactions characteristic of stages and forms of development, the violation of which in clinical forms leads to persistent and pronounced behavioral features.
In clinical manifestations psychopathic behavior is disturbed by the mechanism of personal interaction in the "child - parents" system at the stage of formation of the leading mechanisms of socialization and the level of this disturbance causes significant social maladjustment and lack of adequacy in the processes of object interactions.
While maintaining adequacy and normal functioning, the features of the formation of socialization systems can be expressed only as similar manifestations psychopathic type of character with inclinations dominance, manipulation in systems of social roles, aggressive demonstrative behavior and other features characteristic of the clinical manifestations of psychopathy.
In this case, the general psychopathic type of character and the characterological inclinations and features themselves will be very stably manifested in behavior, although they can be masked in the systems of behavioral "mimicry" inherent in such characterological behavior.
Naturally, the level and forms of characterological inclinations and features are very variable and the MMPI methodology is aimed at their determination.
Academic psychological schools are inclined to explain the characterological typological differences by a complex combination of constitutional, individual and personal characteristics or traits, formed and developed under the influence of an environment or influence external to the personality, which have taken on a certain form and are stably manifested in various systems of life.
In our case, the nature of characterological differences is not so much important as its behavioral expression as a category of stability, development, forms of relationships and interactions, experienced states and other features that affect the efficiency of production activities, measured and quantified in this method.
MMPI grading scales
As with any methodology, there are a number of rules in the MMPI methodology, going beyond which makes the test results unreliable.
MMPI technique is the most protected from attempts by recipients for one reason or another to deliberately distort the results (present themselves in a different form).
The functions of the rating scales are, along with identifying the factorial significance of the recipient's responses in comparison with the average normative data (the procedure for converting "raw" points into T-points of factorial scales), determining the level and nature of such distortions.
Evaluation scales or reliability scales, in addition to determining the reliability of the data obtained as a result of testing, determine the recipients' attitudes towards the testing process, their attitude to the methodology, to the diagnostician, to the results of the process itself.
Scale "?" :
Chosen by the recipient in the absence of certainty in the answer.
It is considered normal to have 30 raw points in the method, reflecting answers of this kind.
From 40 to 60 raw points on this scale indicates the manifestation of alertness, above 70 raw points indicates the unreliability of the testing data.
Uncertainty by scale "?" reflects unwillingness or inability to delve into the essence of the methodology issues. May be the result of insufficient interest in the test results or manifest as a condescending attitude towards the diagnostician.
Such results can also be recorded when trying to formally participate in the procedure, when, for one reason or another, direct refusals to participate are unacceptable, and the fixation of reliable results is not included in the recipient's plans.
In such cases, retesting and analyzing the responses together with the recipient will most likely not change the attitude towards the technique.
Attempts at exclusion have been repeatedly applied scale "?" from the MMPI methodology, especially in the procedures of forensic psychological examinations, when the answers to the questions posed to the expert required the obligatory determination of the characterological characteristics of the recipient.
And in this version of the methodology, in most cases, there was a refusal to test, but already through an arbitrary choice of answers, and the absence scale "?" significantly distorted the test results.
In diagnostic procedures in production activities, the inaccuracy of data on scale "?" is an independent diagnostic factor for analyzing the reasons that prompted such an attitude towards the technique.
Revealing formal participation in the procedure and the recipient's unwillingness to delve into the essence of the issues is significant in the system of building relationships between employees personnel services and organization and is a compelling reason to review and redefine those relationships.
L scale:
Includes statements that reveal the tendency of the recipient to present themselves in the most favorable light possible, demonstrating very strict adherence to social norms.
High performance in scale "L"(65 T and above), that is, more than 10 raw points, may indicate a deliberate desire to decorate oneself, to show oneself "in the best light", denying the presence in his behavior of weaknesses inherent in any person.
In such cases, they try to hide the necessarily manifested abilities, at least sometimes or at least a little, to be angry, lazy, neglect diligence, severity of manners, truthfulness, accuracy in the smallest sizes and in the most forgivable situation.
At the same time, the personality profile turns out to be smoothed, underestimated or drowned.
Most of all high rates scale L affect the underestimation of the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th scales. That is, components are isolated from the behavior that, according to the recipient, are capable to one degree or another, to reduce the negative image components of the personality.
A similar pattern of behavior can be demonstrated by individuals, professionally or for other reasons, strictly following the conventional norms of behavior.
Usually, hiding "childish pranks" is a consequence of conscious social control and attempts to follow professionally significant forms of behavior. Although this is a personal tendency, it practically does little to distort the general structure of behavior.
It is worse if the system of behavioral norms takes root in the psyche before the processes of repression from consciousness of the very facts of a single violation of these norms, even in early youth.
This form of behavior will be accompanied not only by careful personal adherence to these norms, but also accompanied by insistent demands for compliance with such norms by everyone around.
Such behavior in production activities can seriously complicate the working environment for many employees, especially those who are directly subordinate to a manager with this form of behavior.
Enhancement scale L within 60-65 T is often found in individuals of a primitive mental make-up with low adaptive capabilities.
Moderate increase scale L up to 60 T is noted in old age and is considered normal, as a reflection of age-related personality changes in the direction of increasing the normality of behavior.
In production activities, increasing scale L can be observed in situations of motivational significance for the recipient of the test results.
In professional selection, certification of employees or competitive nomination for a position, the desire to follow the rules and regulations is considered by the recipient as preferable and can distort the idea of the person. To exclude such an effect, it seems appropriate to draw the recipient's attention to the possibility of displaying such aspirations in the preliminary testing procedure of the installations.
Improving results in scale L from 70 to 80 T points turn the personality profile into questionable in terms of reliability, exceeding 80 T points - into unreliable.
With high (dubious) results of the scale and significant increases in the profile level for certain clinical scales, there are opportunities for data interpretation, but more as an additional material to the results obtained using other methods.
With proper preliminary instruction and adherence to the rules of the methodology, it is rarely possible to obtain reliable results after unreliable primary ones through a joint analysis of questions and retesting with the recipient. This speaks not of inattention, as a factor distorting the test results, but of the stability of such behavioral features that this technique cannot cope with.
Scale F:
High scores on this scale (T70 points and above) can call into question the reliability of the test results.
The scale consists of statements regarding unusual thoughts, desires and sensations, overt psychotic symptoms.
The choice of such statements can be determined by carelessness, carelessness in the choice of answers, the desire to slander oneself, stun the diagnostician with the uniqueness of the personality, the desire to emphasize the defects of one's character, the tendency to dramatize the prevailing circumstances and one's attitude to them, an attempt to portray another, fictional person, and not one's own characteristics.
Reduced performance in case of overwork or sickness can also be reflected in high rates on this scale.
Some of the rise may be the result of excessive diligence, self-criticism, and frankness.
Individuals who are disharmonious to one degree or another and are in a state of discomfort may have indicators at the level of 65-75T, which reflects emotional instability.
High performance scale F, accompanied by an increase in the profile on the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales are found in persons prone to affective reactions, with low conformity.
Indicators above 70T, as a rule, reflect a high level of emotional tension or are a sign of personal disintegration, which can be associated with both severe stress and neuropsychic disorders of a non-psychogenic nature.
With a reliable research result, a relatively high profile level on scale F can be noted in various types of non-conforming personalities, since such personalities will demonstrate reactions that are not characteristic of the normative group, and, accordingly, more often give answers that are taken into account on this scale.
Raising the profile by scale F can be observed in very young people during the period of personality formation in those cases when the need for self-expression is realized through non-conformity in behavior and attitudes.
Severe anxiety and personal need for help are also usually manifested in a relatively high level of results on the described scale.
Moderate increase by scale F in the absence of psychopathological symptoms, it usually reflects internal tension, dissatisfaction with the situation, poorly organized activity.
Essentially, any behavioral and characterological nature that forms high rates of scale F little combined with the possibilities of effective implementation of production activities.
In most cases, aggravation as a psychological need for sympathy and attention and the accompanying behavioral complex is considered as inappropriate to the effective implementation of activities.
However, it happens that such a behavioral system is characteristic of young people experiencing a state of some tension. basalneeds (16 PF - factor Q4). Often, behavioral reactions of this kind are situational and when stress decreases, they stop distorting behavior, it "normalizes", which actually affects the indicators scale F and in a complex - on behavior in general. This is worth paying attention to, especially in vocational orientation activities and in the selection of young professionals.
A tendency to follow conventional norms and a lack of internal tension is reflected in a low score on scale F.
K scale:
The scale consists of statements that make it possible to differentiate between persons seeking to soften or hide psychopathological phenomena and those who are overly open.
In the original version of the MMPI test, this scale was originally intended only to study the degree of caution of subjects in a testing situation and tendencies (v largely unconscious) to deny the existing unpleasant sensations, life difficulties and conflicts.
WITH the purpose of correcting this trend, the result obtained by scale K is added to five of the ten major clinical scales in a proportion corresponding to its effect on each of these scales.
But, scale K, in addition to its significance for assessing the subject's reaction to the testing situation and correcting the results according to a number of basic clinical scales, it is also of significant interest for assessing certain characteristics of the subject's personality.
Persons with high rates of scale K(65T and above) usually shape their behavior depending on social approval and are concerned about their social status. They tend to deny any difficulties in interpersonal relationships or in controlling their own behavior, strive to comply with accepted norms and refrain from criticizing others if their behavior fits into the framework of accepted norms.
Obviously non-conforming, deviating from traditions and customs, going out of the conventional framework, behavior often causes a pronounced negative reaction in them.
Due to the tendency to deny (largely at the perceptual level) information indicating interpersonal difficulties and conflicts, these individuals may not have an adequate idea of how others perceive them.
The main tendencies in this behavior are persistent personal ideas about the importance of following norms and rules in systems of social interaction.
Such persons are deeply convinced that the true criterion of compliance with a high professional status is the presence of a diploma and certificates of completion of courses in additional education systems, and not the level of development of abilities and knowledge and the ability to effectively apply them in activities (hence the frequent desire to improve and expand education and “collect »Diplomas of graduation from educational institutions).
In the system of interpersonal relations, in their view, all levels of interaction should be carried out exclusively within the framework of norms and rules.
One gets the impression that they have no shades in interaction systems. Any minor deviation is suppressed, or perceived as a personal insult, which often leads them to a certain group isolation.
This is greatly facilitated by an active position in condemning and suppressing violations of norms and rules (to a greater extent, these tendencies are inherent in women).
In this case, we have an example of peculiar behavioral features built on a system of adherence to the norms and rules of social interaction, which are often literally and in a peculiar way understood and firmly independent of group influence.
Examples of such behavioral features are relatively rare, their owners are perceived as bright, eccentric individuals almost always significantly isolated from the group and do not experience discomfort from this state.
There would be no point in focusing on such features if there was no similar in nature, but more widespread and disguised behavioral tendency, which is of decisive importance for the effective implementation of activities.
We are talking about a personal tendency of a kind of understanding and adherence to norms and rules, especially the forms and means of organizing and carrying out activities. Persons of this type are especially punctual and scrupulous in matters of rationing "external" behavior, are distinguished by "soft" manners and a kind of sophistication in dress.
Their main features are that in the goal-setting system and in the main organizational issues they have, at some point, there comes a significant shift and full orientation to the situation as "how it should be" ignoring "how it really is" ...
Unlimited faith in the correctness of understanding and carrying out activities, the absence of self-criticism and complete disregard and suppression of external influence always lead to disastrous consequences for the activity.
So, at first glance, inoffensive behavioral features - a more thorough normalization of behavior is transformed into a significant originality in the personal understanding of norms and rules and, even further, into the originality of personal ideas about the correctness of the implementation of activities, which for the latter becomes a significant test.
Such a behavioral tendency can correlate well with the pole suspicions factor a L 16 PF, reflecting personality traits from a different angle of perception.
On this side, the leading behavioral qualities can be conceit and lack of attention to other people. Lack of attention to people can be based on various mental characteristics and have a wide range of manifestations.
In our case, it is specific and is not a consequence of personal ignorance or a desire to prove something, a manifestation of dominance or other similar tendencies. Simple non-perception, non-notice without any significant emotional coloring.
The trend " aggressive narcissist»Follow your desires and your understanding of situations. The tendency is "childish", that is, formed in early ontogenesis and thus built into the behavioral strategy, which does not allow relying on either one's own experience and knowledge, and, moreover, on the opinions of other people.
Considering the above, when identifying similar trends in the diagnostics of production activities, especially considering that they are practically not amenable to corrective action, it is necessary to very carefully analyze and evaluate the nature that formed them.
With insignificant severity (moderate increase in the profile by scale K) the described tendencies do not violate personal social adaptation, but even facilitate it, creating a feeling of harmony with the environment and an approving assessment of the rules adopted in this environment.
In this regard, persons with a moderate increase in the profile by scale K give the impression of being prudent, benevolent, sociable, with a wide range of interests.
Extensive experience of interpersonal contacts and the absence of difficulties in their implementation form in persons of this type more or less high enterprise and the ability to find the correct line of behavior. Since such qualities improve social adaptation, a moderate increase in the profile of scale K can be considered as a prognostically favorable sign.
Persons with a very low profile in scale K are well aware of their difficulties, tend to exaggerate rather than underestimate the degree of interpersonal conflicts, the severity of their symptoms and the degree of personal inadequacy.
They do not hide their weaknesses, difficulties and psychopathological disorders. The tendency to be critical of yourself and others leads to skepticism.
Dissatisfaction and a tendency to exaggerate the significance of conflicts make them easily vulnerable and create awkwardness in interpersonal relationships.
Index F-K. (Welch index):
Since trends measured by scales F and TO, to a large extent oppositely directed, the difference of the primary result obtained on these scales ( Welsh index) is essential for determining the attitude of the subject at the time of research and judging the reliability of the result obtained.
The average value of this index in MMPI method is 7 for men and 8 for women.
The intervals at which the obtained result can be considered reliable (if none of the rating scales exceeds 70 T-points) are:
- for men from 18 before +4 ;
- for women from 23 before +7 .
If the difference FK is from +5 before +7 for men and from +8 before +10 for women, the result is questionable.
The greater the difference F-K, the more expressed is the desire of the subject to emphasize the severity of his symptoms and life difficulties, to arouse sympathy and condolences.
High index level F-K may also indicate aggravation.
Decrease in index F-K reflects the desire to improve the impression of oneself, to alleviate their symptoms and emotionally saturated problems, or to deny their presence.
Low level Welsh index may indicate dissimulation of existing psychopathological abnormalities.
Basic MMPI Scales
General characteristics:
1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:
An increase within 70T is an indicator of tightness, overcontrol, an increased orientation towards normativity as a stable personality trait, manifested by excessive attention to deviations from the normal functioning of one's body.
With maladjustment (i.e., with an increase in the indicator of this scale above 70 T), hypochondriacal features are revealed.
Low rates (50T and below) have the opposite meaning, i.e. reflect the absence of the listed personality and state features.
2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:
Reveals this quality along with dissatisfaction and a tendency to worry.
The leading rise on the 2nd scale is characteristic of the hyposthenic type of response, and indicators above 70 · T reveal a depressive state.
3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of anxiety-provoking factors) emotiveness:
Emotional lability scale.
With an increase in its indicators within the framework of the normative spread, it reflects a high sensitivity to environmental influences and an instability of the emotional state, aggravated at higher scores (above 70 T) up to hysterical, hysterical or hysterical manifestations.
4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsivity:
In the range of up to 70T, it reflects the sthenic type of response.
Above 70 T - impulsive, poorly controlled behavior of psychopathic personalities of an excitable circle, as well as within the framework of a psychopathic syndrome of residual organic or endogenous origin.
Reflects the degree of correspondence between sex-role behavior and the level of sexual adaptation.
6th scale: (paranoid or rigidity of affect):
Normally, it reflects a tendency to pedantry, rivalry and getting stuck in negative experiences.
High indicators reveal the affective saturation of experiences, hostility, and a tendency to paranoid reactions.
Treats the same as 4th scale to a stenic (with a significant increase to a hypersthenic) type of response.
7th scale MMPI: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:
Reveals increased fearfulness, constitutionally conditioned anxiety, uncertainty, conformity, suspiciousness.
Indicators above 70T reflect the problem of pronounced psychasthenic accentuation, the predominance of inhibited (hyposthenic) features, anxiety within the framework of neurotic or neurosis-like disorders.
8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualism:
It can be heightened in persons who are non-conforming, with a pronounced independence of judgments and actions, non-standard thinking, which, with high rates, manifests itself as a peculiarity of interests, unpredictability of actions, an irrational approach to solving problems, a disconnection from reality.
9th scale: (hypomania or denial of anxiety) optimism:
Reveals the level of optimism and reflects the sthenic type of response.
Indicators below 50T are alarming in terms of a decrease in life-loving tendencies and general activity.
0th scale: (social introversion or social contacts):
Reflects the level of sociability, social involvement of the individual.
Turning mainly into the world of subjective experiences (increase to 70 T) up to isolation and autism (above 70 T).
An extroverted personality (indicators below 50 T) or an emotionally immature personality with weakened self-control (if indicators are below 40 T) turn into the world of the real environment.
1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:
A scale with a leading peak (60-69 T) in the profile, in which the rest of the scales are at the level of 45-54 T, reveals the motivational orientation of the individual to meet the normative criteria both in the social environment and in the sphere of the physiological functions of his own body.
The main problem of this type of personality is suppression of spontaneity, restraint of self-realization, control over aggressiveness, hypersocial orientation of interests, orientation to rules, instructions, inertia in decision-making, avoidance of serious responsibility for fear of not coping.
The style of thinking is inert, somewhat dogmatic, based on existing generally accepted points of view, deprived of freedom, independence and relaxedness.
In interpersonal relationships - high moral exactingness both to oneself and to others. Stinginess of emotional manifestations, caution, discretion.
The contradictory combination of restraint and irritability creates a mixed type of response characteristic of persons with a psychosomatic nature of maladaptive behavior.
Such a combination is manifested by constant tension, and the hypersociality of attitudes looks like a "facade" behind which is hidden grumpiness, irritation, edifying intonations.
With excessive emotional tension, difficult maladjustment is manifested by increased concentration on deviations from the norm, both in terms of interpersonal relationships, where persons of this type are irritated by the irresponsibility and lack of morality of the actions of others, and in the sphere of well-being, where excessive attention to the work of internal organs can develop into hypochondriacal.
In the structure of neurotic disorders or within the framework of neurosis-like pathology, high rates of 1st scale(above 70 T) reveal hypochondriacal symptoms.
Hypochondriacal aggravated and acquires the character of senestopathy with a concomitant peak in 8th scale.
Combination of peaks 1st and 2nd scales more typical of aging men, while it is manifested not only hypochondriacal, but personal traits such as dogmatism, hypocrisy are also enhanced, thinking becomes more inert, in interpersonal contacts caution, didacticity, and edifying tone are more pronounced.
1st scale MMPI in structure "Neurotic triad" (1,2,3 scales) reveals a defense mechanism of the type of "flight into illness", while the illness (explicit or imaginary) is, as it were, a screen that disguises the desire to shift responsibility for existing problems onto others and is considered as the only socially acceptable way of justifying one's passivity.
Climbing up 1st scale is accompanied, as a rule, by the psychosomatic nature of the maladaptive response, and in the “serrated saw” profile, high values 1st scale can identify the main component in the structure of the "ulcerative type of personality" and often reflect at the psychological level gastroenterological problems, gastric ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer.
Expressiveness of values 1st and 3rd scales is quite common, but more common in women.
Psychological properties 3rd scale largely obscure and absorb characteristics 1st if the scales are at the same level.
With indicators 1st scale MMPI prevailing over 3rd reveals a passive attitude to conflict, avoiding problem solving, self-centeredness, masked by the declaration of hypersocial attitudes.
In essence, this is a neurosis-forming factor in the lack of emotional warmth and attention in childhood under normal conditions and their increased demonstration in trauma and illness.
The peculiarities of the psyche and the specificity of the manifestations of attention of others contribute to the formation and consolidation of the mechanism of manipulation by means of “going into illness”.
With personal immaturity, this mechanism is transferred into adulthood and is transformed to others practically without changing and developing into a rigid, non-constructive behavioral style of reducing pronounced (neurotic) emotional tension through the inclusion (manipulation) of others in concern about the "painful" state.
In the behavior of persons of this type, an unconscious striving for the status of a patient is a kind of justification for insignificant activity activity and an attempt to strengthen social defenses and a certain guarantee of attention from others in one complex.
This behavior is significantly different from the behavior of persons, most of the values of the scale formed as a result of correction - joining the "raw" scores of 0.5 indicator scale K.
In this case, preoccupation with the physical state and a peculiar attitude towards medicines, medicinal herbs, infusions and other traditional and unconventional methods of treatment (with T up to 70 points) reflects a behavioral feature as a form focused on taking care of health and not accompanied by complaints and attempts to attract the attention of others ...
Both of these types, each on the basis of its nature, demonstrate an outstanding knowledge of pharmacology (without being specialists in this field), techniques and methods of treatment, methods of fasting, training methods for maintaining and improving health.
If for the “hypochondriacal” type of knowledge of this kind is a kind of “professionalism” of being “in illness”, then for persons “correctional-dependent” they have a different, twofold property. Demonstrate a tendency to effectively and thoroughly heal, comprehensively strengthening their health and reflect "love" and active participation in the treatment and promotion of the health of others by recommending the most effective means and methods that have been tested on themselves.
Such "love" for the treatment of others can form an assumption about a kind of compensation for the lack of attention from others and a certain similarity in this of both types of behavior. Far from it. Individuals of the "correctionally dependent" type of behavior, although they demonstrate "involvement" in the treatment of others, do it rather to realize their well-adapted and socially approved egocentrism, than to attract attention and manipulate others. In this way they only realize the originality of their " greatness”, Good nature and love for others through the provision of services to effectively improve their well-being.
An increase in the scale (above 50T), regardless of the nature that formed such an increase, is most often a prognostically unfavorable basis for the effective implementation of management activities.
Increasing the scale in conjunction with weak the type of temperament in most cases reflects behavior, accompanied by diligence, a tendency to comply with norms and rules, with low personal activity, significant perseverance, with no need for the breadth of social contacts.
This behavioral complex is quite consistent with those types of activity, the conditions for the implementation of which provide opportunities for the implementation of such features and these features themselves contribute to effective activity.
Variations strong type of temperament and more often, mobile and inert, combined with high performance 1st scale"Hypochondriacal type" are reflected by such features as aggressive manipulation of the environment, low production activity with increased social activity.
Such a combination in the conditions of production activity most often becomes an active source of interpersonal problems, is practically not corrected and is characterized by poor controllability.
With the "correctional dependent" type hypochondriacal nature, specialists are often effective, especially in individual or personally isolated activities.
They are very persistent in achieving the goal, in their activities they often strive to find "their own" or to express personal originality. However, they are often treated for a long time, they constantly attend preventive measures and procedures.
2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:
The leading peak on the 2nd scale, which does not go beyond the norm, reveals the predominance of a passive personal position.
The leading motivational focus is avoiding failure.
Persons of this type are characterized by a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects.
A tendency to reflect, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of feelings, an analytical mindset, skepticism, self-criticism, some lack of confidence in oneself, one's capabilities.
They are capable of abandoning the realization of momentary needs for the sake of distant plans.
To avoid conflict with the social environment, egocentric tendencies are inhibited.
The neurosis-like effect in this type of behavior is concentrated in the affiliated area of needs, which acts as the leading one in the structure of behavior.
The needs for understanding, love, a benevolent attitude towards oneself, due to the peculiarities of behavior, are not realized to the extent necessary for the individual and, in a certain way, further exacerbate these characteristics.
This process is reflected in a certain way and correlates with the behavioral features demonstrated by the representatives schizoid types of character , pole-forming timidity factor a H.
The communication imbalance with the persisting internal activity of desires for wide and deep social contacts and the lack of external possibility of their realization due to the dominant tendency to avoid failure, forms a harmonious personal explanatory concept.
It is based on high personal standards when choosing objects of interaction and failures are attributed to unwillingness to “waste your time on trifles” in anticipation of deep and saturated mutual feelings of love, respect, mutual understanding, etc.
Lack of positive experience of social interaction and stable avoidance of failures leads in stress-forming situations to a tendency to stop reactions, that is, to blocking activity, or guided behavior, subject to the dominance of the leading personality.
The defense mechanisms are the refusal of self-realization and the strengthening of the control of consciousness.
Peak by 2nd scale MMPI, reaching a level of 70 T, along with neurosis-forming situations that influenced the system of formation of interpersonal relations in early ontogenesis, may also reflect behavioral characteristics formed as a result of experiences of sharp and significant for a person disappointment after an experienced interpersonal failure or in connection with a disease, sharply disrupted the normal course of life and long-term plans.
Such a profile outlines a certain state, at least a depressive reaction within the framework of the adaptation syndrome.
However, this is only a quantitative aspect that reveals the features of not only a psychogenically provoked state, but also provides for the predisposition of a given individual to such reactions in a state of stress.
Depression is the most common and common reaction to distress in most people.
However, with a pronounced sthenic type of response, even in a situation of severe stress, for example, in situations of long anxious waiting for the outcome of a situation that is significant for a person, can be demonstrated as defensive, states of bravado, carelessness, self-sufficiency, etc. as the opposite of a depressive state of manifestation.
It turns out that the depressive type of response is not at all a universal and purely obligatory response to trauma.
High scores on the 2nd MMPI scale can reveal in the recipient not only a low mood due to negative experiences, but also personality traits. a tendency to acute experience of failure, to excitement, an increased sense of guilt with a self-critical attitude to their shortcomings, self-doubt.
These traits are exacerbated in a profile with pronounced peaks in 2nd, 7th and 0th scales and a significant decrease in 9th... This behavior is characteristic of persons with an inhibited type accentuation, with anxious and suspicious features.
In the eternal conflict between egocentric and altruistic tendencies, representatives of this group give preference to the latter with a refusal of self-realization, thereby leveling the balance between these conflicting tendencies and reducing the risk of conflict with the environment.
If the increase in 1st scale means unconscious, repressed refusal from self-actualization, then an increase in 2nd reveals conscious self-control when unfulfilled intentions due to external circumstances or internal reasons are reflected in a low mood as a result of a deficit or loss.
At the same time, persons of this type can show sufficient activity, following the leader, as the most conformable and socially pliable group.
Moderate increase 2nd scale with the onset of adulthood, it is considered as a natural "acquired skepticism", a wiser attitude towards life's problems, as opposed to the carelessness and optimism of youth, which are manifested by relatively lower indicators of 2nd scale and high 9th.
Simultaneous increase 2nd and 9th scale reflects a tendency to mood swings, cyclothymic personality or cyclothymia, which may be reflected as a correlation with the pole cyclothymia factor A 16 PF.
Profile with peaks along 2nd and 4th scales and a significant decrease by 9th should be alarmed in terms of increased suicidal risk, since, in addition to characteristics 2nd scale, a decrease in the level of vitality and optimism, determined by 9th scale and increased impulsivity, reflected 4th scale.
Although with such features, suicidal attempts are more used as blackmail of others and with such motivation are rarely planned as the final way out of the situation, such a balance between manipulation and suicidal tendencies can lead to serious consequences.
In production activities, high performance 2nd scale contribute little to the effective implementation of management activities.
Communication imbalance does not impede the effective implementation of activities in types that are not associated with the mandatory manifestation of social activity.
Sometimes, individuals with such behavioral characteristics by their mere presence can very effectively stabilize the group and even act as a kind of standard for business interaction.
Such workers are very effective in analytical and a number of creative areas of activity without broad social contacts, such as organizational and economic analysis, marketing, decoration and industrial design and a number of other activities where a serious, thoughtful attitude to the work performed is especially important.
3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of factors causing anxiety) emotive:
The third scale is called the scale “ emotional lability».
An increase in the profile on this scale reveals the instability of emotions and a conflicting combination of multidirectional tendencies:
- a high level of personal ambitions is combined with the need for involvement in the interests of the group;
- selfishness, with altruistic declarations;
- aggressiveness, with a desire to please others.
Faces with a presenter 3rd scale are distinguished by the predominance of the artistic type of perception, known demonstrativeness, the brightness of emotional manifestations with a certain superficiality of experiences, the instability of self-esteem, which is significantly influenced by the influential environment.
Their behavior is accompanied by a conviction in the identity of their "I" to the declared ideals, some "childishness", immaturity of attitudes.
Easy adaptability to various social roles, artistry of poses, facial expressions and gestures attracts the attention of others, which serves as a stimulating factor for them, exciting and flattering their vanity.
Leading profile 3rd scale(70 T and above) reveals accentuation on hysterical type, in which the above features are sharpened.
Signs of emotional immaturity are revealed that are more characteristic of the female type of behavior with a well-known infantilism, impertinence, and dependent tendencies.
Despite the pronounced egocentrism and a tendency to feel sorry for themselves, such individuals strive to level the conflict and attach great importance to the status of a family person.
Individuals with high 3rd scale(above 75 T) characterized by increased nervousness, tearfulness, excessive dramatization of the events taking place, a tendency to narrow the consciousness up to fainting.
In a stressful situation, persons with high 3rd scale the profile is characterized by pronounced vegetative reactions.
One version of the formation hysterical type behavior advocates neurosis-forming the situation of violation of the sex-role mechanism in the processes of the formation of the psyche in the early stages of ontogenesis.
In most cases neurosis-forming situation is formed in girls as a result of inadequate influence on the part of dominant and domineering mothers in response to the child's attempts and according to his ideas to behave in accordance with this role.
Excessive punishment in response to behavior that, in the child's opinion, does not go beyond the permitted rules, distorts the mechanism of sex-role behavior, and all later mechanisms of social adaptation are formed under the influence of this distortion.
Mental development "gets stuck" in a situation of not understanding the rules for choosing strategies of behavior.
The child's psyche begins to carefully and in a definite way record behavioral techniques and situations, especially noted by others as significant manifestations of exclusivity and leading to admiration.
Over time, such techniques, being transformed, will turn into "templates" and will be used to the place and out of place in situations of adult life.
Essentially, hysterical type behavior is a complex of two mental tendencies.
One tendency is aimed at finding socially approved and acceptable forms and methods of behavior that are not natural and normal for the psyche, because the natural were categorically suppressed and, therefore, are unconsciously perceived as forbidden.
Another tendency is aimed at developing mechanisms for the realization of natural desires and needs within the framework of such forms, which is expressed as the use of accumulated "templates" and forms a general strategy of behavior as "artificial".
In adult life, the personality continues to be oppressed by "childish" authoritarian prohibitions and the mechanisms of neurotic "stuck" to control behavior.
Neurotic "stuck" easily "transfers" the source of such prohibitions to the spouse and forms a special attitude towards marriage as a social state of the individual and towards the behavioral aggressiveness inherent in this type of behavior.
Basic basis of formation hysterical type behaviors are mainly of two temperamental types - weak, with the prevalence of excitation processes and strong, unbalanced type of.
At weak type of temperament, behavioral features under stress-forming factors are easily transformed into a system of application of protective mechanisms of "withdrawal" into functional disorders.
The impossibility of compliance with the "ideal" norms of behavior is explained as a functional limitation of forms of life.
The attempt to defend itself leads to such forms of cohesion of the desired state of malaise and its real symptoms that the latter reflect essentially the actual disturbances. An attempt to play the disease and conversion symptoms form such a state in which the person playing the disease himself begins to believe in its reality.
Aggressiveness plays an important role in this mechanism, in this form it takes the form of passive aggression and has manifestations in the form of attempts to form a significant sense of guilt in those around them for bringing them to such severe physical ailment.
When forming a hysterical type of behavior based on strong, unbalanced type of temperament, conversion symptoms and the strategy of such behavior are not very realistic.
Increased basic personal activity does not contribute to passive withdrawal "into illness", on the contrary, concentrating around the "core of neurosis", it focuses on the social mechanisms of conformity to the ideal image of a "good girl" that everyone likes.
Attempts to behave in accordance with ideal ideas, significant personal activity and the need for strong innervation as an optimal condition for life, serious problems in the mechanisms for realizing needs force such individuals to use a special complex of secondary unconscious mental defenses.
Such a complex includes the practice of free sexualized relations, behavior with an emphasis on challenging social norms and rules, a desire to please everyone and apply all available techniques and methods for this.
Such a complex is a kind of destructive desire by behavior and actions to provoke a neurosis-forming situation of distant childhood with an obsessive unconscious desire to experience it again and again.
A significant behavioral imbalance in this type of behavior looks like the mechanism of transferring the source of the "core of neurosis" to a new and in no way connected with it object.
Without experiencing empathic dependence in the systems of personal interaction due to the lack of formation of the empathic properties themselves, such persons skillfully play the whole gamut and depth of personal involvement in the interaction and convince themselves and experience the significance of their feelings.
The lack of empathy in these external manifestations of the desire for love and admiration on the part of everyone around them turns these desires into "inexhaustible" from the inside and any individual manifestation of love and admiration becomes equally valuable and significant for them. Because of this, any personal behavioral "negative" is carefully controlled and only what is likely to be pleasant remains in the behavior.
When you choose an object and understand that the relationship is strong enough, the transfer mechanism turns on. It seems that such a transfer of a neurosis-forming source to another object is the main thing in the very unconscious motivation for building a serious relationship of interaction.
The psyche tries to "make" external and "alien" again, the primary external source of limiting the mechanisms for satisfying needs and which has long become internal and its own, transferring the properties of the primary source to a suitable object. As soon as this succeeds, the psyche begins to behave in relation to the object replacing the primary source as to the very source of restrictions and begins to "fight" with it with all available means, limited in childhood. Hence such a behavioral complex and such a special set of psychological defenses.
From the point of view of an object that replaces the source of neurotic restrictions, the transformation of "ideal", well-controlled relationships into a system of neurotic interaction with a full set of behavioral attributes and destructive tendencies corresponding to such interaction is unexpected and incomprehensible and contributes to the preservation of relations only until the object is convinced that what is required of him that he cannot give by definition.
The desire to explain the nature of the formation of the neurotic mechanism and the principles of its activation and functioning follows from the general mental characteristics concentrated in the system of dependencies of neurotic and normal types of behavior.
Neurotic severity of behavioral features, on a level equal to clinical (pronounced neuroses, the level of borderline mental state and psychosis, as an extreme severity of maladjustment of behavior), is of little interest to nonspecialists in the field of psychiatry, and even more so, it has little to do with aspects of production activity.
However, the ability to maintain stable behavioral tendencies in normal behavior, mechanisms for the realization of activity, elements of unconscious motivation, etc. as a kind of behavioral stable type, identical to the neurotic, but not so saturated and maladapted, it promotes the study of neuroses as a kind of matrix of normal behavior.
The presence of such an ability to preserve and the "similarity" of normal behavior to neurotic behavior made it possible, on the basis of clinical deviations, to develop a number of diagnostic techniques, including MMPI, and at the level of quantitative indicators to determine the severity of behavioral features as stable and typical in relation to neurotic ones.
Such a neurotic feature as primitively described in our case hysterical type, in normal behavior can be reflected as a stable type of behavior to a certain extent (depending on the severity on the scale) hysterical and preserving its inherent tendencies.
Any normal behavior is the result of a complex concentration of typical behavioral features, which, with clinical deviations, have a bright, hypertrophied severity, and normally, they have only a tendency to manifestation, or slightly correcting behavior, giving it originality of character and personality traits.
The complex concentration of typical features is rarely found as equally pronounced. In the behavioral system, one or two types will necessarily prevail over the rest, giving it stability and features inherent in their nature and shaping behavior within the framework of these features.
Actually, the definition of these features and their use in the systems of organizing effective activities is the main goal.
Various temperamental natures with hysteroid type of character and the use of "their" types of unconscious psychological defenses does not exclude from the behavioral complex the types of defenses inherent in another temperamental type. They are simply used less frequently and less readily.
At weak It is difficult for the type of temperament and the main type of defense through "going into illness" to physically participate in extended systems of interaction, but it is possible to perfectly apply "play" role-playing skills for a narrow circle of spectators.
At strong, unbalanced In temperament, passive clinical difficulties are unbearable due to the impossibility of realizing activity and ensuring the optimal level of excitation of the nervous system, but fantasies about accidents and suicidal tendencies are preferable and applicable.
The latter, in an intricate way, combine the components of self-pity, attempts to correct the existing state of affairs, the pity of others and the availability of opportunities for the realization of aggression.
Suicide games are most popular with mentally active individuals hysterical type... In addition to manipulating others, carried out at the highest artistic level (because they themselves believe in the possibility of such an exit), they make it possible, due to the sensation and experience of the fear of death, to significantly reduce the level of personal anxiety and from this experience a kind of relief.
Combination in MMPI high 1st and 3rd scales with relatively low 2nd looks like roman V and is called the "conversion five". The properties inherent in the 3rd scale of MMPI come to the fore, absorbing, to a large extent, features 1st scale... At the same time, an orientation towards social standards, which only mask the egocentric tendencies of the individual, remains relevant.
With a high "conversion five", the transformation of neurotic anxiety into functional somatic disorders is to a certain extent a way of gaining a comfortable social position.
The combination of high performance 3rd and 4th scale significantly enhances performance 3rd, increasing the likelihood of behavioral reactions hysterical type with a tendency to "self-screwing" in conflict situations and a pronounced desire for emotional involvement.
Behavioral features hysterical type represent great opportunities for organizing effective production activities.
Stable, organized behavior, motivationally focused on a wide range of social contacts and effectively optimized and well equipped for this with personal resources, turns such specialists into unique types of activity focused on external factors of production activity.
Adapted behavior of specialists with hysterical type of character is a consequence of the ability to manage their activity and allows them to remain within the normative framework of the rules, leveling all the negative manifestations inherent in neurotic features.
However, significant basic personal activity and the prevailing focus on social contacts to the detriment of the rationing and regulation of production activities requires specialized management tools and certain conditions of activity in which such specialists can be especially effective and efficient.
4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsivity:
As the leading one in the profile, located within the framework of the normative spread, this scale reveals an active personal position, high search activity.
The structure of the motivational orientation is dominated by attitudes towards achievement, accompanied by confidence and speed in decision-making.
With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, persons with this characterological type can demonstrate an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking, which, without relying on accumulated experience and with haste in decision-making, can acquire a speculative character.
In a behavioral complex, it can manifest impatience, risk appetite, high level of ambition, the stability of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary motives and external influences, on the success of the actions taken.
Behavior is relaxed, accompanied by spontaneity in the manifestation of feelings, in manners. Statements and actions are often ahead of the planned and consistent thoughtfulness of actions.
There may be a tendency to resist external pressure, a tendency to rely mainly on their own opinion, and even more on their own motives.
Behavior is colored by a pronounced lack of conformity, a desire to independence and independence... In a state of emotional seizure - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced, polar emotions, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role.
In personally significant situations, conflicts may appear.
In stress, an effective, sthenic type of behavior, decisiveness, masculinity is manifested.
Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, a stereotypical type of activity - boredom.
One version of the formation psychopathic type behavior is persistent lack of attention, "warmth" of interaction and care in the early stages of ontogenesis.
In extreme manifestations, inattention of parents (or persons substituting them) leads to the impossibility of forming a mechanism of inverse personal dependence, which plays an important role for the developing psyche in future structures of social interaction.
In response to the unfulfilled socialized need for care and interaction, the psyche begins to be forced to develop and function in an autonomous, socially isolated mode. Such development can lead to a structural base relationship, as a relationship with missing personal socialized obligations.
More broadly and conventionally, this attitude can be defined as the absence conscience.
If we consider the concept conscience as a system of internal personal attitude to the consequences of actions and actions, then in our case such an attitude was not formed, there was no one to form it and the psyche had to adapt to life in autonomous conditions without this important mental component.
Lacking conscience as an internal criterion for evaluating actions, the psyche develops, focusing on external criteria. "Good" and "bad" begins to be recorded according to the consequences of external reactions. “Bad” becomes “bad” if it is noticed and reacted to. Everything that was not noticed and that did not react to (did not punish) is "good".
Naturally, such a system of gradation of consequences forms such behavioral features as cunning, dexterity, enhances intuitive flair danger, forms and develops aggressiveness as a preventive protection system and many other properties inherent in psychopathic type of character.
The basic temperamental property for psychopathic type is strong, unbalanced type.
For weak type of temperament lacks "energy", and strong, balanced and mobile and inert types are quite stabilized in the manifestation of activity and need less attention during periods of formation of socialized complexes of object interaction.
Temperamental features color behavior and give it a number of properties concentrated in the area of personal activity.
The psychophysiology of reaction itself does not differ in any way from the standard parameters of temperamental characteristics, and it is the socialized components of the psyche that orient it accordingly.
In the process of life, three main tasks are constantly being solved, around which the main personal orientation is formed.
The first one is the implementation of personal activity and the provision of optimal innervation of the functioning of the psyche.
The second is ensuring the highest social status as a position that reflects the exclusivity of the individual.
Third - the desire for manipulation and control and manipulation itself as a reflection of the ability to do this without a meaningful focus on results.
In the desire to manipulate others, the desire and ability to control are concentrated, as well as a reflection of exclusivity, and a kind of object transfer is realized, inherent in all neurosis-forming complexes.
Such behavioral tendencies correlate well and are manifested at the pole. dominance factor a E and pole insight factor a N and reflect in the behavioral originality the mechanism of fusion and implementation of these three personal tasks.
High performance in 4th scale MMPI(above 70 T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. Difficulty in self-control is one of the features of this behavior.
At the same time, against the background of a good intellect, such individuals have the ability to take a non-stereotyped approach to solving problems, to moments of creative enlightenment. A person is not dominated by the dogmas of the traditional approach, and insufficient reliance on experience is compensated by the mechanism of original and creative perception and processing of relevant information.
A pronounced tendency to be creative in problem solving is especially characteristic of individuals with a high level of intelligence and a profile with peaks in 4th and 8th scales and low values for 2nd or 9th.
With such behavioral features, the originality of thinking can also be accompanied by the originality of personal experiences, impulsiveness of behavioral reactions and a general system of non-conformal behavior, which requires increased attention to determining the compliance of views and behavior in general with generally accepted norms.
High peak by 4th scale(above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of the excitable type, expressed impulsivity, conflict, enhancing the characteristics with concomitant increases in other scales of the stenic register - 6th, 9th, and, giving the corresponding behavioral traits, high rates 3rd and 8th scale.
With a combination of high 4th and 2nd scale, the properties of the latter weaken the aggressiveness, inconsistency and impulsivity of indicators 4th scale, since there is a higher level of control of consciousness over behavior.
Two equally high peaks 2nd and 4th scale the profile reveals an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response.
The behavioral structure combines multidirectional tendencies - high search activity and dynamism of arousal processes and pronounced inertia and mental instability.
In behavior, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic type of experience.
Under unfavorable social conditions, such features can serve as a basis for alcoholism, as well as for the development of some psychosomatic disorders.
Peaks by 4th and 6th scale MMPI reflect an explosive (explosive) type of response.
The height of the peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the accentuation of this type; higher indicators are characteristic of the profile of the psychopathic personality of the excitable type with a tendency to explosive aggressive reactions.
If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled into the channel of socially acceptable activities, then the owner of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal social niche for him, within which such qualities and properties are preferred and acceptable.
In situations of authoritarian-imperative pressure, any forms of opposition that offend the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, aggressive reactions from others, persons with this type of profile easily lose the adaptive mode of the state and give an explosive reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by the indicators of scales reflecting inhibited traits.
In production activities, the features of adaptive behavior psychopathic type of character can and find very effective types and methods of application.
The main problem when working with persons of this type is the motivational-target system of group interaction.
Personal qualities and properties that form orientation initially isolate such specialists from the systems of common goals for the group. However, if you give them the opportunity to independently form group goals and, at the same time, the success of the activity will be adequately reflected in their status position, then such conditions will significantly neutralize the negative features of behavior for the activity.
When building optimal interaction based on the correspondence of personal and group goals, when optimizing the conditions of activity and fulfilling a number of secondary and quite feasible conditions, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of activities by attracting employees with such behavioral characteristics.
5th scale: (the severity of male or female character traits):
5, the MMPI scale is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject.
Increased indicators for 5 scale in any profile means a deviation from the role behavior typical for a given sex and a complication of sexual adaptation.
Otherwise, the interpretation is polar in nature, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered.
In profile men increase in 5 scale reveals passivity personal position (if other scales do not contradict this), humanistic orientation of interests, sentimentality, refinement of tastes, artistic and aesthetic their focus, the need for friendly, harmonious relationships, sensitivity, vulnerability.
In interpersonal relationships, the tendency to smooth out conflicts, to contain aggressive or antisocial tendencies is revealed even in those profiles where increased 5th scale combined with equally increased scales stenic register 4th, 6th or 9th.
Raising is quite common 5th scale in the normative profile of adolescents and young men. This is mainly a consequence of a certain nondifferentiation of sex-role behavior and softness, lack of character formation.
This phenomenon can cause certain difficulties in the processes of professional selection. Mature indicators 5th scale tend to decrease.
During aging, impaired sexual adaptation is reflected in an increase in the profile of 5th scale... Similar disorders can be reflected in some chronic diseases, accompanied by a decrease in libido.
Profile with peaks along 5th and 8th scales and low values for 4th, characterizes narcissistic type personality with a tendency to demagoguery, narcissism, aesthetic resonance, mannerism.
This behavior is characteristic of “cold” individualists who are sensitive to the dissonance of their “I” with the environment and, therefore, have a weakness only for those who worship them.
These behavioral features correlate well with the personality traits reflected by the pole suspicions factor a L 16 PF and significantly concretize the behavioral type.
The profile reflecting the sthenic type of response shows relatively low rates 5th scale(50 T and below) reveal a typically masculine style of sex-role behavior, character rigidity, and lack of sentimentality.
Have women high scores of the 5th MMPI scale reflect the traits masculinity, independence, striving for emancipation, independence in decision-making.
In the profile of the sthenic type, an increase 5th scale enhances the traits of cruelty, and in the hypersthenic profile - antisocial tendencies.
At the same time increased 5th and low 3rd scales the absence, usually inherent in women, is revealed flirtatiousness, gentleness in communication, diplomacy in interpersonal contacts. At the same time, masculine characteristics of behavior are quite clearly manifested.
Features of sex-role behavior of women with high (70 T and above) 5th scale in the profile they acquire the features of a masculine style.
In behavior, the tendencies of a pragmatic attitude towards social contacts with a lack of inclination towards constancy and emotional attachment prevail.
These tendencies intensify with a profile with peaks in 4th, 5th and 9th scales and low values for 0th scale.
Low rates 5th scale in the female profile reflect the traditionally female style of sex-role behavior - the desire to be looked after and find support in her husband, gentleness, sentimentality, love for children, commitment to family interests.
Combination of low rates 5th scale with increased 3rd and 8th characteristic of women with a pronounced aesthetic orientation, with a rich imagination, emotionality and impressionability. Usually, this combination is accompanied by a tendency to quickly get used to different role positions and artistic images, manifested by rich body plasticity and expressive facial expressions and intonation.
There is no unambiguous basic mental basis for the trends determined by this factor.
It can be assumed, that weak the type of temperament can contribute to the formation of "smoothness" of masculine traits in the male profile and variation strong temperament can contribute to the formation of "masculinity" in a woman's profile.
In this case, energetically active men of non-traditional sex-role orientation and active “traditional” women completely drop out of the behavioral system.
There are many reasons that deform sex-role behavior, and they can be concentrated in the area of neurosis-forming factors of early ontogenesis and in the area of the formation of later socialized behavioral structures, for example, during the period of pubertal formation of sexual identity, immediately preceding and being the basis for inter-sex interaction.
For production activity, these reasons are the least significant of the totality of reasons that reject behavior because they practically do not give freedom of maneuver in building effective models of production activity.
Any variation in deviation and male and female behavior does not provide tangible benefits in improving the efficiency of production activities.
Increased female "masculinity" is easily replaced by even average masculine "masculinity", and masculine "femininity" is caricaturely demonstrative and socially rejected by both sexes.
Production activity is gender more or less indifferent and, due to this, gender-role mismatch negatively affects the system of interpersonal relations and is a prognostically unfavorable sign.
6th scale: (paranoid or rigidity of affect):
The 6th MMPI scale with a single peak in the profile not exceeding the normal scatter reflects stability of interests, persistence in defending one's own opinion, sthenism of attitudes, activity of the position, which intensifies when opposed by external forces.
People of this type tend to practicality, sobriety of views on life, the desire to rely on one's own experience, a synthetic mindset with a pronounced desire for systemic constructions and specifics, for the exact sciences and spheres of knowledge.
Faces with a presenter 6th scale in profile show love for accuracy, loyalty to their principles, straightforwardness and perseverance in upholding them.
The inventiveness and rationality of the mindset can be combined with its lack of flexibility and the difficulty of switching in a suddenly changing situation.
They are impressed by the accuracy and concreteness, annoying amorphousness, uncertainty of tasks, carelessness and carelessness of the people around them.
In interpersonal contacts, it is manifested a sense of rivalry, competitiveness, striving for a prestigious role in the reference group.
High emotional engagement with the dominant egoistic idea, the ability to "infect" others with their enthusiasm and a pronounced tendency to plan actions are the foundation for the formation of leadership traits, especially with good intelligence and high professionalism.
In short, people of this type Affective, touchy, stubborn, hardworking, resourceful, sincere and naive. They can be characterized by rigidity, viciousness and rigidity of thinking.
Rigidity of affect in persons of this type is mainly associated with egoistic impulses, and behavioral features are usually a response to the actions of others, perceived affectively as infringing on the personality, and on this basis the construction of rigid personal attitudes is carried out.
The formation of such attitudes often occurs on the basis of erroneous perception or misinterpretation of situations of interpersonal interaction. Such situations are presented as internally logically grounded and even based on real facts of attempts at personal infringement.
Rigid affect associated with selfish motives leads to rancor. A long-term experience of one's own success is also associated with it, and this experience includes pride in one's value, increased self-love and dissatisfaction with the lack or lack of recognition from others.
Persons of this type are significantly preoccupied with their prestige and are distinguished by an increased sensitivity in relation to real or perceived injustices.
The combination of sensitivity with a tendency to self-assertion generates suspicion, critical, hostile or contemptuous attitude towards others, stubbornness, and often aggressiveness.
Individuals of this type are ambitious and guided by a firm intention to be better and smarter than others, and in group activities they invariably strive for leadership.
They are incapable of psychic "repression" and therefore, to satisfy ambition and "psychic optimization" of life, they constantly need real achievements that confirm their prestige and significance.
Such a tendency can form high motivation and high productivity in areas and types of activity, where the level of achievement is determined and depends on the level of motivation, perseverance and is sufficiently normalized.
Even a moderate increase in performance 6th scale usually indicates an affective rigidity, a tendency to suspicion, a tendency to reflect on the actions of others, who seem incompetent or unscrupulous, especially in compliance with the rules and regulations of activity.
The basic basis of this type of behavior is the most profound, little studied and, therefore, not quite obvious and unambiguous in terms of its influence on the psyche, the system of object interaction, which is formed at very early stages of ontogenesis.
In the process of mental development, the mechanisms of object interaction are formed. There is a kind of process of studying object properties and their intermediary value between a person and objects (parents).
The system of object interaction itself begins to develop and become more complex through objects in the form of toys, dishes, clothes, etc.
This process is very stable both due to the underdevelopment of socialized mental structures and due to the relatively low significance of object functions for this process. However, some deviations that form behavioral features can occur in it.
They are expressed in a more objective mediating meaning for the psyche. That is, in normal functioning, the psyche, having passed the stage of mediating objective development, goes to another stage, normally using objects exclusively from the standpoint of their functionality.
In our case, originality is expressed as the process of endowing objects with some object properties or, more precisely, as an incomplete separation of object and object properties.
The object, being an exclusively functional mediator in the process of object interaction, pulled over some of the object properties and itself turned into a kind of object.
This kind of "getting stuck" at the stage of subject interaction is always accompanied by three basic behavioral properties, ranked according to the degree of formation.
The first is the unconscious desire to master an unlimited number of consumer goods and, as the highest stage, material (monetary) accumulation as an unconscious tendency of meaningless (unused) possession.
The second is a clear and special structural relationship to subject interaction.
This attitude is expressed in an unconscious striving for order, cleanliness, tidiness, the development of rituals for cleaning homes, determining a reasonable place for each item and strict adherence to the rules and procedures for its use, etc.
The third is the transfer and use of the rules of object interaction into the systems of socialized object interaction.
If the first two basic behavioral properties have relatively little influence on the general structure of behavior and can be considered a "hobby", then the third is very significant and can serve as the basis for a wide variety of behaviors.
The third behavioral property corrects the manifestation of two important personal mental qualities - aggressiveness and volitional components.
Aggressiveness and will in the behavioral manifestations of the features of the mental structure are, to a certain extent, manifestations of the activity of rivalry as a state of interpersonal interaction and the very level of its effective manifestation.
In our case, the system of object interaction is objective and the activity is realized indirectly through object interaction without penetrating into the systems of direct interpersonal interaction. Therefore, in persons of this type, it is difficult to meet situations of manifestation of open interpersonal aggression and they rarely participate and try to avoid situations that require extreme manifestations of significant volitional properties.
Both activity and will are concentrated within the functional properties of interpersonal interaction. The very system of interaction is built and implemented on the principles of functional interaction. Therefore, the structural basis for interaction is rationing and regulation. Both internal attitude and external manifestations reflect this normalization and form behavioral characteristics.
Not surprisingly, this type of person is highly resistant to stress-forming situations. They are simply not affected by non-functional manifestations of interaction, they do not perceive and do not understand what they want from them outside the framework of norms and rules, but they are excellently oriented within the framework of the rules and actively and persistently (a manifestation of will) participate in establishing justice when they are violated.
The ability to live by the rules for them is the only available system of interpersonal interaction. Violation of the rules confuses them and “forces” them to unconsciously “devalue” the situations of such violations and the persons who form them.
The inability to avoid such situations (job production interaction, social and domestic, forced group) provokes the maximum concentration of activity (aggression) and the will to change such situations and bring them into line with understood norms and rules.
The consequences of such a struggle at the level of clinical behavioral maladjustment form a wide range of behavioral properties, from compulsive neuroses to paranoid structures of extensive modification.
Both clinical maladjustment and normal manifestations of behavioral characteristics are reflected in the structure of the personality profile.
Combination of peaks on 6th and 1st scales typical for persons in whom anxiety for the state of physical health develops on the basis of affective rigidity. At the same time, the number of unpleasant physical sensations is small, but the significance of somatic sensations and their influence on behavior are very high.
The peaks on the 6th and 2nd scales of the MMPI reflect a tendency to the emergence of affectively saturated delusional ideas in initially subdepressive individuals and the presence of a melancholy, evil structure.
With such features, difficulties often appear in the system of interpersonal relations, and suspicion and malice contribute to a violation of social adaptation.
The combination of peaks on 6th and 3rd scales... In this case, the desire to be guided by external assessment comes up against the idea of hostility from others.
As a result of the combination of these tendencies, suspicion and aggressiveness are suppressed during social interactions and even a positive attitude towards others and to situations of interaction is declared. However, sometimes, a few, but persistent somatic complaints are used to put pressure on others.
This phenomenon is especially pronounced when combining the peak 6th scale and " conversion V»Neurotic triad.
Combination of peaks 6th and 4th scale reflects a tendency towards antisocial behavior.
With such features, disregard for moral and ethical norms, customs and rules is characteristic.
The higher 6th scale MMPI towards 4th, the more often asocial manifestations are replaced by persistent hostility towards others.
Such persons are characterized by gloominess or dysphoric-spiteful affect, a tendency to stubborn objections and outbursts of aggression.
Open manifestations of intolerance, hostility, suspicion and other properties reflected 6th scale will be more pronounced with decreasing values 5th scale for men and with their increase in women.
The specialization of such modifications is mainly determined by temperamental characteristics and situational factors.
Temperamental properties form the level of activity and "color" behavioral properties, situations provoke and trigger maladaptive mechanisms.
In our case, behavioral modifications of maladaptive forms and their variety are the least interesting, since they are exclusively in the zone of psychiatric knowledge and are categorically unacceptable for any types of industrial activity.
The personality traits of well-adapted individuals of this type and the specifics of their formation and manifestation provide a huge amount of analytical material that does not contribute to the unambiguity of conclusions in model forecasts of activity.
Individuals of this behavioral type demonstrate a significant set of properties that are positive for activity.
The main ones are diligence and the desire to follow the rules and regulations, the prevailing trend of status growth.
Despite the fact that their trend of status growth is a consequence of a personal egoistic orientation, entirely focused on occupying a position comfortable from the standpoint of the psyche in the system of normalized activities (pronounced careerism), it is quite often implemented in high official appointments, especially in systems of administrative and economic orientation. contributing to bureaucratic mechanisms for organizing activities.
One gets the impression that such organizations are purposefully staffed with specialists and managers who, in their mental makeup, strive to formalize and normalize, “dehumanize” the already formalized and normalized activity to the limit.
If for administrative and economic management activities, the personal characteristics of the type under consideration may look like positive, then for most types of production activities, especially management, they are hardly acceptable.
Specialists of this behavioral type can be very effective in areas of activity, the conditions for the implementation of which are normalized and regulated.
Applied economics and accounting, almost all types of "functional" industries - everything that requires punctuality, perseverance, scrupulousness in adhering to norms and rules, attentiveness to details and, moreover, does not require direct and intense personal interactions.
Especially the presence of the latter condition can greatly contribute to a significant "improvement" of character.
The implementation of interaction on the principles of "objectivity" - through numbers, norms and rules, not only harmonizes external behavioral manifestations, but also internally contributes to good mental stabilization through an optimal understanding of the rules of activity.
Such stabilization, to a certain extent, contributes to a decrease in status trends. A significant basis for achievement motivation is missing. It makes no sense to strive to change the status position in order to optimize the already stable and optimal (arranged as a system of interaction) position.
Naturally, this is possible only if the internal personal and external, real status criteria coincide. This is facilitated by a high level of material reward, which makes it possible, by accumulating material (monetary) resources, to realize the main unconscious tendency - the "hobby" of accumulation.
In order for a specialist of this behavioral type to function effectively in production activities, it is necessary to significantly stimulate him financially, limit direct personal interaction, normalize and regulate the conditions for carrying out activities, isolate him from making strategically determining decisions, limit status trends, exclude official competition from situations, etc.
From the foregoing, it is clear that production activity for persons of this type can offer a very limited front for the application of efforts.
Such a behavioral type would not need close attention if its representatives did not have a number of pronounced and superficially very promising features for activity.
Almost fanatical purposefulness, consistency and independence from group influence, strict adherence to norms and rules personally and the demand from others, striving for status growth and personal recognition, professional development, impeccable appearance, etc. - a portrait of an almost ideal leader.
Failure to recognize such a behavioral type and the involvement of such specialists in the implementation of activities without restrictions can lead to serious negative consequences for both the specialist and the activity.
These behavioral types are difficult to recognize. Leading peak by 6th scale MMPI often accompanied by a low profile, reflecting a tendency to hide the depth of existing personality problems. This is due to the heightened sense of caution and distrust inherent in such individuals.
Profiles with "recessed" should be especially alarming. 6th scale... Indicators below 50 T are implausible and are a consequence of hypercompensatory
attitudes of aggressive personalities, reflecting their excessive tendency to emphasize their peacemaking relations.
7th scale: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:
7th scale refers to indicators of a hyposthenic, inhibited type of mental response.
Raising the profile reveals the predominance of a passive-passive position, lack of confidence in oneself and in the stability of the situation, high sensitivity and subservience to environmental influences, increased sensitivity to danger.
The behavior of persons of this type is dominated by motivation to avoid failure, sensitivity, an attitude towards congruent relationships with others, and dependence on the opinion of the majority.
Faces of this type are different a developed sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, obligation, modesty, increased anxiety in relation to minor everyday problems, anxiety for the fate of loved ones.
They are characterized by a peculiar empathy - a feeling of compassion and empathy, increased nuance of feelings, pronounced dependence on the object of affection.
Thinking is somewhat inert. The peculiarity of targeted control with elements of "hesitant" attention is expressed in a tendency to recheck what has been done, an increased sense of duty.
It is noted pronounced intuition, a tendency to doubt, reflexivity, criticality of self-observation with a tendency to low self-esteem.
Moderate increase in values 7th scale at men accompanied by such behavioral features as shyness, sentimentality, peacefulness, pronounced individuality, often with a feeling of dissatisfaction.
Have women - is more often a sign of a neurotic reaction and is expressed as increased sensitivity, conscientiousness, picky and pedantry in work, developed intuition.
The general trend for men and women is indecision with a lack of self-confidence.
The peak on the 7th MMPI scale is characteristic for persons with pronounced anxious and suspicious features with a tendency to self-flagellation, “chewing” various problems and painful introspection.
Often, attention is focused on their bad habits, relationship difficulties, and the manifestation of authority.
Persons of this type are very preoccupied with questions of morality and are the most disturbing of all character types.
The mental feature of this type of behavior is a low ability to displace negative signals and increased attention to them. They strive to keep even insignificant facts in the spotlight, take into account and anticipate even unlikely opportunities, and are in a state of constant anxiety.
Persons of this type are not able to single out really important and significant facts in a set of facts, to abstract from insignificant details.
In activity, such behavior is expressed as a leading tendency to avoid failure and is formed by the fear of the possibility of incurring danger by a wrong act or failing as a result of a mistake.
This fear underlies restrictive behavior, which manifests itself in the refusal of activities in cases where success is not guaranteed.
The tendency to avoid failure translates into a tendency to develop a system of rules that eliminates the need to make decisions on a case-by-case basis, which can give the impression of rigidity, stubbornness and formality. Such a system of rules is a kind of struggle with obsessive anxiety, internal mental tension and low noise immunity.
Situations with an unpredictable outcome, a quick change of significant, disordered and unplanned factors are stress-forming for persons of this type of behavior.
The basic basis of such behavioral features is excessive parental severity or "rigidity" of the attitude during the formation of "empathic socialization" in the developing mental structure.
The inadequacy of a single mother, expressed in relation to the child as a hindrance in building personal relationships and (or) a constant reminder by her presence about the experienced family failure, makes the child's psyche adapt in a certain way.
For boys and girls, the consequences of this adaptation are different. It is likely that gender mental differences already at an early stage of ontogenesis suggest in boys a lesser dependence on the mother as an object in the process of the formation of socialized structures of behavior.
Therefore, a "tough" attitude during the period of socialization, or, rather, the consequences of such an impact are expressed in the male type of such behavior only as sentimentality and peacefulness and are accompanied by a great and peculiar "attachment" to the mother and in adulthood, which in a peculiar way "colors" the behavior and causes difficulties in relations with the other sex, but practically does not maladjust behavior in general and very rarely leads to neurotic deviations.
For girls, “empathic socialization” is an important and significant process of the formation of personal socialization, in which the mother is not only an object of sexual identification, but also a “guide” in behavioral strategies.
A "hard" attitude in this process forms a model of an unattainable "ideal I", which is constantly set as an example and attempts to conform to this model and form systems of maladaptive behavior, leading to neurotic deviations.
The peculiarity of this behavior is the low threshold of stress formation. This is also facilitated by temperamental features in the form weak type of the nervous system and the available strategy of unconscious defense against external "object" pressure.
The combination of such features, although it forms behavioral modifications, but all of their diversity is concentrated in defense techniques.
Combination of peaks on 7th and 1st scales indicates an easily arising concern about the state of their physical health as a consequence of a high level of anxiety and a desire to avoid potential dangers.
Anxiety about the state of their physical health is often combined with more or less vague unpleasant physical sensations.
With a high tendency to the formation of fixed obsessive fears, somatic sensations are relatively constant and few in number.
Usually, such a behavioral system is reflected in increased values 2nd scale and the level 9th depends on the pessimistic assessment of the situation and the level of personal activity.
This personality profile is usually accompanied by high values. scale F and low scale K, which reflects the degree of "basic" anxiety and the unconscious need for help.
Combination of peaks on 2nd and 7th scales MMPI usually indicates that low self-esteem and pessimistic outlook are inherent in depressive type(isolated peak 2nd scale) in this case are more pronounced and stable and are combined with constant internal tension, anxiety or fears.
High values 7th scale and a more or less pronounced decrease in indicators 9th can reflect a personal gloomy coloring of situations of life and future prospects, a sense of their own inadequacy, which can be accompanied by a decrease in activity productivity, initiative and forms a general feeling of depression.
Combination of peaks 7th and 2nd scale and raising the profile by 3rd scale MMPI can reflect a combination of anxiety and phobic disorders with a tendency to bright and colorful demonstration of one's state with a desire to induce a protective attitude of others through emphasized helplessness.
Isolated peaks 7th and 3rd scales reflect a relatively rare and pronounced disharmonious behavioral type. It combines elements of polar personality structures - a tendency to punctuality, thoroughness, accuracy, a desire for thoroughness, some ponderousness and understated social spontaneity, paradoxically combined with demonstrativeness, egocentricity, and the desire to be in the center of attention.
Such behavioral features are accompanied by frequent reactions of anxiety, since while maintaining a high need for attention, recognition and general demonstrative behavior, individuals of this type are much more critical than purely demonstrative individuals and react very painfully to noticed negative signals.
A combination of high values for 7th and 4th scale MMPI with relatively reduced rates 2nd scale reflect the behavioral characteristics of careful adherence to social norms and control of aggressive tendencies.
Such personality traits make it possible to hide open antisocial tendencies and internal rejection of moral and ethical norms. However, aggressive tendencies are still realized through the techniques and methods of causing anxiety and guilt in others.
Peak combination 7th scale and an increase in the severity of male character traits (indicators 5th scale) reflect an increased propensity for rigid behavior.
With an increase in the severity of female traits, an increase in various fears and difficulties in making independent decisions is reflected.
Combination of high values 7th and 6th scales, especially with increasing values and 2nd scale often indicates a tendency towards delusional or delusional education with a high level of anxiety. Usually, such a profile structure indicates the relative ease of the occurrence of pathological conditions.
In production activities, specialists of this behavioral type can be effective when taking into account their personal characteristics.
Along with the negative qualities for activity - a mismatch between self-esteem and overestimated ideal personal representations, a reduced threshold for stress formation and, as a consequence, blocking of activity or driven activity following the majority or a leader, general restrictive behavior and excessive intellectual processing, there are a number of positive qualities.
Easy tolerance of monotony, good motivation through rewards and measures to increase self-esteem, thoroughness in the implementation of norms and rules contribute to efficiency in a number of activities based on stable stereotypes of job operations.
The most common personality type in which there is a significant increase in profile 7th scale - psychasthenic.
Faces of this type are different self-doubt, indecision, a tendency to carefully recheck their actions and the work done, very obligatory and responsible, with a dependent position, focusing on the opinion of the group, with a highly developed sense of duty and adherence to generally accepted norms, prone to altruistic manifestations, conformal, reacting with increased feelings of guilt and self-flagellation for the slightest failures and mistakes.
At any cost, trying to avoid the conflict, which is extremely painful for them, psychasthenics act at the maximum level of their capabilities in order to earn approval from others, and most importantly - and most difficult - their own approval.
With an excessively self-critical attitude towards themselves, they are characterized by an unconscious striving for an unattainable personal ideal. In this regard, they are in a state of constant tension and dissatisfaction, manifested in obsessions, excessive actions of a restrictive nature, rituals necessary for self-complacency.
Peculiarities psychasthenic responses are most often found among normally adapted individuals and practically do not distort the systems of socialized interaction.
Even clinical maladjustment relatively rarely goes beyond the acceptable forms of interaction and is expressed only by a number of phobias (fear of heights, a closed or open space, diseases, etc.), or by abscessive and compulsive neuroses, which often present little difficulty for others. Therefore, maladapted forms psychasthenic type does not particularly interfere with the implementation of production activities with the correct organization of its conditions, and a number of personal characteristics allow it to be carried out very effectively.
A big plus of this type of behavior for activities is "group dependence". The "painful" experience of conflict situations by owners of this type turns them into a kind of "barrier" in the systems of intragroup interaction, which significantly contributes to the reduction of interpersonal tension and the establishment of productive systems of production interaction.
8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualism:
8th scale - "scale of individualism" in MMPI. Increased, in the profile with normative indicators on other scales, it reveals apart-contemplative personal position, analytical mindset.
With this personality type, the propensity for thought prevails over feelings and active activity.
A holistic style of perception is formed - the ability to recreate a holistic image based on minimal information.
With good intelligence, individuals of this type are distinguished by their creative orientation, originality of statements and judgments, as well as interests and hobbies.
There is a certain selectivity in contacts, a well-known subjectivism in assessing people and the phenomena of life around them, independence of views, a certain attraction to abstraction, a high need to actualize one's individualism.
It is more difficult for individuals of this type to adapt to everyday forms of life, prosaic aspects of life. Their individuality is so pronounced that it is practically useless to predict their statements and behavior, comparing with the usual stereotypes. They have an insufficiently formed rational worldly platform, they are more guided by their subjectivity and intuition.
Even minor frustrations can lead to anxiety and negative emotions. At the same time, compensation of the state is achieved due to autism and distancing, that is, due to "withdrawing" into the "inner world" and maintaining a "mental distance" between oneself and the environment.
In clinically expressed cases, behavior can take on the form and characteristics, defined as schizoid syndrome.
The term " schizoid syndrome"Is conventionally used to designate that characteristic set of manifestations, which includes emotional coldness and inadequacy of emotions, uniqueness of perception and judgments, which is expressed in strange or unusual thoughts and actions, selectivity or formality of contacts.
For persons with a profile peak at 8th scale characterized mainly by an orientation mainly to internal criteria, a decrease in the ability to intuitively understand others, to play their roles, that is, the inability to put oneself in the place of one or another of the people around and, in this regard, insufficient adequacy of emotional response.
For persons of this type, it becomes difficult, and in pronounced cases even impossible to objectively assess themselves "from the outside" in the system of interpersonal interaction.
The behavior of such individuals may appear devoid of natural emotional coloring, peculiar, eccentric or arrogant. At the same time, they are characterized by dissatisfaction with the situation and vulnerability, which are weakened by autism, which acts as a mechanism of psychological defense.
Already with a moderately pronounced peak of the profile on the 8th MMPI scale, the originality of perception and logic may be accompanied by difficulties in communication with others.
These difficulties are manifested in both non-verbal and verbal contacts.
In non-verbal contacts, communication difficulties are associated with insufficiently adequate facial expressions or motor maladjustment.
In verbal contacts, difficulties are manifested in the fact that although the statements of persons of this type are logical and correctly constructed grammatically, they can create the impression of ambiguity or lack of clarity in those around them.
The tendency to vague and vague formulations is largely due to the fact that getting a clear idea of a well-structured social situation, the intrusion of outlined social stimuli into the inner world in persons of the type under consideration can act as a source of anxiety, tension, and long-term negative emotions.
Violation of social communication can lead to a lack of a clear idea of how to behave in a given situation, what exactly others expect.
The originality of thinking may be due, in particular, to the loss of the ability to control the intelligibility and acceptance of one's judgments as a result of the already noted violation of social communication. At the same time, many of these individuals show great abilities to build communications, which use symbols that obey an initially set rigid system of rules, for example, the rules for operating with mathematical symbols.
Difficulty in day-to-day contact leads to an even greater increase in isolation, as situations that require such contact create or intensify feelings of inner tension.
Distance, alienation lead to even greater difficulties in real assessment of the situation and the general picture of the world and intensify the feeling of alienation and incomprehension, inability to become a real member of the group to which they formally belong.
The desire to eliminate their isolation and inability to overcome communication difficulties generates ambivalence in relations with people associated with the expectation of attention from others and the fear of coldness on their part.
As a result, sometimes excessive friendliness or unjustified hostility is manifested to others, and excessively intense contacts can be replaced by sudden breaks.
The lack and "originality" of social contacts causes anxiety about the importance of one's personality, serves as the basis for autistic fantasizing and the formation of affectively saturated ideas or groups of ideas.
A peculiar system of autistic perception significantly limits and filters external negative signals, distorting the systems of socialized interaction. One gets the impression of "empathic coldness" and a general inability to emotionally rich relationships.
However, there are events and relationships that can trigger an emotional response. In such cases, unexpected for others and empathic sensitivity and personal vulnerability are manifested.
Individuals of this behavioral type can have a wide range of social contacts that are distinguished by formality and lack of adequate emotional content and occurring without sufficient consideration of the reactions of the environment.
The main feature of the considered behavioral type is maladjustment of the foundations of socialized interaction.
If in all other cases the mechanisms of a peculiar interaction with an object (parents) already formed and significant for the psyche (parents) lie in the foundations of maladaptive behavior, then in this case the most probable source of the formation of such behavior can be considered a violation of a peculiar, deepest, primary, in some way even before personal interaction process.
If we abstract to the level of object interaction (biological), it becomes clear that during this period it is the process of satisfying needs (food, warmth, care) that in a certain way forms the future system of object interaction.
Insufficient satisfaction of needs for the psyche (perhaps the conditions and personal relationships are important in this process) maladjust the psyche in the construction of object interaction systems.
The only possible response of the developing psyche to insufficient satisfaction of needs in interaction is their limitation - autization.
These restrictions are transferred to the system of object interaction, confusing the very important object distinctive complex "friend and foe".
This object nondiscrimination takes root in the process of mental development and forms the process of "leaving" in a personal "cocoon".
Such "freedom" from socialization contributes to the development of systems of out-of-object interaction (communication through symbols) and abstract (out-of-object) operating, not tied to systems of socialized needs and a peculiar attitude to stress-forming situations and many other behavioral peculiarities.
If the personality traits reflected in the peak of the profile are 8th scale are combined with unpleasant physical sensations (often peculiar) and ideas related to the state of physical health, then an increase in the profile is noted and 1st scale.
Moreover, if the peak of the profile is at 8th MMPI scale significantly higher than the peak at 1st and, especially, if at the same time there is an increase in the profile by 6th scale with a simultaneous low profile level at 3rd and 7th scales, then the formation of affectively saturated and difficult to correct concepts associated with the state of physical health, overvalued and even delusional formations is likely.
If the peak of the profile is slightly exceeded by 8th scale this type of profile most often indicates a rigid stereotype of behavior focused on caring for physical well-being. Such care is used as a means to rationally explain alienation and isolation from others by the presence of somatically conditioned difficulties.
It should be noted that the more pronounced the peak on 8th scale, the more elaborate and unusual character is acquired by descriptions of somatic sensations.
If a feeling of insufficient connection with the environment, an unmet need for contacts is expressed in an increase in anxiety or depression, the peak of the profile is at 8th scale combined with a peak at 2nd.
At the same time, an ambivalent attitude towards others generates, along with the desire for contacts, gloomy mistrust, and the frequent increase in the profile on the 4th MMPI scale reflects the difficulties of socialization associated with the lack of ability to perceive the customs, rules and norms by which most of the people around them are guided in their behavior. ...
At the same time, on the rating scales, the peak of the profile at scale F, associated mainly with low conventionality. This configuration of the profile is quite typical for schizoid individuals who are worried about their isolation and experiencing difficulties in social adaptation.
If demonstrative tendencies due to a high level of repression are manifested in individuals who feel alienated, not understood and not included in the social environment, then a combination of peaks on the 3rd and 8th MMPI scales is usually noted.
This profile testifies to deep disharmony, since it reflects a paradoxical combination of orientation towards actual behavior, external assessment, approval of others with a tendency to build their behavior based on internal criteria, with difficulties in interpersonal communication.
Concerned about the place of their personality in society and its importance, these persons often form their circle of acquaintances and contacts in such a way as to create a kind of environment in which their importance is unconditionally recognized.
Along with the construction of a kind of environment, the question of their place in society and the importance of their personality, persons with the described type of profile can be resolved by identifying with any form of activity, the high importance of which they proclaim. At the same time, they prefer situations in which this identification, as well as competence in the chosen field of activity, cannot be questioned (individual activity, narrow specialization, etc.).
Such a combination, with a sufficiently pronounced rise in the profile, almost always indicates a morbid state of one nature or another, or, at least, the ease of the onset of decompensation.
If, as a result of the difficulty of interpersonal relationships, social adaptation is impaired, this is usually reflected in the personality profile by a combination of peaks on 8th and 4th scales.
In clinical cases, this combination, sometimes with an additional peak at 6th scale, occurs very often.
Individuals with this type of profile are characterized not by aggressive asocial behavior, but by asocial actions committed as a result of misunderstandings, inability to adapt to certain conditions, inability to clearly understand the social norm and as a result of a peculiar approach to the situation.
The inability to properly organize and control their contacts and the originality of thinking can determine the connection of these persons with deviant groups. This connection is one of the most common reasons for their antisocial behavior.
This type of profile is typical for adolescents and young men with a pronounced tendency to treat others with distrust, to perceive them as a source of potential danger, or, in any case, as strangers.
A constant sense of threat can push them to a preemptive attack.
If such a stereotype of behavior persists in adulthood, it contributes to the growth of isolation and alienation and intensification of violations of social adaptation.
In cases where the disturbance of interpersonal relationships and increasing autism are accompanied by the formation of an affectively charged idea or group of ideas, the personality profile is characterized by a combination of peaks on 6th and 8th scales.
Pronounced elevations in the profile on these scales, especially in the absence of elevations on the scales neurotic triad, indicate a tendency to form difficultly corrected concepts associated with the idea of the presence of threatening or dangerous actions of others.
In these cases, a pronounced selectivity of perception is characteristic, in which information is mainly perceived that reinforces an already formed concept.
If such a selection of information is expressed so much that it leads to a loss of contact with reality, and interpersonal relations are organized on the basis of uncorrected concepts, then a person with the described type of profile replaces real society with a pseudo-society, which is a set of his own projections. It manifests itself in the clinic delusional syndromes.
If the tendency to focus on internal criteria and communication difficulties is combined with pronounced anxiety, then the personality profile can be characterized by an isolated and more or less uniform rise (“ plateau") on 7th and 8th scale MMPI.
This type of profile reflects a sense of the specialness or uniqueness of one's personality and anxiety about the lack of recognition of such a person by the environment.
Such feelings (not necessarily unconscious) lead to the emergence of depressive tendencies, which may not be reflected by an increase in values 2nd scale.
Depressive symptoms are often combined with irritability and anxiety, or a feeling of increased fatigue and apathy.
This type is more often characteristic of adolescents. In adulthood, such manifestations are the result of a certain degree of infantilism.
Involvement of specialists in production activities schizoid type adapted behavior and their inclusion in group activities is accompanied by a number of organizational issues and forms the consequences that initially require close attention.
The prevalence of “functionality” or “creativity” in activity is a strategic issue and is formed by the goals of the activity and is adjusted by the conditions of its implementation.
Faces schizoid type are " professional", Innate analysts," specialists»Mediated through symbols of interaction, since they are practically the only representatives of maladaptive behavior using intellectualization as the leading unconscious mechanism of psychological defense.
Operating with causal relationships is not for them work that reflects indirect personal needs, but in fact is the primary need for social functioning.
Initially disturbed mechanisms of personal-object interaction provoke and motivate them to closely study and analyze systems of interpersonal interaction, analyze motivations and needs, painstaking study of others.
Being outside these systems of interaction and excellent analytical capabilities allow them to understand well interpersonal problems, however, communication maladjustment and the originality of interactions do not allow them to effectively implement these features.
The same mechanisms, that is, a certain personal isolation, provoke them to study and analyze global cause-and-effect relationships and aspects of world functioning, and it is quite possible that the same mechanisms underlie genius.
It turns out that the impossibility of being optimally involved in the system of interpersonal interactions forms a number of abilities that lead to the “generation” of ideas, which the “generator” itself cannot use properly.
The use of such specialists in the form of creative analysts in their activities gives a huge effect and significantly pays for all the costs associated with the conditions for organizing their activities.
These conditions are relatively simple. Persons of this behavioral type need a free, creative style of activity not limited by formal and regime frameworks.
Any direction in their activities will provoke opposition.
The most optimal option is partnership cooperation at the level of ideas, since any practical implementation with their participation can have such an intricate form, in which all ideological advantages are easily lost.
A special condition is the creation of "industrial isolation".
The tendency to create a "personal environment", high activity, egocentrism, bright individuality and intellectual development of such persons under conditions of free activity can be realized in the formation of employees " hobby club», Lying far beyond the production activity, which cannot contribute to its efficiency.
Actually, the competent suppression of such attempts and the constant provision of materials for reflection and the "front" for the application of efforts is a sufficient guide for such specialists who, having almost transcendent personal motivation, do not need more managerial interaction and control. And how to use the results of their work will depend on the abilities and capabilities of business leaders.
9th scale: (hypomania or denial of anxiety) optimism:
The leading peak on the 9th MMPI scale of the normatively corresponding profile reflects active personal position, high level of love of life, self-confidence, positive self-esteem, high motivation to achieve a certain originality.
Such activity and motivation is focused more on motor mobility and speech productivity than on specific and practical goals.
Such behavioral features are often accompanied by a general high spirits.
In response to opposition, anger reaction easily flares up and just as easily fades away.
Success evokes a certain exaltation, an emotion of pride.
Everyday difficulties are perceived as easily surmountable, otherwise the significance of an elusive state or position is easily devalued.
In persons of this behavioral type there is no inclination to seriously delve into complex problems, carelessness prevails, a joyful perception of the whole world around him and his being, bright hopes, confidence in the future, conviction in his happiness.
Increased 9th scale MMPI reflects accentuation in a hyperthymic or exalted type and reveals overestimated personal self-esteem, ease of decision-making, lack of particular intelligibility in contacts.
Such features are accompanied by unceremonious behavior, condescending attitude to their mistakes and shortcomings.
Emotional outbursts that arise easily end in quick appeasement. Often there is inconstancy in affection, excessive gigginess, amorousness, in a word, characteristics that are completely natural for adolescence, but are significantly infantile for an adult.
In cases where the main way of eliminating frustrating stimuli is the denial of any difficulties, anxiety, one's own and others' guilt (impunitive reactions), then the personality profile is usually characterized by a peak at 9th scale.
The tendency to deny anxiety is usually expressed by the absence of spontaneous mention of any difficulties that may cause it, the expression of disregard for the difficulties mentioned from the outside, declared optimism.
Persons with moderate elevations in the profile on 9th scale characterized by optimism, sociability, ability to be highly active, ease of communication.
Persons of this type are characterized by "Emotional brightness", the ability to experience the pleasure of life, realistic, imaginative thinking and lack of adherence to a rigid scheme.
They easily become the “soul of society”, adapt well to changes and even strive for them, do not experience difficulties when it is necessary to restructure their life stereotype.
In a stressful situation, persons with a leading 9th scale in the profile, show excessive, but always purposeful activity, while they can imitate a person who is authoritative for them.
The basis of such behavioral features is not a system of personality-object interaction that distorts mental development, but the socialized environment itself, which acts as a limiter of unconscious mental activity.
The energy of this behavioral type is the basic temperamental activity corresponding strong, unbalanced type of nervous system.
In this case, increased basic mental activity, which initially requires optimal external innervation, already at the early stages of development encounters problems that form behavioral originality.
Increased personal activity forms search diversity, which leads, in the process of interaction with the outside world, to repeatedly experienced states of fear. Fear of the unknown external world and personal activity, intertwining, form a conglomerate of external activity, which is a reflection of unconscious personal aspirations to constantly experience new impressions.
Such a feature of mental development is transformed into adult behavioral tendencies, adapts in the development process and takes on a final form in the characteristics of behavior that have a wide range of manifestations, since there is no object limitation of the expression of activity.
Rather, with personality-object maladjustment, personal activity in a certain way concentrates on the mechanism of maladjustment and in a certain way constantly "revolves" around it. In our case, there is no such attachment, all the diversity of the external environment performs this function and diversifies the characteristics of behavior and relatively rarely leads to maladjustment of the clinical level.
Increased self-esteem and high activity, reflected by an increase in the profile by 9th scale with a simultaneous decrease in the profile by 2nd and 7th scales can find their expression in the desire to lead others or to rise above others through rivalry.
In the first case, the peak at 9th scale and decline by 2nd and 7th scale are combined with a profile increase by scale K, reflecting the desire to deny their own weaknesses and emotional problems, the desire to abide by conventional norms and intolerance of the violation of these norms by others.
Persons of this type cannot stand uncertainty and hesitation, strive to be as informed as possible, willingly take on leadership, showing great energy and organizational abilities.
Their leadership is usually perceived by others as a natural phenomenon, since they command respect for themselves due to their energy, awareness and high efficiency.
For persons of this type, situations in which their desire for leadership is blocked or sufficient, in their opinion, information is lacking, are sources of mental stress.
If with the same type of profile on the main scales there is a decrease in the profile by scale K, usually reflecting a tendency to critically evaluate others and be suspicious of their motives, then activity and high self-esteem are realized in an effort to rise above others through rivalry, demonstrate their strength and (or) emphasize the weakness of other people.
In men, this tendency can be realized by demonstrating the possibilities provided by physical superiority, in women, it can be manifested in the desire to emphasize their external attractiveness.
Persons of this type experience a sense of threat if they find themselves in a situation where they cannot arouse envy and demonstrate their superiority, and especially if they are required to express or acknowledge dependence.
If increased activity, high ambition, and self-esteem, reflected in an increase in the profile by 9th scale combined with the inability to achieve the desired position and realize current aspirations, and the emerging anxiety is attributed to the somatic state, then in the profile there is a simultaneous increase in the values and 1st scale.
Individuals of this type usually consider themselves to be physically ill and have a negative attitude towards trying to interpret their complaints as a consequence of situational or emotional difficulties.
Their behavior is characterized either by tension and an active desire for somatic therapy, or demonstrative optimism and a desire to emphasize their resilience in the face of a serious illness. The latter option is especially likely if "Neurotic triad" expressed "Conversion V".
Raising the profile by 9th scale may reflect a high level of urge and activity generated by a pronounced sense of threat.
In this case, a paradoxical combination of profile rises by 2nd and 9th scales... Such a profile may reflect a combination of a sense of self-worth and high personal capabilities, with anxiety about recognizing these qualities by others.
Concern with problems of this kind is characteristic of adolescents and young men during the formation of the personality, and in adulthood indicates the features of infantility.
The combination of increased self-esteem, the ability to ignore difficulties, high but poorly organized activity with a high ability to repress negative signals, demonstrativeness, emotional immaturity and selfishness is reflected in high values 9th and 3rd scales.
Often this combination is characteristic of individuals of an artistic nature, whose enthusiasm, ability to sustained effort and efficiency increase in the presence of a large audience.
Peaks on 9th and 4th scales reflect the insufficient ability of internal perception of social norms.
Persons with this type of profile experience a constant attraction to experiences, to an external exciting situation. If this attraction is not satisfied, they easily develop a feeling of boredom, discharged in dangerous, sometimes destructive actions, which seem to an outside observer meaningless and devoid of reason.
Their disregard for existing rules and customs, protest against moral and ethical norms is being actively implemented, often without any correction of their behavior in connection with a situation that poses a threat to themselves.
Persons of this type can commit offenses, and their social danger increases if the described line of behavior is carried out consistently and rigidly, which is usually accompanied by the appearance of a peak and on 6th scale.
The presence of additional peaks on 7th scale and scales "Neurotic triads " reflects less likely antisocial behavior depending on the severity of these peaks. In this case, asocial attitudes are realized in socially acceptable ways.
Combination of peaks on 9th and 6th scale MMPI indicates a certain sequence and purposefulness of organized behavior around a certain personality concept.
In this case, affective rigidity and feelings of hostility from others complicate the system of interpersonal interaction.
Individuals of this type usually strive to assert their superiority and use others to achieve their goals, which they consider useful and necessary for everyone.
In clinical maladjustment, such features are accompanied by the emergence of overvalued or paranoid formations against the background of hypomanic affect.
High activity, constant striving for action, combined with anxiety can be expressed in the rise of the profile by 7th and 9th scales.
High activity makes it easy to commit certain, often insufficiently thought out actions, and high anxiety leads to a subsequent thorough analysis of their actions, to constant doubts about the correctness of what has already been done.
Such persons easily develop feelings of guilt and regret over the past situation, but this does not change their behavior in the future. Under extreme conditions, this can lead to chaotic behavior.
If autism, orientation to internal criteria, difficulties in interpersonal contacts are combined with increased activity, ease of switching attention and optimism, then in the profile this is usually reflected in an increase in indicators 8th and 9th scale.
A significant increase on these scales may indicate a lack of ability for consistent actions and logical constructions due to the fact that the results of such actions and inferences cause anxiety.
Lack of fixation on anything, rejection of clear formulas or departure from complete formulations in this case is of a defensive nature.
The main problem for persons of the considered behavioral type is the constant "loading" of the psyche with the optimal level of innervation, a kind of realization of the search tendency.
This tendency is well implemented in socialized systems of interaction, in changing forms and places of activity.
Socialization of interaction provides communication, allows you to realize the desire for domination, for example, through high competence in the areas of consulting, the desire to be in sight, etc.
When changing the forms and places of activity, the avoidance of "satiety" with monotony occurs, the desire for "novelty" and a kind of search aspirations for the "best option" of activity are realized.
Providing such conditions of activity in a complex guarantees the most productive and effective results of such specialists.
The best environment for their activity is the conditions that require frequent switching of attention.
Constant and varied mental "employment" is the most optimal for such specialists.
At the same time, situations associated with monotonous activities that require thoroughness, painstaking, long-term fixation of attention are stress-forming for them and can cause disturbances in mental adaptation.
0th scale: social introversion or social contacts:
This scale, as well as the attitude to behavioral features itself, based on the identification extroverted or introverted personality traits and qualities are more controversial than informative.
Attempts to identify stable behavioral features in the characteristics of thinking, affectation and the degree of intensity of social contacts can be of certain practical value as secondarily reflected typological personality traits in the sphere of socialized interaction and cannot perform the function of the leading factor value in determining the basic traits that shape behavior.
0th scale by virtue of its functionality, aimed at determining the nature of socialized interaction, correlates well with temperamental personality traits and with a number of factors 16 PF, predictively enriching the process of modeling production activities.
Increased 0th scale reflects the hyposthenic type of response and reveals the passivity of the personal position and the greater orientation of interests into the world of inner experiences.
This behavioral response is different inertia in decision-making, secrecy, selectivity in contacts, the desire to avoid conflicts.
In a stressful situation - lethargy, withdrawal from contacts, escape from problems.
High performance 0th scale reflect not only isolation, taciturnity, but are often a sign of internal disharmony and a way of hiding from others the originality of their character, awkwardness in communication.
Sometimes such persons can give the impression of quite sociable, but this is given to them at the cost of significant personal stress.
Difficulties in interpersonal interaction form isolation, lack of communication, the desire for activities not related to communication and anxiety reactions in cases where forced contacts are carried out regardless of the will of the subject.
Such features can transform into meaningful autism, characteristic of schizoid type response.
Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale reflects the desire for interpersonal contacts and interest in people.
Persons with this type of profile sociable, emotionally responsive, syn-ton, they have well-developed communication skills.
They willingly take on social responsibilities, have a large number of interpersonal contacts in various fields and experience great satisfaction from the implementation of these contacts.
If the profile is on 0th scale is sharply reduced, then this usually indicates the presence of such a large number of contacts that their implementation is inevitably accompanied by fleeting and superficial communication.
Degree "Social extraversion" is a secondary characteristic of typical personality traits and can be concretized from them.
The most pronounced extraversion is determined by the spontaneity of behavior, that is, the ability to take active actions not caused by direct external stimuli - a quality that is highly correlated with both temperamental characteristics and character types.
The increase in spontaneity of behavior in the implementation of interpersonal contacts reflects the growing need for social connections, in communicating with new people, the liveliness of the emotional response, the ability to endure inevitable friction without reactions of anxiety and depression, that is, social extraversion is growing.
Such features, along with a decrease in the profile by 0th scale, are reflected by its increase by 9th and scale K, and often on 3rd scale.
Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale may be associated with a tendency to self-assertion, an increase in their importance in the eyes of others, domination. In this case, along with a decrease in the profile along 0th scale usually there is an increase in 6th.
The profile level is often increased by 9th scale but, in contrast to the previously considered type, there are low indicators for scale K.
Individuals with this profile character differ independence, perseverance in achieving goals, a tendency to lead others (especially lower ones) and are critical of the instructions received and the dominant authorities. The principles by which they are guided can be quite solid, but usually not conventionally determined, but formed on the basis of personal experience.
With a decrease in social spontaneity, there are tendencies to prefer a narrow circle of close people to wide contacts. At the same time, difficulties arise in establishing new contacts with anxiety reactions during interpersonal friction, and in this regard, social introversion increases.
This behavior, in addition to raising the profile by 0th scale its ascents correspond to 2nd and 7th scales.
Social extraversion can also manifest itself as a desire to perform duties associated with an awareness of a sense of duty. In this case, there may be a "willing" acceptance of social responsibility associated with the implementation of broad contacts.
In view of the relatively low social spontaneity, such contacts will be difficult and serve as a source of anxious reactions or emotional tension.
Individuals with these characteristics can be difficult to communicate due to their inherent tendency to be guided in their behavior by a rigid code of norms and a tendency to moralize. At the same time, others can note their reliability.
Social extraversion, due to such personality characteristics, in the personality profile is usually reflected by a decrease in values by 0th scale and an increase by 7th.
If the desire for social contacts is not based on an internalized norm and a sense of duty, there is a withdrawal from social contacts whenever it is not prompted by one's own need.
In this case, raising the profile by 0th scale combined with a decrease in it by 7th.
If the increase social extraversion is associated with an orientation towards external assessment, with a constant need for support from the group, then a decrease in the profile by 0th scale usually combined with raising it by 3rd.
A decrease in the need for support from the group, increased autism lead to an increase in the profile by 0th scale, reducing it by 3rd and often increase by 8th.
It should be noted that a pronounced increase in the profile by 0th scale may also indicate autism and about the peculiar approach to interpersonal relations, characteristic of schizoid personalities, even in the absence of a peak at 8th scale.
Profile peak at 8th scale when decreasing it by 0th also reflects the originality of the approach to interpersonal relationships, which in this case are expressed in extensive, but poorly organized and devoid of adequate emotional coloring.
At profile peaks at 1st and 0th scales we can talk about the limitation of the sphere of communication due to the feeling of somatic ill-being.
Decrease in level 0th scale at the peak of the profile 1st usually indicates a combination of a tendency to present somatic complaints with a pessimistic assessment of prospects and the need to familiarize with such an assessment of the widest possible circle of people.
Profile level 0th scale at its peak at 2nd generally reflects the severity "Call reactions" and seeking help.
Decrease in profile 0th scale reflects the severity of anxiety disorders, the increase is actually depressive tendencies.
Combination of peaks 4th and 0th scales indicates a limitation of the circle of social contacts and a decrease in the likelihood of antisocial behavior, which is more real with a decrease in indicators 0th scale.
0th scale, indirectly reflecting the behavioral features of the system of socialized interaction is more of an auxiliary value for the processes of modeling production activities.
© Sergey Krutov, 2008
© Published with the kind permission of the author
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a technique created in 1940 by S. Hatway and J. McKinley at the University of Minnesota, which has remained one of the most common over the past 50 years. Initially, the test was developed for the purpose of professional selection of pilots during the Second World War - it is used to study the level of adaptation and study the persistent professionally important inclinations of an employee.
How was the MMPI questionnaire developed?
The technique was developed as follows: it included special questions that could identify ordinary people and people with certain psychological symptoms. In the development process, scientists took hysteroids, psychos, depressed people, observed their answers to questions and, based on the distribution of answers, created special scales with which one can judge the norm or pathology.
In the future, the questionnaire was improved to study specifically personal characteristics that are not similar to clinical manifestations. As a result, the scales were renamed, and a wonderful test for identifying personality traits was obtained.
In the 1960s, scientists worked on adapting the MMPI to Russian reality. Researchers worked in this direction for a long time, and as a result, the questions and answer options were re-calibrated. Changes in the methodology were carried out at the Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute. VM Bekhterev, and the last major changes were made by L.N. Sobchik. In 1971, a new version was presented - the SMIL test (Standardized Multivariate Personality Research Method).
How does he look today?
It consists of a large number of statements. Answer options are presented in three forms: "True", "False" and "Don't know". When working with assertions, you shouldn't think long about the answer option. The questions must be answered honestly, otherwise the passed test will be considered unreliable. The presented method has a scale of lies, and if it has high results, then the testing will have to be repeated.
What can you learn with this test?
This test makes it possible to obtain a multidisciplinary personality portrait, which includes the following components: motivational orientation, character traits, suicidal tendencies, leading needs, predisposition to alcoholism, defense mechanisms, the presence of sexual problems, etc.
Analysis of results
The results of this test are calculated using 13 scales. Let's get acquainted with the first 3 scales:
- Lie scale (L) - high scores of this scale indicate the unreliability of the personality profile, in this case it is better to retest the test. If the indicators, on the contrary, are low, then this indicates the reliability of the results of the individual.
- Reliability scale (F) - it shows how honest the respondent's answers were. High scores on this scale indicate that a person is excessively critical of himself.
- Correction scale (K) - the criterion of this scale is the desire of the individual to adjust his answer options in accordance with the social norms of people.
The image in the header -
Description of the method
Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire(Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, MMPI) is a personality questionnaire created in 1940 by S. Hatway and J. McKinley. This test is the implementation of a typological approach to the study of personality.
The questionnaire consists of 550 statements that form 10 main diagnostic scales. For each of the statements, the subjects (persons aged 16 and over with an IQ of at least 80) must answer: "true", "incorrect", "I cannot say." The answer that matches the "key" is worth one point.
There are various options for presenting statements, usually this is done with the help of cards, which the subject puts into three groups in accordance with his answer. The obtained data are entered into a standard registration form, which also contains information about the subject and the time spent on the layout of the cards. The survey ends with the construction of a "personality profile", which is drawn on special forms (separately for men and women), where the scores are converted into standard, so-called. T-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
To speed up the interpretation of the structure of indicators, an economical description of the "profile", a system of its numerical coding is used. To do this, the scales are written according to their numerical designation (see below) in such an order that the scale with the highest indicators comes first, and then the rest as it decreases. With the help of special icons, they show how high the "profile" scales are located, for example, located at the level of 120 T - "!!", 110-119 T - "!", 100-109 T - "**". There are several ways to encode a "profile".
Below are the main clinical scales MMPI:
Hypochondria scale(HS) - determines the "closeness" of the subject to the astheno-neurotic personality type;
Depression scale(D) - designed to determine the degree of subjective depression, moral discomfort (hypothetical personality type);
Hysteria scale(Hy) - designed to identify individuals prone to conversion-type neurotic reactions (using symptoms of physical illness as a means of resolving difficult situations);
Psychopathy scale(Pd) - aimed at diagnosing the sociopathic personality type;
Masculinity - Femininity Scale(Mf) - designed to measure the degree of identification of the subject with the role of men or women prescribed by society;
Paranoia scale(Pa) - allows you to judge the presence of "overvalued" ideas, suspicion (paranoid personality type);
Psychasthenia scale(Pt) - the similarity of the examined person with patients suffering from phobias, obsessive actions and thoughts is established (anxious and suspicious personality type);
Schizophrenia scale(Sc) - aimed at diagnosing the schizoid (autistic) personality type;
Hypomania scale(Ma) - the degree of "closeness" of the subject to the hyperthymic personality type is determined;
Social introversion scale(Si) - diagnostics of the degree of compliance with the introverted personality type. It is not a clinical scale, it was added to the questionnaire in the course of its further development;
A feature of MMPI is the use of four rating scales:
Scale "?"- the scale can be called conditionally, since it does not have statements related to it. Registers the number of statements that the subject could not attribute to either "true" or "incorrect";
Scale of "lies"(L) - designed to assess the sincerity of the subject;
Confidence scale(F) - designed to identify unreliable results (associated with the negligence of the subject), as well as aggravation and simulation;
Correction scale(K) - introduced in order to smooth out distortions introduced by excessive inaccessibility and caution of the subject.
The relationships between the indicators obtained on these scales allow us to judge the reliability of the survey results.
In addition to the main and rating scales, many additional scales (about 500) have been created based on the MMPI statements. For example, the scale of academic ability, alcoholism, social responsibility, rigidity, etc. An important role in the interpretation of the "personality profile" is played by those additional scales, with the help of which the results of the main ones are concretized and specified. Thus, the scale of depression has the following additional scales: D1 - subjective depression; D2 - psychomotor retardation; D3 - physical weakness; D4 - psychological stiffness; D5 - gloomy sullenness.
When interpreting the results obtained, it is assumed that any indicator equal to 70 T or higher (the peak of the "profile") is taken as a normative one for detecting pathological abnormalities. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the value of the same indicator as "pathological" can vary from scale to scale. Literal interpretation of the scales of the questionnaire should be avoided; in particular, a high schizophrenia score cannot be assumed to indicate its presence. The authors emphasize that using the MMPI scales, it is not, say, hysteria that is "measured", but the symptoms inherent in people with this mental disorder. The characteristics of the "personality profile" are influenced by age, gender, education of the subject, his attitude to the testing procedure and some other variables. Any hypothesis based on the interpretation of the leading profile peaks must be confirmed by indicators of other scales (and above all, independent of the results obtained with the help of M. l. L. O.), Data on the personality of the subject.
Theoretical basis
MMPI does not have its own theoretical basis. To draw up statements, the authors used complaints from patients, descriptions of the symptoms of certain mental illnesses in clinical guidelines (classification of mental illnesses proposed by E. Kraepelin), and previously developed questionnaires. Initially, the statements were presented to a large group of healthy people, which made it possible to determine their normative indicators. Then these indicators were compared with the data obtained during the examination of various clinical groups. Thus, statements were selected that reliably differentiated healthy and each of the studied groups of patients. These statements were combined into scales named in accordance with the clinical group according to which one or another scale was validated.
Adaptations and modifications
In 1989, the questionnaire was significantly revised (the re-standardization project began in 1982) and published under the name MMPI-2 (J. Bucher, W. Dahlstrom, J. Graham, A. Telligen and B. Cammer, 1989). Both the regular and computer versions were published at the same time. The new version of the questionnaire contains 567 statements, of which 394 are taken from an earlier version, 66 have been modified and 107 have been developed again. MMPI-2, like MMPI, contains three control scales and 10 clinical scales (statements 1-370). The new scales have been developed specifically for MMPI-2. With their help, the following properties are assessed: anxiety (1); susceptibility to fears (2); obsession (3); depression (4); health care (5); quirkiness strange thinking (6); anger (7); cynicism (8); tendency to antisocial behavior (9); proximity to type A personality (10); low self-esteem (11); family problems (12); social discomfort (13); interference in work (14); negative indicators for treatment (15).
MMPI-2 also contains three new control scales (Fb, VRIN and TRIN). The first scale consists of rarely confirmed statements. The second and third are the scales of incompatibility of answers, with the help of which the degree of severity in the subject of the tendency to respond in a contradictory manner is assessed. The new normative data is based on a sample of 1,138 men and 1,462 women between the ages of 18 and 84.
Recently, the question of the existing differences in the elevation of the profile according to the MMPI and MMPI-2 data has been discussed. In general, it is noted that the profile on the MMPI-2 clinical scales is less elevated than on the MMPI. As a result, the “demarcation line” of the rise of clinical scales decreases (from T more than 70 in MMPI to T more than 65 in MMPI-2).
An option has been developed for examining persons under 18 years of age - MMPI-A.
Abbreviated versions of the questionnaire have been repeatedly proposed. One of the most famous is Mini-Mult, which consists of 71 statements selected on the basis of factor analysis. In foreign studies of the validity of the construct Mini-Mult, it is indicated that it is sufficiently valid for group diagnostics, and for individual diagnostics, only in cases of severe mental deviations. In Russian, Mini-Mult is adapted by V.P. Zaitsev (1981), however, there is evidence of the lack of validity of this technique.
The adaptation of the questionnaire in our country began in the 60s. The first was the proposed version of the MMIL, consisting of 384 statements. (F.B. Berezin and M.P. Miroshnikov, 1967). FB Berezin et al. an original interpretation of the MMPI scales has been developed, and its thorough standardization has been carried out.
Much work on the adaptation of the questionnaire was also carried out at the Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute named after V.I. V.M. Bekhterev, Moscow psychologists (test SMIL L.N. Sobchik, 1971).
The MMPI test is rightfully one of the most famous and popular tests in the whole world, it has its own unique history of creation. Among professional psychologists, there are both his devoted fans and fierce opponents.
MMPI - Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was created in America in the early forties of the last century by two research psychologists: Stark Hathaway and John McKintley. The primary goal of creating this test was the professional selection of pilots during the Second World War (it was necessary to separate the norm from the pathology). Much time has passed since then, the first version of the questionnaire has become obsolete, and in 1989 it was replaced by another, modified version of MMPI - 2.
Around the 1960s, in the USSR, our domestic psychologists began to adapt this test. They have done a great job in this direction. Currently, the most popular variants of the MMPI test are:
The MMPI test, produced by a well-known company for the production of psychological instruments, the methodological guide to which was developed by Igor Leonidovich Solomin - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Applied Psychology at St. Petersburg State University of Ways of Communication.
Modification of the MMPI test - the SMIL test (Standardized Multifactorial Personality Research Method). This option was developed by a Russian psychologist, Doctor of Psychology, Sobchik Lyudmila Nikolaevna.
The classic version of the test in America is still used, first of all, in the clinic in order to separate the psychological norm from pathology. In our country, the main purpose of using the MMPI test (SMIL) is an in-depth study of the psychological characteristics of a person.
In particular, the technique is capable of detecting:
Traits,
Leading needs,
Motivational focus,
Defense mechanisms,
The ability to adapt and the possible type of maladjustment,
Leadership ability,
Features of perception,
Emotional condition,
Stress severity,
The presence of mental disorders,
Suicidal tendencies
Predisposition to alcoholism,
Professionally important qualities, etc.
Impressive?
The scope of the technique is very wide, these are:
Healthcare sector
Forensic psychological examination
Psychological counseling
Selection and assessment of personnel, study of the personnel reserve
Correctional facilities
Education system
Employment services
Business area
The sphere of power structures
How is the testing procedure going? The psychologist gets to know the client, finds out his well-being and gives clear instructions. After that, the test taker begins to answer questions (and there are a lot of them - about 567 in the full version or 399 in the shortened version). If the “manual” version of the test is used, then a special form for answers is filled in, if the computer is used, the answers are automatically entered into a special program for calculating the results. This takes an hour on average.
Next, a professional psychologist who has been trained in this technique begins to work. After mechanical calculation of the data, a graph is built, called the "personality profile". It is a polyline, indicated on the grid, which has conditional values.
Do you think that we are already coming to an end? No! From now on, the work has just begun!
The first three scales on the profile are additional scales, with the help of which the psychologist sees the client's attitude to the testing procedure, the degree of his truthfulness, frankness, the desire to embellish his merits and conceal weaknesses, and, sometimes, on the contrary, the desire to say too much on himself (as if wanting to overwhelm the psychologist), etc. These scales are also called control scales - they give an idea of the reliability of the results obtained and determine whether it makes sense to continue working with the interpretation of the main profile.
The main ten personality profile scales open wide doors for the psychologist to the world of the client's personality. And every time it is a new unique world! And here only the professionalism of a specialist is able to "paint a complete picture", to see not only the client's problems (or mental deviations), but also to find a way of compensation for him, to find his niche for him, where he could reveal himself as a person and be effective ...
Interpreting a personality profile is a serious matter, even for a professional. It takes full focus on work, it takes time. The psychologist assumes a great responsibility when interpreting the results, because often not only the status and personal well-being of the client, but also his fate, and sometimes life, can depend on the conclusion ...
It is one thing when a specialist sees some deviations from the norm that can be compensated for, and another when the threat of suicide is clearly traced (for example, against the background of a general stressful state). In such cases, the main thing is to have time to prevent, and this is a huge hard work of a psychologist, but it is worth it!
I also want to focus on the following point. Let me give you an example. In the personnel department of one enterprise, there was a full-time psychologist. A high-level official sent a “patient” in order to establish “if everything is in order with his head, otherwise he is some kind of strange, etc.”. The psychologist offered to immediately contact the appropriate specialist - a psychiatrist (if a diagnosis is really needed), but the manager refused.
The psychologist warned that it is not in her competence to make psychiatric diagnoses, but she will carry out diagnostics (in order to identify the causes of possible maladjustment). And so the client passed all the tests, and as a result, no "deviations" were found. To clarify the diagnosis, the psychologist once again recommended contacting a psychiatrist, but the ordering manager was not satisfied with this option. And the "normativeness" of the patient also did not suit in any way!
At this time, seeing that they deliberately want to make a "madman" out of a person, the psychologist turns for professional help from a colleague - a clinical psychologist of the highest category, who has extensive experience in the clinic. Having discussed in detail a complex case, the clinical psychologist does not find any even the slightest deviation in the patient's psyche.
And here, by chance coincidence, a new manager (middle manager) gets a job in the service - and, as ordered, she also has a higher psychological education. But this, as they say, is not all! This "psychologist" proudly claims to be a medical psychologist. The official (customer of testing) is dissatisfied with the work of the "stubborn" specialist - and with hope he turns to the newcomer ...
As a result, a medical psychologist, having devoted five minutes to the patient's profile (and at the same time asking the staff specialist questions about the names of the scales), made a lengthy conclusion that in the near future the patient may develop, no less than schizophrenia! And she recommended that he undergo treatment in a sanatorium (don't even ask me - why?). And she made her diagnosis in absentia, never seeing the "victim". The customer is satisfied - the curtain!
In conclusion, I would like to emphasize once again for everyone that the MMPI test is a powerful weapon of psychodiagnostics, but in the skillful hands of a professional it will save and help, and in the hands of an arrogant dropout it will harm or even destroy. Please note that the use of the MMPI test by non-specialists can cause significant damage to the personality and quality of life of the test taker. Trust only professionals!
Page 3 of 3
Interpretation of the SMIL (MMPI) test.
The spread of indicators in the range from 30 to 70 T determines the corridor of the norm. However, experience has shown that the distribution of quantitative indicators in this test is uneven and the so-called "Gaussian curve", reflecting the patterns of this distribution, is "incorrect". This is manifested by the lack of symmetry of the rises and falls of the profile peaks in the normal corridor. In the presence of signs of sharpened personality traits and other deviations from the norm, we much more often observe an increase in test scores. The lowering of the profile, as a rule, is quantitatively less pronounced and more often turns out to be associated with the attitude of the test person to hypernormal responses in the so-called "drowned" profiles (see below). The whole procedure for calculating data requires accuracy, precision and attention.
The counting of the spread of the indicators of the SMIL profile starts from 50 T - the "ideal-normative" average profile corresponding to the theoretical averaged norm. In a narrow corridor of the norm - within 46 - 55 T - profile fluctuations are difficult to interpret, since they do not reveal sufficiently pronounced individual and personal properties and are characteristic of a fully balanced personality, (if the reliability scales do not show a pronounced attitude to lie - a high scale "L" - or not frankness - high scale "K"). In a wide corridor of the norm (from 30 to 70 T), the profile of the norm of each tendency is opposed by the opposite direction "anti-tendency", and feelings and behavior are subordinated to the control of consciousness (or emotions are so moderate that minimal control over them is quite sufficient). Increases, fluctuating within 56 - 66 T, reveal those leading tendencies that determine the characterological characteristics of the individual. Higher indicators of different basic scales (67-75 T) highlight those accentuated features that at times make it difficult for a person's socio-psychological adaptation. Indicators above 75 T indicate impaired adaptation and a deviation of the individual's state from normal. These can be psychopathic character traits, a state of stress caused by an extreme situation, neurotic disorders and, finally, psychopathology, the presence of which can only be judged by a pathopsychologist or psychiatrist based on the totality of data from psychodiagnostic, experimental psychological and clinical research.
The analysis of the results obtained is based not on the study of the meaning of the subject's answers, but on the statistical procedure for calculating the data, in the process of which the quantitative variance of different answer options is revealed in relation, on the one hand, to the average normative average, and on the other hand, to the pathological sharpness of the psychological factor, which is this or that individual-personal tendency. Most of the statements sound like that the subject, answering, does not always know how it will characterize him, which will greatly complicate the desire to “improve” or “worsen” the results of the survey. At first glance, the technique allows you to outline the subjective internal picture of the "I" of the examined person. In reality, thanks in part to the projective sounding of many statements, the experiment also reveals those psychological aspects that are not realized by a person or are only partially amenable to the control of consciousness. Therefore, only with statistically unreliable data, the personality profile is distorted to such an extent that it makes no sense to interpret it. Within the framework of reliable data, even in the presence of tendencies that partially affect the strengthening or smoothing of the profile pattern, the interpretation reflects a personality picture close to the true one. At the same time, a very differentiated gradation of the severity of different personal properties in their complex combination is possible, when not only high indicators are taken into account, but also their ratio with low indicators.
At the same time, the deviation from the average standard indicators, more than twice the root-mean-square error, reveals an excessive degree of severity of a particular personality trait, bringing it beyond a fairly wide (from 30 to 70 standard T points) corridor of the normative spread. Such data, as already mentioned, do not necessarily indicate pathology.
A difficult life situation, traumatic events for the psyche, physical ailment - all this can cause a state of temporary maladjustment. Therefore, the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out in accordance with all the information available about the subject, not to mention the fact that for an adequate picture of the subject it does not interfere with looking at him. "Blind" interpretation can be used only for research purposes, when the reliability of the method is checked, as well as in large-scale surveys, when not the personality of an individual is interpreted, but some generalized tendencies of large groups.
The person being examined can claim certain information about the test results. Sometimes such an interview carries psychotherapeutic or recommendatory content. If this happens, then the experimental psychologist or consultant must first of all respect the interests of the person being examined and never interpret the survey data to his detriment, since the role of the psychologist in society is mainly reduced to protecting the person in every sense of the word. If this rule is violated, people will lose confidence in the psychologist and further psychological research will become impossible. The rest follows from this: the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out from the standpoint of a psychotherapeutic, sparing approach. Each individual personality property usually carries both positive and negative information. Therefore, there is always an opportunity to start an interview with the coverage of positive characteristics, and then, against this background, highlight those features and personality traits that create certain difficulties and negatively affect the fate of a person. But this should be done carefully and precisely in the style that is optimal for a given individual: you should pay attention to those recommendations for a correctional approach, which are given below, depending on the characteristics of the profile.
Results.
Types of SMIL profiles
A profile is called "linear" if all its indicators are in the range between 45 and 55 T. Such a profile is most often found in individuals attributed to the concordant norm, i.e. in harmonious personalities.
The "recessed" profile differs from the linear one in that the indices of most of the scales are below 45 T, and a number of others are not higher than 50 T. Such a profile is most often the result of an attitudinal attitude to the testing procedure and is accompanied by high indices of the L and K reliability scales at low F ...
The "borderline" profile with its highest points reaches 70 - 75 T, and the rest of the scales are mostly not lower than 54 T.
A "peaked" profile is called when, along with most of the scales that are at the same level, one, two or three are located significantly higher than the others (by 15 - 20 T and more). Depending on the number of such contrasting "peaks", the profile is called one-, two- or three-phase. If the rise is significantly expressed on one or two spaced scales from each other, but on others it is little or absent at all, then the profile is characterized as "widely scattered" (for example, 1st and 8th). If the profile peaks exceed 80T, then it is a "high" profile. If the majority (at least 7) of the profile scales are significantly increased and there are no scales whose indicators are below 55 T (except, in extreme cases, one), then such a profile is called "floating". The criteria for identifying signs of a floating profile are as follows: F is between 65 and 90 T, each of the scales - 1, 2, 3, 7 and 8 - is above 70, the rest are 56 T and above. This profile indicates severe stress and personality maladjustment.
The "convex" profile is raised in the center and slopes gently at the edges.
The "deepened" profile is raised on the first and last scales with a relative decrease in the central part.
A profile with many peaks, accompanied by concomitant unsharp depressions (7-10 T) of adjacent, contrasting scales is called a "jagged saw". The slope of the profile shows which part of the profile is higher.
"Neurotic" or a profile with a negative slope is a profile with a rise on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd scales (the scale of the neurotic triad); it may be accompanied by a second peak on the 7th and 8th scales. The positive inclination is manifested by the rise of the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales, reflecting a high risk of behavioral reactions and not reasonably called earlier psychotic tetrad scales (it is more legitimate to call them behavioral tetrad scales). Raising the profile on two adjacent scales gives a double peak. So, double peak 21 (two-one) and 78 (seven-eight) are often found.
A number of profile features are noted, reflecting a certain attitude of the subject for testing. With a pronounced tendency to avoid frankness and to bring the answers as close as possible to the norm, a recessed profile is obtained. With aggravation, i.e. a clear exaggeration of the severity of the existing problems and its condition, a high-located jagged profile is formed. If the subject, trying to understand how the technique works and to influence the results, answers almost all the statements "incorrectly", then the profile is flat, (smoothed) on the 4th, 6th and 8th scales, but overestimated according to 1 th and 3rd scales. Conversely, if most of the statements are answered "true", then a profile with high peaks on the F, 6th and 8th scales is obtained.
Confidence scales
One of the very important advantages of the technique is the presence in its structure of evaluation scales, or, as they are often called, reliability scales that determine the reliability of the data obtained and the attitude of the subjects regarding the examination procedure. These are the scale of "lies" - L, the scale of "reliability" - F and the scale of "correction" - K. In addition, there is a scale indicated by a question mark - "?". Scale "?" records the number of statements to which the subject could not give a definite answer; while the indicator of the scale "?" meaningful if it exceeds 26 raw points, since the number 26 corresponds to the number of statements removed from the count, accompanied in the booklet by the remark - "The number of this statement should be circled." If the scale indicator is "?" more than 70 raw points, the test data is unreliable. The total figure is within 36 - 40 s.b. acceptable; results from 41 to 60 pp. testify to the expressed vigilance and lack of frankness of the subject.
The correct presentation of the technique and the preliminary conversation between the psychologist and the subject significantly reduces distrust and secrecy, which are reflected in the growth of insignificant responses. The "L" scale includes those statements that reveal the tendency of the subject to present himself in the most favorable light possible, demonstrating very strict adherence to social norms. High indices on the "L" scale (70 T and higher), i.e. more than 10 pp, indicate a deliberate desire to embellish oneself, "show oneself in the best possible light", denying the presence in his behavior of weaknesses inherent in any person - the ability at least sometimes or even a little to be angry, lazy, neglect diligence, strict manners, truthfulness , neatness in the smallest sizes and in the most forgivable situation. In this case, the profile turns out to be smoothed, underestimated or recessed. Most of all, high indicators of the L scale affect the underestimation of the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th scales. An increase in the L scale within the range of 60 - 69 T is often found in individuals of a primitive mental make-up with insufficient self-understanding and low adaptive capabilities. In persons with a high level of education and culture, profile distortions due to an increase in the L scale are rare. A moderate increase in L - up to 60 T is noted in old age in the norm as a reflection of age-related personality changes in the direction of increasing the normality of behavior.
Low scores on the L scale (0 - 2 pp) indicate that there is no tendency to embellish one's character. The profile is unreliable if L is 70 T and higher. Re-testing is required after additional conversation with the subject.
Another scale that makes it possible to judge the reliability of the results obtained is the reliability scale F. High indicators on this scale may call into question the reliability of the examination if the F indicators are higher than 80 T (for this scale, the upper limit of the norm is 10 T higher than for other scales). The reasons may be different: excessive excitement at the time of the examination, which affected the performance and correct understanding of the statements; negligence in registering responses; the desire to slander oneself, to stun the psychologist with the originality of his personality, to emphasize the defects of his character; a tendency to dramatize the prevailing circumstances and their attitude towards them; an attempt to portray another, fictional person; reduced performance due to overwork or a painful condition. A slight increase in F may be the result of excessive diligence with pronounced self-criticism and frankness. In individuals who are disharmonious to one degree or another, being in a state of discomfort, F can be at the level of 65 - 75T, which reflects emotional instability. High F, accompanied by an increase in the profile on the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales, occurs in persons prone to affective reactions with low conformity. However, indicators above 80 T usually reflect a high level of emotional tension, which can be associated with both severe stress and neuropsychiatric disorders of a different nature. In practice, there are often profiles that, despite the high F (up to 90 T), according to the data of objective observation and the results of other techniques, nevertheless reflect the actual experiences of the subject. In the context of the totality of the available data, they may be considered worthwhile information, but these profiles should not be included in the statistical processing and derivation of the average results of the study group.
The indicators of the K correction scale are moderately increased (55 - 60 T) with a natural defensive reaction of a person to an attempt to invade the world of his innermost experiences, i.e. with good control over emotions. Their significant increase (above 65 T) indicates a lack of frankness, a desire to hide defects in one's character and the presence of any problems and conflicts. High K values positively correlate with the presence of displacement-type defense reactions. A profile with a high K (66 T and above) is often accompanied by an increased indicator on the 3rd scale and recessed 4th, 7th and 8th. Such a profile indicates that the subject did not want to tell about himself frankly and only demonstrates his sociability and desire to make a pleasant impression. Due to the fact that the K scale registers intentionally hidden or unconsciously repressed psychological problems (emotional tension, antisocial tendencies and inconsistency of attitudes), a certain part of the indicator of this scale (as already described in more detail above) is added to the raw scores of some of the scales most dependent on it. : 0.5 - to the 1st scale, 0.4 - to the 4th, 0.2 - to the 9th and 1.0 K (the entire value of K as a whole) - to the 7th and 8th scales.
Low scores on the K scale are usually observed with high and high F and reflect frankness, self-criticism. Decreased K is characteristic of people with low intelligence, but may also be associated with a decrease in self-control with excessive emotional tension and personal disintegration. In addition to the above criteria, a good guideline for assessing the reliability of the profile and identifying the subject's attitude to the testing procedure is the “F-K” factor, i.e. the difference between the raw results of these scales. On average, its value in harmonious individuals ranges from +6 to -6. If the difference F-K = +7 ... +11, then during the examination the subject has a mildly expressed attitude to emphasize existing problems, to dramatize his difficulties, to aggravate the state. If F-K = from -7 to -11, then a negative attitude towards testing, closeness, openness is revealed.
The value (F-K) in raw points exceeding ± 11 in one direction or another casts doubt on the reliability of the data obtained, which should at least be viewed through the prism of the identified installation
Profile coding (according to Welch and Hathaway).
In addition to a graphical representation of a profile in everyday practical work and when presenting material in publications, it is convenient to describe profiles in coded form, which requires knowledge of the coding rules. The Welsh coding method most accurately reflects the profile features. In this case, all basic scales are recorded according to their ordinal number in such a sequence that the highest scale is in the first place, then the rest as they decrease. To show their place on the graph in accordance with the scale of T-points, you must put the following signs:
Separate the numbers of scales located at 120T and above with the sign “!! ",
- the scales following them, but located below 120, but above 110T, are separated from the rest by the sign "!",
- scales located in the profile below 110, but above 100 T by the sign "**",
- scales located below 100, but above 90 T - "*",
- scales located below 90, but above 80 T - "" ",
- scales located below 80, but above 70 T - "’ ",
- scales located below 70, but above 60 T - "-",
- scales located below 60, but above 50 T - "/",
- scales located below 50, but above 40 T - ":",
- scales located below 40, but above 30 T - with a “#“ sign.
The same notation principle for confidence scales. For example, the profile 2 * 3 4 "187'0 - 6/5: 9FK / L encoded in this way means that the leading peak on the 2nd scale is located above 90T, the 3rd and 4th scales are located above 80T and are at the same level (this is indicated by the line under the designations of these scales in the code), the 1st, 8th and 7th scales are located above 70T, of which the 1st is the highest located, then 8- me and the 7th; 0th scale - above 60T, 6th above 50T, 5th - above 40T, 9th - above 30T, F above K and L and located above 60T / but up to 70T /, K above 50T, and L - below 50T, but above 40T.
The Hathaway coding method is much more concise and simpler. Scales located in the 45-55T zone are not recorded at all, instead of them a dash “-“ is put; scales located above 70T are separated by an apostrophe "", followed by scales located in the zone 55-69T and above; then after the sign "/" the scales located below 45Т are recorded; the indices of the reliability scales are given in raw points sequentially, respectively L: F: K, separated by a colon, while the sign "X" is put in front of a number of confidence scales, if at least one of them is unreliable.
Thus, the profile described above, encoded according to Welsh as 2 * 34 "187'-6/5: 9FK / L when encoded according to Hathaway, looks like this: 234187'0 - / 59X5: 17: 13
Coding is convenient for a brief description of a profile, as well as for a clearer and faster division of material into typologically or clinically similar groups. Coding helps to identify the most common characteristics and patterns in the studied group.
Interpretation according to the main scales of the SMIL test (MMPI) and their combinations.
The profile analysis can go in different ways. The most primitive approach usually boils down to a sequential interpretation of each scale, i.e. "from left to right". Such an interpretation is fraught with contradictions and does not create a holistic image of the personality and its problems, even if contrasting depressions are taken into account. At the same time, such a problem can be puzzling: for example, one of the high-lying scales reveals a high motivation for achievement and a spontaneous, stenic style of interpersonal interaction, and the other, opposite to it in value, is located significantly (not less than 6T) lower, but in in absolute terms, it is significantly increased in relation to the average normative data. In this case, some interpreters highlight the content of the first of the scales, leveling the value of the second, while others interpret first one, then the other. In the first version, the profile remains undeciphered, the interpretation is incomplete. The second option gives conflicting information, as if two different people are described. Therefore, the interpretation should follow a holistic approach that evaluates the overall configuration of the profile in the context of the ratio of the confidence scales with the height of not only the leading peaks, but also contrasting decreases, both absolute and relative. From this point of view, the “top-down” interpretation deserves attention, considering the scales according to their degree of significance, based on the “height” of the indicators. For this interpretation, it is sufficient to be guided by the profile code; however, such an interpretation sounds more like an assessment of the accentuated character traits and the degree of adaptation of the examined personality, leaving in the shade the nuances of characterological interpretation, since the complex ratios of the scales that are in the “norm corridor” fall out of interpretation, although this information is of great importance for understanding compensatory mechanisms and hidden reserves of personality.
Next, we will touch upon those content and quantitative characteristics of individual scales and their complex relationships with other scales of the profile. As mentioned above, each of the main profile scales reveals certain personality traits if this scale is the only prevailing peak in the profile that is within the normative spread. Higher indicators reveal a reaction to an unfavorable situation or a state of maladjustment - depending on the height of the profile, but in both cases we are talking about the leading individual-personality tendencies.
The scales are broadly divided into four groups: 1. Scales of "strong" register, revealing sthenic personality traits; these are the 4th, 6th and 9th scales. 2. Scales of the "weak" register, reflecting the hyposthenic features of the 2nd, 7th and 0th scales. 3. Scales of "mixed" type of response - 1st and 3rd scales. 4. The 5th and 8th scales stand apart, of which an increased 5th in men and a lower 5th in women softens the sthenic characteristics, and an increased 8th in both those and others enhances individualism.
More on this later, when discussing holistic profile interpretation.
Next, we will consider the values of the basic scales in their sequence, paying special attention to the fate-making tendencies implicitly contained in them /
1st scale
The 1st scale, according to the leading, pivotal attribute, is designated as the "overcontrol" scale. Being the leading peak (60-69T) in the profile, in which the rest of the scales are at the level of 45-55T, it reveals a motivational focus on meeting the normative criteria both in the social environment and in the sphere of the physiological functions of its body. The main problem of this type of personality is the suppression of spontaneity (i.e. ease, immediacy of reactions), restraint of active self-realization, control over aggressiveness, hypersocial orientation of interests, orientation to rules, instructions, instructions; inertia in decision-making, over-responsibility, combined with a tendency to avoid serious responsibility for fear of not coping. The style of thinking is inert, dogmatic, based on existing common points of view, rules and instructions. This cognitive style is deprived of freedom, independence and relaxedness. The basis of knowledge of the surrounding world for persons of this type are ready-made conventional stamps. In interpersonal relationships - high exactingness both to oneself and to others in terms of compliance with the moral criteria of society. Stinginess of emotional manifestations, caution, discretion. The emotional sphere is characterized by a contradictory clash of restraint and irritability, which creates a mixed type of response characteristic of persons with a psychosomatic predisposition, i.e. with a tendency to transform emotional tension into painful reactions of the whole organism or individual organs (gastrointestinal tract, autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular activity). The hypersociality of attitudes looks like a "facade" trying to hide the grumpiness, irritation, edifying intonation of an individual who does not give himself the will to fulfill desires, referring them to human weaknesses, while condemning others who allow themselves to realize their own desires contrary to the permitted normative rules. The characterological prototype of this version of personality in literature is Chekhov's Belikov ("Man in a Case"), who, on the one hand, was distinguished by conformity and diligence, on the other, by hypocrisy and "tediousness." His favorite expression - "No matter what happens" - gives a figurative idea of the essence of this person. He takes special pleasure in proclaiming well-known truths: "The Volga flows into the Caspian Sea", "An island is a part of the land surrounded by water on all sides." He dogmatically adheres to established principles and does not trust the vicissitudes of the weather: he wears dark glasses and galoshes, takes with him "just in case" an umbrella and a hat that covers his ears, providing options for both sunny and rainy or windy weather. Belikov could not endure the trials of life and died of grief when he fell in love with a woman who could easily break the style of behavior that was considered generally accepted in a small town full of prejudices. For an individual with a SMIL profile, in which the 1st scale is higher than 65 T, significantly prevails over others and determines the accentuation of character according to the type of sensitive-anxious (suspicious) personality, whose fate in its main aspects is based on the choice of a profession that allows realizing a dogmatic mindset , adherence to instructions and hard rules, loneliness as a tribute to increased demands on others, a highly moral (or pseudo-moral) lifestyle with a pronounced tendency to suppress urgent needs. Representing a mixed type of response, the 1st scale reveals a predisposition to the psychosomatic variant of maladjustment. Increased data on the 1st scale indicate the individual's tendency to professional activity, in which such qualities as diligence, the ability to obey the established order and follow certain instructions and directives, the ability to restrain the inherent weaknesses of a person, and resist temptations are appropriate and necessary. This is an office type of an employee, a conscientious official, it is also a security service, labor protection, personnel service in the army. Such features are also found among clergymen, among missionary assistants (as opposed to missionary leaders or fans), and also as one of the features in the structure of the teacher's personality, which was formed under the influence of the social order in our country over many previous decades. With excessive emotional tension (scale indicator above 75 T), difficult adaptation is manifested by increased concentration on deviations from the norm both in terms of interpersonal relations, where people of this circle are irritated by the irresponsibility and lack of morality in their opinion of the actions of others, and in the sphere of well-being, where excessive attention to the functions of one's own body can develop into hypochondriacalism. An illustration of the fact that it is certain basic individual personality characteristics that underlie the formation of hypochondriacal manifestations is the following example: everyone who has come into contact with the lifestyle of athletes knows that both coaches and doctors force them to be attentive to their well-being, weight, sleep, regimen nutrition. Nevertheless, the profiles of athletes are usually characterized by a low 1st scale, since their attention to their own health is associated with the attitudes of coaches and doctors, and is not a natural quality. In the structure of neurotic disorders or within the framework of neurosis-like pathology, high indicators on the 1st scale (above 70 T) reveal hypochondriac symptoms. The combination of the 1st and 2nd scales is characteristic of aging men and is alarming in terms of predisposition to gastroenterological diseases. In particular, such a profile indicates the possibility of developing stomach ulcers. At the same time, not only hypochondriacalism is manifested, but also personal traits such as dogmatism, hypocrisy become more inert, thinking becomes more inert, caution, didacticity, and edifying tone are more strongly manifested in interpersonal contacts.
The 1st scale in the structure of the neurotic triad 213 'reveals a defense mechanism of the type of "flight into illness", while illness (explicit or imaginary) is a screen that disguises the desire to shift responsibility for existing problems onto others as the only socially acceptable way to justify one's passivity.
In the profiles of patients in therapeutic clinics and outpatient clinics, high indicators of the 1st scale reveal signs of hospitalism (the desire for prolonged repeated hospitalization) and hypochondriacal personality development. The psychotherapeutic compliance of this type of person, due to the inertia of their attitudes, is extremely small: they constantly seek help, but rarely remain satisfied, continuing their search for a miraculous healer. Moving from one doctor to another, they carefully preserve old prescriptions and treatment regimens, carry with them a detailed list of all their ailments, study the available medical literature. Normally, a profile with code 12 (read one or two) is more common in older men, and a profile of type 13 (one to three) is quite common among women over 50.
When interpreting the profile, it should be borne in mind that the psychological properties of the 3rd scale largely overshadow and absorb the characteristics of the 1st, if the scales are at the same level; the more this is manifested if the 3rd scale is higher than the 1st. Therefore, instead of emotional restraint and emphasized modesty in behavior when drawing a profile of 12 '- /, the interpretation of profile 13' - / will indicate the presence of such properties as emotional lability and demonstrativeness.
With the indicators of the 1st scale, prevailing over the 3rd, a passive attitude towards conflict, avoiding problem solving, egocentricity, masked by the declaration of hypersocial attitudes, is revealed. As a rule, these are persons who suffered in childhood from a lack of emotional warmth on the part of loved ones and only during periods associated with any illness, they were surrounded by attention, which contributed to the consolidation of the mechanism of protection from problems by “going into illness”. The presence of such a defense mechanism indicates emotional immaturity, which is especially evident in the structure of the experiences of a neurotic personality, when the compensating role of the defense mechanism develops into a stable non-constructive style of experience that reduces the level of free-floating anxiety, but leaves quite pronounced emotional tension.
In the behavior of persons of this type, the struggle with the disease is essentially transformed into a struggle for the right to be considered sick, since the sick status for them (as a rule, unconsciously) is something like an alibi in relation to the feeling of guilt for insufficient social activity. Hence the often arising "rent" attitude to one's disease, ie. the desire to be more socially protected and supported as a chronically ill by various social institutions (medical, trade union, social security) or family members. The contingent of patients in psychiatric clinics with a leading 8th scale in the profile is characterized by pronounced hypochondriacalism. At the same time, senestopathy, that is, perception deceptions associated with serious mental disorders, cannot be ruled out. However, according to the style of interpersonal communication, patients of this kind are distinguished by greater sociability, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior and avarice of emotions. Thus, the 1st scale, both in norm and in mental disorders, carries the core tendency of a sensitive-anxious hypersocial personality.
In general, in individuals of this type, in all their life vicissitudes, a fateful thread is visible, manifested by dissatisfaction with the imperfection of people and those laws of morality by which they are guided, as well as their own duality: as between Scylla and Charybdis, the soul cannot simultaneously realize two polar needs: 1st - to remain within the framework of the hypersocial and moral requirements imposed on oneself and others, 2nd - at the same time to achieve success and respect (which is a universal human need). The most successful social role is a zealous executor of laws, a keeper of traditions, a guardian of morality, protecting others from risky actions.
2nd scale
2nd scale - scale of "pessimism". It belongs to the group of scales of the hypothetical, hyposthenic circle, characteristic of the weak type of higher nervous activity. As a leading peak in a profile that does not go beyond the norm, it reveals the predominance of a passive personal position. The leading motivational focus is avoiding failure. For persons of this type, the following features are characteristic: a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects; a tendency to reflect, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of feelings, an analytical mindset, skepticism, self-criticism, some lack of confidence in oneself, in one's capabilities. Individuals whose profiles are accentuated on the 2nd scale (“melancholic” according to Gannushkin, inhibited by Leonhard and Lichko, “saddens” according to Dikaya, “pessimistic” according to the typology of the author of the manual) are capable of refusing to realize immediate needs for the sake of distant plans. In order to avoid conflict with the social environment due to increased control of consciousness, egocentric tendencies are inhibited. The style of interpersonal behavior is manifested by traits of dependence, which are most noticeable in contacts with an authoritative person and with an object of attachment; at the same time, distance and a painfully sharpened sense of self-esteem can sound simultaneously (especially when the peaks are combined on the 2nd and 4th scales of the profile). Affiliate need, i.e. the need for understanding, love, a benevolent attitude towards oneself is one of the leading, never fully saturated and at the same time, first of all, a frustrated need, which largely determines the zone of psycho-traumatic influence. The style of thinking is verbal: the perception, processing and reproduction of information is based on the word, semantic basis, meaningful analysis. This cognitive style is formed later than the visual-figurative and intuitive types of perception and is the most complex cognitive style. As emotional idealists, individuals of this circle represent the surreal, irrational personality type according to Szondi. In stress - a tendency to stop reactions, i.e. to blocking activity, or driven behavior, subservience of the leading personality. The defense mechanism is the rejection of self-realization and the strengthening of mind control. Correction of behavior under stress should aim to increase self-esteem and self-confidence and be manifested as encouragement and support. In professional terms, the need for such activities that are closer to the "armchair" style of work with a humanitarian or general theoretical (with a sufficiently high intelligence) direction, where a serious, thoughtful attitude to the work performed is especially important. The peak on the 2nd scale, reaching a level of 70 -75 T, reveals accentuation of the hypothymic (hyposthenic) type. High scores on the 2nd scale may be associated with a situation of sharp disappointment after an experienced failure or in connection with an illness that disrupts the normal course of life and long-term plans of a person. Such a profile outlines a certain state, at least a depressive reaction within the framework of the adaptation syndrome. However, this is only a quantitative aspect that reveals the features of not only a psychogenically provoked state, but also provides for the predisposition of a given individual to such reactions in a stressful situation. Depressive state is the most common anthropotypic (i.e., inherent in humans and humanity) reaction to distress. Nevertheless, with a pronounced sthenic (or hypersthenic) type of response (the leading scales in the profile are 9th and 4th), even in a situation of severe stress, such as, for example, a forensic situation with a very pessimistic perspective, we noted lack of depression as such. On the contrary, the anxious expectation of the outcome of the situation and social deprivation caused a reaction of protest with exaltation, bravado, and active self-affirmation in individuals of the hyperthymic type.
Experience shows that the depressive type of response is not at all a universal and strictly obligatory response to psychotrauma and develops only on the basis of a certain predisposition. Therefore, raising the profile on the 2nd scale above 70 T reveals in the subject not only a low mood in connection with negative experiences, but also certain personal characteristics: a tendency to acute experience of failures, to anxiety, to an increased sense of guilt with a self-critical attitude towards his shortcomings, with self-doubt.
These traits are aggravated in the profile of the 270 "- / 9 type, characteristic of persons with an accentuation of the inhibited type, with anxious and suspicious features. In the eternal conflict between egocentric and altruistic tendencies, representatives of this group of persons prefer the latter. Refusal from self-realization excludes the confrontation of these contradictory tendencies. and the risk of a conflict with the environment decreases.If an increase on the 1st scale means an unconscious, repressed refusal of self-actualization, then an increase on the 2nd one reveals a conscious self-control, when unrealized intentions - due to external circumstances or internal reasons - are reflected in a low mood as the result of deficiency or loss. At the same time, persons of this circle can show sufficient activity, following the leader, as the most conformable and socially pliable group. A moderate increase in the 2nd scale with the onset of adulthood is considered a natural "acquired skepticism", a wiser attitude to life problems as opposed to the carelessness and optimism of youth, which are characterized by relatively lower indicators on the 2nd and high on the 9th (the scale of "optimism").
The simultaneous increase in the 2nd and 9th scales reflects a tendency to mood swings, a cyclothymic personality variant or cyclothymia. The profile of the 24 "- / 9 type should be alarming in terms of increased suicidal risk (S-risk), since in addition to the characteristics of the 2nd scale, a decrease in the level of love for life and optimism (determined by the 9th scale) and increased impulsivity (4th scale) are added ...
Individuals with a moderate rise on the 2nd scale as the dominant peak are fertile ground for both individual and group psychotherapy.
Of all the typological options, persons with the 2nd scale prevailing in the SMIL profile are distinguished by the greatest vulnerability in relation to the hardships of life, the desire to comprehend and "slow down" their own immediate impulses, to get away from confrontation with the cruel laws of real life in connection with a pessimistic assessment of their capabilities in counteraction to stenic attitudes of others. The pattern (structure, drawing) of a given personality is such that the fate-fulfilling tendency bears the imprint of a certain passivity, and circumstances can prevail over the character. Apparently, therefore, this type is characterized by fatalism, i.e. a tendency to rely on how everything “goes by itself”, “where the curve will take it,” and “how lucky”, rather than trying to influence fate ourselves. These are passion-bearers: without realizing it, they revel in the role of a victim, meekly bearing their cross. (Type “2” should be distinguished from senile passivity acquired over the years). Refusing to realize momentary egoistic needs, persons of type “2” hope thereby to solve distant problems and form a base of spiritual values. Unfulfilled needs are sublimated and manifested by general humanistic tendencies. The personal aspects of life are determined by their desire to keep the family together; persons of this circle marry or get married, focusing on the similarity of characters or agreeing to a dependent position; show a pronounced responsibility for children, react painfully to separation from loved ones. Among personalities of this type, there are more monogamous people. In the presence of a social niche corresponding to personal inclinations, they successfully realize their abilities, while showing an emphasized responsibility. Even in a criminal environment, they are able to perform only the most honest and led roles (treasurer or “on the watch”). Such people are said to have “the fear of God in their souls”; rather than others, they are capable of altruistic manifestations. This does not mean that they do not have selfish aspirations, but the fear of inconsistency with their own idea of the ideal “I” and low stress resistance form a pronounced “Super-Ego”. However, this is just the shell of a snail hiding in its shell. If, at the same time, a low level of intellectual capabilities is noted, then the personality is hardly noticeable. However, such people also have their “own genre in their souls,” it is only hidden from prying eyes. If these are people with high intelligence, then, without being vainly exchanged for everyday trifles, they tend to serious generalizations. The social role of such individuals is the formation of humane ideas and liberal tendencies in the quiet of offices (which is often used by the sthenic pragmatists for their own purposes). Among them are those philosophers who are either brought closer or punished by those in power, depending on whether these ideas are beneficial to them or dangerous. They themselves, of their own free will, do not enter into power, but the halo of "holiness" flatters them.
3rd scale
The third scale is called the “emotional lability” scale. An increase in the profile on this scale reveals the instability of emotions and a conflicting combination of multidirectional tendencies: a high level of aspirations is combined with a need for involvement in the interests of the group, selfishness - with altruistic declarations, aggressiveness - with a desire to please others. Persons with a leading 3rd scale are distinguished by a certain demonstrativeness, brightness of emotional manifestations with a certain superficiality of feelings, instability of self-esteem, which is significantly influenced by a significant environment; they are distinguished by their conviction in the identity of their "I" to the declared ideals, some "childishness", immaturity of attitudes and judgments. The type of perception, processing and reproduction of information is visual-figurative, sensual, artistic. Individuals of this type think in holistic images that have shape, color and emotional coloring. This is the most direct type of thinking characteristic of the early period of development, from which the comprehension of the world around the child begins. Remaining a basic characteristic, emotional lability manifests itself as a leading tendency that gives the type of thinking a visual-figurative, sensual style.
The predominance of emotions over rationality with a pronounced realism of the life platform allows us to classify this version of the personality as an irrational realistic type according to Szondi. There is a pronounced ability to easily get used to various social roles. The artistry of poses, facial expressions and gestures attracts the attention of others, which serves as a stimulating factor, exciting and flattering their vanity. The 3rd scale correlates with the hy factor according to Szondi, in which hy + and hy- represent differently directed qualities - exhibitionism and bashfulness. Persons with the leading 3rd scale have tropism (attraction) to the types of professional activity in which the need for communication, for experiencing vivid feelings is saturated. Individuals of this type need the ability to self-demonstrate; increased emotiveness, a pronounced tendency to reincarnation, features of demonstrativeness, the need for involvement in the general mood of others creates fertile ground for self-determination in the field of artistic activity, where these properties are quite appropriate, in pedagogy or in the field of social activity, where these qualities can be a good addition to provided a sufficiently high intelligence and a mature civic platform. These personality traits can also find application in working conditions in the service sector, in amateur performances, and also as a variant of a professional leader in production, in administrative work or in the officer's personnel service, since these people are capable of both obeying and commanding, easily passing from one social role to another. The impressionability in relation to external effects and the need for immediate social reward in persons of this type can be successfully used as leverage when trying to control their behavior on the part of the leader, taking into account the importance for them of the opinion of the reference group. A profile with a leading 3rd scale (70 T and above) reveals an accentuation of the hysterical type, in which the above features are sharpened. Signs of emotional immaturity are revealed that are more characteristic of the female type of behavior with a well-known infantilism, impertinence, and dependent tendencies. Despite the pronounced egocentrism and a tendency to feel sorry for themselves, these individuals strive to level the conflict and attach great importance to marital status.
Individuals with a high 3rd scale (above 75 T) are characterized by increased nervousness, tearfulness, excessive dramatization of current events, a tendency to narrowing of consciousness up to fainting. In a stressful situation, persons with a high 3rd scale in the profile are characterized by pronounced autonomic reactions. Defense mechanisms are manifested in two ways: 1) displacement from consciousness of that negative information that is conflict-generating or damages the reputation of the personality, the subjective image of one's own “I”; 2) psychological anxiety is transformed at the organismic (biological) level into functional disorders. These mechanisms, complementing each other, create the basis for psychosomatic disorders, that is, such physical diseases that develop in close connection with negative emotional experiences. Finally, the third option for relieving increased anxiety is external reaction, dramatization of experiences, demonstrative emotional reactions.
Separately, it is necessary to highlight the clinical manifestations in hysterical neurosis. They are reflected in the SMIL profile as a so-called conversion five (meaning the Roman numeral V). The profile is characterized by a combination of high 1st and 3rd with relatively low 2nd. The term "conversion" in this case means the translation of emotional tension into somatic (physical) disorders. In response to an unfavorable situation that violates the integrity, the congruence of the "I" image, the individual experiences disorders of the motor sphere, speech activity, auditory or visual sensitivity. Moreover, these disorders bear the imprint of a conditional "desirability" in connection with the subjective impossibility of resolving the conflict in a constructive way. The properties inherent in the 3rd scale come to the fore, absorbing to a large extent the features of the 1st scale. An example of conversion symptoms is false mutism (dumbness that developed in a situation of interpersonal conflict), astasia-abasia (loss of balance, which led to the inability to stand and move on legs), not associated with organic damage to the cerebellar structures of the brain, writing spasm, leading to loss of disability due to cramps of fingers and is not accompanied by neurological pathology. Due to the absence of a visible pathology diagnosed at the physiological level, hysteria was once dubbed "the great pretender." However, hysteria sufferers actually suffer from these disorders. The repression from consciousness of an internal conflict associated with a contradictory structure of motivation occurs unconsciously as a neurotic defense against stress. This is an involuntary mechanism, uncontrollable by consciousness. The conditional desirability of developing disorders does not mean that they are of true utility.
Absorption of the 3rd scale of characteristics of the 1st does not cancel the orientation towards social norms, which only mask the egocentric tendencies of the personality, and the transformation of neurotic anxiety into functional somatic disorders to a certain extent serves as a way to gain a comfortable social position or avoid responsibility.
The combination of high scores on the 3rd and 4th scales significantly enhances the characteristics of the 3rd, increasing the likelihood of hysterical behavioral reactions with a tendency to "self-screwing" in conflict situations and with a pronounced desire for emotional involvement. Correction of these reactions is extremely difficult, since with the apparent suggestibility, these individuals are more likely to be "self-perceived", i.e. malleable only in relation to what they believe in, what they are subjectively convinced of. Psychological correction often leads to a situation in which either "the tail will be pulled out, but the head will get stuck", or vice versa. In this regard, the hysterical version of maladjustment lends itself best to various options for art therapy, that is, direct impact on emotions through art therapy (psychodrama, music therapy, drawing, modeling). In clinically difficult cases, hypnosis is most effective, which can only be performed by a doctor. This is due to the fact that hypnosis, acting on the sphere of the subconscious, affects the functions of the rhomboid fossa of the medulla oblongata - the main "conductor" of the most important physiological processes: heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
Low indicators of the 3rd scale (below 50 T) indicate a greater emotional stability, a reduced sensitivity to environmental influences with a relatively low response to problems of the social microclimate. In the behavior of the individual, this is manifested by a less flexible style of interpersonal interaction, the lack of the necessary "diplomacy" and consonance with the mood of the reference group. It will be expedient to return to the combinations of this scale with other SMIL scales as you become familiar with the characteristics of the other scales.
The fateful characteristics of a personality with a leading 3rd scale in the profile are multidirectional, but each of them is strong. These people burn themselves out with their conflicting emotions, seeking to succeed mainly through the help of others, but attributing the merit only to themselves. They fill their family life and personal relationships with drama, problems with children become more complicated as they grow and mature, an excess of emotions can manifest itself negatively in work. Due to their pronounced flexibility and sensitivity to the mood of the environment, as well as in connection with a noticeable vanity, they move up the social ladder in leaps or in zigzags, painfully reacting to failures and boasting the slightest successes. Both the character itself and the fate of such people are diverse, contradictory for an unambiguous assessment, variegated with events, contacts and hobbies. Their social role is to stir up trouble, embarrass the peace, energetically call somewhere, but not really lead to any particular goal. In the social arena, they are more often those “following the leader”, companions and heralds of the “hero”. Traits of the 3rd scale can accompany the portrait of a public leader as an addition to other characteristics. In politics, these are eloquent populists who easily change their line of behavior out of vanity and their own instability. Cardiovascular issues and general health concerns take up a lot of their time and attention. The person of this type decides the problem of “to be or to seem” mainly in favor of the latter.
4th scale
4th scale - "impulsivity". As the leader in the profile, located within the framework of the normative spread, she reveals an active personal position, high search activity, in the structure of motivational orientation - the predominance of achievement motivation, confidence and speed in decision-making. The motive for achieving success here is closely related to the will to realize strong desires, which are not always subject to the control of reason. The less mature a person is in front of us, the less the norms of behavior instilled by upbringing dominate a person, the stronger the risk of manifestation of spontaneous activity aimed at realizing momentary urges, contrary to common sense and the interests of the surrounding society. With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, this emotional pattern reveals an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking. However, with undeveloped or low intelligence, a high 4th scale is characteristic of people who are emotionally immature, hastily making decisions and acting spontaneously, without relying on accumulated experience, thinking can acquire a speculative (not reasoned, not confirmed by facts) character. Therefore, the final conclusions on this factor can be made only on the basis of a combination of different signs and taking into account the level of intelligence. People of this circle are characterized by impatience, a tendency to take risks, an unstable, often overestimated level of aspirations, the level of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary impulses and external influences, on success and failure. Behavior is relaxed, spontaneity in the manifestation of feelings, in speech production and in manners. Statements and actions are often ahead of the planned and consistent thoughtfulness of actions. The tendency to resist external pressure, the tendency to rely mainly on their own opinion, and even more on momentary impulses. A noticeably expressed desire to follow the lead of their own primitive desires, indulgence to their weaknesses. Lack of conformity, striving for independence. In a state of emotional seizure - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced, polar emotions, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role. In personally significant situations, rapidly fading outbreaks of conflict may appear. Interest in activities with pronounced activity (from a young age - physical, over the years - social or antisocial), love of high speeds, and in this regard - to moving technology, the desire to choose a job that allows you to avoid submission, and also find the use of dominant traits character. Dominance in this context does not necessarily mean leadership ability. Here we are talking mainly about low subordination and emphasized independence, in contrast to leadership, which involves a tendency to organizational functions, the ability to infect others with your ideas and lead them, integrating their actions in accordance with their plans (see the interpretation of the 6th scale in combination with the 4th). In stress, individuals with a prevailing 4th scale exhibit an effective, stenic type of behavior, decisiveness, and masculinity. Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, a stereotypical type of activity - boredom. The imperative methods of influence in relation to these people and the authoritarian tone can encounter noticeable opposition, especially if the leader trying to manipulate the individual does not enjoy proper authority and does not cause emotions of respect, admiration, or fear in the given person. The defense mechanism is the displacement of unpleasant information or information that lowers the self-esteem of the individual from the consciousness; Unlike the 3rd scale, repression is more often and more clearly accompanied by a response at the behavioral level with critical statements, protest reactions and aggressiveness, which significantly reduces the likelihood of a psychosomatic variant of maladjustment. The mechanism of restraining negative emotions under the strong influence of "rationality", that is, under the control of consciousness, the role of which is enhanced in socially significant situations, leads to psychosomatic disorders in people of this circle, mainly associated with the cardiovascular activity of the body. This type of response is usually reflected in the profile by a rise in the 2nd scale with a high 4th.
The profile in which the 4th and 6th scales are moderately elevated is characteristic of a person of a rational realistic type, who is hampered in the implementation of intentions by increased impulsivity and non-conformism. If the peak on the 4th scale is combined with an increased 3rd, then this is rather an irrational realistic personality, whose pragmatism is higher than with an isolated peak on the 3rd scale, but low learning from experience reduces the effectiveness of the efforts expended. High scores on the 4th scale (above 70T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. The properties listed above, revealed by the increased 4th scale in the normal profile, are grotesquely sharpened here and are manifested by difficult self-control. Against the background of good intelligence, such individuals have the ability to take an unconventional approach to solving problems, to moments of creative inspiration, especially when normative dogmas and various kinds of restrictions do not dominate a person. Insufficient reliance on experience is compensated by pronounced intuition and quick reactions. A pronounced tendency towards a creative approach as emotional and personal conditions, which are realized with a sufficiently high intelligence, is found especially often with a profile of the type "489 - / 0 or 48" 2 - / 17. However, inconsistency manifests itself not only in the peculiarities of thinking, but also in the style of experience, in the tendency to impulsive behavioral reactions, therefore, the interpretation of such a profile should be carried out with extreme caution. The degree of conformity of the subject's views and behavior to generally accepted norms, his hierarchy of values, moral and moral level depend to a large extent on the social environment and the success of the educational measures taken in relation to this person. Therefore, based only on the data of the SMIL methodology, we cannot categorically assert in what way the non-conformity of a given personality is realized. It can manifest itself as radicalism and innovation if we are faced with a meaningful, erudite person, but at the same time striving to overcome the generally accepted routine views on this or that phenomenon. The psychophysiologist KK Monakhov once expressed the following thought: “In science, at the first moment, any innovation is perceived as hooliganism. Therefore, any discoverer, going to first express any new idea, feels as if he is going to cheat ”. This is very true. The profile of such individuals most often differs in a rather high (up to 80 T) 4th scale in combination with an increased 8th. At the same time, a primitive needy immature personality with unjustifiably overestimated ambitions, an individual who has nothing interesting behind his soul, a lazy person, unable (or unwilling) to comprehend at least the basics of a general educational course, trying to attract the attention of others through negative manifestations, violates the generally accepted style of behavior and neglects the moral and ethical foundations of his environment. And then his behavior is no longer in quotes, but in fact looks like a hooligan. The profile of persons in this circle contains high indicators not only of the 4th, but also of the 9th scale, while the 2nd and 7th ones are low.
A high peak on the 4th scale (above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of the excitable type, pronounced impulsivity, conflict. High indices of the 4th scale enhance the characteristics of concomitant increases on other scales of the sthenic register - 6th, 9th and impart features of a behavioral pattern (emphasized independence, conflict) to the indices of the 3rd and 8th scales. When a high 4-th scale is combined with an increased (or high) 2-nd scale, the 2-nd indicators weaken the aggressiveness, non-conformity and impulsivity of the 4-th scale, since there is a higher level of consciousness control over behavior.
Two equally high peaks 2 and 4 reveal an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response, which combines multidirectional tendencies - high search activity and dynamism of excitation processes (4th) and pronounced inertia and instability (2nd). Psychologically, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic pattern of maladjustment. Under unfavorable social conditions, such a predisposition can serve as a basis for alcoholism or drug addiction, as well as for the development of some psychosomatic disorders. This profile pattern reflects to some extent the “type A” traits described by Jenkinson, who believes that this emotional-personality pattern is the basis for the development of cardiovascular failure and a predisposition for early myocardial infarction.
The combination of the 4th scale with the 6th scale at high rates reveals an explosive (hot-tempered) type of response. The height of the peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the explosive character accentuation. Higher rates are characteristic of the psychopathic personality profile of the excitable circle with a tendency to impulsive aggressive reactions. If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled (directed) into the mainstream of socially acceptable activities (for example, sports), then the carrier of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal social niche. In a situation of authoritarian-imperative pressure and other forms of opposition that offend the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, as well as with aggressive reactions from others, persons with this type of profile easily go beyond the adapted state and give an explosive (explosive) reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by the indicators scales reflecting inhibited features (2nd, 7th and 0th scales).
Low scores on the 4th scale indicate a decrease in achievement motivation, a lack of spontaneity, immediacy of behavior, good self-control, unexpressed ambition, a lack of leadership traits and a desire for independence, adherence to generally accepted norms of behavior, and conformism. In everyday life, they often say about such: "Without a twist." If such a decline in the profile on the 4th scale reflects a temporary decrease in the personality's counteraction to the environment, then this may be due to the fact that this individual found himself in a situation where his "self" is blocked. For example, a person who has just received a new appointment experiences some self-doubt (incompetence complex) and temporarily changes the strategy of behavior aimed at achieving the goal, to a “trench”, wait-and-see policy.
In the clinic of mental illness, a high (above 90 T) 4th scale is present in an unreliable, high-positioned floating profile, along with a high 9th in manic, hebephrenic and heboid syndrome, as well as in a psychopathic picture of the disease. A significant increase in the 4th scale (above 75 T) may be a sign of increasing social maladjustment during the onset of schizophrenia. Often, clinicians mistake the confusion and anxiety associated with a loss of self-identification and criticality as neurotic anxiety. Timely psychodiagnostic research could well have saved psychiatrists from such an error, showing in time the inadequacy of the personality disease, altered by the debut, and the inappropriateness of assessing the state as a neurotic breakdown. A sharp discrepancy between the indicators of the SMIL profile, reflecting the internal picture of the patient's condition, and the impressions lying on the surface in such cases is pathognomonic, that is, characteristic of gross mental pathology. That is why it is not recommended to apply this technique in acute mental disorders, with uncriticality and reduced intelligence in patients who cannot adequately describe their experiences and features of the state. This once again confirms the fact that the SMIL test is more a personal method than a clinical one.
In addition, psychodiagnostic studies using the SMIL test confirm the correctness of the integral personality concept, in which the leading individual-typological tendencies act as a prognostically significant factor that pre-sets the path of maladjustment (locus minoris rezistencia) and the formation of the leading clinical syndrome. This was clearly manifested in the study of severe forms of psychogenic disorders. Traditionally, reactive states that develop in situations that are objectively difficult for a person have been considered by psychiatrists in the framework of reactive depressions. The author of this manual has discovered reactive states that have arisen in response to the threat of capital punishment (execution) after their crime. However, the reactive state manifested itself as exaltation, bravado, self-righteousness with active resistance to environmental influences, without a shadow of repentance and regret. According to the data of psychodiagnostic research, this state manifested itself as a continuation of the basic leading tendencies of a hyperthymic, impulsive, aggressive, extroverted personality. This state has been designated as a hyperthymic, exalted type of reactive state. Later, psychiatrists independently came to this (BV Shostakovich, YE Svirinovsky, ZS Gusakova, NK Kharitonova), who gave this nosological group the name “pseudomanic reactive states. Further joint research allowed us to come to the following conclusion: within the framework of reactive states provoked by a powerful and objectively severe psychotrauma, in addition to the majority of patients showing typical depressive symptoms, from 7 to 11% of persons with other, “pseudomanic” symptoms are detected. The hyperthymic features, which are premorbid in these persons, like grass through the asphalt, make their way out and form the basis of clinical manifestations, despite the extremely difficult situation and the absence of any prospects that would justify the optimistic attitude.
We will return to the role of the 4th scale in the profile in the process of getting acquainted with the interpretation of other scales. It should be borne in mind that its increase always significantly enhances the sthenic and non-conformal tendencies inherent in other scales.
In general, individuals in whom the 4th scale determines the leading tendency are able not only to actively realize their own destiny, but also to influence the destinies of other people. However, this property is highly dependent on how mature and independent of the momentary mood is the individual's goal-setting. Passionate striving for self-realization in emotionally immature and intellectually undeveloped people of this type is so dissociated with real opportunities that sometimes it leaves these individuals no other way to self-assertion than antisocial, starting with “fighting” with their own parents and school, ending with serious illegal acts. With a sufficiently high intelligence, such people are able to achieve more than any other typological options. These are those independently thinking personalities who are able to dare, encroaching on established dogmas and old traditions - whether in the field of knowledge or in social foundations. The “rebellious spirit” can only be destructive (if in the foreground is the desire at any cost to deny the usefulness of the existing order and the protrusion of one's “I”), but it can also be creative if it is a mature person, a qualified specialist, or a smart politician. Type “4” is a hostage to its hard-to-control immediacy of feelings - be it love, art, scientific or political activity. This tendency inevitably attracts a person, like an uncontrollable horse - a rider, either to the heights of triumph, or to the abyss of fall. (Vladimir Vysotsky involuntarily comes to mind: "A little slower, horses! A little slower!"). At times, the passion of nature, beyond the control of reason, draws a person to the edge of the abyss, and he is unable to oppose anything to this passion. It often happens that just such passionate personalities turn out to be the creators of history, carrying the crowd with them with the light of their own flaming heart. This heroic is far from always romantic; it can also be a manifestation of a person's egocentric intoxication with his special role. In their personal lives, they can appear both as noble romantics-knights, and as keen anemones. They are characterized by an eternal search for novelty, they are unlikely to sin with altruism, but they also take credit for this as a manifestation of sincerity and the absence of hypocrisy. Most often they have repeated marriages, repeatedly change jobs, like to drink, scold the authorities, conflict with their superiors, remain childish until old age, are not always practical, often inconsistent, but at the same time they are sometimes charming. On this “soil”, the personality pattern of both a genius, hero, innovator, revolutionary, and a bully, anti-hero, extremist can be formed with equal success, but in any case - something far from the average, philistine type of personality.
The need to be proud of oneself and to gain the admiration of others is an urgent need for individuals of this type, otherwise emotions are transformed into anger, contempt and protest. If the life credo of the individual-personal type "2" is based on the philosophical basis of Hegel (self-denial, fatalism, the dominance of the ideal over reality), then the philosophical basis of the type "4" is Nietzschean (resistance to fate, the dominant of human will).
5th scale
5th scale - the scale of "masculinity-femininity" - is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject. Higher scores on the 5th scale in any profile mean a deviation from the role behavior typical for a given sex and a complication of interpersonal adaptation. Otherwise, the interpretation is polar in nature, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered. The attention of students working with the methodology should be focused on the fact that the raw indicators of the 5th scale in the male version of the profile sheet are distributed in the same way as on other scales - from bottom to top (from 0 to 50 T), while on the female profile on the sheet, they start from the top, going down to the maximum values. Here, beginners often fall into the mistake of marking above 30 raw points, if the indicator on the 5th scale, when calculating the significant answers of the female subject using the key, is, for example, 34 pp, while this value is located in the column of raw points of the 5th scale of the female profile sheet below the mark of 30 pp. In the profile of men, an increase on the 5th scale reveals the passivity of the personal position (if other scales do not contradict this), the humanistic orientation of interests, sentimentality, refinement of taste, artistic and aesthetic orientation, the need for friendly harmonious relationships, sensitivity, vulnerability. This is an irrational, unrealistic personality, characterized by emotional warmth and infantilism (the same for women with a sunken 5th scale). In interpersonal relations, a tendency to smooth out conflicts, to contain aggressive or antisocial tendencies is revealed even in those profiles where an increased 5th scale is combined with equally increased scales of the sthenic register (4th, 6th or 9th). The developers of the MMPI test, creating the 5th scale, conceived it as an indicator of same-sex relationships. However, in reality, this scale does not always allow such conclusions to be drawn. On the contrary, at its core, it is an indicator of femininity in character, habits, interests. Same-sex tendencies represent an irresistible attraction to people of the same sex. But this attraction is not always realized, but, being conscious, is often suppressed and manifests itself in a sublimated form as an attraction, transformed into another type of activity, that is, into socialized activity. One should not confuse true same-sex relationships, arising on the basis of physiological disharmony, and unnatural attraction, which is manifested and consolidated in conditions when the first erotic experiences arise in adolescents on the basis of close contacts in same-sex boarding schools, living in various kinds of camps, in the barracks, as well as in the prison. Even among normally oriented adults (especially among men), prolonged intersexual deprivation sometimes leads to a perverse satisfaction of the libido need with male prisoners, more often with weaker ones, since they cannot offer resistance. Home education is of great importance for the normal orientation of the undifferentiated orientation characteristic of childhood. Adults, parents who sleep in the same bed with their children. are at high risk of developing an unhealthy attraction in the child. In the future, this can serve as the basis for serious problems that not every psychoanalyst can cope with.
High indicators of the 5th scale, for example, in a combination of 8546 "13- / 270, can be a sign of a perverse intergender orientation, but such conclusions are made only with the available additional data of a clinical and biographical order. The well-known feminization of the male population of modern society and the pronounced masculinization of the female half of humanity is reflected in the profiles of the technique by raising the profile of SMIL on the 5th scale, but this tendency is sharply enhanced only where there is a certain biological soil or a specific social environment for this phenomenon. An increased 5th scale in the normative profile of adolescents and young men occurs quite often, reflecting only the undifferentiated sex-role behavior and softness, lack of character formation, which makes them malleable material in the hands of an authoritarian type leader and is misleading in professional selection, when the choice of purely male species professions for a young man is mainly of a hypercompensatory nature.
With maturity, the indicators of the 5th scale tend to decrease. During the aging period, the violation of intergender adaptation is again reflected in an increase in the profile on the 5th scale; the same is observed in some chronic diseases accompanied by a decrease in libido, which was, in particular, noted in the study of patients with chronic tuberculosis. In the profile reflecting the sthenic type of response, relatively low scores of the 5th scale (50 and below) reveal a typically male style of sex-role behavior, character rigidity, lack of sentimentality, and a tendency to polygamy (profile type 49 "- / 54 or 94" 6- / 75). The narcissistic type of personality with a tendency to demagoguery, narcissism, to aesthetic resonance, mannerism characteristic of cold individualists, is revealed by the profile 58 "4- /. These are persons who have a weakness only for those people who worship them, while they are extremely sensitive to the dissonance of their “I” with the environment, which makes them want to distance themselves from such an environment. In women, high scores on the 5th scale reflect the traits of masculinity, independence, the desire for emancipation, for independence in decision-making. - / 270), an increase in the 5th scale enhances the traits of cruelty, and in the hypersthenic profile (4569 "- / 270) - antisocial tendencies. With a simultaneous increase in the 5th and low 3rd scales, the absence of flirtatiousness, softness in communication usually inherent in women is found , diplomacy in interpersonal contacts, features of behavior characteristic of men are noted.
A high 5th scale (above 70 T) is especially common among athletes engaged in sports activities that are physically exhausting and affect the normal development of the body according to the female type. There is a delay in the formation of the hormonal cycle and the development of secondary sexual characteristics, there is a dysplastic figure, etc. Features of the sex-role behavior of women with a high (70 T and above) 5th scale, together with an even higher 4th scale, acquire features of a masculine style - with pronounced libido concern , a pragmatic attitude to contacts, built on a purely physiological attraction, with a tendency to frequent change of sexual partners, with a lack of inclination to deep, emotional attachment, to constancy: profile type 945 "- / 027.
A lone peak on the 5th scale in both men and women with a linear, that is, normal profile, without noticeable increases on other scales, is often found in very peculiar people, incomprehensible to the environment. In such persons, before the examination, the psychologist sometimes expects that the 8th scale will be elevated in the profile. This profile identifies interpersonal difficulties that do not only apply to people of the opposite sex. There is reason to believe that such a personality pattern is most likely associated with vagueness of gender identity. It may be a same-sex relationship.
On the contrary, low scores on the 5th scale (below 50T) in the female profile reflect the orthodox feminine style of sex-role behavior: the desire to be cared for and find support in the husband, gentleness, sentimentality, love for children, commitment to family interests, inexperience and shyness in matters of inter-sex relations. ...
In the profile reflecting a high level of neurotization (high 1, 2 and 3 scales), concern about poor health and asthenic-depressive mood background (high 1, 2 and 3 scales), low scores on the 5 a scale (40 T and below) in women may indicate frigidity. Relatively high scores on the 5th scale with even higher peaks on the 8th and 1st scales in the clinic are found in persons with painful concentration on the intergenderal sphere with a pronounced peculiarity of hypochondriacal experiences, often accompanied by senestopathies, that is, impaired perception in the sphere tactile and other sensory somatic sensations.
The combination of a low 5th with an increased 3rd and 8th is characteristic of women with a pronounced aesthetic orientation, with a rich imagination, with excessive emotionality and impressionability, a tendency to quickly get used to different life roles and artistic images, with rich body plastic, with expressiveness facial expressions and intonations, which, apparently, is the leading factor in personalities of this type when choosing the profession of an actress (or an actor, which corresponds to the same profile, but with a high 5th scale in men).
Experience shows that film and theater actors, prone to pronounced reincarnation, usually have a profile of the type 35 "842- / 0 (M) and 31" 894- / 5 (F). Those of them, for whom a pronounced individuality is “exploited” without any special variations, more often have a profile of the type 4 "" 9385- / 0 (M) and 431 "" 968- / 25 (F).
The presence of a slightly increased 5th in any male profile (as well as a decreased 5th in the female) indicates a greater humanity, softness and less aggressiveness. The sensitivity of these individuals makes increased demands on the environment, narrows the zone of comfort in life, for them a sparing social niche and a protective approach are especially important.
Strange as it may seem, but the personnel service in military organizations is often chosen by young men of this type, not only because of compensatory tendencies, but, possibly, also because the clarity and debugging of military service institutions makes them feel more protected from the vicissitudes of fate (of course , in peacetime), greater stability of social status and material base. At the same time, a significant role is apparently played by their humanistic orientation, congruence, which appeals to those who are engaged in professional selection in such organizations.
The 5th scale leading in the profile influences the fate of a person mainly due to the difficult inter-sex adaptation, which leads to the sublimation of a primitive-sensual need for socialized activity, if we are not talking about pathology. If the attraction gets out of control, is recognized by a person as inevitability and inevitability, then it is realized in an inadequate direction, and the person's fate is subjected to serious shocks, since this method of self-realization is condemned by society or meets with misunderstanding. In social and cultural life, the most active individuals of type “5” are organizers of the social movement for minorities, “hippies”, suffragettes, creators of model houses, special shows and theatrical performances in which female roles are played by men.
6th scale
The 6th scale (“rigidity” scale), being the only peak in the profile that does not go beyond the normal range, reveals the stability of interests, persistence in defending one's own opinion, sthenism of attitudes, activity of the position, which increases with the opposition of external forces, practicality, sobriety on life, the desire to rely on their own experience, a synthetic mindset with a pronounced tropism to systemic constructions, to the spheres of specific knowledge, to the exact sciences. Persons with a leading 6th scale in the profile show a love of accuracy, loyalty to their principles, straightforwardness and perseverance in upholding them. The ingenuity and rationality of the mind is combined with its lack of flexibility and the difficulty of switching in a suddenly changing situation. The people of this circle are impressed by the accuracy and concreteness, they are irritated by the amorphousness, the uncertainty of the goals set, the carelessness and carelessness of the people around them. This is a realistic, rational personality type, characterized by sthenism and inflexibility of attitudes. To a certain extent, they give the impression of persons resistant to stress, which is largely due to their homogeneity (not subject to environmental influences) and stiffness of nervous processes with the difficulty of switching from a normal state to another, new (from rest to action). However, at the same time, there is a gradual accumulation of potential activity, which later manifests itself in an explosion of affect and aggressive coloring of activity. For persons of this circle, two types of protective mechanisms are characteristic, that is, mechanisms that relieve internal stress when it is impossible to realize an urgent need: 1) rationalization with devaluation of the object of frustrated need (the option "Fox and Grapes", that is, if the desired is unattainable, then its value in the eyes of the individual is sharply reduced) or 2) outward response in an externally accusatory type, when a person gives free rein to his anger, showing it in one form or another. This type of reaction is associated with a defense mechanism of the type of "projection": the individual ascribes to those around him that mistrust and hostility, which is inherent in him, and punishes for this. Stress affecting subjectively significant values of an individual with an increased 6th scale within the normative spread or accentuated features of the explosive (explosive) type, identified in the SMIL profile with a high (above 70 T) 6th scale, are those factors that lie in strong backlash. In interpersonal contacts, individuals with an increased 6th scale show a pronounced sense of rivalry, competitiveness, a desire to defend a prestigious role in the reference group. High emotional engagement with the dominant idea, the ability to "infect" others with their enthusiasm and a pronounced tendency to plan actions are the foundation for the formation of leadership traits, especially with good intelligence and high professionalism. Personalities of this type are often found among mathematicians, economists, engineers and technicians, accountants, business executives and in other types of professional activity, where accuracy, calculation, and a systematic approach are especially required. A pronounced sense of competition and endurance to stress contributes to the success of such people in the sports field. Subjective structuring of the phenomena of the surrounding world, reflected in the individual style of painting or sculptural creativity, is characteristic of artists, and this is confirmed by the fact that their profiles usually have a high peak on the 6th scale. And when in their midst you meet persons with a high profile, in which the 6th and 8th scales are higher than 90T, and the 2nd scale is “recessed” (ie below 50T), then, looking at their peculiar and uncontrollable any correction of the style of all life, you involuntarily come to the assumption that art for people of this type is that protective niche that saves them from madness. They are headstrong, unpredictable and persistent in their creative self-assertion; periodically entering into conflict with their inner circle and with official circles, they are doomed to a difficult fate. This is illustrated by the life stories of Rodin, Cezanne, Wangog, Michel-Angelo Buonarotti. A profile with a peak on the 6th scale (70 T and above) is characteristic of accentuated individuals (epileptoid accentuation, "stuck" according to Leonhard). A more pronounced increase (profile type 64 "" 8- / 1320) is characteristic of explosive psychopathic personalities, excitable (49 "" 6- / 270), paranoid psychopaths with litigious querulant tendencies (68 "" 94 "- /), i.e. That is, tireless complainants, anonymous respondents and plaintiffs who conflict in the field of truth-seeking.Personal disharmony and maladaptive states, manifested by the presence in the profile of high scores on the 6th scale, are characterized by a pronounced affective seizure of the dominant idea, concerning, as a rule, a conflicting interpersonal situation. be experiences associated with an overvalued attitude towards the object that caused a conflict situation, with a feeling of jealousy or rivalry, with a tendency to build a rigid and subjective logical scheme that cannot be corrected from the outside. a response to the hostility and ill will of those who caused these reactions. The most striking embodiment of this kind of experience is the delusional concept of a mentally ill person. However, such profiles are also encountered within the context of a situationally determined personality development in the presence of a leading tendency in the pattern of an emotional-dynamic predisposition in the form of a rigidity factor that contributes to the consolidation (cumulation) of negative experience. It is difficult to differentiate the long-term development of the personality according to the paranoid type that is formed in a really existing unfavorable situation from the delusions of persecution within the framework of schizophrenia. The differential diagnostic criterion in such complex cases is the study of the individual's mental functions, in particular, the assessment of the level of generalization and its uniformity. In general, the intellect in both cases can remain intact for a long time, and the reasoning can be clear and convincing.
Paranoid forms of behavior are manifested as an outwardly accusatory type of reaction due to the specificity of the inherent defense mechanism of projection and rationalization in persons of this circle, which, even with such a disease as schizophrenia, at first protect the inner "I" from destruction, reducing the painful intensity of affect. In the clinic of schizophrenia, it is often necessary to observe what happens to patients in the first days of a painful debut. If the schizophrenic process invades the structure of the personality, which is premorbidly distinguished by rigidity of attitudes, externally accusatory tendencies and a tendency to rational systematization, accompanied by disturbances in perception, this naturally introduces a sense of chaos into a rather harmonious picture of his own “I” and the world around him. In this regard, a state of confusion and confusion develops, a tension of affective experiences arises, which forms restless behavior with increased unfocused activity. However, as soon as the compensatory mechanisms inherent in this type of personality come into play, the patient develops a dominant idea - painful, ridiculous, since it is based on false premises, but helps the patient to gain relative calm; behavior becomes more orderly and, in its own way, more purposeful ("I understood everything! This is just a medical experiment, special rays are exposed to me through the walls" - the patient says, demonstrating much greater calmness than it was before he "understood everything" ). Consequently, the tendency to projection and systematization inherent in the psyche of this patient is triggered and random facts and false information are “strung” (put in a certain order) on the “spit” of rigid thinking, which is associated with impaired perception. Thus, a delusional concept is formed, in which the patient's condition is characterized by less pronounced emotional tension than it was before the structuring of delusion. Mania with delusions of grandeur with simultaneously manifested tendencies to hostility and persecution of others in the profile is reflected in peaks on the 6th and 9th scales. The boundary between the arrogance of a youth who has no life experience or the euphoria of a drunk, on the one hand, and mental illness, manifested by inadequately high self-esteem and disordered speech and motor activity, on the other, can be drawn based on the height of the profile and with the help of additional experimental psychological research. In the clinical form of mania, the peaks on the 9th scale reach 100-110 T, the concomitant peak on the 6th is less pronounced (80-90 T) and is accompanied by rather high (65-75) indicators of the other scales, including 8- th scale), that is, the profile turns out to be floating and unreliable on the F scale.
In the profiles of patients with neurotic and psychosomatic disorders, an increase in the 6th scale reflects the presence of increased irritability, feelings of resentment and is indirectly associated with a tendency to allergic reactions and arterial hypertension, if the profile as a whole reveals suppressed hostility. This kind of empirical findings once again emphasize the presence of a close connection between the method of somatic and psychological factors. In this case, both at the biological and psychological levels, there is a general tendency towards wall resistance to the invasion of something foreign, alien both into the spiritual world of one's “I” and into the physiological world of one's organism. Pathological jealousy is most often revealed by a profile in which the indicators of the 6th scale are higher than 80 T. This type of experience is manifested by uncorrected attitudes and emotionally saturated reactions that are difficult to differentiate from delirium: a serious, close to investigative study of the situation is required to understand how ridiculous the statements are. jealous, or, on the contrary, how earthly they are justified. In this regard, particular importance is attached to repeated (dynamic) research. At the same time, the mental functions remain intact. A temporary rise on the 6th scale often appears in the profile of persons in a pre-divorce situation.
In the profiles of the contingent, norms of faces with a leading peak on the 6th scale often give a low profile, without revealing the depth of the problems. This is due to an increased sense of suspicion and distrust of these individuals. Profiles with a recessed 6th scale should be especially alarming. It should be emphasized that indicators on the 6th scale below 50 T are implausible. If a high 6th is evidence of hostility, a moderately increased one - resentment, and being at the average standard level is peacefulness, then low indicators reflect an excessive tendency to emphasize their peacemaking tendencies, which is most often found with a hypercompensatory attitude among aggressive personalities.
In the criminal environment, high scores of the 6th scale are characteristic of persons capable of selfish crimes, and in combination with a high 8th scale, they reflect hostile and aggressive tendencies. The 65'- / 7 profile is the most typical for epileptoid-accented individuals, in whom sentimentality and sweetness are combined with a tendency to outbursts of hostility.
Correcting the behavior of persons with a high 6th scale in the profile is a very difficult task. The strategy of interaction with a personality of this type should be aimed at ensuring that the opinion of the correcting person (psychologist, teacher, leader, doctor) is not explicitly, but indirectly, becomes the conviction of the individual himself; at the same time, he should remain with the illusion that this conviction has always been or that it comes from the individual himself, and the psychologist only revealed and confirmed its correctness. In addition, the form of "advice" should be sufficiently specific and appealing to the experience of the individual. Key words: "As you already said ...". "You yourself think so ...", "As follows from your experience ...", "According to your principles ...", "In the same way as you always act ...", etc. The most effective technique for correcting the behavior or state of individuals who are typologically classified as "rigid" is the so-called rational psychotherapy, which uses the capabilities of a protective mechanism inherent in individuals of this circle of the type of rationalization. The most convincing are the arguments proving that angry reactions and actions dictated by a hostile attitude are harmful to the individual and worsen his health; effective techniques devalue the significance of the frustrated need.
The fate of individuals with the decisive role of the 6th scale in the profile is always difficult. These are people who, as it were, “bring fire upon themselves”. Partisan and not indifferent to the phenomena of life around them, they stubbornly defend their opinion as the only true one. Obsessed with one idea or another, they are able to overcome many obstacles to its implementation. They oppose the confusion and confusion of the world around them with their subjective idea of organization and order. This is exactly the type of personality when the planned implementation of the plan proves that, despite the opposition of the environment, a person can be the creator of his own destiny. If the circumstances turn out to be stronger, then individuals of this type do not compromise and in various ways show resistance or hostility. Among them, there are often militant fighters for the truth - the way they imagine it, and, no matter how far from the truth, they are able to go on destructive (both for others and for themselves) actions, when the losses may turn out to be disproportionate. more than the advocated idea is worth. Deprived of flexibility and maneuverability, personalities of type “6” easily make enemies for themselves, but if there are no enemies, then they are able to invent them and fight them, nonexistent, since they do not trust anyone and easily ignite with hostility. Jealous in love, they are also jealous of others' success, which serves as the basis for the formation of a stable spirit of competition. Without forgiving insults, persons of this type can realize their revenge for a long time later and in a very cruel way.
Their aggressive reaction is always excessive in relation to the cause of the conflict. Let's say you insulted a person by calling him a fool. An individual of type “2” will say: “Sad, but this is probably true.”; type “3” will take you to a corner and whisper: “Quiet, please: there is absolutely no need for others to know about it”; type “4” will reflect the blow with an instant reaction: “You are a fool!”; type "5", grievingly babble: "Well, why so rudely, you could have said kindly - a fool", and type "6" will get angry and go at you with fists: "Oh, I am a fool ?! So I'll kill you! ”. Personalities of this type, with good professional experience, manifest themselves as the most effective organizers, for the time being they give the impression of being stress-resistant, and only in a situation that affects their power-hungry features, they can maladapt in the most brutal way, while showing externally accusatory reactions, hot temper and aggressiveness. In marriage, they are conflicted, but at the same time they show thrift and devotion to the family. At work, they show reformatory zeal, accuracy and practicality, seek to command others and conflict with their superiors. In the sphere of public activity - exposers of corruption, truth-seekers, organizers of opposition movements. Personalities of this type have left their mark in history as adherents of church dogmas (religious fans, representatives of the Jesuit Order), as reformer politicians or renowned military leaders (for example, Napoleon).
7th scale
7th scale - the scale of "anxiety", refers to the indicators of the hyposthenic, inhibited circle. An increase in the profile on the 7th scale with a normative spread reveals the predominance of a passive-passive position, lack of confidence in oneself and in the stability of the situation, high sensitivity and subservience to environmental influences, increased sensitivity to danger. The prevailing motivation for avoiding failure, sensitivity, attitude towards congruent relationships with others, dependence on the opinion of the majority. Leading needs are getting rid of fears and insecurity, avoiding confrontation. They need mental consonance (consonance) with others. Characterologically, people of this type are distinguished by a developed sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, obligation, modesty, increased anxiety in relation to minor everyday problems, anxiety for the fate of loved ones. They are empathic, i.e. feelings of compassion and empathy, increased nuance of feelings, pronounced dependence on the object of affection and any strong personality. Perseverative thinking (with a tendency to repetition, to get stuck). Unstable, autochthonous fluctuating attention is compensated by a tendency to double-check what has been done, an increased sense of duty. Insufficient clarity of the style of perception is corrected by the habit of repeated (clarifying) actions. There is a pronounced sensitivity, a tendency to doubt, reflexivity, excessive self-criticism, low self-esteem, contrasting with an overestimated ideal “I”. Reduced the threshold of stress tolerance. In a stressful situation, blocking or driven activity following the majority or leading personality. The defense mechanism is restrictive behavior and ritual (obsessive) actions that transform in everyday life into superstition, devout religiosity, commitment to the interests of the clan (family, reference group). When choosing a profession - focus on the sphere of humanistic interests: literature, medicine, biology, history, as well as on the performing style of work outside extensive contacts and with a fairly stable stereotype of activity, where the need to avoid stress is satisfied. Monotony is easily tolerated. Encouragement and measures aimed at increasing the self-esteem of an individual are the best way to intensify their activities on the part of the leadership and educators, as well as when developing a psychotherapeutic approach in case of maladjustment.
The 7th scale reveals increased anxiety, and with indicators above 70 T, not a character trait is determined, but a state, i.e. that degree of severity of anxiety, which has not yet been transformed under the influence of defense mechanisms into a more specific state, and has remained primary, free-floating. With high scores on the 7th scale, anxiety is usually associated with a long preceding neurotization. The exception is cases of congenital, constitutional psychasthenia or organically conditioned psychasthenic symptoms in the form of various phobias (fear of heights, confined space, fire, water, sharp objects, driving in public transport, etc.). The relative increase in the 7th scale under stress (not exceeding 70 T, leveling out in repeated examinations) is closely associated with increased anxiety as a stable feature in the structure of the personality traits of the individual.
The most frequent variant of personality, in which there is a significant increase in the profile of the 7th scale, is psychasthenic, in the terminology of other authors - anxious and suspicious. Persons of this circle are distinguished by self-doubt, indecision, a tendency to thoroughly recheck their actions and the work done; very obligatory and responsible, they are distinguished by a dependent position, orientation to the opinion of the group, a highly developed sense of duty and adherence to generally accepted norms, a tendency to altruistic manifestations, conformity, a tendency to react with an increased sense of guilt and self-flagellation to the slightest failures and mistakes. At any cost, trying to avoid the conflict, which they experience extremely painfully, psychasthenics act at the maximum level of their capabilities in order to win the approval of others, and most importantly - what is even more difficult - their own approval. With an excessively self-critical attitude towards oneself, such persons are characterized by a large gap between the real and the ideal “I”, ie. striving for an unattainable ideal is noted. In this regard, they are constantly in a state of tension and dissatisfaction, manifested in obsessions, excessive actions of a restrictive nature, rituals necessary for self-complacency (profile 72-80 /). This group of personalities is often found among healthy people. and conformity of behavior, they present few difficulties for others, except perhaps for their indecision. They are much more difficult for themselves than for others. sensitive personality traits.
A double peak 78 above 75 T is characteristic of a state of chronic social maladjustment and is a sign of a pronounced inferiority complex or a feeling of one's “otherness” in the environment.
The profile of the psychasthenic type is characterized by a combination of overestimated 2nd and 7th scales with a concomitant increase in 8th and 0th with a relatively low 9th: profile type 27 "80- / or 278" - / 9. The state of maladjustment, reflected in the profile by an increase in the 7th scale, is characterized by sleep disturbances, obsessive fears, a feeling of confusion, anxiety, and a feeling of impending disaster. The combination of high indicators on the 7th and 3rd scales is characteristic of fixed fears (fear of driving in transport, fear of being away from home, fear of contracting an incurable disease, fear of public speaking, etc.) Profile 2178 "- / is characteristic of the clinical picture. -depressive state with hypochondriacal inclusions. The combination of a high 7th with a 6th may indicate dysmorphobic experiences, that is, a painful fixation on one's ugliness, any external defects - real or imaginary. Profiles of type 86 * 7 "are often found in patients (rather, patients) of cosmetic clinics, which cause a lot of trouble for cosmetic surgeons, since they are not able to be satisfied with any results of the operations performed and react extremely painfully to changes in their face, although this is what persists before the operation. achieved.
In the structure of neurotic symptoms, a high peak on the 7th scale (80 T and above) reveals free-floating anxiety. Due to the fact that the 7th scale reveals anxiety both as a constant personality trait and as a situationally conditioned state of anxiety, concomitant increases in other profile scales indicate defense mechanisms, i.e. those tendencies that protect a person from this state, the most indefinite and therefore painful, and contribute to the transformation of anxiety into another, qualitatively more definite emotion.
Each basic scale of SMIL reveals one or another mechanism of transformation of anxiety, one or another version of the protective mechanism.
An increase in the profile on the 1st scale reveals an increase in neurotic self-control and somatization of anxiety, i.e. biological protection method;
The 2nd scale reflects the degree of awareness of psychological problems and refusal to realize their intentions, which is accompanied by a decrease in mood.
Low 2nd with increased 1st and 3rd scales reflects the problem of repressed anxiety and a biological method of defense with the conversion (translation) of psychological conflict into physiological disorders, conditionally associated with a traumatic situation.
The 4th scale reveals a tendency to increase behavioral activity in a stressful situation, and the mechanism for repressing anxiety here does not bear the imprint of an obvious connection between psychosomatic disorders and a psychogenic factor. Instead of conversion symptoms in individuals of this circle, a response to frustration reveals an outward response or a collision of motives, manifested by spasmodic phenomena (coronary spasm, ischemic myocardial disease), i.e. cardiovascular disorders.
The 5th scale reflects the tendency to sublimate the intersexual need into the kind of activity that is substitute, replacing in relation to the direct realization of this need. This unconscious defense mechanism is realized when libido activity is frustrated, that is, it cannot be realized due to the existing social prohibition, internalized in the form of an intrapersonal "Taboo".
An increase in the 6th scale indicates a tendency to rationalize the psychological conflict that caused anxiety, and the presence of an externally accusatory reaction that removes responsibility from the individual for the current conflict situation (projection mechanism). The fact that these mechanisms of protecting the personality from excessive anxiety are quite effective is evidenced by the tendency of profiles with a leading 6th scale towards relatively low indicators of anxiety.
Combination 78 ”reveals the mechanism of intellectual processing and restrictive behavior aimed at avoiding failure and manifested by the phenomena of obsession (obsessive actions, thoughts, rituals, fears). At the same time, the problem of low self-esteem, a sense of one's own imperfection, an increased sense of guilt, self-deprecation, and an inferiority complex are revealed.
An increased 8th scale reveals an irrational type of reaction with a withdrawal into an unreal world of fantasies and dreams.
The 9th scale corresponds to the defense mechanism of denial of problems. This manifests itself as “blindness” to the really existing negative aspects of one's behavior and the current situation, stubborn defense of one's own overestimated self-esteem and optimistic attitude.
An increase in the 0th scale is characteristic of passive avoidance of conflict, the so-called escapism, i.e. escape from problems, departure from social activity.
When discussing the scale of anxiety, it is appropriate to try to answer the age-old question: is the state of anxiety or constitutional anxiety measured in this method by the 7th scale? The first essential principle of differentiation is quantitative indicators that separate the range of the norm corridor (45 - 70 T) from indicators reflecting the state of maladjustment (> 70 T). Another aspect is the nature of anxiety. If we are talking about a constitutionally anxious person, then even ordinary everyday difficulties can cause one or another degree of neurotic maladjustment, and then we have the right to talk about neurotic predisposition, about a constantly present internal conflict that serves as a basis for neurotization under the influence of minimal environmental influences. Thus, psychogenia only enhances, sharpens a stable individual-personal tendency, a personal property of anxiety, which, under the influence of environmental conditions, is easily transformed into a state of anxiety. Under the influence of objectively severe psychotrauma, anxiety with concomitant defensive reactions can result in neurotic symptoms of the clinical register. Reversible neurotic disorders, manifested by the rise of only the 2nd scale, are characteristic of rather harmonious individuals who are inclined to compensate by controlling self-awareness.
Long-term neurosis and neurotic development, according to our observations, is the lot of a person with a high degree of readiness for the development of neurotic disorders, i.e. personality with neurotic predisposition, one of the main components of which is increased anxiety. The combination of high 7th with 4th reflects the problem of an internally contradictory, mixed type of response, in which opposite tendencies collide: achievement motivation with failure avoidance motivation; a tendency to be active and decisive with a tendency to block activity in a stressful situation; increased sense of dignity and desire to dominate - with self-doubt and excessive self-criticism; sthenic register of emotions of anger, admiration, pride and contempt - with emotions of the asthenic register: fear, guilt, anxiety. All this, on the one hand, contributes to the mutual compensation of some traits with others, on the other hand, it builds up tension, since both the neurotic and behavioral ways of responding are blocked. Outwardly, the behavior of a personality of this type may look like a balanced one, but the internal conflict is channeled according to the psychosomatic version or manifests itself in neurasthenic symptoms rich in somatic complaints.
A profile with high (> 90) peaks on the 2nd and 7th scales (most often with a concomitant increase in the 8th scale) with low 1st, 3rd, 9th and increased 0th is characteristic of endogenous ( psychotic) anxious depression. Reactive (situationally provoked) depression in the SMIL profile is manifested by more moderate (70-85 T) peaks on the 2nd and 7th scales with concomitant increases in the 1st, 3rd and 4th scales, when the 9th scale is not below 40 T, and 0th - not higher than 65 T (if at the same time there is no setting for aggravation, i.e. emphasizing existing problems or simulation).
Low indicators of the 7th scale (below 45 T in a linear profile, and in a profile of the type 48 "9- / - with indicators of the 7th scale as one of the lowest points of the profile) indicate a lack of caution in actions and scrupulousness in matters of morality, on a rather naked egocentrism, a reduced ability to empathize, inconsistency of attitudes, a rude and tough demeanor, a cynical view of life.
The fate-determining tendency in the personality structure of type “7” is fear of the power of Evil, helplessness in the face of gross cruelty. If type “2” can be attributed to people of “distressed thought”, then type “7” is a “man of shaken conscience” (like G. Uspensky about the writer Garshin). Not relying on their own strengths and human kindness, they more than others - not so much with their minds as with their hearts - gravitate towards religion, finding support and consolation in it. At the same time, they are not at all so weak: due to their softness of character and high sensitivity not only to their own, but also to other people's pain, persons of this type have great mental strength, the ability to endure (passion-bearers) .. This is expressed in their responsibility, in caring for others, in the ability to understand and pity those who are in trouble. Szondi says about such a personal version that these are people with a “bad conscience”. Due to their own disarmament in front of the pragmatic assertiveness of hyperthymic personalities (types "4", "6", "9"), they show compliance and do not pretend to be a leading position. Bearing in mind that a person can be harmonious only in the presence of positive self-esteem, it is easy to explain the constantly increased anxiety of persons of this type with unstable and low self-esteem. However, any person has a reason to evaluate himself as a person in positive characteristics. Self-affirmation of persons of type “7” is realized through adherence to moral and ethical traditions and conformity of attitudes. The individuality of such individuals is manifested more clearly in a situation of acceptance and support from the environment. Despite the seeming sacrifice and submissiveness, persons who are excessively fixed on their torments show their egocentrism in this way, which can irritate the more stenic and balanced others. This affects relationships both at work and in the family (a restless and insecure employee, an anxious wife, an overprotective mother). The social role of type “7” is mainly reduced to conformism, the positive aspects of which are the protection of cultural and moral values and generally accepted forms of behavior accumulated by society, law-abidingness and passive resistance to aggressive tendencies of the environment.
8th scale
8th scale - scale of "individualism". Raised in profile with normative indicators on other scales, it reveals a separately contemplative personal position, an analytical mindset; the tendency to reflect prevails over feelings and effective activity. An abstract-analytical style of perception prevails, manifested in the ability to recreate a holistic image based on minimal information with a focus on subjectively significant aspects that are more connected with the world of one's own fantasies than with reality. With good intelligence, individuals of this type are distinguished by their creative orientation, originality of statements and judgment, originality of interests and hobbies. There is a certain selectivity in contacts, a well-known subjectivism in assessing people and the phenomena of life around them, independence of views, a tendency to abstraction, i.e. to generalizations and to information abstracted from the specifics and everyday life. The expressed need to actualize one's individualism is revealed. It is more difficult for individuals of this circle to adapt to everyday forms of life, prosaic aspects of life. Their individuality is so pronounced that it is practically useless to predict their statements and actions, comparing them with the usual stereotypes. They have an insufficiently formed realistic platform based on everyday experience, they are more guided by their subjectivity and intuition. Due to the fact that they are more rational than emotional, since they rely more on their judgments than on feelings, and, at the same time, are divorced from the reality of the surrounding world, they should be attributed to rational unrealistic personalities. What is a critical situation for the majority, people with a high 8th scale are often regarded differently due to the originality of their hierarchy of values. The situation, subjectively perceived by them as stress, causes a state of confusion. The protective mechanism that manifests itself during the transformation of anxiety is the intellectual processing and withdrawal into the world of dreams and fantasies. They are characterized by professional tropism towards activities of a free, creative style, they strive to avoid any formal framework, regime types of labor. Persons gravitating towards the search for novelty, showing interest in the field of psychology, psychiatry, theosophy, scientific research are distinguished by the presence in the SMIL profile of an increased 8th scale with concomitant increases in 7th, 2nd or 5th, if they are theorists and humanities. People in all sorts of romantic professions - sailors, geologists, archaeologists, travelers, and other adventurers - are characterized by profiles in which an elevated 8th scale is combined with a high 4th or 9th. Persons of this type are characterized by an imperative need for freedom of subjective choice in decision-making, in the absence of time constraints, which can complicate their work adaptation with a lack of tolerance among others and the absence of a differentiated individual-personal approach among managers. Unlike personalities of another type, in these, their individualism is only aggravated by the opposition of the environment, which is manifested by an increase in signs of maladjustment and, consequently, an increase in the peak on the 8th scale. Profile 84 "9- / is characteristic of accentuation of the expansive-schizoid type, characterized by emphasized non-conformism and the opposition of their subjective attitudes, views and judgments to the environment, rigidity and egocentrism of attitudes. High peaks of a similar profile (48" 9 "- / 27) reflect emotionally - the personality pattern of the psychopathic personality of the expansive-schizoid circle, where the above characteristics reach an even higher level, which is evidence of a pronounced social maladjustment with an antisocial orientation of interests and behavior, uncriticality in assessing their actions. With the simultaneous rise of the 6th scale (profile type 468 "" 9- / 21), the risk of aggressive behavior increases, and the success of any corrective measures decreases, since individuals of this type usually have a prevailing belief about injustice and hostility towards them. , which is the basis for justifying their aggressive actions in their own eyes, while the opinion of others is insignificant for them. For psychopathic personalities of this type, especially brutal (uncontrollable) explosiveness is characteristic, i.e. explosive nature of reactions. With accentuation (profile type 468 "- / or 864" - / or "846- /), the features described above sound softer, and the violation of social adaptation is more dependent on environmental influences.
Accentuation of the “sensitive schizoid” type manifests itself in two ways: rigid, oversensitive, painfully proud, “stuck” on negative experiences, the type of response is characteristic of stenic schizoid personalities (profile 86 "47- /), and for individuals who are soft, impressionable, vulnerable, but with At the same time, with a pronounced individualism in the choice of friends and areas of interest, profiles of the type 85 "70- / or 83" 52- / are characteristic, reflecting, among other things, aesthetic orientation. (For women, the indicators of the 5th scale in the corresponding profiles are low: 8 "70- / 5 or 83 "2- / 5). Indicators of the 8th scale, located above 80 T, reveal psychopathic variants of the schizoid type of response. The hyposthenic variant of schizoid accentuation, usually attributed to the circle of inhibited personalities, is revealed by a profile of the type 872" 0- / or 2870 "- / 9. Such psychopathic traits as isolation, passivity, introversion, lack of communication, significant uniqueness of judgments and actions, stiffness of gestures, postures, awkwardness in interpersonal noble contacts, detachment and emotional coldness, incomprehensibility of the motives of behavior for others, impracticality and isolation from real life problems, a tendency to mysticism - are reflected in higher indicators of similar or similar profiles: 8 "" 027 "- / 39 or 287" " 0 "- / 8.
It is difficult to judge the diagnosis based on the MMPI profile (SMIL) alone, since the profile mainly reflects the features of the emotional state and personal properties (or personality deformation) of a person. However, high scores on the 8th scale as one of the 3 leading profile peaks in 60% of cases reveal schizophrenic or schizophrenic-like disorders: a tendency to emasculated reasoning (resonance), masking intellectual inconsistency, a decrease in the level of social adaptation and general productivity, confusion , detachment from reality, sleep disturbances, the phenomenon of derealization-depersonalization, impaired perception. These data, however, should be confirmed in the results of experimental psychological research in the form of unevenness of the level of generalization, indistinctness, vague thinking based on insignificant, latent features when generalizing and comparing concepts; at the same time, it is characteristic to "fly away" from the concrete content of the stimulus material with a tendency to the abstractness of associations, to the symbolism of mediating images, a violation of the sequence of logical constructions up to their obvious absurdity.
The basis for determining the nosology (i.e., the outlined framework of psychiatric diagnosis) is a clinical analysis of the patient's condition, taking into account both the etiopathogenetic factor and the patterns of development of the condition; at the same time, clinical and psychological research is the optimal and most objective approach to assessing the depth and structure of pathological manifestations, since these methods - clinical and psychological - in comparison with other methods of studying the human psyche - are phenomenologically the closest and complementary.
The profile with the leading 8th and 7th scales (above 70 T) reveals internal tension, anxiety, nervousness, a tendency to endless, often fruitless, pondering any problems ("mental chewing gum"), fenced off, a chronically existing feeling of mental discomfort , uncertainty, decreased overall productivity, guilt and inferiority complex; occurs in persons asthenized by prolonged emotional overstrain or chronically severe illness, as well as in persons with a premorbid (initially) asthenic and psychasthenic disposition, more often in combination with increased 2nd and 0th, as well as decreased 9th. A high double peak 78 (90 T and above) is characteristic of psychotic anxiety, and peak 87 reflects paranoid manifestations. Profile 81 "" - / is alarming in that it reveals concentration on a kind of somatic complaints without emotional seizure, which is characteristic of the hypochondriacal form of schizophrenia. The combination of 8 "" 51 "- / is characteristic of persons with a painful attitude towards the problems of difficult inter-sex adaptation, but with a tendency to reflect and reason about this without expressed anxiety.
Many profiles of patients with schizophrenia do not have a distinct peak on the 8th scale in their structure. Schizoaffective disorders can manifest themselves with peaks on the 2nd or 9th scales, depending on whether the depressive phase of the disease or manic characterizes the patient's condition at the moment. The psychopathic pattern of experiences, especially at the onset of the disease, looks like a floating profile with a high peak on the 4th scale. Hysteroform disorders are reflected in the SMIL profile as a "convection five" with the highest scales 4, 3, 6 and 8 in the profile (as well as in nuclear hysterical psychopathy). Simple little progressive schizophrenia manifests itself with a profile very similar to a neurotic profile or to a psychasthenic personality profile (leading peaks of 2780 with a low 9th). Thus, the accumulated experience confirms the fact that the structure of the clinical syndrome is to a greater extent determined by the basic properties of the personality, the leading individual personality tendencies, than by other factors that caused the disease. By the way, the cause of schizophrenia has not yet been established, and most scientists are inclined to consider it an endogenous mental disorder with genetic roots. And in this case, the role of the structure of the leading trends in the formation of the clinical picture seems to be even more significant.
Low indicators of the 8th scale (below 50 T) are found in persons with poor imagination, stereotyped thinking, sober and practical. The absence of an increase on the 8th scale indicates the prevalence of common sense in this person, a sober assessment of everyday situations, a rational approach to solving problems.
For persons with an elevated 8th scale and good intelligence, the method of correcting insufficiently adaptive forms of behavior is not easy. Gifted, creatively oriented, but difficult in nature, non-conforming individuals need to create a social niche in which the implementation of a differentiated approach would be possible and there would be no “formalization”. For others, with delinquent tendencies, i.e. prone to illegal actions, a timely reorientation of interests is necessary while maintaining a positive personal status, which is a very difficult social task: individuals of this type "settle" only in an environment where their individuality is taken into account. This is important for every person, but for a given type of personality, this factor is of particular importance.
The fate of a personality of type “8” is most likely simply unpredictable and least of all depends on how the person himself proposes to plan it. The individuality of this type of person is especially original. If other individual-personality patterns have common features within their own type of response, suggesting somewhat similar destinies, then this personality type is each time in its own way, and therefore all of them not only differ from others, but also have little in common with each other. ... Unless they are the most difficult to adapt to life, they are distinguished by the originality of motivation and sphere of interest, which is largely aloof from everyday problems. They are sometimes mistakenly rated as stress-resistant, and this is a serious misconception. It's just that what worries most other people occupies a negligible place in their hierarchy of values. If their true values are affected, then extremely low stress resistance is revealed and maladjustment proceeds according to the most irrational version. Therefore, individuals of type “8”, deprived of the opportunity to fit into the social niche offered by the circumstances, may turn out to be incomprehensible, outcasts, eccentrics, who, not being taken seriously, are feared and avoided. Those of them who have extraordinary abilities cause respect and admiration, bordering on mystical worship, since for an ordinary person they still remain a mystery. But their loyalty to their individuality and special life purpose serves as the basis for the formation of messianic attitudes. In their personal life, they can be patiently adored, despite the fact that they are not at all adapted to family life: women like “wives of the Decembrists”, believing in the higher destiny of their life partner, sacrifice both themselves and the well-being of the whole family for the sake of the one whom they worship ... If the pedestal of greatness of such a “special person” collapses for any reason, he remains in splendid isolation. Most often, people of this type are lonely all their lives, sacrificing personal well-being for their special purpose. Due to their extremely high intuition and the ability to think transcendentally (i.e., in global categories), among them there are often fortune-tellers, psychics, healers using non-traditional methods of treatment, specialists who deal with the mental state of a person: psychiatrists and psychologists, as well as theologians, philosophers, astrologers, populist psychotherapists, leaders of religious sects and informal social trends.
9th scale
The leading peak on the 9th scale - the optimism scale - in the profile, in which the other scales are in the range of the norm corridor (from 45 to 55 T), reflects the activity of the position, a high level of love of life, the subject's self-confidence, positive self-esteem, and a tendency to joke and leprosy, high achievement motivation, however, focused more on motor mobility and speech overactivity than on specific goals. The mood is upbeat, but in response to opposition, it easily flares up and just as easily extinguishes an angry reaction. Success evokes a certain exaltation, an emotion of pride. Everyday difficulties are perceived as easily surmountable, otherwise the significance of the unattainable is easily devalued. There is no inclination to seriously delve into complex problems, carelessness prevails, a joyful perception of the whole world around us and one's own being, bright hopes, confidence in the future, conviction in one's own happiness. An increased 9th scale determines accentuation according to the hyperthymic or exalted type and reveals high self-esteem, ease of decision-making, lack of particular intelligibility in contacts, impudent behavior, condescending attitude towards one's mistakes and shortcomings, easily arising emotional outbursts with quick appeasement, inconstancy in attachments , excessive amusement, amorousness - in a word, the characteristics are completely natural for adolescence, but sound like a well-known infantilism for an adult. Therefore, the profile of the 9 "4- / 2 type is a variant of adolescent and youth norms, and in the profile of an adult it reflects the problem of emotional immaturity. Sometimes, such a profile reveals a hypercompensatory reaction of a pseudo-manic type with a tendency to reject problems in a situation of objectively complex, threatening severe consequences. We observed this type of reaction in hypertensive individuals in a situation of forensic examination after a serious crime they had committed, when, despite a very pessimistic prospect of further fate, their state was characterized by bravado, exaltation, and conviction in their righteousness. the clinical group was identified as a pseudomanic syndrome within the reactive state in 1984, and this conclusion was reached independently by psychologists and psychiatrists.
Various authors have repeatedly noted a change in the usual pattern of the SMIL profile with an increase in the 5th and 9th scales under the influence of alcoholic euphoria, on the 10-14th day of medical fasting (when mood elevation is observed), as well as in persons in a state of love. In a stressful situation, persons with a leading 9th scale in the profile show excessive, but not always purposeful activity, while they can imitate an authoritative leading personality. They reveal a tropism for activities where physical and social activity, craving for communication, and the desire to be in sight can be realized.
At the same time, a satiety of monotony occurs quite quickly, a tendency to change the place or type of activity is manifested, which is usually triggered by a feeling of failure, a desire to search for a better option, or simply novelty. With maladjustment, hypersthenic characteristics increase, behavior acquires antisocial features (profile type 946'8). Behavior correction is possible through an authoritative leader or the opinion of a reference group, taking into account such personality traits as increased vanity and instability of interests. psychotherapy, then the work should be aimed at increasing the level of self-control and self-awareness, as well as along the path of channeling spontaneous activity into a socially useful channel.Imperative methods of influence are ineffective, joint cooperation based on skillful imitation of trust and respect for the individual within the framework of pedagogical techniques An increase in the 9th scale in profiles reflecting psychopathological variants of maladjustment gives a tinge of agitation (for example, agitated anxiety 27 "" 9 "- /), or reflects a decrease in criticality 861" "49" - /).
Profile type 94 "" 3 "- / 70 reveals a hyperthymic psychopathic pattern with features of adventurism and a tendency towards pseudology.
In alcoholism, indicators of an increased 9th scale reduce the prospects for successful treatment due to uncriticality and a facilitated attitude to problems, a tendency to deny the presence of alcoholism itself. In the structure of the general condition of patients with myocardial infarction or tuberculosis, the profile of type 49 "- / reveals anosognosia and indicates the presence of a protective mechanism of the type of denial of problems, as well as hypercompensatory activation.
The most pronounced, grotesquely sharpened model of the hypersthenic type of response is the profile of the hypomanic state - 9 * 4 "" 6 "- / 278, characteristic of patients with manic-depressive psychosis in the manic phase. may mean a cyclothymic version of personality accentuation, i.e. a tendency to autochthonous (situationally not conditioned) mood swings that occur at regular intervals.
In the floating (high elevated) profile 27 "" 13869 "- / or 13" "24768" 90- / 5, reflecting a state of pronounced stress, a contradictory combination of high 9th with 2nd or 0th reveals overcompensatory involvement of various defense mechanisms and an increased activity of the individual in search of a way out of a difficult situation, despite confusion, a decreased background of mood and a narrowing of the zone of contacts.
The combination 98 "- / 0 or 894" - / 7 is characteristic of people who are very peculiar in their views, interests and behavior, whose actions are unpredictable and uncontrollable, and whose egocentrism and independence are extremely acute.
Low scores on the 9th scale reveal a decrease in the level of optimism, love of life and activity. If, at the same time, a peak on the 2nd scale is noted, then such a profile reflects a particularly deep depressive mood coloration (as a rule, the 0th scale is quite high), but if the peak on the 4th scale is also high, then due to increased impulsivity suicidal risk (S-risk) is especially pronounced here.
In neurotic and neurosis-like profiles, low indices on the 9th scale indicate increased fatigue, asthenia; apathy is usually detected by a combination of 82 "" 0- / 9 or 28 "" 70 "- / 9. The depressive phase of the MDP, involutional melancholia and endogenous depression in schizoaffective disorders are also manifested by a significant (below 40 T) decrease in the profile on the 9th scale. At the same time, compensatory or protective mechanisms are not expressed, i.e. the profile is an illustration of the most striking embodiment of the asthenic type of response with depressive experiences, which occupy a central place in the structure of the clinical syndrome: 2 * 8 "" 0- / 9 or 82 "" 70 "- /:nine. Hypochondriacal or paranoid inclusions are reflected by an increase in the corresponding scales (1st or 6th).
The properties revealed by the 9th scale can be fateful only if maturity and a serious attitude towards life do not come to a person over the years: the game component in any spheres of his activity remains dominant for life, and the feeling does not arise responsibility for yourself and loved ones. Usually, the features characteristic of adolescence and early youth are smoothed out or disappear altogether in later years. An adult of type “9” is an incorrigible optimist, intoxicated with the joy of being: he is both “knee-deep” and “jumping over his head” is a common thing. If something fails, then lies and boasting compensate for the damage done to self-esteem, leaving it invariably high due to the powerful defense mechanism of “denying” problems .. Literary images reflecting the general appearance of type “9” is Nozdryov from “Dead Souls” N V. Gogol and the well-known Baron Munchausen, who in difficult times can pull himself out of the water by his hair. Walking easily through life, individuals of this type are extremely sweet at a distance, but incorrigibly irresponsible and unnecessary in family life and work. They can show sufficient (and even enviable) perseverance and diligence only in such activities that bring joy and fully coincide with their need for self-realization. Moreover, the desire to indulge momentary needs absolutely prevails over any set aside, shifted into the future goals and values, which leads people of this type in their declining years to moral bankruptcy.
0th scale
An increased O-th scale (scale of "introversion") aggravates hyposthenic manifestations and weakens (makes less obvious, noticeable) sthenic features. It reveals the passivity of the personal position and the greater focus of interests in the world of internal experiences (than outside) as a constant personality trait (i.e. introversion) with increased and high indices of the 0th scale in the profile of the norm. An increase in the 0th scale reflects a decrease in the level of involvement in the social environment, reveals a certain isolation, shyness. The 0th scale reacts with some increase (by 5-7 T) when a person experiences difficulties in establishing relationships in connection with the process of getting used to a new microgroup or in connection with a serious interpersonal conflict. With a pronounced accentuation of the type of an introverted personality, a high (65-70 T) 0th scale reflects inertia in decision-making, secrecy, selectivity in contacts, a desire to avoid conflicts at the cost of a significant narrowing of the sphere of interpersonal contacts. In a stressful situation - lethargy, withdrawal from contacts, escape from problems into loneliness (escape). High rates reflect not only isolation, taciturnity, but are often a sign of internal disharmony and a way of hiding from others the originality of their character, awkwardness in communication. Sometimes, at first glance, these people can give the impression of being quite sociable, but this is given to them at the cost of considerable effort, which only they themselves know about.
If the 0th scale is the only peak in the profile, then in women it indicates modesty, commitment to family interests, social compliance, and in men it reveals a typical Jungian version of introversion, the attributes of which are inertia of mental functions, rigidity of attitudes, subjectivity, irritability, isolation ...
In combination with the 2nd, 7th and 8th, an increase in 0 (65 T and above) reveals a weakening of social contacts, isolation and alienation. A high 0 (70 T and above), especially in a profile of the 80 "- / 9 type, reflects the problem of autism. People with a high 0 usually know little about persons with a high 0, and their stenic features and originality are smoothed out, made less noticeable. Thus , the qualities of this scale are directly opposite to the properties of the 9th, which enhances the characteristics of the stenic register.
Low scores on the 0th scale, on the other hand, demonstrate not only sociability and lack of shyness, but also ease in flaunting their characterological characteristics.
Data of the 0th scale below 40 T reveal promiscuity in contacts, excessive sociability, bordering on intrusiveness with a high 9th scale in the profile. Correction of the behavior of persons with a high 0th scale is difficult due to their isolation, lack of frankness, and is possible only in a situation of the patient's won trust. Agreeing and not arguing with many things, in fact they are not very susceptible to external influences. They rarely act as a leader. The choice of professional activity is revealed by other profile indicators, but this should take into account their tendency to limit contacts.
Of all the tendencies revealed by the SMIL profile, the 0th scale hides from prying eyes rather than reveals a person's individuality. The fatefulization of a person of type "0" is strongly dependent on any other leading tendency, since the signs inherent in the 0th scale in their pure form are characteristic only of a person who has completely moved away from the "worldly vanity", a hermit who has refused any contacts with the surrounding world. If this happens after everyday tragedies and a dramatic break with society, then the escape is somehow associated with painful experiences that are an echo of emotional storms and are manifested by different indicators of the SMIL profile, in addition to the 0th scale. If the departure from active social life is primary, due to the initial rejection of the world as it is, if the world of its own soul is actually not at all connected by community with the environment, then this is type “0”, a lonely traveler who does not need someone wanted to share his loneliness with him. It makes no sense to describe the social role here, since this is a position outside of society. These are people who have refused to realize their own destiny within the framework of such a world as it really exists.
This is the interpretation of the basic (main) scales of the SMIL technique.
Profile analysis.
Knowing the personality traits and characteristics of the states, which are determined by separate scales, and also taking into account their influence on each other, one can proceed to a holistic assessment of the profile. First of all, the profile should be viewed through the prism of the subject's attitude to the testing procedure, which is revealed by the ratio of the reliability scales and the height of their indicators.
Smoothed profiles should be alarming, in which the scales contrasting in their content side are almost at the same level, and the indicators of the K or L scale are quite high. At high F, the profile height can be associated with various reasons given earlier, however, in any case, the profile will be sharpened and overestimated, which must be taken into account when interpreting.
With an increase within the normative spread of the 1st and 3rd scales with a relatively low 2nd and without a significant increase in the profile on other scales, attention should be paid to the L and K indices. If they are increased (above 60 T, or more than 7 T above the F scale), then most likely we are talking about the subject's tendency to "show himself in the best light", about the desire to deny any difficulties and problems, about the attitude to improve results, about trying to give "supernormal" answers and emphasize his friendliness , conformity, altruism, while in reality it can only be a facade behind which various problems and a different character are hidden. Such subjects sometimes have a scale of "?" may turn out to be quite high. The interpretation of such a profile is reduced to a statement of the presence of an attitude of conformity to normativity, the profile itself (especially if it is drowned in four to five scales) is regarded as “hypernormal”. The survey is worth repeating. In a reliable profile, interpretation is carried out according to the general rules, while the characteristics of the 3rd scale absorb the properties of the 1st, since the emotional brightness of its features levels the restraint reflected by the 1st scale. Only the predominance of the 1st over the 3rd by 5 T and more gives reason to focus on the interpretation of the 1st scale.
The combination of the 1st with increased (or high) 2nd, 6th, 7th, 8th and 0th with a low 9th reflects the problem of suppressed hostility and is characteristic of the so-called "ulcerative personality type", which differs pedantry, dogmatic style of thinking, increased irritability, distance, exactingness both to oneself and to others in matters of morality, duty, responsibility. With high diligence, integrity and honesty in work, they show petty despotism in contacts of a narrow circle, secretive, awkward and constrained in communication, the tone of their statements is edifying, external rigidity is combined with internally felt tension and vulnerability in relation to environmental influences. The success of social adaptation is a well-balanced ratio between the egocentric needs of a person and the requirements of the social environment. An absolutely balanced, harmonious personality is distinguished by a complete balance of a moderately pronounced tendency to self-realization with good self-control, ensuring full compliance with the regulatory requirements of the environment. The more pronounced the character and individuality of a person, the greater the load falls on the function of the controlling systems that maintain balance. This is the main difference between concordant and discordant personality: in the latter, the external attributes of normative behavior hide internal tension. The price that a person "pays" for meeting the requirements of society can be quite high.
If the “I” of the individual is destroyed by the pressure of society and self-realization of the individual does not occur (needs are not satisfied, abilities are not realized), then neurotization occurs, reflected in the profile by the predominance of hypothetical, inhibited traits. If the balance is disturbed due to weakened self-control towards spontaneous self-realization, then the collision of the interests of the self-asserting personality with the demands of society is reflected in behavioral reactions, manifested in the profile by the predominance of hyperthymic signs. The price of this imbalance is mainly paid by the difficulties of society. If both mechanisms of maintaining balance are involved simultaneously, then we observe the implementation of the psychosomatic mechanism, manifested by physical disorders of various kinds.
For the convenience of a holistic interpretation of the profile of the scale, the methods should be grouped in such a way that, by the leading peaks, it is possible to determine, first, the generalized main type of response, and then, on the basis of the values of the scales, identify individual personality characteristics and the level of adaptability of the subject. The 2nd, 7th and 0th scales reflect the properties of the hyposthenic type of response and indicate the predominance of inhibited character traits. If in the profile these scales significantly prevail over others, then conformity, social compliance, personality normativity, and refusal of self-realization are revealed. In any profile that reflects a personality's reaction to a traumatic situation, the configuration with the leading scales of the hyposthenic register reveals a neurotic variant of maladjustment or personality decompensation in the direction of increasing inhibited reactions. The 4th, 6th and 9th scales form a stenic type of response and allow one to describe the personality in terms of the characteristics of activity, strength, and the predominance of excitable traits.
A moderate increase in these scales in the profile indicates a pronounced tendency towards self-realization and resistance to environmental influences. If the height of the profile indicates a violation of adaptation, then the variant of maladjustment corresponding to this type of response is manifested by behavioral reactions of an asocial or antisocial orientation. This can be conflicting behavior, non-conformity, authoritarianism and the desire for domination, an increased sense of independence and repulsion from imposed authorities (including the problems of puberty). High rates of a hypersthenic profile may also reflect the problem of alcoholism, drug addiction, and delinquent behavior.
A combination of multidirectional trends, i.e. indicators of both hypo- and hypersthenic properties, reveals a mixed type of response, in which a high need for self-realization is combined with an equally high self-control and a tendency to inhibit, restrain behavioral reactions. In this case, the channels of both neurotic and behavioral responses are blocked, which affects the general overstrain and manifests itself in the somatization of the internal conflict, i.e. psychosomatic variant of maladjustment, the target of which will be the weakest link of a particular functional system of the human body.
The indicators of the 1st and 3rd scales already carry the characteristics of a mixed type of response, regardless of the rest of the profile structure, since they reflect the problem of suppressed hostility. Their presence in the profile, as a rule, reveals a mixed type of response, and other profile indicators are only additional information. Having determined the reliability of the data obtained and the angle that allows us to consider the profile itself through the prism of the attitudes identified in the subject, after the general type of response has been identified, attention should be paid to the degree of personality adaptation. The drowned profile may be the result of insincerity in the answers (the reliability scales will tell about this), but it may also indicate a certain hypoemotiveness of the subject, the lethargy of his reactions, a reduced level of achievement motivation, and a narrowed range of interests.
A normal, harmonious personality can be manifested by indicators of a linear profile, in which all properties are balanced and none of them is more pronounced than the others. But balance can also be manifested by the balance of multidirectional tendencies with increased indicators, which creates the basis for a certain tension of an internally contradictory personality pattern; however, outwardly efforts, at the cost of which a person achieves self-compensation, may be invisible or extremely rare. Therefore, in a profile that is at the upper limit of the norm or slightly exceeds it, a state bordering between the norm and pathology is revealed, be it the everyday difficulties of an accentuated personality or the sharpening of personality characteristics in an objectively difficult situation.
Understanding the problems behind these indicators should be based on the ratio of scales that reveal a hyposthenic, sthenic or mixed type of response to the characteristics of different scales and their mutual influence on each other, strengthening or weakening the tendencies behind them. In a high profile, when interpreting, we are primarily interested in the peaks that carry the profile contour outside the normal range. They determine the state of the subject and show the level of personal disintegration, revealing the structure of the leading syndrome, the severity of emotional stress, and the emotional saturation of the subject's experiences.
When interpreting the profile of a psychologist, one should not be confused by conflicting data associated with equally high scores on scales of opposite significance. If, in the norm, balance is achieved by the fact that each individual-personal tendency is balanced by an equally moderately expressed anti-tendency, then with difficult adaptation, compensation is achieved by the fact that a strongly pronounced, accented leading tendency is opposed by anti-tendency as a protective, compensatory reaction. Real maladjustment occurs when the leading, sharply intensified tendency is not balanced, is not compensated by anti-tendency. The more pronounced the peaks and the smaller the concomitant rises of the scales reflecting the tendencies opposite to the given peak, the more reason to speak about the established structure of the subject's attitude to the current situation, about the chronically proceeding mental maladjustment, as well as about the lack of compensatory resources of the personality. On the contrary, the floating profile, in which most of the scales are located above the upper limit of the norm, indicates a state of general stress, in which various protective mechanisms are involved and multiple compensatory functions of mental activity are strained, aimed at leveling maladjustment. And although at the same time mental tension increases, prognostically, such a profile is more promising in terms of normalization of the state, especially when it comes to psychogenic borderline disorders. In any case, the diagnostic aspects of assessing the condition should be based on longitudinal data, that is, on a comparative analysis of repeated studies using the SMIL test. An even greater objectivity for solving diagnostic issues is given to us by a comparative analysis of the data of a comprehensive study using other methods, including traditional experimental psychological ones, which give us an idea of the state of the individual's mental functions.
At the same time, moderately elevated profiles (65-75T), combining a variety of scales reflecting the severity of multidirectional tendencies, may be the result of neurotic (if the scales of the hyposthenic register prevail) or pathocharacterological (if stenic signs prevail) development. In this case, the increases accompanying the leading peaks are a reflection of the compensatory tension of the secondary defense mechanisms. All these nuances become interesting for those specialists who already have experience with this technique.
Graphical representation of a profile.
The interpretation of the data obtained is to a certain extent subject to discussion with the subject or those persons on whom the fate of the surveyed depends. It should be remembered that any at first glance flattering characteristic, as well as other unnecessarily harsh epithets, represent a rather one-sided interpretation of this or that phenomenon. Each personality trait is dialectical and reflects both the “front” and “reverse sides of the medal” of the personality portrait. The characteristics identified by a particular scale carry different meanings and can be considered in different ways both in the context of interpersonal relations and in the field of professional activity. Stubbornness and pedantry simultaneously carry such positive qualities as stability of interests and competitiveness; increased anxiety, along with shyness in decision-making, is manifested by conscientiousness and empathy in relations with others, etc.
In this regard, when interpreting, special attention should be paid to the fact that the description of the profile is not clearly evaluative, i.e., does not look like a review of the bad and good qualities of the individual and does not harm the person in the eyes of others.
A person is never good or bad, depending only on what type of nervous activity he has - strong or weak, or on what style of cognitive or behavioral activity he has - holistic, communicative, or formally logical, introverted. People are simply different, but a person is bad or good - this is a category of situational assessment of his actions by others and depends entirely on the moral and ethical attitudes of society, the prevailing cultural and historical values of a particular group of the population. Outside of these conditions, a person is what he is, and he (with the exception of gross pathology) has no intentions to do evil to other people. If he does this, then, more often than not, defending his interests, which justifies his "bad" actions and statements, painfully and negatively perceiving criticism in his address. The more selfish a person acts, the more often and more he risks infringing on the interests of other people.
One cannot help recalling lines from the diary of young Anne Frank. As a victim of the fascist genocide, she died in one of the concentration camps during the Second World War. The tragedy of her life is difficult to exaggerate. And yet she wrote: "In spite of everything, I still believe that people are really good at heart." Often, sthenism, which develops into aggression and manifests itself in tough actions or statements, is a manifestation of hypercompensatory reactions in a person who is unhappy in its own way. At the same time, people rarely think about the fact that their rigidity can often manifest itself in relation to innocent people as an unreacted defensive reaction to an insult coming from a completely different source. It should always be borne in mind that every “bad” person has a positive inner picture of his own “I”, and he always finds an excuse for his bad actions. If the picture of “I” is reduced to the image of a “bad” or worthless person, then such experiences can lead to auto-aggression, that is, to suicidal tendencies. For fruitful cooperation with the subjects (namely, this is necessary for the psychologist, in order for his work to bring positive results and professional satisfaction) in the process of discussing the results obtained, the following immutable rule must be observed: it is necessary to maintain a sufficiently high self-esteem of a person, since this is an indispensable condition for his normal existence. So the psychotherapist Karl Rogers, known to the whole world for the humanity of his approach, argued. This is confirmed by the experience accumulated in Russian psychology. It should be remembered that the overestimated, but unstable self-esteem of impulsive, excitable accentuates or psychopathic personalities also obeys the general rule, since this often hides self-doubt and an inept attempt to hide their own complexes, and aggressiveness is of a hypercompensatory nature. Even in a person whose personality portrait, according to SMIL, is characterized by leading anxious-depressive and introverted features and looks like a dreary complaint and a call for help, crushed by circumstances, not believing in himself, an unfortunate loser, prone to self-deprecation, declaring his readiness for suicide, there is always a secret hope. He hopes for the restoration of his “I”, for an increase in social status and the return of positive self-esteem, which actually exists and, like a float, pushes the sinking personality construct upward. Otherwise, why would he complain, to whom would he appeal for help, if he was completely sure of his worthlessness and did not hope for anything?
The ethics of psychological research provides that the data obtained should serve the interests of the person being examined and not harm him. Otherwise, the trust shown by the examined person in relation to the psychologist will not be justified or will be completely undermined, and the psychology itself in the eyes of people is discredited.
Psychodiagnostics is a delicate and double-edged weapon, it can do a lot - therefore it is necessary, but also dangerous. Only those who responsibly relate to the continuous improvement of their professional skills, are strict and demanding of themselves and others when choosing not only the testing tool, but also the means of realizing its effect, is able to truly help people and deserve the honor of bearing the name of the "engineer of human souls" from science.
With the most skillful interpretation, it should be remembered that, in addition to the 10% of unreliable profiles accompanying any study, in which motivational distortions are determined by the reliability scales, as a rule, there are at least 5% of formally reliable, but, thanks to the cunning of the surveyed, insufficiently sincere or far-fetched profiles that sound in a sense, a dissonance in relation to the data of other psychological methods and the observed objective reality. Such profiles can be encountered when examining persons with a sufficiently high intelligence in a situation where the test results may be of particular importance for their future fate.
Special attention should be paid to the combination of objectively existing problems with simulative tendencies. Such profiles are found during sursimulation. This is a tendency to simulate in a person with an already existing mental pathology, which he does not recognize or to which he refers without sufficient criticism. However, due to protective tendencies, he has a certain degree of preservation to pretend to be sick within the framework of his idea of a particular disease .. At the same time, violations of the patterns of the declared pathology can be seen in the contours of the profile. So, the actually experienced state of psychogenic stress, reflected in the profile in the form of signs corresponding in severity to the characteristics of an emotionally intact personality, when trying to simulate schizophrenia, can be intertwined with artificially interspersed indicators of emotional coldness, autism, and impaired perception. And vice versa: signs of personality changes characteristic of schizophrenia can be combined with declared excessive anxiety, depressive symptoms, hypochondriacal focus on imaginary physical disorders.
Given the nature of the requirements of verbal techniques, one should always remember that they can provoke in the subject a rather sophisticated defensive reaction to the examination procedure. Therefore, relying only on the data of the SMIL methodology (or another version of the MMPI), one should not count on a reliability higher than 75%. The reliability of psychological testing is enhanced if a battery of test methods is used. The use of verbal techniques in combination with non-verbal ones is especially effective. Not all of them are sufficiently formalized and standardized methods, but psychological research has always been and will remain to a certain extent an art, and the methodology is just a tool that only in capable hands contributes to the disclosure of the personality image. At the same time, strict standardization, increasing the reliability of the method, at the same time reduces the area of research search, leaving outside the experiment a significant number of variations in personality patterns that were not included in the structure of the mathematical model of the method. An excellent addition to the SMIL test, which basically reveals the inner picture of the individual "I", are: the method of portrait selection of the MPV, based on the modification of the test of eight drives of Szondi, the method of color choices MCV (adapted eight-color Luscher test), as well as the drawn apperceptive thematic test PAT ( modification of Murray's Thematic Apperception Test).
The least stable individual and personal characteristics of children and adolescents. Insufficiently controllable due to excessive emotiveness, some of the features reflecting the ambition and arrogance of 16 - 20-year-old youth. Therefore, these SMIL techniques, which outline a fairly objective picture of a person's conscious "I", must be compared with what non-verbal tests will reveal, aimed at identifying unconscious tendencies. However, having received such a multifaceted portrait of individual and personal properties, do we have the right to consider fully studied the complex structure of what we generally call the word personality? At this moment, the aspect of mental individuality that is directly related to the assimilated socio-historical experience of one's ethnic group, one's social environment and those moral and ethical criteria that are the basis of any particular community becomes more relevant than ever. With an individually conditioned tropism to certain types of activity, to certain values and to a circle of communication, a person can really turn to only those of them that are available to him, about which he knows something, that surround him. Taking into account the internalized social attitudes and cultural and historical experience, gleaned by the individual in his environment, the psychologist forms a holistic picture of the personality.
Many modern scientists deny the possibility of including her adaptive reactions in the structure of personality. However, it is precisely adaptation to real environmental conditions that forms the personality, revealing its individual style. At first, these are only primitive reactions of a defensive nature, manifested as properties of an innate temperament. Then a set of habitual forms of reaction in interaction with the immediate environment forms character. Already at this level of personality development, individual properties are involved - the individual style of cognitive activity, motivation, emotions and interpersonal behavior, that is, those basic personality traits that determine the individuality of a person, which we call leading trends. Higher levels of personality and social orientation of a person are also formed and hardened in the struggle for their own self-realization with a resisting environment, regardless of which social formation structures the society in which a particular person lives. At the same time, adaptive mechanisms, manifested as a dynamic individually outlined personality pattern, constitute a form of personality manifestation in different situations. The meaningful essence of personality - the hierarchy of values, educational level, professional and social activities also largely depend on those stylistic individual and personal characteristics that representatives of fundamental approaches in psychology somewhat dismissively refer to the category of emotional and dynamic properties.
The formalized data of psychodiagnostic research by the SMIL method quite clearly outline that basic pattern, that outline of the psychological essence of a person, according to which fate embroiders its complex pattern. But no matter how much upbringing, social restrictions, the influence of the environment and culture of the ethnos are layered on the typological basis, the individual style of reaction permeates all types of human activity. The individual style is especially vividly manifested in a situation that is perceived by a given person as a threat to life or self-esteem.
SMIL 566 - MMPI test. Methodology Minnesota Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. A standardized multifactorial method of personality research, Sobchik L.N.
4.625
Rating 4.63 (4 Votes)
