Thanks to technological progress, many programs have been created to facilitate the process of working on drawings. However, even the most complex and multifunctional programs cannot completely replace a person, and therefore there are many tasks that have to be solved independently. So, quite a lot of questions arise when it is necessary to find out the scale of the drawings. GOST quite strictly regulates everything that is on the drawings, including scale parameters, symbols, etc. However, theoretical knowledge does not always help to understand it in practice.
What are the drawing scales?
GOST tells us that there are several types of scales: life size, zoom in and zoom out. The nuance is that when creating drawings, scales cannot be chosen at your own discretion; they must exactly correspond to the parameters specified by GOST:
- Life size - 1:1 is the most convenient because it immediately gives a clear idea of the size of the object.
- Reduction scale - 1:2; 1:2.5; 1:4; 1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25 and so on, is used if it is necessary to depict a large object in the drawing, for example a large machine or part.
- Magnification scale - 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 20:1; 40:1; 50:1 and so on, applies in cases where we're talking about about a small part, such as a clock mechanism, bolt or nut.
- Special reduction scales are calculated using the formula 1:10n; 1:(2x10n); 1:(5x10n), which are used to depict particularly large objects, such as buildings or bridges.
- Specific magnification scales can be calculated using the formula (10xn):1, where n is an integer. Such scales are used for the smallest and even microscopic details.
How to correctly indicate the scale of drawings?
GOST provides for the designation of the scale of elements shown in the drawings. For this purpose, a special area is used in the lower right corner, which, as a rule, is specially marked. If the column does not have a name, then before digital values the letter "M" is indicated, for example, M 1:1; M 1:2; M 2:1 and so on. It is important to remember that if you are making a working drawing of a typical part, then the scale is not indicated, but a dash is placed in the column. If you are drawing a part on an enlarged scale, then in order to get an idea of the real size of the part, an image of the part in the upper left corner on a scale of 1:1 is allowed, and there is no need to indicate the dimensions for such an image.
Dimensions and scales
Certainly, different meanings Sometimes they can be misleading, but in reality everything is very simple. So, if you see that the scale is 1:100, then the part will be 100 times larger than its image. Conversely, if the scale is 100:1, then the part will be 100 times smaller. In order to avoid unnecessary confusion, all dimensions in the drawings must be indicated in actual size only, regardless of scale. Thus, indicating the dimensions obtained as a result of scaling is a gross mistake.
We understand that GOST prescribes the scale of drawings quite strictly and failure to comply with the standards may lead to the fact that you will have to redo the entire drawing. However, sometimes calculating the required scale is quite difficult. If you are not confident in your abilities and doubt that you will be able to carry out the necessary calculations correctly, you can always resort to the help of our company’s specialists. Our specialists have extensive experience in compiling various drawings in accordance with all existing GOSTs. They can easily draw a detail or object of any size, from the smallest to the largest.
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of an image in a drawing to its actual dimensions.
The scale of images and their designation in drawings is established by GOST 2.302-68 (Table 5.3). The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing should be indicated as 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 2:1; 5:1; etc.
Table 5.3 – Drawing scales
When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.
5.3 Main inscription.
Each sheet is decorated with a frame, the lines of which are spaced from three sides of the format by 5 mm from the left side by 20 mm. The main inscription in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 is placed on the frame line in the lower right corner of the format. On A4 sheets, the main inscription is placed only along the short side. The type and thickness of lines in drawings, diagrams and graphs must comply with GOST 2.303-68. Drawings of the project design documentation are made in pencil. Schemes, graphs, and tables may be made in black ink (paste). All inscriptions on the drawing field, dimensional numbers, and filling out the main inscription are made only in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
Thematic headings are not depicted on the sheets, since the name of the contents of the sheet is indicated in the main inscription. In cases where a sheet with one inscription contains several independent images (poster material), individual images or parts of text are provided with headings.
The main inscription on the first sheets of drawings and diagrams must correspond to Form 1, in text design documents - Form 2 and Form 2a on subsequent sheets. It is allowed to use Form 2a on subsequent sheets of drawings and diagrams.
The corner inscription for drawings and diagrams is located in accordance with Figure 5.1. Filled by rotating the sheet 180 o or 90 o.
Figure 5.1–Location of title block on various drawings
In the columns of the title block, Figures 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, indicate:
– in column 1 – name of the product or its component: name of the graph or diagram, as well as the name of the document, if this document is assigned a code. The name must be short and written in the nominative singular case. If it consists of several words, then a noun is placed in the first place, for example: “Threshing drum”, “Safety clutch”, etc. It is allowed to write in this column the name of the contents of the sheet in the order accepted in the technical literature, for example: “Economic indicators”, “Technological map”, etc.;
– in column 2 – designation of the document (drawing, graphics, diagram, specification, etc.);
– in column 3 – designation of the material (the column is filled in only on drawings of parts). The designation includes the name, brand and standard or specification of the material. If the brand of a material contains its abbreviated name “St”, “SCh”, then the name of this material is not indicated.
Figure 5.2 – Form No. 1
Figure 5.3 – Form No. 2
Figure 5.4 – Form No. 2a
Examples of recording material:
– SCh 25 GOST 1412-85 (gray cast iron, 250 - tensile strength in MPa);
– KCh 30-6 GOST 1215-79 (malleable cast iron, 300 - tensile strength in MPa, 6 - relative elongation in%);
– HF 60 GOST 7293-85 (high-strength cast iron, 600 - tensile strength in MPa);
– St 3 GOST 380-94 (carbon steel of ordinary quality, 3- serial number become);
– Steel 20 GOST 1050-88 (carbon steel, high-quality structural, 20 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent);
– Steel 30 KhNZA GOST 4543-71 (alloy structural steel, 30 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent, chromium no more than 1.5%, nickel 3%, A - high quality);
– Steel U8G GOST 1425-90 (tool carbon steel, 8 - carbon content in tenths of a percent; G - increased manganese content);
– Br04Ts4S17 GOST 613-79 (deformable bronze, O-tin 4%, C-zinc 4%, C-lead 17%);
– BrA9Mts2 GOST 18175-78 (tin-free bronze 
, processed by pressure, A- aluminum 9%, manganese 2%);
– LTs38Mts2S2 GOST 17711-93 (cast brass, zinc 38%, manganese 2%, lead 2%);
– AL2 GOST 1583-89 (casting aluminum alloy, 2-order alloy number);
– AK4M2TS6 GOST 1583-93 (cast aluminum alloy, silicon 4%, copper 2%, zinc 6%);
– AMts GOST 4784-74 (deformable aluminum alloy, manganese 1.0...1.6%,).
When manufacturing parts from the assortment:
- Square 
(from a rod square profile with a square side size of 40 mm according to GOST 2591-88, steel grade 20 according to GOST 1050-88);
– Hexagon 
(made of hot-rolled steel with hexagonal profile according to GOST 2579-88 normal accuracy rolling, with the size of an inscribed circle - turnkey size - 22 mm, steel grade 25 according to GOST 1050-88);
- Circle 
(hot-rolled round steel of normal rolling accuracy with a diameter of 20 mm in accordance with GOST 2590-88, steel grade St 3 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
- Band 
(strip steel 10 mm thick, 70 mm wide according to GOST 103-76, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– Corner 
(angular equal-flange steel 50x3 mm in size according to GOST 8509-86, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, standard rolling accuracy B, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– I-beam 
(hot-rolled I-beam number 30 in accordance with GOST 8239-89 of increased accuracy (B), steel grade St 5 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– Pipe 20x2.8 GOST 3262-75 (ordinary non-galvanized pipe of standard manufacturing precision, of unmeasured length, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, a wall thickness of 2.8 mm, without threads and without a coupling);
– Pipe Ts-R-20x2.8 – 6000 GOST 3262-75 (zinc-coated pipe with increased manufacturing precision, measured length 6000 mm, nominal bore 20 mm, with thread);
- Pipe 
(steel seamless pipe normal manufacturing precision according to GOST 8732-78, with an outer diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness of 3.5 mm, length multiple of 1250 mm, steel grade 10, manufactured according to group B of GOST 8731-87);
- Pipe 
(steel seamless pipe according to GOST 8732-78 with internal diameter 70 mm, wall thickness 16 mm, of unmeasured length, steel grade 20, category 1, manufactured according to group A, GOST 8731-87);
– Column 4 – letter assigned to this document according to GOST 2.103-68 depending on the nature of the work in the form of a project. The column is filled in from the left cell:
–U – educational document;
–DP – documentation of the diploma project;
–DR – documentation of the thesis;
–KP – course project documentation;
–KR – course work documentation;
– Column 5 – product weight (in kg) according to GOST 2.110-95; on drawings of parts and assembly drawings indicate the theoretical or actual mass of the product (in kg) without indicating units of measurement.
It is allowed to indicate the mass in other units of measurement indicating them, for example, 0.25 g, 15 t.
In drawings made on several sheets, the mass is indicated only on the first.
On dimensional and installation drawings, as well as on drawings of parts of prototypes and individual production, it is allowed not to indicate the mass;
– Column 6 – scale (indicated in accordance with GOST 2.302-68).
If the assembly drawing is made on two or more sheets and the images on individual sheets are made on a scale different from that indicated in the title block of the first sheet, column 6 of the title block on these sheets is not filled out;
– Column 7 – serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in).
Column 8 – the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet).
Column 9 - the name or distinctive index of the enterprise issuing the document (since the department in which the diploma project is being carried out is encrypted in column 2 - designation of the document, in this column it is necessary to enter the name of the institute and the group code). For example: “PGSHA gr. To-51";
– Column 10 – the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document. In the diploma project, the column is filled in starting from the top line with the following abbreviations:
– “Developer”;
– “Consult.”;
- “Hand. etc.";
- “Head. cafe";
- “N.cont.”
– Column 11 – surname of the persons who signed the document;
– Column 12 – signatures of persons whose names are indicated in column 2. Signatures of the persons who developed this document and are responsible for standard control are mandatory;
– Box 13 – date of signing of the document;
Scale is the ratio of the linear dimensions of an image in a drawing to its actual dimensions.
The scale of images and their designation in drawings is established by GOST 2.302-68 (Table 5.3). The scale indicated in the designated column of the title block of the drawing should be indicated as 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 2:1; 5:1; etc.
Table 5.3 – Drawing scales
When designing master plans for large objects, it is allowed to use a scale of 1:2000; 1:5000; 1:10000; 1:20000; 1:25000; 1:50000.
5.3 Main inscription.
Each sheet is decorated with a frame, the lines of which are spaced from three sides of the format by 5 mm from the left side by 20 mm. The main inscription in accordance with GOST 2.104-68 is placed on the frame line in the lower right corner of the format. On A4 sheets, the main inscription is placed only along the short side. The type and thickness of lines in drawings, diagrams and graphs must comply with GOST 2.303-68. Drawings of the project design documentation are made in pencil. Schemes, graphs, and tables may be made in black ink (paste). All inscriptions on the drawing field, dimensional numbers, and filling out the main inscription are made only in drawing font in accordance with GOST 2.304-81.
Thematic headings are not depicted on the sheets, since the name of the contents of the sheet is indicated in the main inscription. In cases where a sheet with one inscription contains several independent images (poster material), individual images or parts of text are provided with headings.
The main inscription on the first sheets of drawings and diagrams must correspond to Form 1, in text design documents - Form 2 and Form 2a on subsequent sheets. It is allowed to use Form 2a on subsequent sheets of drawings and diagrams.
The corner inscription for drawings and diagrams is located in accordance with Figure 5.1. Filled by rotating the sheet 180 o or 90 o.
Figure 5.1–Location of title block on various drawings
In the columns of the title block, Figures 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, indicate:
– in column 1 – name of the product or its component: name of the graph or diagram, as well as the name of the document, if this document is assigned a code. The name must be short and written in the nominative singular case. If it consists of several words, then a noun is placed in the first place, for example: “Threshing drum”, “Safety clutch”, etc. It is allowed to write in this column the name of the contents of the sheet in the order accepted in the technical literature, for example: “Economic indicators”, “Technological map”, etc.;
– in column 2 – designation of the document (drawing, graphics, diagram, specification, etc.);
– in column 3 – designation of the material (the column is filled in only on drawings of parts). The designation includes the name, brand and standard or specification of the material. If the brand of a material contains its abbreviated name “St”, “SCh”, then the name of this material is not indicated.
Figure 5.2 – Form No. 1
Figure 5.3 – Form No. 2
Figure 5.4 – Form No. 2a
Examples of recording material:
– SCh 25 GOST 1412-85 (gray cast iron, 250 - tensile strength in MPa);
– KCh 30-6 GOST 1215-79 (malleable cast iron, 300 - tensile strength in MPa, 6 - relative elongation in%);
– HF 60 GOST 7293-85 (high-strength cast iron, 600 - tensile strength in MPa);
– St 3 GOST 380-94 (carbon steel of ordinary quality, 3rd steel number);
– Steel 20 GOST 1050-88 (carbon steel, high-quality structural, 20 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent);
– Steel 30 KhNZA GOST 4543-71 (alloy structural steel, 30 - carbon content in hundredths of a percent, chromium no more than 1.5%, nickel 3%, A - high quality);
– Steel U8G GOST 1425-90 (tool carbon steel, 8 - carbon content in tenths of a percent; G - increased manganese content);
– Br04Ts4S17 GOST 613-79 (deformable bronze, O-tin 4%, C-zinc 4%, C-lead 17%);
– BrA9Mts2 GOST 18175-78 (tin-free bronze 
, processed by pressure, A- aluminum 9%, manganese 2%);
– LTs38Mts2S2 GOST 17711-93 (cast brass, zinc 38%, manganese 2%, lead 2%);
– AL2 GOST 1583-89 (casting aluminum alloy, 2-order alloy number);
– AK4M2TS6 GOST 1583-93 (cast aluminum alloy, silicon 4%, copper 2%, zinc 6%);
– AMts GOST 4784-74 (deformable aluminum alloy, manganese 1.0...1.6%,).
When manufacturing parts from the assortment:
- Square 
(from a square profile bar with a square side size of 40 mm according to GOST 2591-88, steel grade 20 according to GOST 1050-88);
– Hexagon 
(made of hot-rolled steel with a hexagonal profile in accordance with GOST 2579-88 of normal rolling accuracy, with the size of an inscribed circle - turnkey size - 22 mm, steel grade 25 in accordance with GOST 1050-88);
- Circle 
(hot-rolled round steel of normal rolling accuracy with a diameter of 20 mm in accordance with GOST 2590-88, steel grade St 3 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
- Band 
(strip steel 10 mm thick, 70 mm wide according to GOST 103-76, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– Corner 
(angular equal-flange steel 50x3 mm in size according to GOST 8509-86, steel grade St 3 according to GOST 380-94, standard rolling accuracy B, supplied according to the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– I-beam 
(hot-rolled I-beam number 30 in accordance with GOST 8239-89 of increased accuracy (B), steel grade St 5 in accordance with GOST 380-94, supplied in accordance with the technical requirements of GOST 535-88);
– Pipe 20x2.8 GOST 3262-75 (ordinary non-galvanized pipe of standard manufacturing precision, of unmeasured length, with a nominal bore of 20 mm, a wall thickness of 2.8 mm, without threads and without a coupling);
– Pipe Ts-R-20x2.8 – 6000 GOST 3262-75 (zinc-coated pipe with increased manufacturing precision, measured length 6000 mm, nominal bore 20 mm, with thread);
- Pipe 
(seamless steel pipe of standard manufacturing precision according to GOST 8732-78, with an outer diameter of 70 mm, a wall thickness of 3.5 mm, a length multiple of 1250 mm, steel grade 10, manufactured according to group B of GOST 8731-87);
- Pipe 
(seamless steel pipe in accordance with GOST 8732-78 with an internal diameter of 70 mm, wall thickness 16 mm, unmeasured length, steel grade 20, category 1, manufactured according to group A, GOST 8731-87);
– Column 4 – letter assigned to this document according to GOST 2.103-68 depending on the nature of the work in the form of a project. The column is filled in from the left cell:
–U – educational document;
–DP – documentation of the diploma project;
–DR – documentation of the thesis;
–KP – course project documentation;
–KR – course work documentation;
– Column 5 – product weight (in kg) according to GOST 2.110-95; on drawings of parts and assembly drawings indicate the theoretical or actual mass of the product (in kg) without indicating units of measurement.
It is allowed to indicate the mass in other units of measurement indicating them, for example, 0.25 g, 15 t.
In drawings made on several sheets, the mass is indicated only on the first.
On dimensional and installation drawings, as well as on drawings of parts of prototypes and individual production, it is allowed not to indicate the mass;
– Column 6 – scale (indicated in accordance with GOST 2.302-68).
If the assembly drawing is made on two or more sheets and the images on individual sheets are made on a scale different from that indicated in the title block of the first sheet, column 6 of the title block on these sheets is not filled out;
– Column 7 – serial number of the sheet (on documents consisting of one sheet, the column is not filled in).
Column 8 – the total number of sheets of the document (the column is filled out only on the first sheet).
Column 9 - the name or distinctive index of the enterprise issuing the document (since the department in which the diploma project is being carried out is encrypted in column 2 - designation of the document, in this column it is necessary to enter the name of the institute and the group code). For example: “PGSHA gr. To-51";
– Column 10 – the nature of the work performed by the person signing the document. In the diploma project, the column is filled in starting from the top line with the following abbreviations:
– “Developer”;
– “Consult.”;
- “Hand. etc.";
- “Head. cafe";
- “N.cont.”
– Column 11 – surname of the persons who signed the document;
– Column 12 – signatures of persons whose names are indicated in column 2. Signatures of the persons who developed this document and are responsible for standard control are mandatory;
– Box 13 – date of signing of the document;
Rice. 26. Part drawing without dimensions
Obviously, this cannot be done, since there are no dimensions.
Drawing dimensions on drawings is a very important operation that significantly affects the ease of reading the drawing.
Rules for applying dimensions are established by standards ESKD (GOST 2.307-68).
When applying dimensions, use conventional signs– S (thickness), ø (diameter), R (radius), (square).
Sizes available linear and angular. Linear dimensions indicate the length, width, height, thickness, diameter or radius of the part being measured. Angular dimension denotes the size of the angle.
Linear dimensions in the drawings are indicated in millimeters, but the unit of measurement is not indicated.
Angular dimensions indicated in degrees, minutes and seconds with the designation of the unit of measurement.
The number of dimensions in the drawing should be minimal, but sufficient for the manufacture and control of the product.
To apply dimensions use remote And dimension lines, which are drawn with a continuous thin line.
Leader lines- lines that indicate size.
Dimensional lines– the lines on which the size is placed ends with arrows at both ends. The arrows must touch the extension lines; the shape of the arrow is shown in Fig. 27.
Rice. 27. Arrow shape
The dimension line is always drawn parallel to the contour line of the part of the part whose size it defines and perpendicular to the extension lines. If the size is less than 12 mm, then the arrows are placed outside, and if more than 12 mm, then inside (Fig. 28). The dimension line is 10 mm away from the contour of the part drawing, the distance between parallel dimension lines must be at least 7-10 mm.
Extension lines extend beyond the ends of the arrows of the dimension line by 1-5 mm. The size is placed above the size line, closer to its middle.
|
| |
Rice. 28. Examples of sizing
With a vertical dimension line, the dimension number is written to the left of it.
The same size is placed in the drawing only once.
First, the smaller size is taken out, and then the larger one. In the drawing, dimension lines should not intersect.
When specifying the size of an angle, the dimension line is drawn in the form of a circular arc with the center at the vertex of the angle.
Diameter sign is placed in front of the dimension number if the circle is drawn completely. The dimension line is drawn through the center of the circle. If the part has several identical holes, then the size is set once, indicating the number of holes (see Fig. 28).
Radius sign is placed when part of a circle is drawn, the dimension line is drawn from the center of the arc.
You should remember the basic concepts:
1) element sizes – dimensions of cutouts, protrusions, holes, grooves;
2) coordinating sizes – dimensions showing the location of the elements relative to the contour of the part and each other;
3) dimensions - the largest dimensions of the part in length, height, width.
In drawing practice, you have to draw images of very large parts (machine tools, ships, cars) and very small ones (clock mechanisms, precision instruments).
Is it possible to depict them in life size? Of course, it’s impossible, so large objects are depicted reduced, and small ones - enlarged, i.e. apply scale
(Fig. 29).
Rice. 29. Scale designation in the drawing
Scale– the ratio of the linear dimensions of the image of an object to its actual dimensions.
The scale of images and their designation are established by the standard (GOST 2.302-68).
natural size – 1:1(one to one);
reduction scale – 1:2; 1:25;1:4;1:5; 1:10; 1:15;
magnification scale – 2:1; 2.5:1; 4:1; 5:1; 10:1; 15:1.
The scale is indicated by the letter M on the drawing field, for example M 1:2. The letter M is not placed in the main inscription. Whatever the scale of the drawing, the actual dimensions are always indicated.
Sometimes you have to determine the scale at which an object is drawn. In this case, do this: determine the size of the side (for example, A) using measuring ruler, it is equal to 50 mm. The actual length of the segment indicated in the drawing is 100 mm. Consequently, the scale is determined as the quotient of dividing 50 by 100 and is equal to 1:2 (Fig. 30).
Rice. 30. Determining the scale of a part in a drawing
Every computer graphics program has a Loupe tool. It allows you to instantly change the scale of an image (drawing, picture), increasing (decreasing) it to the desired size (Fig. 31).
Rice. 31. Using scale in computer programs Loupe tool
In a wide variety of fields of science, technology, and design, people use fonts to write letters, numbers, symbols and other symbols.
Font– a method of encoding text information.
Each type of graphic activity is characterized by certain fonts. In many cases, artistic elements (decorations) are added to the font, giving it greater expressiveness.
The main types of fonts that were most often used throughout historical development written culture of mankind are presented in Fig. 32.
Rice. 32. Types of font
Computer fonts are popular these days. All inscriptions on the drawings are made in drawing font - GOST 2.304-81.
GOST sets the following font numbers: 1.8 (not recommended, but allowed); 2.5;3.5;5;7;10, as well as the height, width of letters and the distance between letters.
For drawings made in A4 format, the following font numbers are recommended: 2.5; 3.5; 5; 7. The standard establishes two types of font - uppercase (capital letters) and lowercase. By design, uppercase and lowercase letters can be divided into three groups (Fig. 33).
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
| |
Rice. 33. Drawing font
Group 1 – G, P, N, T, E, C, Sh, Shch;
Group 2 – I, X, K, F, M, A, L, D;
Group 3 – Ch, U, B, V, R, Ya, O, S, E, Yu, F, S, b, b.
Lower case:
Group 1 – p, y, c, t, w, sch, i;
Group 2 – o, a, b, c, d, y, r, f, s;
Group 3 – f, b, i, g, g, h, j, l, m, n, x, h.
According to their proportions, they can be divided into wide and narrow: wide capitals - Ш, Ш, Ж, Ю, И, Ф; wide lowercase - t, sh, shch, yu, ы, m. The letters of the drawing font are written in a simplified form. The capital font number corresponds to the height of the letters, and the width corresponds to the smaller previous number, for example, font number 7, the height of the letters is 7, the width of the letters is 5. The width of wide letters corresponds to the height. The distance between letters is 2 mm.
The height of lowercase letters corresponds to the lower previous font number, and the width corresponds to the next previous number, for example, font number 7, letter height - 5, width - 3.5, the width of wide letters corresponds to the height of the letters. The distance between letters is 1.5 mm.
For correct execution letters at the initial stage use a grid.
The main inscription is filled in font No. 3.5; the title of the drawing is in font No. 7 or No. 5 (Fig. 34).
Rice. 34. Sample of filling out the title block
Remember, the stitches do not touch the frame line.
Map scale is the ratio of the length of a segment on the map to its actual length on the ground.
Scale ( from German - measure and Stab - stick) is the ratio of the length of a segment on a map, plan, aerial or satellite image to its actual length on the ground.
Let's consider the types of scales.
Numerical scale
This is a scale expressed as a fraction, where the numerator is one and the denominator is a number indicating how many times the image is reduced.
Numerical scale is a scale expressed as a fraction in which:
- the numerator is equal to one,
- the denominator is equal to the number showing how many times the reduction is made linear dimensions on the map.
Named (verbal) scale
This is a type of scale, a verbal indication of what distance on the ground corresponds to 1 cm on a map, plan, photograph.
A named scale is expressed by named numbers indicating the lengths of mutually corresponding segments on the map and in nature.
For example, there are 5 kilometers in 1 centimeter (5 kilometers in 1 cm).
Linear scale
This an auxiliary measuring ruler applied to maps to facilitate the measurement of distances.
Plan scale and map scale
The scale of the plan is the same at all its points.
The map scale at each point has its own particular value, depending on the latitude and longitude of the given point. Therefore, its strict numerical characteristic is the numerical scale - the ratio of the length of an infinitesimal segment D on the map to the length of the corresponding infinitesimal segment on the surface of the ellipsoid of the globe.
However, for practical measurements on a map, its main scale is used.
Forms of expression of scale
The designation of scale on maps and plans has three forms - numerical, named and linear scales.
The numerical scale is expressed as a fraction in which:
- numerator - unit,
- denominator M - a number showing how many times the dimensions on the map or plan are reduced (1:M)
In Russia, standard numerical scales have been adopted for topographic maps
- 1:1 000 000
- 1:500 000
- 1:300 000
- 1:200 000
- 1:100 000
- 1:50 000
- 1:25 000
- 1:10 000
- For special purposes, topographic maps are also created on scales 1:5 000 And 1:2 000
The main scales of topographic plans in Russia are
- 1:5000
- 1:2000
- 1:1000
- 1:500
In land management practice, land use plans are most often drawn up on a scale 1:10 000 And 1:25 000 , and sometimes - 1:50 000.
When comparing different numerical scales, the smaller one is the one with the larger denominator. M, and, conversely, the smaller the denominator M, the larger the scale of the plan or map.
Yes, scale 1:10000 larger than scale 1:100000 , and the scale 1:50000 smaller scale 1:10000 .
Note
The scales used in topographic maps are established by Order of the Ministry economic development RF “On approval of requirements for state topographic maps and state topographic plans, including requirements for the composition of information displayed on them, for symbols specified information, requirements for the accuracy of state topographic maps and state topographic plans, for the format of their presentation in electronic form, requirements for the content of topographic maps, including relief maps" (No. 271 of June 6, 2017, as amended on December 11, 2017) .
Named scale
Since the lengths of lines on the ground are usually measured in meters, and on maps and plans in centimeters, it is convenient to express the scales in verbal form, for example:
There are 50 m in one centimeter. This corresponds to the numerical scale 1:5000. Since 1 meter is equal to 100 centimeters, the number of meters of terrain contained in 1 cm of a map or plan is easily determined by dividing the denominator of the numerical scale by 100.
Linear scale
It is a graph in the form of a straight line segment, divided into equal parts with signed values of the corresponding lengths of terrain lines. Linear scale allows you to measure or plot distances on maps and plans without calculations.
Scale accuracy
The maximum possibility of measuring and constructing segments on maps and plans is limited to 0.01 cm. The corresponding number of meters of terrain on the scale of a map or plan represents the maximum graphic accuracy of a given scale.
Since the accuracy of the scale expresses the length of the horizontal location of the terrain line in meters, to determine it, the denominator of the numerical scale should be divided by 10,000 (1 m contains 10,000 segments of 0.01 cm). So, for a scale map 1:25 000 scale accuracy is 2.5 m; for map 1:100 000 - 10 m, etc.
Scales of topographic maps
|
numerical scale cards |
Name cards |
1 cm on the map corresponds on the grounddistance |
1 cm 2 on the map corresponds on the area area |
|
five thousandth |
|||
|
1:10 000 |
ten-thousandth |
||
|
1:25 000 |
twenty-five thousandth |
||
|
1:50 000 |
fifty thousandth |
||
|
1:1100 000 |
hundred thousandth |
||
|
1:200 000 |
two hundred thousandth |
||
|
1:500 000 |
five hundred thousandth, or half a millionth |
||
|
1:1000000 |
millionth |
Below are the numerical scales of the maps and the corresponding named scales:
Scale 1:100,000
- 1 mm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 1000 m (1 km) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 10,000 m (10 km) on the ground
Scale 1:10000
- 1 mm on the map - 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 100 m (0.1 km) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 1000m (1 km) on the ground
Scale 1:5000
- 1 mm on the map - 5 m (0.005 km) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 50 m (0.05 km) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 500 m (0.5 km) on the ground
Scale 1:2000
- 1 mm on the map - 2 m (0.002 km) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 20 m (0.02 km) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 200 m (0.2 km) on the ground
Scale 1:1000
- 1 mm on the map - 100 cm (1 m) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 1000 cm (10 m) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 100 m on the ground
Scale 1:500
- 1 mm on the map - 50 cm (0.5 meters) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 5 m on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 50 m on the ground
Scale 1:200
- 1 mm on the map - 0.2 m (20 cm) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 2 m (200 cm) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 20 m (0.2 km) on the ground
Scale 1:100
- 1 mm on the map - 0.1 m (10 cm) on the ground
- 1 cm on the map - 1 m (100 cm) on the ground
- 10 cm on the map - 10 m (0.01 km) on the ground
Example 1
Convert the numerical scale of the map to a named one:
- 1:200 000
- 1:10 000 000
- 1:25 000
Solution:
To more easily convert a numerical scale into a named one, you need to count how many zeros the number in the denominator ends with.
For example, on a scale of 1:500,000, there are five zeros in the denominator after the number 5.
If after the number in the denominator there are five more zeros, then by covering (with a finger, a pen or simply crossing out) the five zeros, we get the number of kilometers on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.
Example for scale 1:500,000
The denominator after the number has five zeros. Closing them, we get for a named scale: 1 cm on the map is 5 kilometers on the ground.
If there are less than five zeros after the number in the denominator, then by closing two zeros, we get the number of meters on the ground corresponding to 1 centimeter on the map.
If, for example, in the denominator of the scale 1:10 000 cover two zeros, we get:
in 1 cm - 100 m.
Answers :
- 1 cm - 2 km
- 1 cm - 100 km
- in 1 cm - 250 m
Use a ruler and place it on the maps to make it easier to measure distances.
Example 2
Convert the named scale to a numerical one:
- in 1 cm - 500 m
- 1 cm - 10 km
- 1 cm - 250 km
Solution:
To more easily convert a named scale to a numerical one, you need to convert the distance on the ground indicated in the named scale into centimeters.
If the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, then to obtain the denominator of the numerical scale, you need to assign two zeros, if in kilometers, then five zeros.
For example, for a named scale of 1 cm - 100 m, the distance on the ground is expressed in meters, so for the numerical scale we assign two zeros and get: 1:10 000 .
For a scale of 1 cm - 5 km, we add five zeros to the five and get: 1:500 000 .
Answers :
- 1:50 000;
- 1:1 000 000;
- 1:25 000 000.
Types of maps depending on scale
Depending on the scale, maps are conventionally divided into the following types:
- topographic plans - 1:400 - 1:5 000;
- large-scale topographic maps - 1:10,000 - 1:100,000;
- medium-scale topographic maps - from 1:200,000 - 1:1,000,000;
- small-scale topographic maps - less than 1:1,000,000.
Topographic map
Topographical maps are those whose content allows them to solve various technical problems.
Maps are either the result of direct topographic survey of the area, or are compiled from existing cartographic materials.
The terrain on the map is depicted at a certain scale.
The smaller the denominator of a numerical scale, the larger the scale. Plans are drawn up on a large scale, and maps are drawn up on a small scale.
Maps take into account the “spherical shape” of the earth, but plans do not. Because of this, plans are not drawn up for areas larger than 400 km² (that is, areas of land approximately 20 km × 20 km).
- Standard scales for topographic maps
The following scales of topographic maps are accepted in our country:
- 1:1 000 000
- 1:500 000
- 1:200 000
- 1:100 000
- 1:50 000
- 1:25 000
- 1:10 000.
This series of scales is called standard. Previously, this series included scales of 1:300,000, 1:5000 and 1:2000.
- Large scale topographic maps
Scale maps:
- 1:10,000 (1cm =100m)
- 1:25,000 (1cm = 100m)
- 1:50,000 (1cm = 500m)
- 1:100,000 (1cm =1000m)
are called large-scale.
- Other scales and maps
Topographic maps of the territory of Russia up to a scale of 1:50,000 inclusive are classified, topographic maps of a scale of 1:100,000 are chipboard (for official use), and smaller ones are unclassified.
Currently, there is a technique for creating topographic maps and plans of any scale that are not classified and intended for public use.
A tale about a map on a scale of 1:1
Once upon a time there lived a Capricious King. One day he traveled around his kingdom and saw how large and beautiful his land was. He saw winding rivers, huge lakes, high mountains and wonderful cities. He became proud of his possessions and wanted the whole world to know about them.
And so, the Capricious King ordered cartographers to create a map of the kingdom. The cartographers worked for a whole year and finally presented the King with a wonderful map, on which all the mountain ranges, large cities and large lakes and rivers were marked.
However, the Capricious King was not satisfied. He wanted to see not only the outlines on the map mountain ranges, but also an image of each mountain peak. Not only large cities, but also small ones and villages. He wanted to see small rivers flowing into rivers.
The cartographers set to work again, worked for many years and drew another map, twice the size of the previous one. But now the King wished that the passes between mountain peaks, small lakes in the forests, streams, peasant houses on the outskirts of villages. Cartographers drew more and more maps.
The Capricious King died before the work was completed. The heirs, one after another, ascended the throne and died in turn, and the map was drawn up and drawn up. Each king hired new cartographers to map the kingdom, but each time he was dissatisfied with the fruits of his labor, finding the map insufficiently detailed.
Finally, the cartographers drew the Incredible Map! It depicted the entire kingdom in great detail - and was exactly the same size as the kingdom itself. Now no one could tell the difference between the map and the kingdom.
Where were the Capricious Kings going to keep their wonderful map? The casket is not enough for such a map. You will need a huge room like a hangar, and in it the map will lie in many layers. But is such a card necessary? After all, a life-size map can be successfully replaced by the terrain itself))))
It is useful to familiarize yourself with this
- Familiarize yourself with the units of area measurement used in Russia land plots Can .
- For those who are interested in the possibility of increasing the area of land plots for individual housing construction, private household plots, gardening, vegetable farming, owned, it is useful to familiarize yourself with the procedure for registering additions.
- From January 1, 2018, the exact boundaries of the plot must be recorded in the cadastral passport, since it will simply be impossible to buy, sell, mortgage or donate land without an accurate description of the boundaries. This is regulated by amendments to the Land Code. A total revision of borders at the initiative of municipalities began on June 1, 2015.
- On March 1, 2015, the new Federal Law “On Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” (N 171-FZ dated June 23, 2014) came into force, according to which, in particular, the procedure for purchasing land plots has been simplified from municipalities.You can familiarize yourself with the main provisions of the law.
- Regarding the registration of houses, bathhouses, garages and other buildings on land plots, owned by citizens, the new dacha amnesty will improve the situation.
