Superstructure- a type of reconstruction of buildings carried out by installing one or more additional floors above the existing part of the building.

Platband- framing a door or window opening.

Oblo- common in wooden architecture is the cutting of logs with a remainder, that is, with the release of the ends of the logs outside the house.

Lathing- a covering made of wooden or other planks, fixed to the rafters and, in turn, used for roofing.

Paneling- cladding of a wooden building with boards.

Mansion- a comfortable, most often one or two-story, multi-room urban residential building, intended for one family.

Stupid- a hollowed out log covering the junction of two roof slopes.

Sail- a structure in the form of a curved triangle, through which the transition from the rectangular base to the domed floor of the building is carried out. In church buildings, four sails support the dome drum.

Patio(from Spanish) - the courtyard of a residential building.

Pergola(from Greek) - an open gallery, veranda, etc., covered with a light through canopy covered with climbing greenery.

Pilaster(s)(from French) - a flat vertical protrusion in the wall, processed in the form of an order column, i.e. having a base, a barrel (fust) and a capital, and sometimes flutes.

Pinnacles(from the French pinacle) - decorative turrets completed with pointed pyramids, crowning buttresses and some other parts of Gothic buildings; are also found in Romanov architecture.

Building layout:

• an image on a certain scale of its space-planning structure in the form of an orthoganal projection of its horizontal section onto a plane. Typically, the position of the horizontal section plane is taken at a level slightly above the window sill. Such images are required in every building project, and their number must be sufficient to “read” and unambiguously understand the design intent of the entire building and the possibility of its implementation in kind;
• a certain procedure for placing main, auxiliary, service and communication premises in the designed or reconstructed building.

Ceiling lamp(from French) - the ceiling of a room or part of it, decorated with paintings or reliefs.

Block, plate- half of a log split or sawn lengthwise; blocks were used for laying floors and ceilings.

Skirting(from Greek) - a wooden profiled block along interior walls building, closing the gap between the wall and the floor.

Plintha- Byzantine and Russian flat square brick.

Poval- the upper, constantly expanding part of the frame, performing the architectural and constructive role of the cornice.

Police- the lower flat part of the roof.

Portal(from German portal, from Latin porta - entrance, gate) an architecturally processed entrance to a public building - church, palace, etc.

The portal is promising - a type of portal in the form of several ledges extending into the depths, decreasing in size.

Landscape potential (landscape capacity) - resources of the territory in question, expressed in quantitative terms, which, without compromising the self-regulation of the landscape, can be used to satisfy all kinds of people’s needs (recreational, agricultural, industrial).

Natural potential - the ability of natural systems to perform any function used in human economic activity. Expressed by certain environmental and economic indicators.

Recreational potential - the ability of a natural area to have a positive physical, mental, and hygienic effect on humans. It is most evident during rest.

Extension- a type of reconstruction of buildings associated with their consolidation, replacement of individual worn-out parts with new ones or giving the building new functional features.

Run- the main beam, on which, in turn, the secondary beams are laid. The main beam is directly laid on the supporting parts (pylons, columns, walls).

Software urban planning forecast - is developed on the basis of comprehensive research and presents a range of predicted options and development paths for the region (city) and gives their comprehensive probabilistic assessment.

Project(from Latin) - developed construction drawings.

span- distance between supports.

Avenue(from Latin) - a straight, long and wide street in the city.

Landscape destruction - the process of violating natural ecological connections and integrity in the system of landscape components. Landscape destruction most often occurs as a result of various types of industrial activities, as well as other anthropogenic impacts.

Ramp(from French) - a system of lighting fixtures located on the floor in front of the stage for illumination from below.

Raskrepovka- a projection in front (or set back) of a larger or smaller section of a wall, entablature, cornice, parapet, etc.

Stripping- a part of a vault formed by the intersection of semi-cylindrical surfaces, a fragment of a cross vault or a small additional vault embedded in the main cylindrical or mirror vault.

Raspor- horizontal force arising in a vaulted structure.

Regional land policy - purposeful activities of regional government bodies (republican, regional, regional, district administrations and land committees) in accounting, rational use and protection of regional lands for various functional purposes, carried out through land management; a system of measures for land ownership, including design and survey work, survey and survey work.

Rezalit(from Latin) - part of the building protruding beyond the main line of the facade.

Reconstruction(from lat.) - radical reconstruction; restructuring according to new principles.

Reconstruction of the architectural and historical environment of the city - this is a fairly free (compared, for example, with restoration) mode of construction work, subordinated to the tasks of functioning of objects of cultural and historical heritage in new socio-economic conditions, allowing the demolition of dilapidated buildings, redevelopment, a significant volume, subordinated to stylistic unity, which does not exclude the possibility of use new building materials.

Relief(from French) - a convex sculptural image on a plane.

Restoration(from lat.) - restoration in original form works of fine arts and architecture, damaged by time or damaged, distorted by subsequent alterations.

Rose- round window in buildings of the XII-XV centuries. Used in religious buildings Romanesque style, But greatest distribution received in Gothic churches.

Rostrum(from Latin) - decoration in the form of the bow of an ancient ship, often on a column.

Rotunda(from Italian) - a round building covered with a dome.

Adobe(from Turkic) - air-dried brick made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. It is used as a building material in treeless areas.

Sandrik- a small cornice above a door or window.

Sanitary protection zone - a zone of space and vegetation, specially allocated between industrial enterprises and residential areas in order to protect human health.

Wastewater discharge - discharge of untreated water of industrial and domestic origin into the environment. There is an indicator of maximum permissible discharge (MPD) - the maximum permissible mass of a pollutant, determined in accordance with established regime in a given place per unit of time in order to ensure environmental quality standards at the control point.

Pile- a rod driven into the ground to compact it.

Vault- ceiling or covering of structures having a geometric shape formed by a curved surface.

Sectional gallery house - a type of sectional house. In a purely sectional planning scheme, all residential cells of a section are connected directly by a staircase as the only vertical communication. In a sectional gallery scheme, a section is formed due to the horizontal connection of gallery cells with subsequent access to a vertical connection - a staircase. Typically, a section in houses of this type consists of 6-8 or more apartments.

Sectional house- a residential building made up of residential sections. A residential section is understood as a group of residential cells (apartments), repeated floor by floor, united by a single vertical communication link - a staircase, an elevator. The number of cells on one floor of sections can be two, three, four, six.

Senj- a canopy made of stone, wood or metal on columns or pillars, a canopy.

Silhouette(from French) - outline, outline of an object.

Lay down- horizontally placed logs forming an under-roof structure in Russian wooden architecture.

Sleznik- removable slab - the main part of the cornice.

Soffit- architecturally treated ceiling surface.

Complete demolition of buildings - total destruction of existing construction projects and, in general, traces of once existing buildings.

Rack- a pillar that serves as a support for the ceiling.

Rafters- a structure that supports the roof slopes.

Stuka(knock) (from Italian) - the highest quality hard gypsum plaster, sometimes processed in the form of carvings or artificial marble.

Substruction(from Latin) - a structure that supports one or another part of an architectural structure from below.

Terracotta(from Italian) - baked pure clay, as well as art products made from it.

Terrace(from French) - an architecturally designed open or semi-open area, most often adjacent to a building.

Tympanum(from Greek tympanon):

• a recessed space above a door or window, having a triangular, semi-circular or lancet outline;
• a triangular field of the antique pediment, sinking deep into the interior, framed on all sides by a cornice.

Tondo(from Italian) - an architectural and decorative detail in the form of a circle or disk.

Travertine(from Italian) - sinter accumulations of porous limestone (dense tuff), deposited by carbon dioxide sources, used as a building material.

Trellis(from French) - a lightweight trellis used as a frame for climbing greenery.

Tromp(from French, German) - a special type of vaulted structure used to transition from the square base of a structure to its round or polygonal part. Unlike a sail, a trompe most often has the shape of part of a cone. Tromps are especially characteristic of the medieval architecture of Asia and Transcaucasia.

Sidewalk(from French) - a special path for pedestrians made of boards, asphalt, etc. along the edges of the street.

Turnstile(from French) - a rotating cross-shaped slingshot installed in the aisles so that people can pass one by one.

Pokes(poke) - bricks or stones laid with their long sides perpendicular to the plane of the wall.

Traction- a thin horizontal projection (like a cornice on a wall).

Arch thrust- a slab between the base of a vault and the top of a supporting pillar or wall.

Densification of buildings - this is an increase in the amount of living space per unit of territory in the conditions of reconstruction of existing buildings. Means of compacting development - building up gaps between buildings, increasing the number of storeys of buildings, demolishing existing buildings and replacing them with new, denser buildings, reducing courtyard spaces and driveways, building up vacant lots, etc.

Urbanization(from Latin urbanus - urban) - natural historical process increasing the share of urban culture in the cultural potential of a developing society, the process of consistent transformation of society into an urban (urbanized) society.

Texture(from Latin) - the nature of the surface treatment: its roughness, smoothness, rustication, etc.

Facade(from French) - the outer, front side of the building.

Half-timbered(from German fachwerk) - the structure of a building, the walls of which are a wooden frame frame, consisting of a system of structures, crossbars, braces and strapping, with the gaps filled with brick, stone, and clay.

Rafter truss (from French) - a flat lattice structure of triangular or other shapes, used to cover large rooms.

Panel(from German) - a small section of a wall, door, pilaster, surrounded by a frame.

Outbuilding(from German) a side extension to a house or a small separate house in the courtyard of a building.

Gable(from French) - the upper part of the facade in the form of a triangle, limited by two roof slopes.

Foundation- the lower supporting part of the structure, hidden underground.

Hall(from English) - a large room for something, for example, a hall for public meetings, a waiting room in a hotel, theaters, etc.

Cyclopean masonry (from Greek) - a masonry of huge unprocessed or roughly chopped stones of irregular shape.

Base(from Italian) - the foot of a building, monument, column (usually in the form of a low, slightly protruding horizontal strip located directly above the ground).

Ground floor- the lower floor of a building, the outer walls of which are designed like the base of a large order and the base of the entire building system.

Partial demolition of the building:

• liquidation, destruction of individual buildings in a development line designated for demolition;
• elimination of any fragments or parts of the building (for example, one floor of the building in order to improve the sanitation of the surrounding buildings).

Fours- tetrahedral frame.

Sample(from German) - drawing of architectural details, profiles, made in full size.

Shelyga- a line connecting the upper points of the arch.

Slate(from German) - a vertical point (needle) crowning the roof.

Things(from German stuck, from Italian stucce) - material for finishing walls, making architectural details and reliefs; in the Middle Ages, a composition of gypsum, sand and a small amount of lime was used.

Tweezers- the upper part of the facade wall in the form of an angle limited by two roof slopes; unlike the pediment, it does not have a horizontal cornice at the bottom, a decorative triangle crowning the window, portal and other parts of the Gothic building; same as wimperg.

Eclecticism(from Greek) - formal, mechanical use in the composition and artistic decoration of buildings of elements of styles of past eras.

Exedra(from Greek) - a large semicircular niche, a semicircular pavilion.

Exterior(from French) - the external appearance of the building.

Bay window(from German) - part of the internal volume of a building, extended beyond its external walls and protruding on the facade in the form of a closed balcony.

Floor(from French) - the longitudinal part of the house, the rooms of which are on the same level.

Tier- one row above another (floors, boxes, seats in the auditorium, balconies, etc.).

Garden of Continuous Bloom a specially designated area in a park or botanical garden in which herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and trees are arranged, selected according to their flowering time throughout the year.

Garden plot of land a plot of land provided to a citizen or acquired by him for growing fruit, berries, vegetables, melons or other agricultural crops and potatoes, as well as for recreation (with the right to erect a residential building, without the right to register residence in it, and economic buildings and structures)

Garden-chinampas floating garden of Mexico, a small island of tree branches and reeds, on the surface of which soil was poured and various plants were grown.

Soot finely dispersed amorphous carbon residue formed during incomplete combustion

Fathom Russian measure of length, determined by the average size of the human body. Small fathom - from the hand raised to shoulder level, to the floor. Oblique fathom - the distance from the sole of the left foot to the end of the fingers of the raised right hand. 1 fathom = 48 vershoks = 7 feet = 84 inches = 2.13360 m.

Soot formation a phenomenon that occurs during incomplete combustion of a gas and is characterized by the deposition of soot on surfaces in contact with combustion products or flames.

Sacristy(Late Latin sacristia “sacrum - sacred utensil), a room in a Catholic church, located north or south of the choir - in the corner between the choir and transept. It served as a repository for church utensils, books, a place for conducting some rituals, and a room for vestments and rest for the clergy. The village is also erected as an independent extension, mainly as a small centric building, often richly decorated.

Salon(French salon). 1. Main hall, front living room, reception room. 2. Art goods store. 3. Demonstration hall for trade items.

Saman (from Turkic) an air-dried brick made from a mixture of clay, sand and straw. It is used as a building material in treeless areas.

Self-ventilation self-regulating ventilation, a system of limited air exchange through systems of chambers, profiles or self-regulating valves built into window units to regulate air humidity in the room and prevent condensation on the internal surfaces of windows. Self-ventilation systems are not installed in wooden windows, since air exchange occurs naturally through the pores of the wood.

Unauthorized development- construction of a building or other structure on a land plot not allocated in the manner prescribed by law. The person who carried out such development does not acquire ownership rights to the constructed objects.

Self-stressing of cement the ability of cement stone to strain the reinforcement embedded in it

Self tapping screw a screw that forms a special thread in the hole of one of the plastic or metal products being connected

Self Drilling Self Tapping Screw Self Tapping Screw with Drill Shape End

Self-insurance a short rope (possibly a metal chain or synthetic tape) attached at one end to an individual belay system, and at the other end having a fixed carabiner, with the help of which the steeplejack can secure himself to an organized anchorage point. Self-belaying can be sliding (on horizontal railings) or made using a gripping unit (clamp) on inclined and vertical railings.

Male (nailless) roof roof structure in which the planks are laid on horizontal logs - sleg. The ends are lightly cut into the transverse logs of the frame, forming the pediment.

Male pediment log gable.

Males pediments, a triangular continuation of the end walls of the log house.

Sandrik decorative architectural detail in the form of a cornice or pediment (sometimes supported by two brackets, pilasters or columns on the sides of the opening), above window or doorways on the facades of buildings, less often in interiors.

Sanitary Protection Zone (SPZ) the territory between the boundaries of the industrial site and the territory of residential development, landscape and recreational zone, recreation area, resort.

Sanitary protection zone a zone of space and vegetation specially allocated between industrial enterprises and residential areas in order to protect human health.

Sanitary cuttings silvicultural activity carried out in plantations of unsatisfactory sanitary condition by cutting down individual diseased, damaged, drying, withered trees or the entire drying (dead) tree stand.

Sapropel freshwater sludge formed at the bottom of stagnant reservoirs from decay products of plant and animal organisms and containing more than 10% (by weight) organic matter in the form of humus and plant residues. Sapropel has a porosity coefficient e > 3, as a rule, a fluid consistency IL > 1, high dispersion - the content of particles larger than 0.25 mm usually does not exceed 5% by weight

Sarcophagus originally the name of a rock of limestone that promotes the decomposition of the body and was used to make coffins. Hence the figurative meaning - coffin, small tomb.

Convergence a gradual decrease in the diameter of round timber or the width of unedged lumber throughout its entire length, exceeding the normal slope equal to 1 cm per 1 m of length of the assortment

Prefabricated air duct a section of air duct to which air ducts laid on the same floor are connected.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures - factory-made building structures that are mounted directly on the construction site.

Wastewater discharge discharge into the environment of untreated water of industrial and domestic origin. There is an indicator of maximum permissible discharge (MPD) of the maximum permissible mass of a pollutant, determined in accordance with the established regime in a given place per unit of time in order to ensure environmental quality standards at the control point.

Discharges liquid substances that are subject to removal (discharge into soil or water) outside the production area, including their hazardous and/or valuable components, which are captured during the purification of these liquid substances and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of national legislation and/or regulations.

Piles wooden, metal or reinforced concrete “rods” that are buried in the base of buildings and structures in order to transfer loads to dense (continental) soils.

Dump landfill (specially equipped place) for disposal of industrial and household waste. Since industry and residential areas currently produce large amounts of waste that cannot be completely recycled for technological and economic reasons, landfills are a necessary attribute of the life of cities and other populated areas. In the Russian Federation and in many other countries, the disposal and disposal of industrial and household waste falls within the competence of the authorities local government, therefore most landfills have municipal ownership.

Welded steel pipe steel pipe made from strips or rolled sheets by forming and welding

Welded (sectional) bend an elbow made from a section of pipe using assembly and welding

Rolled Double Layer Brazed Steel Pipe brazed steel pipe made by rolling a strip into two layers and then soldering it with copper over the entire contact surface of the layers

Super Hard Fiberboard hard fibreboard, further strengthened by special treatment

Supercurrent current, the value of which exceeds the highest operating current of the electrical installation.

Light sprout sprout, the wood of which is close in color to the surrounding wood and does not contain bark inclusions.

Light chemical color a chemical stain that colors wood in pale colors that do not mask its texture.

Svetlitsa light, light spacious room choir, intended for handicrafts and other clean household activities. S. was located in the women's half, mainly in the upper part (on the 2nd or 3rd floor).

Light eyes eyes, the wood of which is similar in color to the surrounding wood

Light sapwood mushroom colors sapwood mushroom stains that color the wood in pale tones without masking its texture

Luminous efficiency h emitted ratio luminous flux to power consumption.

Light pocket a room with natural light adjacent to the corridor and serving to illuminate it. The role of a light pocket can be played by a staircase separated from the corridor by a glazed door at least 1.2 m wide. In this case, the width of the light pocket is taken to be the width of the opening into the staircase.

Light complex a group of lamps (2 or more) of the same purpose, installed on one supporting structure.

Light lantern glazed covering structure for lighting a staircase or patio.

Light angles of the light opening (windows and window systems with loggia) horizontal and vertical angles within which direct rays of the sun enter the room.

Light range finder electromagnetic rangefinder using electromagnetic waves light range.

Translucent enclosing structure building structure designed to provide natural light interior spaces of a building or structure.

Translucent facade modern translucent facades are a two-tier model, including a lower, technical module with engineering equipment for heating, cooling and ventilation, and an upper module, fully or partially translucent with opening systems, sun protection and photovoltaic cells for energy generation.

Light transmitting coating a covering consisting of load-bearing structures and a fence made of light-transmitting elements or self-supporting light-transmitting elements. The light-transmitting coating can have different shapes: flat, including inclined, vaulted, domed, folded, etc. The fire resistance limit of light-transmitting elements is not standardized.

Curly wood (wildness) tortuous or random arrangement of wood fibers. It is found on all tree species, more often on deciduous trees and mainly in timber from the butt part of the trunk.

Free-standing scaffolding devices that have their own stability in the working position and do not require their attachment to the load-bearing structures of buildings and structures.

Vault 1. ceiling or covering of structures that has a geometric shape formed by a curved surface. 2. a building structure of a curved shape that serves to cover a room. There are parts of the arch: the heel is the supporting part of the arch. castle - the upper part of the vault. shelyga - a line running in the castle part of the vault and connecting its upper points. span - the distance between the heels of the arch. lifting boom - a plumb line from the castle part to the straight line connecting the heels. cheek, or lunette - torey, section of the arch. 3. a spatial structure, overlap or covering of structures, having a geometric shape formed by a convex curved surface (a combination of curved surfaces or a combination of curved surfaces with a plane), formed by a system of wedge-shaped stones (or wedge-shaped seams between stones), which gives in addition to the vertical load on the supports, there is also a horizontal thrust. The horizontal thrust may be absent, be minimal, or be suppressed in the body of the ring tightening or other reinforcement embedded in the body of the steel. S. can be not only a system of stones, but also a monolith of reinforced concrete, metal structures, etc.

S. are divided into: increased (the ratio of the arrow of the arch or rise to the span of the arch is more than 1/2); reduced (the boom-to-span ratio ranges between 1/4 and 1/2); flat (boom to span ratio less than 1/4).

Vault cooperage surface S.B. formed by the movement of a flat curve forming a guide along the curve.

Vault fan-shaped is formed by ribs (ogive and 2 tiercerons), emanating from one corner, having the same curvature, making equal angles to each other and forming a funnel-shaped surface. Found in English. gothic.

Vault star-shaped one of the forms of the cross Gothic (ribbed) frame, which has auxiliary ribs - tiercerons and piers. The main diagonal ribs of the cross vault are clearly visible in the frame.

Vault mirror closed S. with the top in the form of a horizontal plane (or very flat S.). The remaining lateral cylindrical parts of the closed vault are called paddugs and can be smooth or with strippings. A horizontal plane, called a mirror, is usually separated from the frame by a clear frame and is often used for painting. S.Z. often used for decorative purposes, since the room itself can be covered with beams or rafter structure, from which the false vault is suspended. S.Z. became most widespread during the Renaissance.

Vault wedge-shaped it was laid out from wedge-shaped stones or had wedge-shaped seams between the stones.

Vault crusade is formed by the intersection of 2 cylindrical vaults at right angles and consists of 4 formworks - the simplest case of covering a square room with a vault. Greatest perfection S.K. reached during the Gothic period. At this time, they switched from a semicircular vault to a pointed one, and S.K. It was a frame structure in the form of a network of ribs on which the formwork rested, which made it possible to concentrate pressure only on the corner supports. Early Gothic developed a special type of S.K. on 6 formworks.

Vault crusade Gothic the main feature is clearly defined profiled diagonal ribs that make up the main working frame, which carries the main loads. The formworks were laid out as independent small vaults, supported by diagonal ribs.

Vault christened closed S., cut through by 2 intersecting cylindrical (or other shaped) vaults, at the intersection of which there is a light drum.

Vault dome cut off horizontal plane part of the sphere. dome.

Vault false formed by a gradual overlap inside horizontal rows of masonry. Does not provide horizontal thrust. The oldest species of S.

Vault rib a vault on a frame made of ribs that absorb and transmit the load of the vault to its supports.

Vault sailing on sails, is formed by cutting off parts of the spherical surface of the dome with vertical planes. Conventionally, it is divided into two zones: the lower - load-bearing and the upper - supported, flat part of the sphere, called skufya. Sometimes the skufya was given a semi-circular shape.

Vault half-dome part of a sphere cut off by a horizontal and vertical plane. conha.

Vault semicircular circular, cylindrical S. with a guide representing a semicircle, s

Vault reticulate The vault is similar to the cross one, but without diagonal ribs. In their place are 4 spherical sails165. Net vault

S.S. may have a diagonal edge, but it does not pass through the shell, but rests against the ring.

Vault folded cellular, in this S. there is no independent rib frame - the sharp edges of the folds themselves form a strong frame^

Vault closed It is formed by extensions of walls inclined along a given curve, converging in a horizontal shell of the wall, with a rectangular plan or at one point when covering a cylindrical room. S.S. is a derivative of a cylindrical vault, transmits vertical pressure and thrust along the entire length to the walls. S.S. was famous in the architecture of Western Asia, Dr. Rome and in Gothic architecture, but was rarely used. More widespread during the Renaissance.

Vault closed with stripping a type of closed vault. The presence of formwork along the axes of the trays changes the structural system of the vault - forces are transferred to the corners. ,

Vault cell phone- a type of folded vault with closed partitioned folds in the form of rhombic faceted depressions (pyramidal depressions).

Vault ogival cylindrical S. with a guide representing 2 arcs of a circle intersecting in a she-lyga.

Vault cylindrical spatial curvilinear covering. The surface of a surface is formed by the movement of a generatrix of a straight line (which remains parallel to itself) along a flat curve (guide). For the first time S.Ts. appeared in the IV-III millennium BC. in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The material was mud brick. To reduce the expansion, the vaults were laid out in several rows in the transverse direction, and the spaces between them were filled with earth and clay. S.Ts. was also common in the architecture of Dr. Rome. According to the shape of the guide S.Ts. are divided into circular (semi-circular), box, elliptical, parabolic and pointed. S.Ts. rests on parallel supports (walls, rows of pillars, arcades, etc.), maybe on strippings.

Vaults box elliptical, parabolic, cylindrical vaults with a guide, which is a box (three- or multi-center), elliptic or parabolic curve. They have a large expansion, which is usually extinguished by piles. They are used to cover rooms that are larger in area than with semi-circular vaults.

Master plan of utilities a plan that shows all types of designed utilities and structures, which determines the completeness of the gaskets and the simultaneity of excavations during the implementation of the engineering infrastructure of the development (facility).

Connections 1.wooden, metal or reinforced concrete elements that tighten the heels of arches, vaults and other building structures in which thrust forces arise. They dampen the thrust transmitted to the pillars and walls of the structure. 2. tie rods, wooden beams or metal rods, which were placed in the walls or pulled together the heels of arches and vaults to compensate for the thrust on the walls or pillars of the building.

Connection a linear mounting device that does not have its own stability, working in tension and compression.

Connection single-row connecting a house with a “timber”, connecting a wooden residential building and a barnyard with a barn under a common gable roof.

Smoothed DC direct current with slight wave-like impulses. In this case, the pulsation coefficient does not exceed 10%.

Sgraffito, graffito(Italian sgraffito or graffito - lit., scratched) a method of decorative finishing of facades, which consists of applying two thin multi-colored layers of plaster to the wall surface and then scratching metal tool dried top layer to the bottom - background.

Rip off a defect in an asbestos-cement product consisting in the absence of part of the outer layer on the front surface

Sedushka (slang) a small hanging cradle on which a climber works. It is connected to the trigger device and, if necessary, has hooks for hanging tools and equipment.

Sekos naos, cella (gr. otskaya - sanctuary), main interior space an ancient temple where a statue of a deity is located. In front of the entrance to the S. there was often a pronaos, behind it there was an aditon or an opisphodom. S. corresponded to the main room of the megaron, in which the hearth was located.

Castle Secrecy the number of different combinations of its locking device, each of which corresponds only to a specific key or code

Sectional gallery house a type of sectional house. In a purely sectional planning scheme, all residential cells of a section are connected directly by a staircase as the only vertical communication. In a sectional gallery scheme, a section is formed due to the horizontal connection of gallery cells with subsequent access to the vertical connection by a staircase. Typically, a section in houses of this type consists of 6-8 or more apartments.

Sectional house a residential building made up of residential sections. A residential section is understood as a group of residential cells (apartments), repeated floor by floor, united by a single vertical communication link - a staircase, an elevator. The number of cells on one floor of sections can be two, three, four, six.

Section of a residential building a building or part of a residential building (separated from other parts by a blank wall) with apartments (residential units of dormitories) having access to one staircase directly or through a corridor. The length of common corridors that do not have natural lighting at the ends and adjacent to staircase, should not exceed 12 m. The area of ​​apartments on the section floor should, as a rule, be no more than 550 sq. m. m.

Residential building section part of a building whose apartments have access to one staircase directly or through a corridor and separated from other parts of the building by a blank wall. The length of corridors that do not have lighting at the ends and adjacent to the staircase should not exceed 12 m. The total area of ​​apartments on the section floor should not exceed 500 m2.

Radiator section a radiator element having one column along its front in one casting.

Residential territory territory intended for the placement of housing stock, public buildings and structures, including research institutes and their complexes, as well as individual municipal and industrial facilities that do not require the construction of sanitary protection zones; for the construction of intercity communication routes, streets, squares, parks, gardens, boulevards and other public places

Seni the non-residential part, usually of a village house, adjacent to the residential part of the house. It is used for household needs, and in summer for overnight stays.

Senj canopy made of stone, wood or metal on columns or pillars, canopy.

Septic tank for wastewater treatment construction for mechanical cleaning wastewater by settling with anaerobic digestion of its sludge.

Core the narrow central part of the trunk, consisting of loose tissue, characterized by a brown or lighter color than the surrounding wood. At the ends of the assortment it is observed in the form of a spot (about 5 mm) of various shapes, on the radial surfaces - in the form of a narrow strip.

Engineering networks pipelines and cables for various purposes (plumbing, sewerage, heating, communications, etc.), laid in the territories of populated areas, as well as in buildings.

Glass meshes- reinforcing elements of plasters and floor screeds. The basis of glass mesh is glass fiber threads.

Signaling a device that provides a sound or light signal when a warning value of a controlled parameter is reached.

Driers solutions of metal salts of fatty acids in organic solvents, used to speed up the drying of varnishes and paints.

Silicate paints The main component of silicate paints is liquid potassium glass. Such paints are used on plasters with a high lime content; then the coating using this material is most firmly bonded to the substrate.

Force impact impacts, which are understood as both direct force impacts from loads and impacts from displacement of supports, temperature measurements, shrinkage and other similar phenomena that cause reactive forces.

Forceful operational impact on the assembly seam the impact arising from the mutual movements of the window frame (frame) and the wall opening when linear dimensions change due to temperature, humidity and other influences, as well as during shrinkage of buildings.

Silhouette (from French) outline, outline of an object.

Sima(gr. oshcha - nose up; mjuos - snub-nosed, upturned). 1. Terracotta or marble gutter formed by the edge tiles of the roof above the stone outer slab of the cornice I Greek. temple. It was supplemented with water cannons in the form of lion heads, masks, etc., from the holes of which rainwater drained. S. I of the Ionic order was decorated with rich ornamental carvings. 2. Crowning profile rome. cornice.

Sineva gray color of sapwood with bluish or greenish tints

tn-c-s system the functions of the zero working and zero protective conductors are combined in one conductor in part of the network.

tn-s system zero working and zero protective conductors operate separately throughout the system.

tn-C system the functions of the zero working and zero protective conductors are combined in one conductor throughout the entire network.

Ventilation system, natural a technical installation consisting of structural elements designed to ensure a given air purity in a room.

Ventilation system, mechanical a technical installation consisting of a set of equipment interconnected by structural elements, designed to ensure the specified air purity in the room.

Drainage system a complex of structures for collecting, draining outside residential buildings, purifying and discharging treated wastewater into a water intake, as well as for processing and neutralizing the resulting sediment.

Water management system a set of water supply and sanitation systems.

Water supply system a complex of structures for collecting water from a source, purifying it and supplying it to the consumer.

Gas supply (gas distribution) system of a city (village) gas pipelines from gas distribution stations to consumers, LPG installations, structures on gas pipelines and means of protection against electrochemical corrosion, hydraulic fracturing, gas pipelines, gas equipment for industrial and agricultural production, boiler houses, administrative, public and residential buildings.

Gas supply system of the city (village) gas pipelines from gas distribution stations to consumers, LPG installations, structures on gas pipelines and means of protection against electrochemical corrosion, hydraulic fracturing, gas equipment for buildings of industrial and agricultural enterprises, boiler houses, consumer service enterprises, public buildings and residential buildings.

Air conditioning system A technical installation consisting of a set of equipment interconnected by structural elements, designed to create and automatic maintenance in a room or a separate area ensuring at least one indicator of microclimate and air cleanliness.

System specific construction of walls by using external facing layers of brick with concrete filling inside

i"nom (lime with sand), mixed with crushed stone and broken bricks. I For strength at certain intervals, horizontal rows of bricks were laid through the entire thickness of I walls. The Roth of Rome originated with construction technology. S.K. was also used in Ancient Rus' , having arrived here through the Byzantine construction school.

Local suction system local exhaust ventilation system, the air ducts of which are connected to local suction.

Carrying system (cargo, launch, working) a system consisting of a support rope or cable, a descender, fall protection devices and/or safety technical means for holding the worker and the required work aids or work items.

Heating system a technical installation consisting of a set of equipment interconnected by structural elements, designed to receive, transfer and transmit a given amount of heat to a heated room.

Loop clamp system denotes a tool-free, self-attaching fastening of the “skin” to the main sole or sanding “plate” for vibratory, eccentric and delta sanders.

System fire alarm a set of fire alarm installations installed at one site and controlled from a common fire station.

Fire prevention system a set of organizational measures and technical means aimed at eliminating fire conditions

System related design feature of the Rhine School church. It consists in the fact that for each bay f of the central nave there are 2 side bays (on each side), to which the thrust of the vaults of the middle (central) nave is transmitted. In S.S. there is an alternation of supports: bo- | Next, massive pillars support the vaults of the central nave, and the intermediate supports, which are lighter, support the vaults of the side naves.

Safety system a set of safety rope, fall protection equipment and/or safety technical means to prevent a fall.

Heating system a set of interconnected power plants that supply heat to a region, city, or enterprise.

Maintenance and repair system a set of interrelated means (documentation, maintenance and repair processes and performers) necessary to maintain and restore the quality of the installations included in this system

General power supply system a set of electrical installations and electrical devices of an energy supply organization designed to provide electrical energy to various consumers (receivers of electrical energy).

Individual water supply and sanitation systems systems designed for individual houses with up to 10 people.

Local water supply and sanitation systems systems designed for low-rise residential buildings with a population of 10 to 200 people.

Centralized water supply and sanitation systems systems designed for low-rise residential buildings with a population of over 200 and 500 people.

Engineering protection systems for territories against flooding and inundation hydraulic structures for various purposes, united into a single territorial system, providing engineering protection of the territory from flooding and flooding.

Heat consumption systems a complex of heat-consuming installations with connecting pipelines or heating networks that are designed to satisfy one or more types of heat load (heating, ventilation, hot water supply, technological needs).

Sistil(gr.), type ancient Greek. temple, intercolumnium [which is equal to 2 lower diameters of the columns.

Cité-Jardin(French situer - to place; jardin - garden), garden city. Form of residential development in France. S.-J. - not only [individual villages that play the role of satellites of large cities, but also neighborhoods of the suburbs of large industrial centers (in this * S.-Zh. differ from English garden cities). In the first years after World War I, S.-J. were built up with low-rise buildings, but for economic reasons, multi-storey types of buildings began to develop in the middle of nature, not much different from cities. sky residential areas.

Environmental situation a combination of conditions, processes and circumstances of a natural and man-made nature that determine the state of natural or natural-technical systems.

Siphon drainage fittings assembly for forming and maintaining a hydraulic seal.

Rock wide panels of birch bark, sewn with birch bark. With the help of S., a wooden roof was insulated, laying it either on layers or between two layers of planks (timber).

Rocky ground reliable, durable, do not wash out, do not swell, do not freeze. You can lay the foundation directly on its surface.

Skansen an open-air museum that contains ethnographic monuments from various regions of the region; These are mainly monuments of folk wooden architecture.

Scat side of the roof with a certain angle of inclination

Mowing at points of displacement trough the magnitude of the change in the right (before deformation) angle of a square, the sides of which are parallel and perpendicular to the strike line of the formation. A distinction is made between bevelling in the direction of strike (across the strike) of the formation and in a given direction

Wells cylindrical cavities in the soil with a diameter of more than 76 mm and a depth of more than 5 m, formed by drilling machines to place explosive charges in them during drilling and blasting operations, both for loosening the soil and discharge explosions when constructing shelves in mountainous areas

Square(English square), a small area landscaped with trees and shrubs, located in an urban area. Designed for short stays and recreation. Planning is most often regular. central part S. often serves as the site for a fountain or a monument surrounded by flower beds.

Through growth open growth facing two opposite sides

Through wormhole Wormhole coming out on two opposite sides

Through curl A curl extending onto two opposite sides of a piece of lumber or piece.

Pass-through pocket a pocket facing two opposite sides of a piece of lumber or piece.

Skena skene (gr. oxnvr) - main. meaning tent, wooden\structure), one of the three main parts of the ancient Greek. theater In a broad sense it means the entire stage building, more precisely -

stage wall with decorations and logeion. At first S. is temporary wooden structure for changing clothes and exiting actors, located out of sight of the public. Later used to indicate the setting of the play. From the 5th century BC. S. began to be built directly behind the orchestra. In the 4th century. BC. S. appeared from stone. The S. façade or decorative wall placed at some distance from it (proskenium) initially had 1, later 2 floors. At both ends of the S. building there were side extensions - paraskenia. In the IV-III centuries. BC. in front of the S. there is an extension of the proskenium, the roof of which (logeon) in the Hellenistic period became the main performance space for the actors who had previously played in the orchestra. The S. wall had 3 (or 5) openings to the logeion, where the actors came out from the second level of the S. and set up the scenery. S. was separated from the theater by passages. S. was further developed in Rome. theater, representing a two-three-story building with a richly decorated facade, not separated from the theater by a passage (unlike the Greek one).

Skeet(gr. aokt)tg)<; - подвижник, аскет), жилище, устраивае-мое монастырями для монахов-отшельников. Иногда разрастался в обычный уединенный монастырь. После раскола церкви (2 пол. XVII в.) - поселки монастырского типа в глухих местах.

Staples clamps, fastenings in masonry made of large stones of regular shape, serving to firmly connect two stones in one horizontal row. S. are made in various shapes and from different materials (metal, wood, marble).

Chip of the edge of a fibreboard (chipboard) a defect in the form of local damage to the edge of a fibreboard (chipboard) spreading across the surface.

Skola with split wood in the end zone of the timber. As you move away from the end, the thickness of the broken off part decreases. Occurs during harvesting or processing of timber.

Corrosion rate of building material the rate of change in the properties of a building material in a product or structure per unit of time due to exposure to an aggressive environment.

The rate of oxidation of pollutants by activated sludge the mass of organic substances that oxidize 1 g of ash-free substance of activated sludge in 1 hour.

Crane speed speed of movement of the crane in steady state; determined when the crane moves along a horizontal path with a working load and at a wind speed of no more than 3 m/s at a height of 10 m.

Water filtration speed the volume of water passed through a unit of filter loading area in a certain time interval.

Fast filter for water purification filter for water purification, operating at a filtration speed of 5 - 15 m/h.

Bevel cut non-perpendicularity of the end of the longitudinal axis of the assortment

Scotia(gr. okotsh - darkness), a bummer, which in cross-section is an asymmetrical fillet with the profile of a two-center arc (from 2 quarter circles of different radii) or a more complex curve. It is found in the profile of column bases, usually without decorations.

Scriptorium(Late Lat. scriptorium “Lat. scripta - scribe), in Catholic monasteries of the VI-XII centuries. workshop for copying manuscripts. From the 13th century S. began to be replaced by urban guild writing workshops.

Sculpture chrysoelephantine chrysoelephantine (XpvaeXe^pavnvoq - made of ivory « Xpvoos - golden, trimmed with gold and eXeipaq - elephant, gender eXeyavToq - ivory), sculpture made of gold and ivory in ancient art. In the 5th century BC. This technique was usually used to create colossal statues of gods installed in the cella of the ancient Greeks. temple. The statue consisted of a wooden frame, on which ivory plates were placed, conveying the effect of a naked body. Hair and clothes were made of gold, and eyes were made of precious stones. Other metals and wood were sometimes used for attributes.

Skufja(Late Greek OKovi/xa “Ancient Greek ohcvipoq - cup,

bowl, which S. resembles), the upper part of some vaults, usually having the shape of a spherical segment. In the original sail vault, with the same radius of the spherical surface, the sails and sails merge into a single shape. Sometimes S. is given an elevated dome shape with a smaller radius than the radius of [arusov.

Slightly princely S. on the upper corner of the roof, in the roof on the yutoks - under the cover, which for greater reliability is attached to it with stamics.

Lay down(singular slightly), longitudinal logs, load-bearing part of the wing. They cut through a log along the slope of the pediment (male, edge). S. have a significant thickness, close to the diameter of the logs in the walls - such a thickness eliminates their sagging and eliminates the need for construction bulls. Chickens are attached to S. S. have a double function: connections between male pediments and purlins. S. create an overhang of the roof over the pediment.

Lay down horizontally placed logs forming a roof structure in Russian wooden architecture.

Vein marks whitish or darkish stripes on the surface of the veneer, arising from veins lying underneath at a depth of no more than 1 mm

Sleznik 1. The crown slab of the crown cornice. A recess is made on the lower surface to drain rainwater from the walls of the building (dripline). In the Doric order, the S. has a slope corresponding to the roof, and on the lower surface there are protrusions - mutulae or modulons. Same as Geyson. 2. A break that has a straight (or complex curve) line in cross-section, which in the upper part turns into a concave curve, hanging in front like a “bird’s or hawk’s beak.” Found in the Doric order, it gives a deep shadow. 3. A groove on the surface of the cornice through which rainwater flows bypassing the wall.

Sloboda Svoboda, a suburban settlement (group of settlements), located along the road leading to the city, behind the settlement. In Russia they are known in the XI-XVIII centuries. S. enjoyed temporary exemption from paying taxes and other duties, which is where their name came from.

Complex curvature curvature, characterized by two or more bends in the assortment in one or more planes.

Complex warping longitudinal warping along the face, characterized by several bends.

Laminated panel a panel having several main layers made of concrete or of concrete and non-concrete heat-insulating materials and products, including a panel with a screen.

Layer of fibreboard (chipboard) zone of a wood-fiber (chipboard) board, limited by two planes parallel to the surface of the board, and having a structure that is uniform and different from adjacent layers (layers) in density, binder proportion, size of fibers or wood particles and their orientation

Wear layer the top layer of a parquet plank from the face to the top of the tongue or groove, the wear of which determines the life of the parquet flooring.

Gossip holes in the edges of hipped masonry, processed like window openings with platbands. Perhaps the bell towers served as resonators.

Adjacent-isolated apartments for multi-generational families Apartments, each of which is provided with the necessary set of main and ancillary (and, if necessary, also auxiliary) premises, united through an opening (or openings). Moreover, these apartments may have common rooms (entrance, hall, corridor, dining room, laundry room and others).

Mixer a water-folding device that provides mixing of cold and hot water, as well as regulation of its flow and temperature by the consumer

Concrete mixture a mixture of binders, fillers, sealers and, if necessary, additives before it is laid.

Dry concrete mixture concrete mixture without mixer.

Estimated cost of construction the amount of all costs associated with the construction (reconstruction) of an enterprise, a separate building, structure or their complexes; price of products in construction.

Key offset, offset process of adding modulo 2 counters with a key.

Displaced core eccentric location of the core (as a rule, accompanied by ovality of the trunk).

SNiP "Building norms and rules" set of instructions for construction and repair work. Includes a section on working at height.

Building demolition an exceptional measure related to urban planning and other objective circumstances (high physical and moral wear and tear, emergency condition, etc.).

Own chassis of a mobile (inventory) building or structure

a transport device intended for the relocation of a mobile (inventory) building or container-type structure.

Sovelit powder from a mixture of magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate and asbestos

Compatibility the ability of objects to be used together in specific conditions in order to meet relevant requirements.

Combined lighting lighting, in which natural light, which is insufficient by standards, is supplemented with artificial light.

Combined neutral working and protective conductor (pen conductor) a conductor that combines the functions of protective and neutral working conductors.

Combined bathroom a room equipped with a toilet, bath (or shower) and washbasin.

Flange connection a fixed detachable connection of a pipeline, the tightness of which is ensured by compressing the sealing surfaces directly against each other or through gaskets of a softer material located between them, compressed by fasteners.

Connecting lines wires and cables that provide connections between components of a fire alarm system.

Connecting element an element of a lifting device that connects the gripper with the working body of a lifting machine.

Solena type of tile in ancient Greek. buildings. S. - large rectangular tiles were laid in rows in such a way that the top one was on the edge of the bottom one, and the seams formed along the edges were covered with long and narrow tiles of another type - calypters. The tiles were made mainly from clay; in the richest buildings, marble tiles were used. A sheathing was built under the clay tiles. Large marble tiles were laid directly on the rafters.

Solea(Latin solium - throne, throne), in an Orthodox church, the raised floor in front of the altar barrier or the entire length of the iconostasis, a place for worship.

Tapeworm a separately growing tree or shrub.

Closed crack crack no more than 1.0 mm wide

Canopy closure the ratio of the sum of the areas of horizontal projections of tree crowns (without taking into account the area of ​​their overlap) to the total area of ​​the forest plot.

Nozzle the part through which gas enters the burner.

Air permeation resistance of the building envelope The reciprocal value of the air permeability coefficient of the enclosing structure

Soil resistance on the side surface of the probe soil resistance on the side surface of the Type I probe rods.

Resistance to vapor permeation of the enclosing structure the reciprocal value of the flow of water vapor passing through a unit area of ​​the enclosing structure under isothermal conditions per unit time with a difference in the partial pressures of the internal and external air of one Pascal.

Resistance to heat transfer (heat transfer or heat perception) the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient.

Heat transfer resistance of the enclosing structure coefficient, which is the reciprocal of the heat transfer coefficient and characterizes the heat-saving properties of the structure (material).

Sorptive humidity of the material equilibrium relative humidity of a material in an air environment with constant relative humidity and temperature.

Magpies wooden dowels-ties, fastening the horse harness and head

Composite panel a panel consisting of several separately manufactured reinforced concrete elements or of reinforced concrete and other basic elements (not counting window and door units), the integrity of the structure of which is created by the subsequent connection of these elements using connecting products or other means.

Composite wall a wall consisting in thickness of two walls: outer and inner.

Soffit(Italian soffitto - ceiling). 1. A horizontal row of lamps mounted at the top and sides of the stage. Lighting fixtures with several light sources in a common reflector. 2. The surface of any architectural detail visible from below: beams, arches, external cornice, etc., often had decorative processing.

Social infrastructure a complex of service objects and relationships between them, ground-based and remote, within an urban planning formation (territories, settlements, groups of settlements, etc.).

Mature plantings age group, which includes forest plantations that have reached the established cutting age (ripeness) of the forest.

Specialized apartment residential building a serviced residential building with apartments for the elderly or for families with disabilities.

Special additive for cement additive to cement introduced to give it special properties or regulate certain quality indicators

Special cement cement, which, along with the formation of strength, is subject to special requirements.

Back(Latin spina - spine), a low wall in the middle of the arena in Rome. circus, which was surrounded by chariots during competitions. S. were decorated with statues, obelisks, columns, and small temples. At its ends there were marks or targets, each representing 3 conical pillars mounted on a common pedestal. Next to the throws there were stands on columns. On one of them there were images of 7 bronze dolphins, on the other - 7 bronze eggs, which were removed one by one from the stand as a sign of the chariots passing the circle.

Spira(Latin spira - bend, twist), part of the base of the column (optional), located under the torus and representing a low cylinder with a concave generatrix. Could be fluted with horizontal flutes.

Spiral welded electric welded steel pipe electric welded steel pipe made from strips or sheets by spiral forming and continuous welding of the joint with a spiral seam.

Solid particle board particle board without voids or channels.

Continuous roll heel in the form of significant continuous sections located on one side of the core and covering half or more of the cross-sectional area.

Solid panel panel without air gaps and voids.

Complete demolition of buildings total destruction of existing construction projects and, in general, traces of once existing buildings.

Clear cuttings forest felling, in which stands of trees that have reached the age of felling (ripeness) are cut down in one go. There are regional Rules that define silvicultural standards and methods of felling, taking into account the characteristics of local forest conditions.

Method of ascent and descent using a rope and/or cable a manual method of overcoming a difference in height to enter a work area using a cable or rope for support (but without lifting machines).

Residual current switching capability the value of the expected differential current that the RCD-D is capable of turning on, passing during its shutdown time and turning off under given operating conditions without impairing its functionality.

Air sprinkler fire extinguishing installation a fire extinguishing sprinkler installation, the supply pipeline of which is filled with water (aqueous solution), the rest - with air under pressure.

Fire sprinkler system automatic fire extinguishing installation equipped with sprinklers.

sprinkler sprinkler with a locking device for the outlet opening, which opens when the thermal lock is activated.

Middle-aged plantings age group, which includes forest plantations, starting from age class III and limited by the age of ripening.

Average illumination of streets, roads and squares illuminance, area weighted average

Average road surface brightness area-weighted average brightness of dry road surfaces in the direction of the eyes of an observer located on the axis of traffic movement

Sredokrestie in Romanesque and Gothic churches, the space formed by the intersection of the naves with the transept.

Detection Tools detecting and implementing appropriate remedial actions.

Scaffolding means devices intended for organizing workplaces during construction and installation work at a height or depth of more than 1.3 m from the ground level or ceiling

Key Management Tools a secure enclosed volume (such as a room or cryptographic equipment) and its contents for housing cryptographic elements.

Load-handling means a device designed to ensure reliable and efficient connection of the load with the working body of the lifting machine

Fire protection agent a fire-retardant composition or material that has fire-retardant effectiveness and is specifically designed for fire protection of various objects

Cement setting time time of the beginning and end of setting of the cement paste, determined under standardized conditions

fused sprout trace of a closed growth in the form of an elongated section (seam) of twisted wood on the surface of the veneer

fused knot a knot, the annual layers of which have grown together with the surrounding wood over at least 3/4 of the perimeter of the knot cut

Log house 1. A log house is a structure without a floor or roof and consists of several crowns stacked on top of each other. The number of crowns is determined by the thickness of the logs and the height of the house. 2. walls of a chopped wooden structure, assembled from properly processed logs. The logs are stacked “in a cage” - one on top of the other and in the corners they are connected “into an oblo” (“into a bowl”), “into a paw”, etc.

Log house six-shaped from land in wooden temple architecture the most ancient type of building. There is no intermediate quadrangle between the ground and the six; the crowns of the frame are laid on the ground. The log house ends with a tent.

Traction stabilizer a device installed in the combustion gas circuit of the boiler to reduce the influence of chimney draft on the burner characteristics and combustion process.

Stabilizing additives substances that help reduce the delamination of concrete mixtures

Shutters board covering the window. S. are made carved and painted.

Stages(gr. arabiov - ancient Greek measure of length, 150-190m; lists), an oblong arena intended for running competitions, with seats for spectators. It was located on a natural slope. In Dr. In Greece, S. was built near the most revered sanctuaries, where games and competitions of pan-Hellenic significance were held. Sometimes a gymnasium was adjacent to S. S. usually counted on running back and forth. The ends of the S. were usually blunt, rarely one end was rounded. The start and finish were marked with stone slabs or pillars.

Stadium(gr. STobiov), a covered or uncovered structure for sports competitions with stands for spectators, sports fields, and auxiliary premises. The prototype of modern S. is the ancient Greek. The name S. arose due to the fact that the length of the main lists at Olympia was 1 stade. The villages have not been built since the 4th century. (with the ban on the Olympic Games) until 1896, when, with the establishment of the international Olympics in Athens, a new one was built on the ruins of the ancient S.

Steel fiber reinforced concrete steel fiber reinforced concrete is concrete dispersedly reinforced with steel fibers - fiber, which makes it possible to obtain a new composite material that is significantly different in its physical and mechanical characteristics from the concrete matrix.

Furnace Welding Steel Pipe a steel pipe made from heated strips by forming and welding, which involves using the ability of molecular adhesion of the compressed surfaces of metals heated to a high temperature in a furnace.

Metal coated steel pipe steel pipe coated inside and (or) outside with a metal layer.

Non-metallic coated steel pipe steel pipe coated inside and (or) outside with a non-metallic layer.

Steel pipe a steel product with a ring-shaped, oval, polygonal or other shape of a hollow cross-section of relatively long length

Stamiki wooden rods connecting the ohlupen and Knyazevaya slega (ridge beam) and passing through them through rectangular holes. In the lower part of the S., protruding from the timber, there is an eye into which a wedge-shaped bolt is inserted in the transverse direction. The upper end of the S. has a widening that closes the hole, and is decoratively processed with combinations of a cone, cylinder, and ball. In different areas it has different names: columns, soldiers, balls, birds, etc.

Standard monofraction sand quartz natural sand with standardized grain and chemical composition, intended for testing cement.

Standard polyfractional sand a mixture of fractions of quartz natural sand containing rounded grains, with a standardized grain and chemical composition, intended for testing cement.

Standard temperature mode of temperature change over time when testing structures for fire resistance, established by the standard

Standard cement mortar a homogeneous mixture of cement, standard sand and water in a standardized ratio.

Water treatment station a complex of buildings, structures and devices for water treatment.

Water purification station a complex of buildings, structures and devices for water purification

Wastewater treatment plant a complex of buildings, structures and devices for wastewater treatment and sludge treatment.

Static probing the process of immersing a probe into the soil under the influence of a static pressing load with measuring soil resistance to probe penetration.

Become self-insurer provide insurance through self-insurance.

Staffage figures of people, small genre scenes introduced into the composition of the landscape park to revitalize them.

Stationary machine a machine that does not have the ability to move under its own power and requires installation work to be installed at the workplace.

Stationary partition The stationary partition is based on a frame made of wooden, aluminum, steel or PVC profiles onto which the panels are attached. The main feature of such structures is that they are attached to both the floor and the ceiling, after which their configuration can no longer be changed.

Sash an element of a window unit connected to the frame using fittings. Depending on the type of fittings, the sashes are either rotary or tilt-and-turn.

The sash is narrow a vertical flap designed to ventilate the room. The width usually does not exceed 450 mm.

Reinforced glass Annealed, chrome-plated or nickel-plated steel wire is pressed into it, which serves as a frame that holds small fragments of glass when it is damaged.

Liquid glass an air binder made by firing a mixture of quartz sand and soda. The resulting glass, after crushing, is dissolved in water. Sodium liquid glass is used in the production of concrete with special properties (acid-resistant, heat-resistant), fire-retardant paints and other materials.

Tempered glass glass that has undergone special thermal or chemical treatment to increase its strength. The glass tempering process consists of two stages: heating and subsequent rapid cooling using air blowing. Cooling the surface layers leads to their rapid hardening, while the inner layer of glass pulls the surface layers with it, which causes compressive stresses in them. In this case, the inner layer is subject to tension, since the surface has already hardened. As a result, a system of stresses is formed in the glass (the outer layers are highly compressed, the inner layers are stretched), which provides the glass with high mechanical and thermal strength compared to ordinary glass. When broken, tempered glass breaks into small fragments that do not have sharp edges.

Laminated glass This is a complex structure consisting of several (two or more) glasses connected to each other by a laminating layer. Polyvinyl film or liquid resin can be used as the laminated layer.

Reflective glass (stopsol) has a durable silver coating with an amber or blue tint and has high reflective properties.

Soft coated glass glass is produced by vacuum deposition and is a three-layer (or more) structure of alternating layers of dielectric silver (BiO, AlN, TiO2, etc.). The main disadvantage of i-glasses is their relatively reduced abrasive resistance compared to K-glass, but given that such a coating is inside the glass unit, this does not affect its performance properties.

Heat-saving glass- high-quality glass with a thin-film coating, which is applied by vacuum magnetron sputtering. By letting solar energy into the room, they do not allow the heat flow created by heating devices to escape outside. There are two types of heat-saving glass: i -glass (LOW-E) has a “soft” silver-based coating, which gives the product a bluish color. i-glass is used only in the production of sealed double-glazed windows, and the coated side must face the inside of the double-glazed window. Transmits more than 75-83% of visible light, while reflecting more than 90-95% of heat back into the room. k -glass has a “hard” coating based on durable oxides, nitrides of titanium, tin or indium, giving the product blue or yellowish tints. k-glass is used as regular glass or solar control glass. Transmits 60-80% of visible light, reflects 60 to 90% of heat back into the room. The former may appear slightly tinted due to the durable smoky finish. The surface of the latter has less resistance to external influences, but the thermal insulation characteristics of glass are much higher. At an outside temperature of -26°C and a room temperature of +20°C, the temperature on the glass surface inside the room for a conventional double-glazed window is +5.1°C, for a double-glazed window with K-glass +11°C, with I-glass +14° WITH.

Tinted glass- glass having a certain shade. A distinction is made between mass tinting (the introduction of a dye during the glass melting process) and the application of special films to already manufactured standard glass. In addition to decorative properties, it can transmit a certain spectrum of light waves.

Energy-saving glass with soft coating: K-glass.

To impart heat-saving properties to glass directly during its manufacture, a thin layer of metal oxides InSnO2 is created on its surface using a chemical reaction at high temperature (pyrolysis method), which is transparent and at the same time electrically conductive. This coating has high chemical and mechanical resistance.

Cellular glass (foam glass) is a cellular thermal insulation material obtained by sintering glass powder in an oven with its simultaneous swelling under the action of a gas generator. This is one of the most durable thermal insulation materials (average density 1200 kg/m3).

Glass block glass blocks are products with a hermetically sealed cavity formed by joining two pressed glass plates.

Glass wallpaper fire-resistant rolled material based on embossed fiberglass, glass wallpaper is fire-resistant.

Double-glazed window sealed structure consisting of glass and a spacer frame filled with a desiccant. Depending on the number of glasses, there are single-chamber (2 glasses) and double-chamber (3 glasses) double-glazed windows. The thickness of a standard single-chamber double-glazed window is 24 mm (glass 4 mm, air gap 16 mm, glass 4 mm). The double-chamber double-glazed window has a thickness of 32 mm (3 glasses of 4 mm each and two air layers of 10 mm each). Inside the glass unit there is dried air or inert gas. Single-chamber and double-chamber double-glazed windows are divided into models for general construction purposes and with special properties. The first ones are most common in construction and are used to create facade glazing and dividing partitions. Double-glazed windows with special properties are energy-saving, sun-protective, noise-proof, and impact-resistant (triplex). Solar control windows are needed to reduce the intensity of solar radiation indoors. They are made using different types of glass.

Glasspore granules obtained by swelling of soluble liquid glass or the so-called silicate lump - a product of cooling a molten sodium or potassium glass. It has an average density of 200-300 kg/cub.m.

Stekloprofilit (profile glass) a long-size glass product produced by rolling.

Glass roofing material rolled roofing and waterproofing material on a fiberglass base, obtained by applying bitumen binder and topping to the base on both sides.

Glass works glazing of window sashes, balconies, loggias and shop windows with regular and display glass, as well as applying special films to the glass

Stele(gr. otg\kt] - pillar), a vertically standing stone slab (usually a tombstone) with an inscription or a relief image. In Dr. In Greece, as a rule, it was crowned with a pediment or acroteria. Gravestones originate from the custom, widespread in the Bronze Age, of placing a heavy stone on the deceased, preventing him from leaving the grave. With the emergence of the idea of ​​a soul independent of the body, S. began to be erected as the habitat of this soul. Stone pillars or slabs with carved on them with texts or images placed in honor of some important event, victory over the enemy, in memory of large buildings.

Wall cheek a wall that limits the barrel vault (or stripping) in the transverse direction. Such a wall does not participate in the perception of the pressure of the vault; window and door openings are usually installed in it.

Stenniki wall lighting for one or several candles. S. had reflectors - metal, mirrored with relief details.

Wall benchmark (brand) leveling benchmark installed on the supporting structures of permanent buildings and structures.

Water permeability degree a characteristic that reflects the ability of soils to pass water through itself and is quantitatively expressed in the filtration coefficient Kf, m/day.

Salinity degree characteristic that determines the amount of water-soluble salts in soil Dsal, %.

Degree of corrosion of building material technical characteristics of changes in the properties of building materials due to corrosion

Frost heaving degree a characteristic reflecting the ability of soil to frost heave, expressed by the relative deformation of frost heave

Degree of room leakage expressed as a percentage, the ratio of the total area of ​​constantly open openings to the total surface area of ​​the room.

Degree of fire resistance of a building (structure, fire compartment) classification characteristic of an object, determined by indicators of fire resistance and fire hazard of building structures

Extent of combustion spread classification characteristic of the fire hazard of a structure, determined based on the results of standard tests of structures for combustion propagation

Solubility in water a characteristic reflecting the ability of soils to dissolve in water and expressed in the amount of water-soluble salts, qsr, g/l

Stereobat(gr.atereo|Zat77s<отересх;- крепкий, твердый), по Витрувию, - ступенчатое основание древнегречес. храма или дру-гого монументального здания. Состоял из трех ступеней, верхняя из которых (или только ее поверхность) называлась стилобатом. Стереобат устраивался на верхнем, частично приподнятом слое фун-дамента, - евтинтерии.

Lock rod part of the lock that serves to transmit torque from the lock handle to the latch bolt

Kernel columns fust, the middle approximately cylindrical part of the column. It was crowned with a capital, and below (as a rule) there was a base.

Fastener rod part of a fastener that directly fits into the holes of the products being connected or is screwed into the material of one of them

Stylobate(gr. sgtiHoRatuya< orvXos - колонна, столб и Раирсо - твердо стою). 1. Каменные плиты под колоннами.■2. Верхняя плоскость крепиды. 3. Верхняя ступень или верх-няя поверхность стереобата.

Stylobate(gr. - column, pillar and - stand firmly). 1. Stone slabs under the columns. 2. Upper plane of the crepida. 3. Upper stage or upper surface of the stereo unit.

Rack pillar, column, etc., serving as a support for beams, floors and working on central and eccentric compression.

Resistance of the additive to external influences requirements limiting the level of various external influences (climatic or any other), compliance with which does not lead to a change in the quality of the additive

Mechanism durability aspect of assessing the effectiveness of the subject of assessment, namely the ability of its security mechanisms to withstand direct attacks on flaws in their algorithms, principles and properties.

Columnar foundation In terms of material consumption and labor costs, columnar foundations are 1.5-2 times more economical than strip foundations, and when laid deep, they are 3-5 times more economical. Columnar foundations are especially effective in heaving soils when they are deeply frozen. Columnar foundations also have limitations in their use. Firstly, columnar foundations are bad in horizontally moving soils due to insufficient resistance to overturning - in this case, a rigid reinforced concrete grillage is required. Secondly, the use of columnar foundations is difficult on weak-bearing soils when building houses with heavy walls. Thirdly, when installing columnar foundations, difficulties arise with the construction of the base: you have to fill the space between the pillars, the wall and the ground (taking in), which is quite difficult. The main element of a columnar foundation is a pillar (pile). The pillar can be wooden, stone, brick, concrete or reinforced concrete. You can use an asbestos pipe by filling it with concrete.

Pillar 1. Massive internal support - rectangular or cross-shaped in plan, supporting the vaults. 2. Tower I, a tower-like structure not connected with the fortress walls, standing separately.

Stomion entrance part of the domed ancient Greek. tombs, I facing the dromos. A relief triangle is arranged above the entrance - a space not filled with masonry. I After the burial, the village was covered with a wall, and the dromos was covered to protect it from plunder.

Lock washer a washer that serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners using structural elements. The structural elements of the washer are legs, toes, teeth, etc.

Watchmen in the XV-XVII centuries. small ancient Russian fortified

points located on elevated places, serving for | monitoring enemy movements.

Third party conductive part conductive part that is not part of the electrical installation.

Wastewater liquid discharges from populated areas with admixtures of atmospheric and industrial waters.

standing stoa (gr. otoa otoicl), long open galleries - colonnades with one or two rows of columns (in the last case, the outer row was built in the Doric order, the inner one in the Ionic order). Villages often had a wall along one of the long sides and were decorated with statues and paintings. They were built separately or in a complex. Public buildings of the Hellenistic era served as places for walks, theater foyers, state halls for city celebrations, etc. S. were framed by squares on 2, 3, sometimes 4 sides.

Insurance connection of an object to be insured (a steeplejack, a tool) with an attachment point, a safety rope or a railing, guaranteeing protection against falling from a height. Providing financial guarantees for damages with the help of insurance organizations is one of the mandatory organizational measures in extreme activities. A short name for the entire physical safety chain.

Top insurance belaying a climber using a rope, the anchor point (or bend) of which is located above the climber.

Dynamic insurance a set of measures (techniques and devices) to dampen the jerk when belaying the bottom in the event of a fall.

Insurance loaded a safety rope intentionally loaded with the weight of the climber (without breaking). This is an auxiliary technical technique, for example, for support with pendulums. It does not require subsequent rope rejection, since there is no tugging force.

Lower belay belaying with a rope going to the moving climber from below. Used in combination with dynamic belay.

Safety system ropes, cables, chains that prevent a climber from falling from a height in an emergency

Jib) crane design that provides the required reach and/or lifting height of the load-handling member.

Lifting boom height of the planar (arch, truss) or I spatial (dome) part of the structure, measured along the axis from | the plane of the heels to the highest point of the system (arch key, etc.).

Strelnitsy fortress towers in Russian fortifications.

A later name that appeared in Russian chronicles after the 2nd half. XIII century and preserved until the middle. XVI century - vezhi, pillar | . The name was used ch. arr. in Moscow lands. S. I were built rectangular and polygonal, at an early stage I were built wooden, later they were replaced with stone ones (if there were wooden walls), primarily, as a rule, roadways.

Strelnitsy branch bridgehead fortress towers, built on the outside of the moat and serving as reinforcement for the main gate tower. Appeared instead of complex obnoxious devices in the end. XV-beginning XVI centuries S.O. They were open at the top, had a battle passage on the walls and were lower in size than the main tower. Passage towers did not always have S.O.

Strelnya tower in ancient Russian fortress architecture.

Stretching the process of carpet tensioning, in which the carpet is laid on narrow slats along the walls with two rows of nails driven in at an angle and tensioned using special tools.

Streha 1. The lower hanging edge of the roof (usually a hut, hut). 2. Roof (hut, hut).

Stroboscopic effect the phenomenon of distortion of visual perception of rotating, moving or changing objects in flickering light, which occurs when the frequency characteristics of the movement of objects coincide and the light flux changes over time in lighting installations made with gas-discharge light sources powered by alternating current.

Construction industry production in industrial conditions of products for use as an element of building structures of buildings and structures.

Construction site production territory allocated in the prescribed manner for the placement of construction structures, as well as machines, materials, structures, production and sanitary premises and communications used in the process of erecting construction buildings and structures.

Construction production carrying out a complex of preparatory and basic construction, installation and special construction work during the construction and reconstruction, technical re-equipment, major repairs of all types of buildings and structures in any climatic zones

Construction and technical properties of cement a set of properties of cement that characterize its ability to form strong and durable cement stone as a result of hardening

Construction products reinforced concrete panels, slabs, beams, door and window blocks and similar parts and factory-made elements installed at the construction site.

Building mixture cement, sand and water mixed in a certain proportion. It is used in the construction of stone (brick) masonry as a binder.

Construction type of production activity, the result of which is construction products or construction materials and products.

Construction material material intended for the creation of building structures of buildings and structures, as well as the manufacture of building products.

Construction works production and economic activities aimed at the construction, repair, reconstruction of buildings and structures.

Building mixture materials mixed in a certain proportion: cement, lime, gypsum, sand and water. Mortar is used in the construction of stone (brick) masonry and finishing work as a binder. The mortar is divided: according to the type of binders (cement, lime, gypsum and complex); by purpose (masonry, finishing and special).

Construction the branch of material production in which fixed assets for production and non-production purposes are created: ready-to-use buildings, structures and their complexes.

Sling the applied name for flat tapes. Let us note that in S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary the word sling is given, but in parachute-paragliding (and hence in mountaineering) usage, it has long been the feminine gender: sling.

Sling the applied name for flat tapes.

Rafters load-bearing elements of a pitched roof that support the base of the roof (sheathing or decking). The design depends on the shape of the roof and the location of the supports. The replacement of floor coverings with log gables in wooden huts with rafters led to changes in the facades - planked gables and cornices made of boards decorated with carvings appeared, masking the transition to the gables from the chopped walls. The simplest structures consist of rafter legs, posts, and struts. S. can be made of wood, reinforced concrete, metal or mixed.

Rafter truss part of the supporting structure of the roof, the basis for sheathing and roofing. Consists of rafters, beams and ceilings. The design of rafter systems is determined by the shape of the roof. Their main element is the rafter legs, which are laid along the slope and support the sheathing. The lower ends of the rafter legs rest on the outer walls.

Line development arrangement of houses with a gap between buildings, and the houses are not located along the same line, but on ledges.

Soil structure spatial organization of soil components, characterized by a set of morphological (size, shape of particles, their quantitative ratio), geometric (spatial composition of structural elements) and energy characteristics (type of structural connections and total energy of the structure) and determined by the composition, quantitative ratio and interaction of soil components

Knock, knock, knockKNOCK ( it. stucco - gypsum, alabaster), artificial marble for wall decoration and architectural details. The highest grade of plaster, with great strength, takes on the appearance of marble after polishing. The composition includes lime and crushed marble. The Romans call it opus albarium. S. was known in Dr. Egypt, widely used in ancient Rome. architecture and later (from the 15th century) in the architecture of Italy, France, etc. In Russia it has been known since the 18th century.

Step bolt a bolt whose smooth part diameter exceeds the nominal thread diameter.

Joint plywood plywood made by joining two or more sheets to increase its size.

Stuka (knock) (from Italian) the highest grade of plaster, which contains finely sifted gypsum with marble powder, alum, and glue. When hardened, it acquires very high strength.

Screed base under the covering - a floor layer that serves to level the surface of the underlying floor layer or ceiling, give the floor covering on the ceiling a given slope, cover various pipelines, distribute loads across the non-rigid underlying layers of the floor on the ceiling.

Substruction (from Latin) a structure that supports one or another part of an architectural structure from below.

Security Subject an active object that is granted or denied access to security objects according to the permission policy.

Castle lever a part of a lock that serves to lock the lock bolt in a certain position and is operated by a key

Loams and sandy loams mixtures of sand and clay particles. Loams contain from 10 to 30% clay particles, sandy loams - from 3 to 10%. In wet soils, the depth of the foundation should be no less than the calculated freezing depth.

Loam loose sedimentary rock containing 10-30% clay particles (less than 0.005 mm in size). Based on the content of clay particles, heavy (20-30%), medium (15-20%) and light (10-15%) loams are distinguished. They are used as raw materials for the production of bricks, tiles, and, less commonly, ceramic tiles.

Sulfate corrosion of concrete corrosion of concrete as a result of interaction of cement stone with sulfates.

Sulfate resistance of cement the ability of cement stone to withstand the destructive effects of aqueous media containing sulfate ions.

Sulfoaluminate (ferritic) clinker clinker consisting predominantly of calcium sulfoaluminates (ferrites).

Sulfoaluminate (-ferritic) cement cement obtained from sulfoaluminate (-ferritic) clinker.

Sandy loam loose sedimentary rock, with a content of clay particles less than 10%. It is used as a raw material in the production of building ceramics.

Crackers, denticles, denticles, a series of small rectangular projections in the cornice of the Ionic, Corinthian and variant of the Roman Doric order. And also in the Ionic entablature in a two-part version instead of the frieze between the architrave and the cornice.

Dry masonry masonry performed with bandaging of seams, but without the use of masonry mortar. Metal anchors are used to fasten the blocks

Dry mortar mixture This is a mixture of dry components of binder, filler and additives, dosed and mixed at the factory, mixed with water before use.

Dry mixes loose, rationally selected mixtures of binders, aggregates, fillers and special additives (setting and hardening regulators, adhesives, plasticizers and others). Designed for preparing mortars, mixtures for leveling concrete floors, gluing building tiles, preparing primers, putties, plasters and grouts. Dry mixtures are mixed with water at the work site.

knot part of a branch enclosed in the wood of the trunk.

Spheristerium(lat. sphaeristerium “gr. ousirshtri), a large room at the thermal baths for playing ball and various exercises, in which there were various devices for gymnastics. S. faced the afternoon sunny side, otherwise it was heated by a stove.

Sphinx(gr. cwt), sculpture (image) of mythical creatures (guardian spirit, embodiment of royal power) with the body of a lion and with a human (male, less often female) head, sometimes with the head of a sacred animal (ram, hawk). S. were placed in Dr. Egypt in front of the temples and royal tombs as guardians of these sacred places. The original for the human head of S., depicting one of the Egyptian gods (the god Tum), was usually the reigning pharaoh. Similar names are also typical for other countries. East. lamassu.

Contractions supporting elements holding the panels in working position.

Setting of cement irreversible loss of mobility of cement paste as a result of hydration.

Engineering protection schemes - general, detailed, special design material developed for the purpose of determining and justifying the optimal complex of engineering protection, its aggregated estimated cost and priority of implementation.

Scene(lat. scaene, scene « gr. (aKrjvrj’) - tent^r, tent), part of a theater building, an elevation or platform ^ on which a theatrical performance takes place. The name comes from the Greek. Skene's words. The initial form of the Hebrew S. - ancient non-Greek orchestra. theater, where the choir was located and actors played, who later switched to proskenium, to Romans. theater - proscenium.

Interlocking blocks encryption of information in such a way that each ciphertext block is cryptographically dependent on the previous ciphertext block.

Removable lifting device any equipment connecting a load of payable capacity to a crane and which is not part of either the crane or the load. The removable load-handling device is easily removed from the lifting device and disconnected from the load.

Raw sewage sludge sludge from primary settling tanks.

Sandwich panels panels made from a thermal insulation core, most often mineral wool, expanded polystyrene and polyurethane foam. The outer and inner surfaces of the panels are usually rigid steel, aluminum or plastic sheets.

Porphyry - fine-crystalline igneous rock with large inclusions. Its chemical composition is close to granite.

Secret tooth - a rectangular protrusion in the upper log that fits into the corresponding groove in the lower log of the log house crown.

Poterna - corridor (gallery) inside a massive structure. It is installed, for example, in the body of dams to monitor the condition of their internal parts.

Flow - a log with a hollowed-out gutter that serves to drain water from the roof, while also serving as a support for the lower ends of the roofing board.

Prirub - a secondary and lower part of a log building organically included in the overall composition.

Prichelina - pediment boards decorated with carvings covering the ends of the slightly planked roof.

Run - a beam in the load-bearing structures of a building, resting directly on the supporting parts of the structure - walls, columns, pylons.

Breath - a small hole in the plinths, walls, or ceilings of a building, intended for natural ventilation of confined spaces of a structure.

Opening - a hole for windows, doors, etc. in walls or partitions.

Span - the distance between adjacent supports, covered by a beam, slab, arch, etc. Design span - the distance between the axes of the supports. Clear span - the distance between the inner edges of the supports.

Propylaea - a solemnly decorated entrance to the monumental building. For example, the propylaea of ​​the Athenian Acropolis, the paired galleries at the entrance to Smolny in St. Petersburg.

Sawing. Saw thread - openwork through wood carving made with a special saw. Sawing is used to decorate platbands, cornices, piers, etc. in wooden architecture.

Spinning - in Russian defensive construction, part of a fortress wall between two towers.

Aluminum powder - finely ground aluminum powder, insoluble in water and organic solvents. It is used as a pigment in the production of building materials (aerated concrete), and in pyrotechnics. Consists of scaly or drop-shaped particles. The former are obtained by crushing, and the latter by spraying molten aluminum.

Pulvini - a stone slab (pillow) installed between the fifth arch and the capital of the support (column).

Pozzolans - weakly cemented deposits of volcanic materials (ash, etc.), a type of volcanic tuff. Light varieties are used in the manufacture of hydraulic lime and pozzolanic cement. This cement has increased water and sulfate resistance, but is characterized by reduced air and frost resistance compared to Portland cement.

Pedestal - artistically designed base for sculpture, vase, obelisk, column

Rabatka - a tsentnik in the form of a narrow (1-2.5 m) strip bordering park paths and flower parterres.

Ravelin - a defensive structure in front of the rampart, triangular in plan.

Thinners - liquids used to reduce the viscosity of compositions or dilute dry mineral paints. Drying oils and various emulsions are used as thinners in paint and varnish compositions.

Angle - perspective reduction of architectural forms, depicted figures and objects.

Brace - a building element connecting two nodes of a frame, truss, etc. It is laid out diagonally in a closed contour and ensures the rigidity of the structure.

Raskrepovka - vertical division of a volume running along its entire height. By creating small protrusions-thickenings in the wall, it divides all intersecting elements: cornice, pediment, plinth, etc.

Raspor - the horizontal component of the vertical load that occurs in structures working on thrust (arches, vaults, etc.).

Solvents - liquids that serve to give the compositions the required consistency. Gasoline, white spirit, and turpentine are used as solvents for oil paints; acetone is used for perchlorovinyl paints; and water is used for adhesive and water-based paints. Most solvents are toxic, flammable and explosive.

Joining - 1. Giving a certain shape to the face joints of brick or stone masonry. 2. Tools for performing the specified work.

Reconstruction - renovation, modernization, restructuring of buildings, streets, squares, cities.

Relief - 1. Sculptural image on a plane. It can be recessed (coylanogryph) or protruding (bas-relief, high relief). 2. Configuration of the surface of the land plot (terrain).

Rigel - horizontal element of a building structure (beam, purlin). It connects posts in frames, supports in frames, and rafters in roofs.

Rhythm - repetition, alternation of architectural elements of a building. Specified by the arrangement of columns, arcades, openings, sculptures, etc.

Rosette, rosette - stylized ornament in the form of a blooming flower.

Romancement - hydraulic binder. It is obtained through fine grinding of lime and magnesium marls fired at a temperature of 850-900 degrees. C. May contain gypsum and various additives. Available in three grades: 2.5; 5 and 10.

Grillage - the lower part of the foundation of a structure, distributing the load on the foundation, including the pile.

Rostral column - a separate, independent column, the trunk of which is decorated with rostras - sculptural images of the bow of the ship.

Rotunda - a building round in plan (hall, gazebo, pavilion), surrounded by columns and covered with a dome.

Ruberoid - soft rolled roofing material. It is made by impregnating roofing cardboard with petroleum bitumen and then applying layers of refractory bitumen with filler and topping to both sides. It is divided into roofing and lining.

Built-up roofing felt - roofing material with a thickened layer of binder, melted using special burners during roofing work. Its use significantly reduces the labor intensity of work and increases its safety.

Cutting corners - 1. “In the oblo” (“in the bowl”) - a semicircular recess is cut from below along the overlying log along the diameter of the underlying log. In the corners, the ends of the logs extend beyond the plane of the perpendicular wall. The bowl is selected into half of the log. 2. “In the paw” - in the corners the ends of the logs are connected with a secret tooth and their ends do not extend beyond the plane of the perpendicular wall. 3. “Into an igloo” - one end of the log is connected “into a simple bowl”, the other is hemmed into two edges and inserted into a groove selected in the side of another log. 4. “Directed” - the bowl is cut not into half, but into a quarter of the log in such a way that there is a gap between the logs. This method is used when cutting unheated premises in order to save forest (outbuildings, etc.).

Locker - covered landing of external wooden staircase.

Fish bubble - in late Gothic - a window opening of a complex curvilinear shape.

Ryazhi - rectangular log structures filled with stone and sand. They are installed during the construction of hydraulic structures (locks, dams, bridges).

Tes, Tesina - boards obtained by splitting logs lengthwise using wedges and then trimming them. It was used for cladding the walls of buildings, and less often for covering roofs.

Tambour - a small area inside a building or an external extension at the entrance doors that prevents the main premises from overcooling.

Tegula - roofing tiles; roof; shelter; roof.

Tectonics - the ratio of load-bearing and supported parts of a structure, expressed in plastic forms; artistic expression of the laws inherent in the structural system of a building.

Terracotta - unglazed ceramic products for construction, household and artistic purposes. Known since Neolithic times.

Terrace - a natural or artificially constructed horizontal platform on a slope for the construction of buildings, laying paths, etc.

Bowstring - inclined supporting structure of the staircase. The boards forming the steps cut into the sides of the bowstring. In reinforced concrete stairs, the steps form a single whole with bowstrings (cf. KOSOUR).

Tympanum - internal field of the pediment. A triangular or semicircular area above a window or door, highlighted in relief.

End - a rectangular or hexagonal short block (end block) intended for constructing floors or paving road surfaces.

Shotcrete - the process of concreting or plastering under the influence of compressed air using a cement gun.

Trellis - lightweight trellis for climbing plants.

Three-quarter column - a column protruding from the plane of the wall by 3/4 of its diameter.

Dressing table - a partition between the windows decorated with ornaments. Tall mirror located in the wall

Carbon fiber - plastic containing carbon fibers.

Carbon - chemical element, the most important component of organic substances.

Land - a piece of land suitable for economic use.

Pattern - facing material from glass production waste.

Ukosina - brace, a support inclined to the rack.

Covering power - the ability of a paint composition, when applied evenly to a single-color surface, to hide its original color.

Street - the space between two rows of houses in a populated area intended for passage and passage.

Ultramarine - bright, rich blue paint.

Umbra - dark greenish-brown mineral paint.

Elasticity - the property of physical bodies to restore their shape after the influence of external forces on them ceases.

Level, spirit level - device for checking the horizontal plane

Tsarga - frame connecting the legs of a table or chair.

Cements - a group of binding materials (mainly hydraulic). When interacting with water or other liquids, they form a plastic mass, which, when hardened, turns into a stone-like body. They are divided according to composition, type of clinker, hardening strength, setting time, etc. Based on bending and compressive strength, grades 200, 300, 400, 500, 550 and 600 are distinguished.

Tsemyanka - finely crushed red brick or ceramics added to lime mortar to give it a pink tint.

Chain (double-row) masonry - brickwork, ligation in which is carried out by alternating tie and spoon rows with overlapping of all vertical seams.

Cyclopean masonry - laying the walls of structures from large hewn blocks of stone without the use of a binder mortar.

Base - the lower part of the outer wall of the building, located directly on the foundation, or the upper, above-ground, part of the strip foundation

Attic - as a rule, an unheated room limited by the roof and upper (attic) floor of the building.

Roof tiles - piece roofing material made of baked clay, metal or plastic.

Clay tiles - ceramic roofing material made from clay raw materials with additives. One of the oldest roofing materials. Durable, fire resistant.

Subfloor, roll - flooring on the floor beams on which insulation is laid.

Black ceiling - flooring on ceiling beams, covered from below with a layer of cladding.

Chetverik - log frame, quadrangular in plan.

Clean floor - the upper visible surface of the floor.

Clean ceiling - the lower visible surface of the ceiling.

Cast iron - an alloy of iron with a large amount of carbon (over 2.14%) and other elements. The bulk of cast iron is processed into steel.

White cast iron - cast iron, in which all the carbon is in the form of iron carbide or cementite.

High-strength cast iron - a material in which carbon is present in the form of spherical graphite. Marking - HF.

Malleable cast iron - Malleable cast iron is produced by annealing white cast iron castings. In this case, the carbon takes on the appearance of flake-like graphite. Marking - KCh.

Gray cast iron - Carbon in gray cast iron is present in the form of flake or fibrous graphite. Marking - MF

Shanets - a hole left in a concrete foundation or floor for later installation of anchor bolts.

Shelyga - a line connecting the highest points of an arch or vault.

Six - hexagonal in plan log house.

Dowel, dowel - a spike inserted with glue into the corresponding sockets of wooden parts and fastening them together.

Volcanic slag - ejected from the crater and frozen particles of highly gas-saturated volcanic melt. Used as fillers for lightweight concrete.

Putties - finishing compounds for leveling surfaces before painting. Gypsum, adhesive, oil, polymer and varnish materials are produced.

Veneer - facing material in the form of thin sheets of wood, obtained by planing timber of valuable species (planed), or peeling short steamed logs from birch, alder, pine on veneer planing machines (peeled). Peeled veneer is used to make laminated wood and plywood. Sawn veneer is made from spruce, Siberian cedar, and fir wood. It is of the highest quality and is used in the manufacture of musical instruments.

Plaster - finishing material obtained by mixing binders (cement, lime, gypsum, etc.), sand and water in a certain proportion.

Piece relief - plaster moldings on the surface of the walls.

Shungizite - artificial porous material obtained by firing shungite-containing rocks. It is used as a filler for lightweight concrete (shungizite concrete) and as a thermal insulation backfill.

Shungite - rocks of Precambrian age containing large amounts of metamorphosed organic matter. Sometimes they are called<аспидные сланцы>. They are used to produce shungizite and are characterized by high chemical resistance, fairly high abrasion resistance, and frost resistance.

Crushed stone - loose clastic rock made from unrounded rock fragments, slag, etc., ranging in size from 10 to 100 mm. It can be of both natural and artificial origin.

Cheek - anterior and posterior planes of the arch.

Wood chips - semi-finished product obtained by grinding wood raw materials. There are technological chips, green chips (contains an admixture of leaves and bark) and fuel chips. Technological is used for the production of wood fiber and particle boards.

Tong - the upper part of the end wall of a building, limited by the roof slopes. Unlike the pediment, it is not separated by the cornice from the plane of the entire wall

Exterior - external appearance of the building.

Extrusion - molding products by extruding material through a matrix with a hole of the appropriate cross-section.

Emulsions - a group of binders and diluents for water-based and paint-and-varnish compositions that improve their quality and help save drying oil. They are used instead of drying oil for the preparation of putties and primers. Bitumen and tar emulsions are used for priming bases for waterproofing, for gluing rolled roofing materials, and in the production of asphalt solutions.

Epistyle - the bottom part of a beam structure resting directly on the support

Amber - petrified fossil resin of ancient coniferous trees.

Jasper - dense sedimentary rock consisting of quartz grains and various impurities.