The classic trio of heavy intercontinental bombers, land-based missiles and submarines with ballistic missiles on board form the nuclear potential of the Russian Federation. Below will be detailed information about the origins of submarines with nuclear weapons, namely the nuclear-powered ships of project 667a.

History of creation

In general, the emergence of the very idea of ​​​​building a submarine armed with ballistic missiles is associated with one interesting fact. It lies in the superiority of the United States over the USSR in this area.

After all, as you know, from the end of the 50s to the end of the next decade in America, they managed to design 4 types of strategic nuclear submarines. These were:

• USS George Washington - the main ship in a series of 5 nuclear-powered ships;
• Ethan Allen;
• Will Rogers;
• Lafayette.

Each of them was part of the Polaris system (the American nuclear program of those times), being armed with long-range and short-range ballistic missiles. In total, during this period, the US Navy had 41 missile submarines. They had 656 missiles in total.

In the USSR of that time there were only 37 units of such equipment and only 104 missiles that could only be launched from the surface of the water. Of course, this alignment did not suit the Soviet government. This gave an impetus to the entire ship and rocket industry to the creation of a domestic submarine comparable to foreign counterparts.

Thus, project 667 was born. Large-sized R-21 ballistic missiles fired from the D-4 missile system (RK) were to be placed on board. However, the project stopped at the design stage due to identified shortcomings and the emergence of new missiles and complexes.

Therefore, it was decided to modify project 667 to 667a, in which small-sized R-27s were used, starting from D-5.

S. N. Kovalev was appointed chief designer, according to whose designs 92 submarines were built.

After the implementation of the technical project (1962), in 1963, amendments were made to the armament. Three years later, tests of the first K-137 Lenivets model began, during which a speed of 28.3 knots was achieved, instead of the planned 25.

In 1967, the K-137 officially entered service with the Soviet Navy. It was the submarines of this project that became the most numerous in the country's fleet (34 units were on alert). Subsequently, Project 667a submarines were modified, receiving mainly new missile weapons.

Description

The new nuclear submarine with ballistic missiles (SSBN - the official name) of project 667a received a double hull. The light body is made of steel, and the durable one is made of low-magnetic steel. The thickness of the robust case is 40 mm, and its cylindrical shape was about 9.5 meters in diameter. Steel bulkheads capable of withstanding 10 atmospheres divide the nuclear submarine into:

• forward torpedo armament compartment;
• compartment for batteries and crew accommodation;
• central post;
• two compartments with the placement of the D-5 missile system of the “dry” type;
• diesel compartment;
• nuclear reactor compartment;
• two compartments with steam turbine equipment;
• motor compartment.

During the construction of submarines of the Navaga type (another name for project 667a), noise reduction technologies were used and refined.

Another feature of the nuclear submarine of this model is the echelon arrangement of units. This placement is due to the fact that each power plant is located in a separate compartment. This facilitates maintenance, and a breakdown will not interfere with other devices from working, because they are isolated.

Preparing the project, the designers took care of the conditions for the crew.

Therefore, the Navaga submarine has excellent conditions for personnel. Each of the residential compartments has its own air conditioning and soundproofing technologies. Employees on the submarine can be accommodated in small cockpits designed for several people or in separate cabins.

A wardroom is provided for officers, and for the first time a separate dining room has been allocated for midshipmen and senior officers, if necessary, this room can be turned into a gym and a cinema. Engineering networks like wires, pipes, etc. are carefully hidden. The presence of such conditions is simply necessary in autonomous navigation, because the psychological pressure is quite high.

Tactical and technical characteristics of "Navaga"

The dimensions of the "Navaga" are impressive. Indeed, in length it is about 128 meters with a width of slightly less than 12 meters. Surface displacement - 7640 tons, and underwater 11500 tons. During the surface run, the submarine settles about 8 meters from the surface of the water.

At its working depth of 320 meters, Navaga develops a speed of 16 knots. Floating to the surface, it can give out up to 26 knots. The maximum possible dive is 400 meters.

The crew can stay in the submarine for up to 60 days.

The submarine is set in motion by different types of power plants (PP). The main power plant is represented by two autonomous blocks. Each block consists of a pressurized water reactor (using water as a moderator and coolant), a steam turbine plant and a turbogenerator with an autonomous drive. In total, such an installation produces about 52 thousand liters. With. Both nuclear reactors are located in the protected 7th compartment of the submarine, and the steam generators, their apparatus and equipment are located in the 8th and 9th compartments.

To help the main power plant in the submarine, a multifunctional diesel-electric plant is provided. It consisted of two diesel generators, for which the 6th compartment of the Project 667a submarine was allocated.

From these DGs, a battery station operates, charging lead-acid batteries located in the second compartment. The tasks of batteries and diesel generators are to provide nuclear submarines with electricity in the event of a reactor malfunction.

Quite advanced, for its time, electronic equipment was installed on board the Navaga submarine. It included the Tucha information and control system, the Kerch hydroacoustic complex and the Albatross radar complex, and much more.

In submarines of different years of manufacture, navigation systems differed. For example, in the latest models, released in the late 80s and later, satellite navigation was already used.

Armament

The D-5 missile system consists of 16 silos with RSM-25 missiles placed in them, weighing 14.2 tons. The missiles themselves have a separating monobloc warhead with a capacity of 1 Mt of TNT.

The D-5 missile system allows for salvo fire at an interval of 8 seconds, which has been successfully tested in practice. The launch was made from a depth of 40-50 meters.

Of the torpedo weapons on the submarine 667a, two types of torpedo tubes are installed on the nose. 4 large-caliber (533 mm) TA for anti-ship torpedoes and 2 smaller-caliber vehicles (450 mm) for anti-submarine torpedo missiles. The total ammunition load was 20 units.

For air defense, mobile air defense systems of the Strela type were used, working with air targets.

Modifications

Domestic submarines Murena, Grusha, Kalmar and Dolphin are modifications of project 667a. All of them represented the power of the nuclear potential of the USSR and Russia in the future. In addition, one of the representatives of the 667BDRM project, called Novomoskovsk, managed to gain a unique experience.

The fact is that, taking part in the Behemoth-2 operation, the missile compartment of the Project 667b submarine was completely devastated. This means that all 16 long-range missiles were fired. Such an achievement has never been repeated either by the Russian Navy's agro-industrial complex or by foreign submarine missile carriers.

Among all this equipment of the 667th project, the uniqueness of the modernized project 667at of the Grusha nuclear submarine should be emphasized. Unlike other representatives who carried ballistic missiles, this submarine had a complex of subsonic cruise missiles S-10 "Granat".

The main use of the Grusha APC was found off the coast of the United States as a means of patrolling and surveillance. However, the introduction of new sonar technologies in this country has made it possible to detect a submarine, at present this function is assigned to other low-noise types of submarines.

Because of this, it was necessary to increase the distance from the coast, and this, in turn, meant an increase in the range of missiles. So, Murena was born with less noise and an improved R-29 on board.

The latest modification of 667a is the boat of project 667BDRM "Dolphin".

From its board, it is possible to launch not only R-29RM ballistic missiles, but also artificial satellites. It was carried out on the already familiar Novomoskovsk nuclear submarine. While submerged, she fired a launch vehicle with the first satellite made in Germany. Another launch was made by the Shtil-1 rocket, which lifted another artificial Earth satellite into low Earth orbit.

Project 667BDRM nuclear submarines have a high potential for modernization, therefore, starting from 2012, submarines of this type are being re-equipped and repaired. In addition, in 2011, the designers were able to create a new version of the old R-29RMU2, which was used on board the Dolphin. The development was named R-29RMU2.1. The new missile is capable of carrying 12 small-class nuclear units and bypassing more modern and advanced anti-missile systems.

Video

The final series of the 667th family, project 667BDRM "Dolphin", like its predecessors, was created within the walls of the Rubin Central Design Bureau under the leadership of General Designer S.N. Kovalev.

The design of the new submarine is a further development of the 667 family. It differs from the previous project 667BDR: the height of the “hump” (fencing of missile silos) increased due to the increased size of the missiles; increased length of the bow and stern limbs of the ship; the contours of the light hull in the area of ​​​​the 1-3rd compartments were "filled". Measures were taken to significantly reduce noise and reduce interference during the operation of onboard sonar equipment. Local sound absorbers have been installed in the area of ​​the power compartments, and the efficiency of acoustic coatings of light and durable hulls has been increased.

The lead missile carrier of project 667BDRM - K-51 "Verkhoturye". Photo: Oleg Kuleshov/Defend Russia

The main power plant of the submarine includes two VM-4SG water-cooled reactors (90 MW each) and two OK-700A steam turbines. The rated power of the power plant is 60,000 hp. With. On board the ship there are two TG-3000 turbogenerators, two DG-460 diesel generators, two economical 225-hp electric motors. With.

Project 667BDRM submarines have low-noise five-bladed propellers with improved hydroacoustic characteristics. To provide the propellers with the most favorable mode of operation, a special device was installed on a light body that equalizes the incoming water flow.

On the submarines of this project, the crew habitats have been significantly improved. The divers have at their disposal a sports hall, a solarium, a sauna, etc. The system of electrochemical air regeneration and carbon dioxide absorption has been improved.

New systems:

To centralize the control of all types of weapons, the Omnibus-BDRM combat information and control system was installed. It collects and processes information to solve the problems of tactical maneuvering and combat use of torpedo and rocket-torpedo weapons.

A new hydroacoustic complex MGK-520 "Skat-BDRM" was installed. In the bow of the ship, its antenna is located, the fairing of which is made of fiberglass, which made it possible to significantly reduce the level of hydroacoustic interference. There is also a second, towed antenna, which is located in the tail section of the ship and retracts into the hull when not in use.

The navigation complex "Sluice" was installed, which ensures the required accuracy of the use of missile weapons.

K-407 "Novomoskovsk" project 667BDRM "Dolphin". Photo: Oleg Kuleshov/Defend Russia

Missile armament:

The submarines received a new weapon - 16 R-29RM ballistic missiles, which were subsequently replaced with their modification R-29RMU2 "Sineva" during the modernization in 1996-2001. Start - single and salvo - can be carried out at a depth of up to 55 meters and at a speed of 7-8 knots. In the future, it is planned to upgrade to the R-29RMU2.1 "Liner".

K-84 "Ekaterinburg" project 667BDRM "Dolphin". Photo: Oleg Kuleshov/Defend Russia

Torpedo armament:

Four bow 533 mm torpedo tubes and an ammunition load of 12 torpedoes (533 mm torpedoes SAET-60 M, 53-65 M, Vodopad PLUR).

Project 667BDR submarines are the most successful SSBNs in our fleet and one of the most important parts of Russia's nuclear triad. Almost all ships are in excellent technical condition, for which each submarine has passed VTG (recovery of technical readiness). After renovation

One of the most protected components of the strategic nuclear forces, nuclear missile cruisers who carry out military service in the ocean depths. Together with the Strategic Missile Forces missile submarines guarantee the security of the Russian Federation. One of these missile carriers is a Project 667BDRM submarine capable of destroying up to 160 targets equal to half of New York. These were created at the TsKB MT " Ruby” in St. Petersburg as the largest series of Soviet missile carriers.

way to create submarine missile carriers

In the early 1980s, the arms race prompted engineer Viktor Makeev, a student of Sergei Korolev, to create a unique liquid-fueled naval missile with a range of 2,500 km. For the first time, she allowed to attack targets without floating to the surface of the water. With this weapon, it was decided to arm missile carriers, which received the code 667.

Few people know that initially the designers proposed to place 8 missiles on the sides submarine in a horizontal position. Before the start, twenty-ton products had to turn 90 degrees. A model was even made submarine to show it to General Secretary N. S. Khrushchev. But at the most crucial moment, the demonstration device failed, and Khrushchev caustically ridiculed the designers. Without knowing it, he saved the submariners from the most difficult pre-launch operation under water. After that, the chief designer Sergei Kovalev insisted on the vertical arrangement of missiles inside the hull in two rows. This scheme made it possible to double the ammunition load and became a classic in world shipbuilding.

On July 4, 1965, in Yalta, the new head of the country, Leonid Brezhnev, for the first time heard the Minister of Shipbuilding about the prospects for the development of the industry. The topic of lagging behind the United States was so important that the chief designer of submarines, Sergei Kovalev, was invited to the meeting. He was able to convince the country's top leadership of the reality of creating a nuclear submarines with 16 ballistic missiles. Brezhnev immediately ordered a work plan for shipbuilders for 10 years ahead and provided unlimited funding.

Design and development of working drawings of the head underwater missile cruiser K-137 was made in the Leningrad design and installation bureau " Ruby". Construction was carried out at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. The multi-thousand staff of the enterprise under the leadership of E. P. Egorov established large-scale construction nuclear missile carriers and made a great creative contribution to the creation of formidable military equipment for the Soviet Navy.

Project 667A nuclear submarines

Project 667A "Leninets" submarine cruiser

For missile silos, cutouts with a diameter of 2 meters were made. The welding of the seams, which ensures tightness, was carried out with the required precision and attention. This work was entrusted to women welders. To increase the reliability of nuclear reactors, Sergei Kovalev achieved a reduction in the number of pipelines in them and the replacement of stainless steel with titanium. This ruled out the possibility of radiation accidents that happened on the first. To increase survivability, the chief designer smashed the running turbines into different compartments. More than 300 allied enterprises took part in the construction of the first generation missile carrier. It is no coincidence that it was created in an unprecedented short time - in just 3 years. On August 25, 1966, the lead ship was launched nuclear submarine project 667A. In the process of testing, the nuclear submarine showed high running and maneuvering qualities with good controllability at all speeds, as well as very stable behavior during rocket and torpedo firing. On November 5, 1967, a government commission chaired by Vice Admiral Pitelin accepted into the USSR Navy head underwater missile carrier project 667A, which was given the name " Leninist».

This underwater spaceport amazed everyone. Its height reached the size of a six-story building. For the first time, a distinctive missile deck appeared, hiding nuclear ammunition and wheelhouses to maintain depth. nuclear submarine during the salvo. The living conditions of the crew were dramatically improved, for example, for the first time a smoking room for personnel appeared. In general, the confidence of the designers in the reliability of the equipment was so great that they were not afraid to place cabins and a dining room next to the missile silos.

development of nuclear submarines of project 667

At the end of the 60s, the launch of combat patrols with ballistic missiles opened a new stage in the development of Soviet strategic forces. Together with the RBSN and long-range aviation, naval missile carriers formed the country's nuclear triad. From now on, in classified documents, Project 667 submarines began to be called SSBNs ( strategic missile submarines). Each of them could now influence the outcome of a possible war by delivering more than 100 tons of nuclear charges to the territory of a potential enemy. Foreign experts gave these nuclear submarines Name " Navaga» (« Yankees»).

With the adoption of naval missile carriers Project 667 developed a new tactic for their use. secretly left the base, overcame NATO anti-submarine lines and patrolled in a given area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ocean in constant readiness to use ballistic missiles. After the volley, the nuclear submarine was ordered to attack the enemy with torpedo weapons.

According to the estimates of the General Staff of the USSR Armed Forces in the North and the Far East, the Soviet Navy should have had at least 30 such sea missile carriers, so their construction, in addition to Severodvinsk, was also launched in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Project 667 submarines became the basis of the nuclear forces of the USSR. They made more than 600 military campaigns, having spent a total of over 125 years under water. Today there is not a single Project 667A submarine cruiser left.

In March 1971, the US Navy joined the nuclear submarine « James Madison"with a new missile system" Poseidon”, which has increased the accuracy of hitting guided warheads, which greatly increased their danger. A new task arose for Soviet designers - submarine cruisers must be capable of delivering long-range strikes without entering the zone of NATO anti-submarine formations. As a result, a modified marine missile carrier Project 667B became the most powerful in the world. For the first time, it was armed with R-29 intercontinental missiles with a range of 7800 km. From now on, Soviet submarine cruisers could keep at gunpoint strategic facilities of NATO countries without leaving their territorial waters, and their combat effectiveness more than doubled.

Project 667B nuclear submarine

Increasing the firing range of the Soviet submarine cruisers project 667B forced the Americans to look for ways to neutralize. In July 1972, the US Navy received a new high-speed and low-noise fighter class " Los Angeles". It was created specifically to fight the Soviet missile carriers and could not noticeably sneak up to their places of deployment. The best counter-weapons against such fighters were multi-purpose ones, which acted in conjunction with strategic submarines. Since that moment, every exit to the sea of ​​​​strategic submarine cruisers turned into a large-scale operation of the USSR Navy with the participation of anti-submarine aircraft and surface warships.

Project 667BD submarine cruiser

Soviet submarine shipbuilders stubbornly modernized their submarine cruisers with the improvement of intercontinental missiles, which led to an increase in the displacement of the submarine. Only the Severodvinsk plant could build such submarines with the new index 667BDR. Therefore, in order to maintain a balance of power between the fleets, a secret transfer operation was developed in the top naval leadership. submarine missile carriers from the North to the Pacific.

nuclear submarine project 667BDR

In November 1981, the balance of power of the leading powers again changed not in favor of the Soviet Union. The first with the new complex " Trident". She had twenty-four intercontinental missiles on board. But the USSR, which had repeatedly offered the West to stop the arms race, was ready for such a turn of events. A month later, the Soviet Navy was replenished with the first heavy strategic submarine missile carrier « Shark". Their new solid-propellant missile system was not inferior to the Trident missiles. This one was meant to replace the previous ones. submarine cruisers project 667.

In the first half of the 1980s, the economy of the Soviet Union began to show noticeable disruptions. Therefore, the change in the balance of strategic forces forced the leadership to look for less costly defensive measures. A more mobile underwater missile cruiser 667BDRM.

Haven't blogged for a few days. It's a shame. But on "Defend Russia" he wrote an article about the final series of the 667th family, project 667BDRM "Dolphin".

Project 667BDRM, like its predecessors, was created within the walls of the Rubin Central Design Bureau under the leadership of General Designer S.N. Kovalev.

The design of the new submarine is a further development of the 667 family. It differs from the previous project 667BDR: the height of the “hump” (fencing of missile silos) increased due to the increased size of the missiles; increased length of the bow and stern limbs of the ship; the contours of the light hull in the area of ​​​​the 1-3rd compartments were "filled". Measures were taken to significantly reduce noise and reduce interference during the operation of onboard sonar equipment. Local sound absorbers have been installed in the area of ​​the power compartments, and the efficiency of acoustic coatings of light and durable hulls has been increased.

2.

The main power plant of the submarine includes two VM-4SG water-cooled reactors (90 MW each) and two OK-700A steam turbines. The rated power of the power plant is 60,000 hp. On board the ship there are two turbogenerators TG-3000, two diesel generators DG-460, two electric motors of an economical course with a capacity of 225 hp each.

3.

Project 667BDRM submarines have low-noise five-bladed propellers with improved hydroacoustic characteristics. To provide the propellers with the most favorable mode of operation, a special device was installed on a light body that equalizes the incoming water flow.

On the submarines of this project, the crew habitats have been significantly improved. The divers have at their disposal a sports hall, a solarium, a sauna, etc. The electrochemical air regeneration and carbon dioxide absorption system has been improved.

New systems:
To centralize the control of all types of weapons, the Omnibus-BDRM combat information and control system was installed. It collects and processes information to solve the problems of tactical maneuvering and combat use of torpedo and rocket-torpedo weapons.

A new hydroacoustic complex MGK-520 "Skat-BDRM" was installed. In the bow of the ship, its antenna is located, the fairing of which is made of fiberglass, which made it possible to significantly reduce the level of hydroacoustic interference. There is also a second, towed antenna, which is located in the tail section of the ship and retracts into the hull when not in use.

The navigation complex "Sluice" was installed, which ensures the required accuracy of the use of missile weapons.

Armament:
The submarines received a new weapon - 16 R-29RM ballistic missiles, which were subsequently replaced by their modification R-29RMU2 "Sineva" during the modernization at the Zvyozdochka enterprise in 1996-2001. Start - single and salvo - can be carried out at a depth of up to 55 meters and at a speed of 7-8 knots. In the future, it is planned to upgrade to R-29RMU2.1 "Liner".

Four bow 533 mm torpedo tubes and an ammunition load of 12 torpedoes (533 mm SAET-60M, 53-65M torpedoes, Vodopad PLUR).

Project 667BDR submarines are the most successful SSBNs in our fleet and one of the most important parts of Russia's nuclear triad. Almost all ships are in excellent technical condition, for which each submarine has an average repair. After the repair of K-407 Novomoskovsk, the VTG began.

Now at the Severodvinsk Zvyozdochka enterprise there are two submarines of project 667BDRM: K-114 Tula - scheduled factory repairs, BS-64 Podmoskovye - re-equipment according to project 09787.