This video tutorial is dedicated to the topic “Metallurgical Complex: Composition, Significance, Location Factors ”. At the beginning of this lesson, we will define what structural materials are, what they are. Then we will discuss the composition of the metallurgical complex, its importance for the industry of our country, and also consider the factors of location.

Topic: General characteristics of the Russian economy

Lesson:Metallurgical complex: composition, significance, location factors

Metals are one of the main construction materials. Metals are produced by the Metallurgical Complex.

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries that produce a variety of metals.

The composition of the metallurgical complex.

The metallurgical complex includes two large branches of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy.

Ferrous metallurgy is the production of metals based on iron (cast iron, steel, ferroalloys), as well as manganese and chromium.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - production of more than 70 metals with valuable properties (copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, etc.)

The enterprises of the metallurgical complex are engaged in the extraction and enrichment of metal ores, the smelting of various metals, the production of rolled products, the processing of metals in various ways to obtain the desired properties, the processing of secondary raw materials, the production of auxiliary materials.

1. The products of the metallurgical complex serve as the foundation for mechanical engineering.

2. The products are widely used in construction, transportation, electrical engineering, nuclear and chemical industries.

3. The share of metallurgy accounts for 16% of the total industrial production in Russia, 10% of the population employed in industry.

4. The complex consumes 25% of the coal mined in the country, 25% of the generated electricity, 30% of freight rail transportation.

5. Metallurgical products are one of the main export items in Russia.

6. In terms of steel exports, Russia ranks 1st in the world, in terms of steel production, 4th after China, Japan, and the USA

7. Metallurgy is a major environmental pollutant. Its enterprises emit tens of millions of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Large metallurgical centers are cities with an unfavorable environmental situation. Open-pit mining is causing great harm to nature

1. Material consumption - the cost of materials for the release of a unit of production.

Large consumption of raw ore raw materials, therefore metallurgical enterprises are located near sources of raw materials. For example, for the production of 1 ton of steel, 5 tons of ore are required, and for the production of 1 ton of tin, more than 300 tons of ore are needed.

2. Energy intensity - energy consumption per unit output.

Many enterprises of the complex are located near sources of cheap electrical energy, because it takes a lot of energy to produce. For example, for the production of 1 ton of aluminum, 17 thousand kW * h are needed, and for the production of 1 ton of titanium 30-60 thousand kW * h of electricity.

1. Labor intensity - labor costs for the release of a unit of output.

On average, a metallurgical plant employs from 20 to 40 thousand people, and this is the population of a small town.

2. Concentration - concentration of large volumes of production in one enterprise.

More than 50% of ferrous metals and 49% of non-ferrous metals are smelted at 5% of industrial enterprises. This high concentration contributes to cheaper products, but makes it difficult to respond to changes in the market.

3. Combination - a combination in one enterprise, in addition to the main production, industries related to the main one technologically and economically.

In addition to metallurgical production, a metallurgical plant includes the production of cement and building materials, the production of nitrogen fertilizers.

4. Environmental factor - negative impact on the environment.

About 20% of air and waste water emissions. Ferrous metallurgy accounts for 15% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere and 22% for non-ferrous metallurgy

5. Transport factor - a modern metallurgical plant receives and dispatches the same amount of goods as a large city, so it cannot operate without a railway.

It is profitable to create metallurgical enterprises in areas of ore mining (Ural, Norilsk), in areas of fuel production (Kuzbass) or production of cheap electricity (South Siberia), at the intersection of ore and coal flows (Cherepovets), in areas where finished products are consumed (St. Petersburg or Moscow).

The main

1. E.A. Customs Geography of Russia: economy and regions: grade 9 textbook for students of educational institutions M. Ventana-Graf. 2011.
2. Economic and social geography. Fromberg A.E.(2011, 416s.)
3. Atlas of Economic Geography Grade 9 from Bustard 2012.
4. Geography. The entire course of the school curriculum in diagrams and tables. (2007, 127s.)
5. Geography. Pupil's reference book. Compiled by Mayorova T.A. (1996, 576s.)
6. A cheat sheet on economic geography. (For schoolchildren, applicants.) (2003, 96s.)

Additional

1. Gladkiy Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. Economic Geography of Russia: Textbook - M .: Gardariki, 2000 - 752s.: Ill.
2. Rodionova I.A., Textbook on geography. Economic Geography of Russia, M., Moscow Lyceum, 2001. - 189s. :
3. Smetanin S. I., Konotopov M. V. History of ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Moscow, ed. "Paleotype" 2002
4. Economic and Social Geography of Russia: Textbook for Universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical compilations

1. Geography of Russia. Encyclopedic Dictionary / Ch. ed. A.P. Gorkin.-M .: Bol. Grew up. ents., 1998.- 800s .: ill., maps.
2. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2002 .-- 690 p.
3. Russia in numbers. 2011: Brief statistics collection / Goskomstat of Russia. - M., 2003 .-- 398s.

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. GIA-2013. Geography: typical examination options: 10 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI school)
2. GIA-2013. Geography: thematic and typical examination options: 25 options / Ed. EM. Ambartsumova. - M .: Publishing house "National education", 2012. - (GIA-2013. FIPI school)
3. GIA-2013 Exam in a new form. Geography. Grade 9 / FIPI Authors - compilers: E.M. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova - M .: Astrel, 2012. Excellent student of the Unified State Examination. Geography. Solving complex problems / FIPI authors-compilers: Ambartsumova E.M., Dyukova S.E., Pyatunin V.B. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012.

1. Geo.september.ru (). N. Mazein Metallurgical world records
2. Geo.september.ru () Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia. Part three. Aluminum industry
3. Geo.september.ru (). Manganese of Kuzbass
4. Youtube.com (). Metallurgy steel part 1
5. Youtube.com (). Science 2.0 NOT easy things. Clip
6. Youtube.com (). Science 2.0 NOT easy things. Rims

1. Read § "Metallurgy" to answer the questions:

1) What is a metallurgical complex?

2) What is the importance of the metallurgical complex in the country's economy?

3) What factors influence the location of metallurgical enterprises?

4) Is there a metallurgical plant in your area. What factors, in your opinion, influenced its placement?

1. Complete the task: Mark large metallurgical centers on a contour map.

1) Ferrous metallurgy centers: Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Stary Oskol, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, Novokuznetsk.

2) Converting metallurgy centers: Moscow, St. Petersburg, Izhevsk, Zlatoust, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

3) Non-ferrous metallurgy centers: Monchegorsk, Kandalaksha, Volkhov, Mednogorsk, Kamensk-Uralsky, Orsk, Norilsk, Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk

Practical work "Determination of factors of location of enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy"

Fill in the table using a paragraph of the textbook, lesson materials, atlas maps "Metallurgy" or "Ferrous metallurgy" and "Non-ferrous metallurgy"

Throughout the three-century history of industry in the Moscow region, various factors have played an unequal role in its development. At the stage of the birth of industry, the leading role was played by natural and foreign policy factors. Historical scribal books of the 16th century testify to the development of craft activities in the Moscow region. The main types of crafts are the construction of stone buildings and fortresses, the supply of the army, the production of household items. The focus on the military supply of soldiers led to the production of gunpowder, weapons, fabrics for uniforms and equipment. The first textile industries based on local raw materials (flax, hemp) were initially located depending on natural factors. Thus, linen crafts were concentrated in the more humid western regions of the Moscow region, where flax was mainly cultivated. Linen and rope production gravitated towards the south, where conditions were better for the cultivation of hemp. In both cases, the main factor in the placement of these crafts was water: rivers are both communication routes and water for soaking linen and hemp trusts. Before Peter 1, linen production was dominated by home production, spinning and weaving of flax by peasants, mainly women. Sheep wool processing also took place at home. Rough peasant cloth was produced, and felt was made from wool.

The first manufactories emerged in the 17th century, home weaving began to be supplanted by manufactories. In Peter's time there were 16 of them, and already in 1811. there were already 23 cloth factories in Moscow. In the Moscow region, most of them were located along the Klyazma, Yauza, Vori rivers.

☼ As the demand for glass was enormous, glass factories emerged. In the middle of the 17th century, glassware of its own production appeared in Russia, and not imported from abroad, the Italian Miniet was the first to set up a glass factory in the village of Izmailovo, near Moscow, on state support. Several years later, another glass factory was set up by Y. Koet in Dukhanin, 40 versts from Moscow. He received materials for glass from Germany until he discovered them in Russia. " - this is how the famous Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevsky described.

The first private faience factory in Russia was opened in 1724 in Moscow, another state-owned one was founded in 1765 near Dmitrov by the English merchant Gardner (a factory in Verbilki).

The well-known pottery production in Gzhel (Bronnitsky district, 45 km from Moscow) made only the things necessary for home use from local simple clay: pots, jugs, etc. Since 1810, various porcelain vessels began to be made in Gzhel from Glukhovsky clay mined in the Glukhovsky district of Chernigov province. Subsequently, following the example of Gzhel, they opened porcelain factories in the surrounding villages. All these villages in relation to porcelain production took the collective name Gzhel.

The main result of the initial period of industrial development was the formation of professionally trained personnel from among the rural population of the villages surrounding Moscow.

The cotton industry in Russia began to establish itself at the end of the 18th century. It should be noted that weaving appeared before the spinning of cotton; For a long time, the manufacture of fabrics from English yarn spread in peasant life, in manufactories near Moscow, displacing the spinning and weaving of flax. In 1811, there were 27 calico factories in Moscow. After 1812, cotton production, due to the destruction of Moscow factories, developed in breadth: for the first time cotton factories appeared in Serpukhov, in Vokhna (renamed into Posad Pavlovsk in 1845), Zuevo and other villages. In the middle of the 19th century, there was a transition from manufactory to factory production. Enterprises appeared in places with a well-established sale of fabrics and labor - in the villages of Ramenskoye, (1833), Reutovo (1843). Spinning machines are imported from England, and the transition to mechanical weaving takes place. The production becomes more complicated, the finishing of fabrics is being improved. In Glukhov, Orekhov, Yegoryevsk, Serpukhov - the headquarters of the Morozovs, Khludovs, Garelin manufacturers, the first textile mills were formed. Subsequently, these cities became large centers of light industry in the Moscow region.

Silk production was concentrated in Moscow, where in 1763 there were 34 silk manufactories. Raw materials for production were obtained from the east. The Moscow government tried to call from abroad skilled craftsmen for silk factories. on which Russians could learn how to cultivate silk. The first silk factory was founded in the 17th century in Moscow. , but soon silk weaving moved to the Bogorodsky district (the area of ​​present-day Noginsk) and to the entire Priklyazma floodplain.

☼ Neither Moscow nor St. Petersburg can compete with the Bogorodsky district in this respect. Here, in every village, in every hut, one can find either silk reeds, or winders, or dyers, or weavers. In the Bogorodsky district, the village of Vokhna is especially famous. When in 1845 this village, together with the surrounding villages, was renamed into Posad Pavlovsk, there were 15 silk and paper factories, 8 dyeing factories.

By the end of the named period, the backbone network of industrial points in the region was basically formed, and a territorial-industrial cycle arose.

The next stage of industrial development is characterized by the emergence of new industries. At the beginning of the 20th century, the total share of the textile industry is declining, giving way to industries related to the processing of metal, wood, and ceramics. Mechanical engineering immediately becomes of national importance. In 1913, the Moscow region produced 70% of the products of the light industry in Russia. It was at this time that industries related to metal processing, the preparation of new mechanisms and machines were developing. After the First World War, factories from Poland and the Baltics were evacuated to Moscow and the Moscow region, the cities of Roshal, Krasnozavodsk, Klimovsk appeared, where these factories were located. In Podolsk, the production of sewing machines is organized on the basis of the factories of the Singer company moved here.

After 1917, with the development of the country's industrialization, a certain specialization was assigned to the center of Russia. Mechanical engineering is becoming the main industries in Moscow and the Moscow region, and the chemical and light industries continue to develop. Mechanical engineering occupies a leading position in the industry. Railways are being built, steam locomotives (Kolomna) and carriages (Mytishchi) are needed. Many workshops of textile factories that made dyes become chemical factories. Workshops that made machine tools, equipment for the textile industry become mechanical engineering enterprises.

The leading factors in the development of industry of this period were: the benefits of its geographical location (centrality), enhanced by the development of railway construction. availability of labor resources. As a result, by 1917, the largest industrial complex in the country was formed in the region, the basis of which was the textile industry.

The leading direction in the development of the industrial complex of the region in the post-revolutionary period is the restructuring of the structure of the economy to ensure the industrialization of the country. The leading role in this was played by the availability of qualified personnel in the region, the accumulated production potential, developed transport, the provision of local energy resources (peat,). Energy played an important role in the development of the economy of the Moscow Region. According to the GOELRO plan (1921), it was planned to create a network of power plants throughout Russia, operating on local raw materials. In the Moscow region, the Shaturskaya and Kashirskaya power plants were built, operating on local peat. Thanks to electrification, the Moscow region has become a support base for industrialization. The result was the creation of the largest complex of manufacturing industries of universal specialization.

By the middle of the 20th century, the mechanical engineering of the Moscow region was the basis of the industry. The concentration of qualified personnel, the growth of scientific institutions and centers contributed to the development of science and labor-intensive industries in mechanical engineering - machine tool construction, the production of tools, complex equipment. Moscow and the Moscow region worked to improve the technical level of the entire country. Many cities in the Moscow region have become centers of the defense industry. Satellite cities appeared near Moscow, in which enterprises using scientific potential were concentrated (Khimki, Reutov, Mytishchi, Lyubertsy, Zhukovsky, Korolev and others). The structure of the economy of the Moscow region became more and more complicated, more and more new branches arose. An important feature of the development of industry in the Moscow region is that the core of the region has always been and is the center of the emergence of everything new, which then spreads from here first to the Moscow region, and then to other regions of the country.

▼ Remember the main thing!

Factors of development and location of industry in the Moscow region.

№	the years	Factors	directions	results
	1700-1812	A variety of natural conditions. (rivers, forest) High population density. Excess labor force.	The emergence of manufactories using water energy and using manual labor. The origin of cloth production.	Creation of a network of industrial districts in Moscow, formation of qualified personnel in the region.
	1813- 1861	The beginning of the machine coup	The emergence of the factory industry. The origin of the cotton industry.	Creation of industrial centers in the region. The emergence of the textile industrial cycle.
3.	1862-1917	Availability of qualified personnel. Railway construction. Centrality. Availability of local fuel resources.	Building up economy. potential. The origin of mechanical engineering and metalworking.	A textile-industrial complex was formed, the beginning of the formation of a radial-ring structure.
4.	1918- 1945	Availability of qualified personnel, accumulated economy. potential.	The emergence of new industries.	Formation of the machine-building complex, concentration of the region's industrial potential in Moscow.
5.	1946- 1985	Availability of qualified personnel. Scientific potential. Stagnant phenomena in the country's economy.	Lack of scientific and industrial integration.	Concentration of industrial and n-t potential in Moscow and the Moscow region.
6.	1985- present time.	Cardinal restructuring of the country's economic complex.	Moscow region - capital concentration. Availability of qualified personnel, capacious consumer market.	Crisis phenomena in the country's economy Rapid introduction of new economies into the economy. structures.

Check yourself!

1. Analyze the table, highlight the main stages of industrial development in the Moscow region.

2. What factors contributed to the formation of industry in the Moscow region?

3 What industries, in your opinion, should be developed in the Moscow region at the present stage ?.

5. Describe the economic and geographical position of your settlement, city, administrative region. ... What are the factors of development and formation of his economy?

§ 2 Features of the modern economy of the Moscow region.

The Moscow region has an old industrial basis for the development of the economy. The existing industrial structure is complex, it is not similar to that in other areas. The Moscow region can be presented as a territorially reduced model of the Central District, everything characteristic of the Central District is concentrated here. Variety of activities, many branches of production and non-production areas. The region is characterized by a high proportion of those employed in management and science.

In terms of industrial potential, the Moscow region is second only to such federal subjects as Moscow and St. Petersburg (with the region.) The Moscow region, as a federal subject, is a donor of the federal budget: it takes 3rd place after Moscow and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug in terms of the share of formation of federal budget revenues and on the total collection of taxes. In the Moscow region there are 11 donor districts of the regional budget: Leninsky (Mostransgaz JSC), Domodedovsky (Domodedovo airport), Krasnogorsky, Mytishchinsky, Khimki, Podolsky, Odintsovsky, Voskresensky districts. Electrostal, Dzerzhinsky (CHP), Bronnitsy (jewelry factory).

The Moscow region is the center of economic life, where the largest companies, banks, insurance companies, trade organizations operate. In Moscow, according to experts, up to 80% of all financial transactions carried out in the country are carried out. The development of market relations in the Moscow region is proceeding at a faster pace than in other regions of Russia. A system of lease relations, joint-stock companies, small enterprises is being established, privatization is being carried out (transfer of real estate from state to private and mixed ownership). As a result, about 50% of industrial enterprises are enterprises of mixed ownership - joint stock companies (JSC) of open and closed types. Examples of joint-stock companies in Moscow are: ZIL, Trekhgornaya Manufactory, and the Krasny Oktyabr confectionery factory. The privatization process is actively going on in construction, transport, trade, public catering, and consumer services.

Since the raw material base of the region is very limited, the industry is based on imported materials. The assessment of natural resources and conditions can be carried out according to 14 factors, evaluating resources according to a 5-point system: 0 point - lack of a resource, 1 point - resources of local importance; 2 points - resources of regional significance; 3 points - resources of national importance. The assessment of natural conditions can also be assessed on a 5-point scale: 0 - no conditions; 1 point - favorable impact: - 1 - adverse impact on production and population. (see table)

Total 8+ 3 = 11 points

(Compare the ratio for Tyumen: 12 points for resources and -5 points for conditions, 7 in total)

Summing up assessments of natural conditions and resources, comparing them. we obtain a summary estimate showing the degree of influence of natural conditions and resources on the development of the region's economy. If we add to the advantage of the natural conditions of the region the benefits of geographical location, functional saturation (variety of functions), a well-developed infrastructure, and the availability of highly qualified personnel, then the desire of investors in this region and the associated significant prospects for the socio-economic development of the Moscow region will become clear.

§ 3 Scientific and technical complex of the Moscow region.

A significant part of the country's scientific potential is concentrated in the Moscow region. In the Moscow region there are more than half of the scientific centers of Russia, 5 well-known world-class scientific centers (Dubna, Chernogolovka, Protvino, Pushchino, Troitsk), 450 organizations of science and scientific services. In total, the scientific and information complex employs more than 16% of the region's labor resources.

The most saturated in terms of the number of scientific organizations are: Balashikhinsky, Lyuberetsky, Mytishchinsky, Noginsky, Podolsky, Pushkinsky, Solnechnogorsky, Khimki, Shchelkovsky districts. In the Moscow region, research is carried out in the field of natural and exact sciences, energy, automation and telemechanics, materials science and electronics. A special place is occupied by research for the leading sectors of the economy of Moscow and the Moscow region: mechanical engineering, the chemical industry, etc. All the main components are represented in the Moscow Scientific Complex: training of highly qualified personnel, academic and industrial science.

A large center of academic science is located in Dubna. The Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) carries out research in nuclear physics, energy physics, radiobiology and medicine. The Institute has broad international scientific and technical ties.

The Noginsk Scientific Center is located in Chernogolovka. The oldest institutes of the center are the Institute of Physical Chemistry and the Institute of Solid State Physics. In addition, there is an Experimental Scientific Instrumentation Plant with a unique production potential. The scientific center has connections with scientific centers and universities, firms in many countries of the world.

Protvino is home to Russia's largest research center in the field of high energy physics. The city of Pushchino is known as the largest center of biological science. The 8 physical institutes located in the Troitsk center, in addition to fundamental research, have accumulated significant developments in high technology products, in which many Russian enterprises and foreign scientific centers are interested. These are technologies for growing artificial diamonds for the manufacture of tools suitable for the processing and oil and gas industry. Technologies for the production of high-purity materials for the electronics industry have been developed.

There are more than 140 large research and development organizations in various industries in the Moscow region. They ensure the implementation of scientific research, create new technologies, materials, products for the industry of the Moscow region, and other regions of the country. A large group of sectoral institutes, centers, enterprises (aviation, rocket and space, radio-electronic, precision engineering, instrument-making, chemistry), which previously belonged to the defense complex (military-industrial complex - the military-industrial complex), is now in the process of conversion and reconstruction.

The aviation industry of the scientific and technical complex of the Moscow region is represented by well-known research, design and test institutions. In the Moscow region there is a Research Complex named after V.I. N.I. Kamov (Lyubertsy) where they create helicopters that outstripped all foreign analogues in their characteristics; the machine-building plant "Zvezda", where the means of rescue of aviation and space crews, etc. are developed and produced. Experimental and test bases of the aviation design bureaus are operating in the Moscow region. Ilyushin, Tupolev, Sukhoi, Mikoyan, Mil, Yakovlev.

The oldest scientific organization in the Moscow region is the Central Aerodynamic Institute (TsAGI was established in 1918) in Zhukovsky. TsAGI is engaged in scientific research, advanced fundamental and industrial research of all types of aircraft. This experimental base is in many ways superior to similar installations of European countries and the United States. It is no coincidence that the air show in Zhukovsky is one of the largest and most authoritative in the world. Here in Zhukovsky is the largest scientific center - the A. Gromov, where all domestic aircraft and aviation equipment are tested.

The organizations of the rocket and space industry, which are part of the scientific and technical complex of the Moscow Region, occupy a leading place not only in Russia, but also in the world. Unique scientific institutions of this complex operate in the Moscow region. The Central Scientific Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering and the SP Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (located in the city of Korolev) occupies a leading position in Russia. ... The institute is the ancestor of the rocket and space industry, and the development of domestic cosmonautics is associated with it.

The Institute studies the development of rocket and space technology, participates in the development of space exploration projects, the creation of practically all manned rockets, launch vehicles and automatic spacecraft. The list of Korolev's enterprises includes the scientific and industrial association "Composite". This association in its activities, in addition to the defense industry and space technology, focuses its activities on the oil and gas industry, transport equipment, construction, medicine.

The Energomash Research and Production Association for Power Engineering in Khimki is the leading Russian organization for the development of powerful liquid-propellant rocket engines. Aviation Design Bureau A.S. Lavochkin (Khimki) develops and implements large-scale space exploration projects, including the development of spacecraft for international projects to explore Mars, Venus and other planets of the solar system. The institute is the ancestor of the rocket and space industry, and the development of domestic cosmonautics is associated with it.

V.P. Chelomai's group (now NPO Mashinostroyenia in Reutov) worked on the creation of a cruise missile for the Navy. Now NPO Mashinostroyenia is also developing in the field of aerospace technology, information technology, and alternative energy.

In Jubilee, there is a research institute associated with the creation of rocket and rocket and space technology, the development of strategic missile forces for the Ministry of Defense. In the city of Fryazin, there is a whole complex of institutes and experimental productions of the electronic industry, special technological equipment for instrument making, various electronic products for the military-industrial complex are being developed. The Istok enterprise develops equipment for satellite telecommunication systems, medical and household devices.

The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Physical, Technical and Radio Engineering Measurements in Mendeleevo (Solnechnogorsk District) conducts research, develops and manufactures high-precision instruments, equipment for radio electronics, nuclear power, astronautics, and medicine.

Obolensk State Institute of Applied Microbiology, (located in the Serpukhov District), is engaged in developments in the field of molecular biology and microbiology for use in agriculture and medicine. The All-Russian Scientific Research and Technological Institute of the Biological Industry (located in the Shchelkovo District) conducts scientific research in the field of industrial biotechnology. In the Odintsovo region there is the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Central Regions of the Non-Black Earth Region, which conducts research in many branches of agriculture: improving the soil fertility of the Moscow region, seed production, etc. ; The All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Pond Economy is located in the Dmitrovsky district. He conducts research aimed at the rational use of inland water resources.

In terms of intellectual potential, the Moscow region is unmatched in Russia. Much credit for this belongs to higher educational institutions. In the Moscow region there are 13 state higher educational institutions, more than 40 branches and faculties of Moscow universities, non-state higher educational institutions are being created. Among state universities, the following are widely known: Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) in Dolgoprudny, Moscow State University of Forestry in Podlipki, Pushchino State University, International University of Nature, Society and Man in Dubna, State Academy of Life and Services in Tarasovka, Institute of Physical Culture in Malakhovka, Moscow State Pedagogical University in Mytishchi, etc.

Check yourself!

1. What factors contributed to the transformation of the Moscow region into the largest research and production complex in the country?

2. Based on the text, draw up a schematic map of the location of the research and production complex of the Moscow region

3. Using the proposed reference words: scientific potential, scientific center, science-intensive industries, scientific and production associations, scientific and industrial complex, technical modernization, reconstruction, prepare a message (abstract) on the topic: "The structure of the scientific and industrial complex of the Moscow region", "Science cities of the Moscow region ". The presented task is creative, you can suggest your own topic, the direction of studying the research and production complex of the Moscow region.

3. Select, using various sources of information, materials for the topic: "Energy of Moscow and the Moscow region", prepare messages on the issue of interest to you.

§4 Sectoral structure of the industry of the Moscow region. Mechanical engineering

The diversified structure of the industry, a significant share of science-intensive industries, the high dynamism of the sectoral structure due to the high general creative atmosphere (the presence of research centers, laboratories, design bureaus, etc.) determined the overall high technical level of industrial development in Moscow and the Moscow region in comparison with the average indicators for Russia. Manned spacecraft, computers, subway cars, equipment for the food and light industry, rolling of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical threads and fibers, laboratory instruments, fabrics, carpets, porcelain - it is impossible to list everything that is produced here for the Russian and international markets ... The industry of the Moscow region is characterized by the following industry structure:

Sectoral structure of the industry of the Moscow region

The basis for the development of the regional economy has become a powerful energy complex, which began to form back in the 20s of the 20th century. According to the country's electrification plan, large thermal power plants, Kashirskaya and Shaturskaya GRES, were built in the region. These stations used local raw materials - peat. They became the basis of the existing regional energy system.

Now a network of large thermal power plants has been built around Moscow and in the region - in Lyubertsy, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Stupino GRES in Mytishchi (Severnaya), in Elektrogorsk, Kashira, they supply heat and electricity to Moscow (Lyubertsy and Severnaya CHPP), large cities near Moscow and adjacent areas ... All thermal power plants operate on imported fuel oil, diesel fuel, and natural gas. The first pumped storage station (PSPP) in Russia was built in the Sergiev Posad region on the Kunya river

Check yourself!

1. What are the branches of the industrial structure of the Moscow region?

2. What factors determined the development of these industries?

3. How are complex issues of power supply in Moscow and the Moscow region resolved, in your city, village?

4. In the Moscow region, during the construction of the Severnaya CHPP, opinions were expressed "for" and "against" its construction. What reasons would you share? Justify your choice.

Leading industries. Mechanical engineering.

The structure of mechanical engineering is dominated by complex qualified types of products: the production of machine tools, machinery and equipment for construction, transport, light industry, optical-mechanical production, radio-electronic industry, instrument making, rocket and space, aviation and others. The machine-building complex of the Moscow region is closely connected with the capital. Large cities near Moscow (Lyubertsy, Mytishchi, Reutov, Khimki) closely cooperated with Moscow. Some of the machine-building centers were formed on the routes connecting Moscow with the metallurgical south. (Podolsk, Kolomna, Serpukhov, Kashira). All cities near Moscow have diversified mechanical engineering. Some of their products are unique.

Heavy and transport engineering is represented by several enterprises. Leading among them: the production association "Kolomensky Zavod" and the joint-stock company "Metrovagonmash" in Mytishchi. Kolomensky Zavod, over a century and a half of its existence since 1869, has produced more than 200 types of steam locomotives. Currently it specializes in the production of diesel locomotives of the latest designs. The Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant was founded in 1897; it produced freight cars, trams for Moscow, and dump trucks. Since 1934 the plant has been providing subway cars in Russia and the CIS. The plant is working on the development of a new type of Yauza cars. In terms of technical characteristics, they are not inferior to foreign counterparts: they are quiet, comfortable. Since 1992, in Demikhovo (Orekhovo-Zuevsky district), after the reconstruction of the machine-building plant, they began to produce cars for electric trains. The first electric train was put on the line in 1993.

Three factories in the Moscow Region produce buses. The LIAZ bus plant in Likino-Dulyovo (Orekhovo-Zuevsky district) was reconstructed; the bus plant in Yakhroma (Dmitrovsky district) is being reconstructed, which replenishes the LIAZ bus fleet. An automobile plant (GOLAZ) was put into operation in Golitsyno, producing city, tourist, intercity buses together with the German company Mercedes-Benz. Passenger cars of especially small class "Oka" are produced in Serpukhov.

The production association "Elektrostalmash" is the only enterprise in the country that designs, manufactures and supplies complex equipment for the production of pipes. Podolsk Machine-Building Plant named after Ordzhonikidze (ZIO brand) is one of the leading enterprises for the production of powerful boiler units for thermal power plants and the manufacture of equipment for oil refining and nuclear energy. More than 40 oil refineries in Russia are equipped with the equipment of this refinery. The following factories are known in Russia for their products: Shchelkovo pump production plant; locking equipment of Chekhov's Energomash; diesel and fuel equipment for tractors and combine engines manufactured by the Noginsk Fuel Equipment Plant.

Agricultural engineering is represented by factories in Lyubertsy, Noginsk, Aprelevka.

Machine tools are produced in Klin, Dmitrov, Yegoryevsk (metal-cutting), Troitsk (programmed machines), Kolomna (heavy machine tool plant), etc. ) are produced in Podolsk, Kolomna, Lyubertsy, Klimovsk. Optical and mechanical production is represented by factories in Krasnogorsk, Lytkarino

In the Moscow region there are many unique industries related to mechanical engineering. Among them: Mozhaisk Medical Instrumental Plant, which produces more than 400 types of products: scalpels, tweezers, syringes, etc. Special workshops supply microsurgery with products.

The Orekhovo-Zuevsky plant "Transprogress" produces systems for pipeline pneumatic transport and magnetic levitation. The Dmitrov excavator plant produces land reclamation machines, sprinklers, mechanisms for digging trenches and mining operations.

Check yourself!

1 Prove the leading role of mechanical engineering in the economy of the Moscow region, specialization in the production of products that determine scientific and technical modernization, progress.

2. Why did the machine-building complex become a pivotal one in the economy of the Moscow region?

3. What sectors of this complex are predominantly developing? What impact do they have on the economy?

Briefly about the concept of "industry"

The development of human civilization is closely related to the development of human productive activity. If at the initial stages of the existence of mankind, labor was of a rather primitive nature, then in the future it began to become more and more complicated. This was due to the growth of human needs. The ore was gradually separated. It was of both a sectoral and a territorial nature.

At first, agriculture and animal husbandry emerged, then crafts. In the further development of crafts, they served as the basis for the emergence of commodity production - industry.

Definition 1

Industry refers to the totality of enterprises for the extraction of natural resources, their processing and production of energy and materials, the manufacture of means of production and consumer goods.

Industry is characterized by sectoral and territorial structure.

Factors in the location of industrial enterprises

The location of industrial enterprises is influenced by various conditions and circumstances. they are collectively called factors of production location.

Definition 2

Factors for the location of production are a set of conditions and resources, their properties, the rational use of which gives optimal results when placing industrial facilities.

The conditions for the location of production can include both natural and social conditions. Natural conditions include:

• geological and tectonic structure;
• relief;
• climate;
• water resources and minerals.

Social conditions include historical conditions, the structure and location of the population, the situation in society. Conditions and factors are in organic relationship. They have either direct or indirect influence on the formation of the territorial structure of industry.

There are several options for the classification of factors of production. There are, for example, the following types:

• natural;
• socio-economic;
• material and technical;
• technical and economic.

Natural factors include natural resources, their quantitative and qualitative composition. In addition, this category includes the geological conditions of their occurrence and production. An important role is played by such factors as the peculiarities of the climate of the territory, its hydrological and orographic characteristics.

Socio-economic factors include the peculiarities of the distribution of the population, the concentration of labor resources in a certain area. An important indicator and factor in the location of production is the skill level of labor resources. In addition, the population is the consumer of a significant part of the manufactured industrial products. Therefore, the factor of availability and number of consumers also plays an important role in the location of production.

The material and technical factors include the state of the material and technical base of society and territory, the scientific base of the country and the market infrastructure. Techno-economic factors are the circumstances that determine the volume of production costs per unit of output. Other approaches to the classification of factors of production are also possible. It all depends on the point of view of the researcher.

Commodity industry concept

Definition 3

Raw materials industries are industries that are responsible for the development of mineral deposits, procurement and primary processing of other types of raw materials, production of materials for other industries.

The raw materials industry includes the following sectors of the economy:

• oil industry;
• gas industry;
• coal industry;
• mining industries (ore mining);
• mining and chemical production (extraction of chemical raw materials);
• mining and processing industries;
• ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy;
• timber industry.

These industries extract minerals, carry out its primary processing and prepare raw materials for other industries. They ensure consistency and continuity of production cycles.

Factors influencing the development and location of the raw materials industry

The location of the raw material industries is influenced by a number of factors. First of all, it is the raw material factor. It depends on the geological structure of the territory, the quantity and quality of raw materials.

The raw material factor plays a leading role in the location of all types of extractive industries. But its influence is necessarily combined with natural factors. This means that the location of the extractive industries is influenced by the conditions of the relief and climate of the country and its individual regions.

For example, the North, Siberia and the North-East of the Russian Federation possess colossal reserves of various types of mineral raw materials. But climatic conditions and features of the relief and hydrography (swampiness, permafrost, etc.) make the extraction of minerals unprofitable at the moment. Therefore, the development of these deposits has been postponed for the future.

The labor factor also plays an important role. The availability of labor resources allows for the extraction of minerals or the development of industries such as metallurgy and the chemical industry. The low level of labor resources in the eastern regions of Russia hinders the development of both the extractive and manufacturing sectors of the economy.

For the development of such raw material industries as metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, an important role is played by the energy factor (energy supply) and the water resource factor. The above industries are distinguished by significant energy consumption and large volumes of technological needs for water. Therefore, the amount of energy produced on the territory and water resources affect the location and development of these industries.

The extracted raw materials must be exported. The greater the volume of extraction or production of raw materials and materials, the greater the capacity of the transport network. Therefore, the transport factor (development of transport infrastructure) has a significant impact on the development of the raw materials industry.

1

The goals of the development of industry and the economy as a whole should be focused on the formation and development of effective, flexible and stable market production structures capable of ensuring a progressive growth in the competitiveness of products in the context of strengthening the processes of formation of post-industrial society and economy. Overcoming negative long-term trends requires the development of new comprehensive approaches to the development of industrial enterprises based on the principles and elements of the knowledge economy, as well as the formation of organizational and economic instruments that allow more efficiently creating and using the existing resource potential. The peculiarities of the development of industrial enterprises made it possible to identify factors influencing the sustainable development of the enterprise, such as: independent of the activities of the enterprise - general economic, market, and depending on the activities of the enterprise - financial, marketing, production, innovative, allowing to assess the state of the enterprise, identify the reasons for unstable development and which are the basis for choosing alternatives to strategic management.

sustainability

factors of the internal and external environment

sustainable development of an industrial enterprise

1. Van Horn JK Fundamentals of financial management. - M .: Finance and statistics, 1995.

2. Kaplan R.S., Norton D.P. Strategic cards. Transformation of intangible assets into tangible results / per. from English - M .: CJSC "Olymp-Business", 2005. - 512 p.

3. Porter M. Competitive strategy: a methodology for analyzing industries and competitors / per. from English - M .: Alpina Business Books, 2007 .-- 453 p.

4. Raizberg BA, Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., Revised. - M .: INFRA-M, 1998.

5. Tatarskikh B.Ya. The main trends in the dynamics of the structure of the production and technological potential of mechanical engineering in Russia. - Samara: Publishing house Samar. state econom. University, 2005.

Stability is formed under the influence of a complex of factors of the internal and external environment.

A factor (from Latin factor - doing, producing) is a reason, a driving force of a process, which determines its nature or its individual features. Factors - specific events and trends, grouped by the area of ​​required information, that is, by the main sections of market research.

Thus, the factors of stability are the reasons that can cause its violation (increase or decrease), classified depending on the environment of occurrence, the nature and direction of the impact, the object of impact, etc.

The factors can be subdivided by methods into: economic and non-economic (political, legal, environmental); by methods: factors of direct and indirect impact.

Their ratio, interaction, interconnection are extremely important and relevant not only for individual subjects, but also for the entire economic system. In certain historical periods, the impact of some increases, while others weaken.

The ability of an enterprise to overcome crises, win the competition, maintain economic stability largely depends on the action of an internal group of factors - on the state of its internal environment.

The internal group of factors includes the goals, objectives, structure, technology, personnel of the enterprise. In countries with stable economies, the ratio of external and internal factors is in favor of the latter. Thus, the analysis of bankruptcy of enterprises in developed countries shows that 1/3 of external and 2/3 of internal factors are involved in bankruptcy. There is no particular need to prove that in a stable economy, the main obstacles hindering the development of an enterprise, as a rule, lie in the sphere of its own activities and contain internal discrepancies and contradictions about the goals of the enterprise, means of achieving them, resources, methods of organizing activities and managing to achieve goals.

Environmental factors have different levels and directions of influence. They can be divided into three levels: regional, national and international. By their direction, the factors are stabilizing or destabilizing.

In the last decade, the impact of external factors, especially the international level of a destabilizing direction, has increased. The impact of environmental factors to a large extent makes the balance and stability of economic entities, industries less stable, and leads to an increase in the dependence of the national economy on them as a whole.

The factors of the external environment at the national and regional levels can be divided into two main groups: direct and indirect impact.

Let's try to classify the factors that affect the economic sustainability of an enterprise.

Previously, the enterprise was considered as a closed production system, and the influence of the environment on its development was practically not taken into account. It was believed that the external environment practically does not affect the enterprise, and scientific research was mainly aimed at researching and improving the internal environment of the enterprise. In the days of the administrative-command system, the centralized planned economy, one could agree with this. In a market economy, enterprises can no longer ignore the influence of the external environment. Ignoring the external environment today means bankruptcy of the enterprise tomorrow.

The external environment, which directly determines the sustainability of the enterprise, affects the enterprise through objective and subjective factors. The action of each factor can be manifested in different ways on the efficiency of the enterprise. In addition to external factors, the stability of the enterprise is influenced by the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise. The scheme of action of the factors of the external and internal environment of the enterprise on its sustainable development is shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Factors of the external and internal environment affecting the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise

Objective external factors - a set of environmental factors that have a direct impact on the functioning and development of an enterprise. This group of factors includes suppliers of labor, financial, information, material and other resources, consumers, competitors, etc.

1. National legislation is one of the main objective external factors that affect the development of the enterprise. All legal acts can be subdivided into three groups: Federal legal acts, legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, legal acts of local self-government. Businesses are required to strictly adhere to regulations at all levels. But as practice shows, sometimes legislative acts not only of different levels contradict each other, causing uncertainty for the manufacturer, but sometimes even the legislation of the Federal level gives a contradictory interpretation.

2. Resource provision - a set of material, labor and financial resources necessary for the operation of the enterprise. Each enterprise must keep a strict record of the resources used and required, which will allow the enterprise to use them most efficiently.

The composition of material resources includes raw materials, materials, equipment, energy, components, without which it is impossible to manufacture products.

The population is the main contingent of the labor force of the enterprise. Labor potential is one of the characteristics of the population as a producer of material goods. It includes a set of various qualities that determine the working capacity of the population. These qualities are related:

• with the ability and inclination of a person to work, his state of health, endurance, type of nervous system;
• with the volume of general and special knowledge, work skills and abilities that determine the ability to work with a certain qualification;
• with the level of consciousness and responsibility, social maturity, interests and needs.

Financial resources are the most significant type of resource. Credit institutions have a great influence on the existence and development of enterprises. Most of the enterprises today are experiencing an acute shortage of working capital and are forced to attract borrowed funds by taking loans. For the development of industry as a whole in Russia and the regions, it is necessary to develop a policy of concessional lending to industrial enterprises.

3. Partners - partner enterprises have a significant impact on the functioning and sustainable development of the enterprise. In the conditions of a planned economy, strong ties were established between the enterprises for the supply of components. With the collapse of the former USSR, in the conditions of a market economy, many ties between enterprises were destroyed and therefore a distinctive feature of the post-privatization period was the crisis in supplies between enterprises, the breakdown of established stable ties, as a result of which many enterprises either ceased to exist or were forced to master the production of components from yourself and look for new business partners.

4. Competitive enterprises are one of the driving forces of enterprise development. It is competition that allows the company to develop, producing competitive products and providing the staff with the best working conditions. Currently, competition is increasing not only in product markets, but also in the markets of material and labor resources. Competition has a significant effect on the internal environment of the enterprise, especially on the organization of production. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly analyze and improve the competitiveness of the products, which will allow the enterprise not only to exist, but also to develop.

5. Consumers of products have recently been considered as one of the most significant elements of the external environment, influencing the development of the enterprise. In the days of the planned economy, the main task of the enterprise was to manufacture products in the required volumes, the further fate of the goods of the manufacturer worried insofar as. In a market economy, the welfare of the enterprise depends on the consumer. The external environment through consumers influences the company, determines its strategy.

6. Public authorities have a significant impact on the functioning and development of the enterprise. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. Central and local authorities, which include the totality of legislative and executive bodies, centrally regulate the main socio-economic relations in society. The functions of power include: the adoption of laws and control over their implementation, the development and implementation of policies and recommendations in the field of social and labor relations in the country, covering the issues of remuneration and labor motivation, regulation of employment and migration of the population, labor legislation, living standards and working conditions, labor organization, etc.

In the conditions of market relations, state regulation of socio-economic relations is limited and, as the experience of developed countries shows, should relate to issues of labor legislation, employment, assessment of the standard of living.

Recently, the influence of the judiciary on the functioning of the enterprise has significantly increased. With the existing concept of the transition of our country to the rule of law, the number of issues that an enterprise has to resolve in a civilized manner, turning to an arbitration court, is increasing.

A positive aspect of the changes taking place in Russia is the transfer of part of the powers of state power to the localities, which allows lawmaking work in the field of taxation, economic development programs and influencing the development of industrial enterprises at the local level. The development of local self-government opens up new opportunities for enterprises to mutually beneficial relationships with local authorities. As practice shows, many enterprises were not ready for market relations. It is paradoxical that the growing role of local authorities, coupled with the richest natural resources, has practically no effect on the current state of Russia.

The enterprise can react to changes in the factors of direct influence in two ways: it can rebuild the internal environment and pursue a policy of both adaptation and a policy of active or passive counteraction.

Subjective external factors - a set of environmental factors that have an indirect impact on the functioning and development of the enterprise. Indirect factors play the role of background factors that increase or decrease economic resilience. This group of factors includes the state of the economy, natural, socio-political factors, etc. ...

1. The political situation - significantly affects the development of the enterprise, the influence of this factor is especially strong for Russia. The inflow of investments from foreign countries and the opening of foreign markets for domestic goods depend on the political situation in the country. In the country, political stability is primarily determined by the relationship between the state and its citizens and is manifested by the state's attitude to property and entrepreneurship.

2. The economic situation is one of the major factors affecting the development of the enterprise. The quotation of shares of domestic enterprises on the stock market, energy prices, the exchange rate of the national currency, inflation, interest rates on loans are indicators that reflect the state of the national economy. The development of the enterprise is greatly influenced by the phase of economic development in the country. The economic upsurge has a beneficial effect on the increase in business activity, the development of the enterprise, the recession is negative.

3. Scientific and technological progress - significantly affects such a complex system as an enterprise. Discoveries in the field of "high" technologies, electronics, computer technology, the creation of new materials have made it possible, practically in a few decades, to radically change the production at enterprises, making it possible to produce high-quality products, significantly reducing the cost of material and human resources. The rapid development of scientific and technological progress poses the problem of employment of the population to modern society, but it will be solved through the development of new spheres of application of human activity.

4. Information support - it is necessary to single out as a separate factor, since the importance of information in recent years in connection with the development of modern communication systems is, without exaggeration, enormous. Modern enterprises literally permeate information flows. This factor can relate to both the external environment and the internal environment of the enterprise (forming the information environment of the enterprise). Its further development depends on how effective the internal flows of information at the enterprise are, how much it is able to receive and analyze information from the external environment.

The enterprise is forced to adapt its goals, objectives, structure, technology, personnel to the factors of indirect influence.

Recognizing the deep and inextricable connection of factors of direct and indirect impact, their interdependence, it should be noted that in certain periods of development of society, especially during the transformation of socio-economic relations, factors of indirect impact (political, legal, environmental) often play a determining role. Fundamental changes in the economic course, the introduction of capitalist economic relations in society were the result, first of all, of the influence of political factors. The introduction of private property, privatization is both a form and a result of this impact.

Internal factors - factors of the internal environment of an enterprise that affect its functioning and development. Let's list them:

1. Manufacturing is a complex process characterized by the equipment used, technologies, personnel qualifications. The quality of the products and, consequently, their competitiveness depends on how perfect the equipment and the technologies used. Production is the main internal factor that determines the economic sustainability of an enterprise.

2. The strategic management system plays a special role in ensuring the economic sustainability of enterprises. Strategic management allows an enterprise to improve management efficiency, lay the foundations for stable business development and, having foreseen possible negative impacts of the external environment, develop countermeasures. Strategy is the definition of the main long-term goals and objectives of the enterprise and the approval of the course of action, and the allocation of resources necessary to achieve these goals.

3. Finances - the way in which finance is planned at the enterprise determines the attraction of investments, replenishment of working capital, the use of the profits and the development of the enterprise in general.

4 The organizational structure should be considered as a system that allows the rational use of people, finances, equipment, objects of labor, area of ​​the enterprise.

5. Personnel - is considered as one of the main types of resources, without which the functioning of the enterprise is impossible. The sustainability of the enterprise and its sustainable development directly depend on the qualifications of personnel, on motivational incentives.

6. R&D - scientific research and organization of design developments have a significant impact on the development of the enterprise, allow the enterprise to keep pace with the times, improving technologies, increasing competitiveness.

Rice. 2. Classification of factors of sustainable development of the enterprise

In the course of the research, the key factors influencing the sustainable development of the enterprise were identified.

Factors that do not depend on the activities of the enterprise include:

• general economic, such as a decrease in the volume of national income, an increase in inflation, a slowdown in the payment turnover, instability of the tax system and regulatory legislation, a decrease in the level of real incomes of the population, an increase in unemployment;
• market ones, such as a decrease in the capacity of the domestic market, an increase in monopoly on the market, a significant decrease in demand, an increase in the supply of substitute goods, a decrease in stock market activity, instability of the foreign exchange market;
• others, such as political instability, negative demographic trends, natural disasters, worsening crime conditions.

The ability of an enterprise to overcome crises, win the competition, maintain sustainable development largely depends on the action of an internal group of factors.

Factors that depend on the activities of the enterprise and affect its sustainable development are shown in Figure 2.

Thus, the proposed classification of internal environmental factors affecting the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise makes it possible to assess the state of the enterprise, to identify the reasons for unstable development for further selection of alternatives to strategic management.

Reviewers:

Bakhteev Y.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Management, Penza State University, Penza;

Yurasov I.A., Doctor of Social Sciences, Professor, Director of the Center for Applied Research, GAOU DPO Institute for Regional Development of the Penza Region, Penza.

Bibliographic reference

Zinger O.A., Ilyasova A.V. FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 1-1 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=18044 (date accessed: 03/20/2020). We bring to your attention the journals published by the "Academy of Natural Sciences"

Geopolitical factors. In the history of Russia, natural and geographical conditions have always influenced the formation and development of society. The vast territories of Russia had both their pros and cons. An undoubted advantage was the vast expanses of the North and Siberia, the development of which brought considerable benefits. However, unlike Western Europe, where, figuratively speaking, there were more people than land, in Russia, on the contrary, there is more land than people. The settlement of new lands could only occur due to the outflow of the population from the historical center of Russia, where there were already few people living (in the 16th-17th centuries, the population density in Russia was 1-5 people per 1 sq. Km, in Europe -10-30 people) ... Continuous territorial expansion also predetermined the fact that over the centuries economic development went in breadth, was ensured by quantitative factors (extensive type). The Russian population did not have an urgent need to move from traditional farming to a more efficient one, since there was always an opportunity to move to new places, to develop new territories. In addition, the excess of space gave rise to a dangerous temptation for humans - to solve all their problems by fleeing to unpopulated outskirts. This situation also determined the specifics of the emerging economic, social and political relations. To ensure order on the territory of Russia, it was necessary to maintain a whole army of officials, soldiers and policemen. Another disadvantage was the harsh nature, which made the conditions extremely unfavorable for the development of agriculture (on average, agricultural work was possible for only 130 days per year). As a result, the Russian peasant was on the brink of survival, and the state by force withdrew the surplus product for the needs of the army and the state apparatus. The flat character of the area, its openness, the absence of natural geographical boundaries also affected the history of the state. Russian lands were not protected by natural barriers: they were not protected by either the seas or mountain ranges. The constant threat of military incursions (for a long time Russia was under the threat of ruin, sometimes the conquest of the country by nomads) demanded from the state enormous efforts, material costs, and human resources to ensure its security. In addition, to break through to the seas, Russia had to wage intense bloody wars for centuries. A direct consequence of this was the growing role of the state and the army in society. In geopolitical terms, Russia occupies an intermediate position between Europe and Asia, centuries-old parallel interaction with the Christian West and the Muslim-pagan East determined the history of Russia and formed the bifurcated national consciousness of Russians. Russia was not only a bridge connecting East and West (while experiencing various influences of their culture), but also a barrier separating and protecting them from a disastrous collision with each other.

Continuous expansion of the country's territory (colonization)- forcible (Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, Crimea, Finland ..) or voluntary (Georgia, Ukraine) annexation of territories, development of new desert territories by the peasant population (Siberia).

Social factor... Russian society has always remained extremely unstable socially. Due to the difficult living conditions, low-income nature of the economy, serfdom (which turned out to be an inevitable phenomenon in Russia, because it was the only possible system of forcibly-forcible withdrawal of surplus product from the population for solving national problems), the poor, who were in the majority, were always ready rebel against both their masters and local authorities, and against the state.

Political factor... The vast territory of the country, the weakness of economic relations between individual regions, social and national contradictions, the presence of constant external danger demanded strong central government with a developed apparatus of control and coercion. The Moscow princes managed to create it by the beginning of the 16th century. In the 16th century, a political ideology was developed, in the creation of which the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible took part. The system of power built by the Moscow sovereigns has received in history the name "autocracy", that is, an unlimited monarchy. The autocracy existed without significant changes until 1917. One of the features of the Russian historical process was exaggerated role of the supreme power in relation to society. Even estates were formed under the direct influence of the authorities. The society was divided into layers with a clear definition of the status and functions of each. The Cathedral Code of 1649 consolidated the position of various categories of the population and the range of their duties. It should be emphasized that due to the specifics of Russian history reforms have always been initiated by the state... Hence, the position of the supreme power was of decisive importance for the fate of the transformations: kings, emperors, general secretaries, and now presidents. The impetus for the beginning of the Russian reforms, which made it possible to overcome the powerful resistance to traditions and interests, were, as a rule, external factors, namely the lag behind the West, which most often took the form of military defeats. Since the reforms in Russia were carried out entirely by the supreme power, all of them were not brought to their logical conclusion and did not fully resolve the social contradictions that gave rise to them. Moreover, many reforms, due to their inconsistency and incompleteness, only exacerbated the situation in the future. The special role of the state in the process of Russian reforms "from above" turned the bureaucracy into their sole developer and leader. Therefore, its significance in the fate of Russian reforms was enormous. The bureaucracy in Russia grew rapidly. The final fate of reforms in Russia depended on the position of the ruling elite, on the results of the struggle of various groups and clans of the bureaucracy. Besides , a constant series of reforms and counterreforms, innovations and backward movement - a characteristic feature of the Russian reform process.

National (ethnopolitical) factor... A large number of different, including non-Slavic, ethnic groups took part in the formation of the Russian people, however the Slavic component has always remained dominant(The Slavs, purely outwardly adopting other people's customs, internally retained their originality and, over time, processed everything foreign in their own way). In other words, the future Russian people were originally born on a multi-ethnic basis. Ethnic diversity of Russia and inevitably accompanying her separatist sentiments served as one of the prerequisites for strengthening the monarchy, the development of its military-police apparatus. However, the Russian monarchy gradually developed a rather flexible and effective national policy. She sought to win over the local nobility, keeping her old and granting new privileges, including her in the composition of the all-Russian ruling class. Moscow avoided interference in the internal life of national communities whenever possible. Important circumstances were the traditional tolerance and accommodating nature of the Russian people, which was alien to the psychology of the "nation of masters".