Next in line are designs, the prototype of which was the free-flow (model 1964) garland hydroelectric power station of V. Blinov.

The hydroelectric power plants that will be discussed are free-flow, with a rather original turbine made of so-called Savonius rotors, strung on a common (maybe flexible, composite) working shaft. They do not require dams or other large-scale hydraulic structures for their installation. They are able to work with full efficiency even in shallow water, which, combined with the simplicity, compactness and reliability of the design, make these hydroelectric power stations very promising for those farmers and gardeners whose plots of land are located near small watercourses (rivers, streams and ditches).

Unlike dams, free-flow hydropower plants are known to use only kinetic energy flowing water. To determine power there is a formula:

N=0.5*p*V3*F*n (1),

N - power on the working shaft (W),
- p - density of water (1000 kt/m3),
- V - river flow speed (m/s),
- F - cross-sectional area of ​​the active (submersible) part of the working body of the hydraulic machine (m2),
- n - energy conversion efficiency.

As can be seen from formula 1, at a river speed of 1 m/s, per square meter of cross-section of the active part of the hydraulic machine, ideally (when n=1) there is a power equal to only 500 W. This value is clearly small for industrial use, but is quite sufficient for a farmer’s or summer resident’s subsidiary plot. Moreover, it can be increased through the parallel operation of several “hydroenergy garlands”.

And one more subtlety. The speed of the river in its different sections is different. Therefore, before starting the construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station, it is necessary to determine the energy potential of your river using the simple method outlined. Let us only recall that the distance traveled by the measuring float and divided by the time it passes will correspond to the average flow speed in this area. It should also be noted: this parameter will change depending on the time of year.

Therefore, design calculations should be made based on the average (over the planned period of operation of the mini-hydroelectric power station) river flow speed.

Fig.1. Savonius rotors for homemade garland mini-hydroelectric power plants:

a, b - blades; 1 - transverse, 2 - end.

Next, you need to determine the size of the active part of the hydraulic machine and its type. Since the entire mini-hydroelectric power station should be as simple as possible and uncomplicated to manufacture, the most suitable type of converter is the Savonius rotor of the end design. When working with full immersion into water, the value of F can be taken equal to the product of the rotor diameter D and its length L, and n=0.5. The rotation frequency f is determined with an accuracy acceptable for practice using the formula:

f=48V/3.14D (rpm) (2).

To make the hydroelectric power plant as compact as possible, the power specified in the calculation should be correlated with the actual load, the power supply of which should be provided by the mini-hydroelectric power station (since, unlike a wind turbine, the current will be continuously supplied to the consumer network). As a rule, this electricity is used for lighting, powering the TV, radio, and refrigerator. Moreover, only the latter is constantly put into operation throughout the day. The rest of the electrical appliances work mainly in the evening. Based on this, it is advisable to focus on the maximum power from one “hydroenergy garland” of about 250-300 W, covering the peak load with a battery charged from a mini-hydroelectric power station.

The transmission of torque from the working shaft of a hydraulic power plant to the pulley of an electric generator is usually carried out using an intermediate transmission. However, this element, strictly speaking, can be excluded if the generator used in the design of a microhydroelectric power station has an operating rotation speed of less than 750 rpm. However, you often have to refuse direct communication. Indeed, for the vast majority of generators domestic production the operating rotation speed at the start of power delivery is in the range of 1500-3000 rpm. This means that additional coordination is needed between the shafts of the hydropower plant and the electric generator.

Well, now that the preliminary theoretical part is behind us, let’s look at specific designs. Each of them has its own advantages.

Here, for example, is a semi-stationary free-flow mini-hydroelectric power station with a horizontal arrangement of two coaxial, rotated 90° relative to each other (to facilitate self-starting) and rigidly connected transverse-type Savonius rotors. Moreover, the main parts and components of this homemade hydropower plant are made of wood as the most affordable and “obedient” building material.

The proposed mini-hydroelectric power station is submersible. That is, its supporting frame is located across the watercourse at the bottom and is strengthened with guy ropes or poles (if, for example, there are walkways, a boat dock, etc. nearby). This is done in order to avoid the structure being carried away by the watercourse itself.

Fig.2. Submersible mini hydroelectric power station with horizontal transverse rotors:
1 - base spar (beam 150x100, 2 pcs.), 2 - lower cross member (board 150x45, 2 pcs.), 3 - middle cross member (beam 150x120, 2 pcs.), 4 - riser (round timber with a diameter of 100, 4 pcs. .), 5 upper spar (board 150x45, 2 pcs.), 6 - upper cross member (board 100x40, 4 pcs.), 7 - intermediate shaft (stainless steel, rod with a diameter of 30), 8 - pulley block, 9 - constant generator current, 10 - “gander” with a porcelain roller and a two-core insulated wire, 11 - base plate (200x40 board), 12 - drive pulley, 13 - wooden bearing assembly (2 pcs.), 14 - “hydroenergy garland” rotor (D600, L1000, 2 pcs.), 15 disk (from boards 20-40 mm thick knocked into a shield, 3 pcs.); metal fastening elements (including braces, hubs of outer discs) are not shown.

Of course, the depth of the river at the installation site of the mini hydroelectric power station should be less than the height of the support frame. Otherwise, it is very difficult (if not impossible) to avoid water getting into the electric generator. Well, if the place where the mini-hydroelectric power station is supposed to be located has a depth of more than 1.5 m or there is a large amount of water and flow speed that varies greatly throughout the year (which, by the way, is quite typical for snow-fed watercourses), then it is recommended to equip this design with floats. This will also allow it to be easily moved when installed on a river.

The supporting frame of a mini hydroelectric power station is a rectangular frame made of timber, boards and small logs, fastened with nails and wire (cables). Metal parts of the structure (nails, bolts, clamps, angles, etc.) should, if possible, be made of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant alloys.

Well, since the operation of such a mini hydroelectric power station is often possible in Russian conditions only seasonally (due to the freezing of most rivers), then after the expiration of the operation period, the entire structure pulled ashore is subject to thorough inspection. Rotten ones are replaced in a timely manner wooden elements, rusted metal parts, despite the precautions taken.

One of the main components of our mini-hydroelectric power station is a “hydroenergy garland” of two rigidly fixed (and forming a single whole on the working shaft) rotors. Their disks can be easily made from boards 20-30 mm thick. To do this, making a shield out of them, use a compass to build a circle with a diameter of 600 mm. After which, each of the boards is cut according to the curve obtained on it. Having knocked the workpieces together on two strips (to give the required rigidity), they repeat everything three times - according to the number of required disks.

As for the blades, it is advisable to make them from roofing iron. Or better yet, from cylindrical stainless containers (barrels) of suitable size and cut in half (along the axis), in which agricultural fertilizers and other aggressive materials are usually stored and transported. In extreme cases, the blades can be made of wood. But their weight (especially after a long stay in water) will increase significantly. And this should be remembered when creating mini-hydroelectric power plants on floats.

Spiked supports are attached to the ends of the “hydroenergy garland”. Essentially, these are short cylinders with a wide flange and an end slot for a key. The flange is attached to the corresponding rotor disk with four bolts.

To reduce friction, there are bearings located on the middle crossbars. And since ordinary ball or roller bearings are unsuitable for working in water, they use... homemade wooden ones. The design of each of them consists of two clamps and insert boards with a hole for the passage of a tenon support. Moreover, the middle bearing shells are positioned so that the wood fibers run parallel to the shaft. In addition, special measures are taken to ensure that the insert boards are firmly fixed against lateral movement. This is done using tightening bolts.

Fig.3. Sliding bearing assembly:
1 - crimp bracket (St3, strip 50x8, 4 pcs.), 2 - middle frame cross member, 3 - crimp insert (made of hard wood, 2 pcs.), 4 replaceable insert (made of hard wood, 2 pcs.) , 5 - M10 bolt with Grover nut and washer (4 sets), 6 - M8 stud with two nuts and washers (2 pcs.).

Any automobile generator is used as an electric generator in the microhydroelectric power station under consideration. They produce 12-14 V DC and can be easily connected to both battery and electrical appliances. The power of these machines is about 300 W.

The design of a portable mini hydroelectric power station with a vertical arrangement of a “garland” and a generator is also quite acceptable for self-production. Such a hydroelectric station, according to the author of the development, is the least material-intensive. The supporting structure of the installation, which fixes its position in the river bed, is a hollow steel rod (for example, from pipe sections). Its length is chosen based on the nature of the bottom of the watercourse and the speed of the flow. Moreover, such that the sharp end of the rod, driven into the bottom, would guarantee the stability of the mini-hydroelectric power station and its non-disruption by the current. Additional use of stretch marks is also possible.
Having determined the active surface of the rotor using formula (1) and measuring the depth of the river at the installation site of the mini hydroelectric power station, it is easy to calculate the diameter of the Savonius rotors used here. To make the design simple and self-starting, it is advisable to make a “hydroenergy garland” of two rotors connected so that the blades of the first are offset by 90° relative to the second (along the axis of rotation). Moreover, to increase operating efficiency, the structure on the side of the oncoming flow is equipped with a shield that plays the role of a guide vane. Well, the working shaft is mounted in the sliding bearings of the upper and lower supports. In principle, for a short period of operation of a mini hydroelectric power station (for example, on a hiking trip), large-diameter ball bearings can be used. However, if there is sand or silt in the water, these units will have to be washed in clean water after each use.

Rice. 4. Mini hydroelectric power station with a vertical arrangement of end-type rotors:
1 - support rod, 2 - lower bearing assembly, 3 - "hydroenergy garland" disk (3 pcs.), 4 - rotor (D600, 2 pcs.), 5 - upper bearing assembly, 6 - working shaft, 7 - transmission, 8 - electric generator, 9 - “gander” with a porcelain roller and two-core insulated wire, 10 - generator mounting clamp, 11 - movable guide panel; a, b - blades: the braces at the upper end of the support rod are not shown.

The supports are bolted and welded to the rod, depending on the weight of the “hydroenergy garland” and the need to disassemble it into parts. The upper end of the working shaft of the hydraulic machine is also the input shaft of the multiplier, for which (as the simplest and most technologically advanced) a belt can be used.

The electric generator is again taken from a car. It is easy to attach it to the support rod with a clamp. And the wires themselves coming from the generator must have reliable waterproofing. In the illustrations, the exact geometric proportions of the intermediate transmission are not shown, as they depend on the parameters of the specific generator you have. Well, transmission belts can be made from an old car inner tube, cutting it into strips 20 mm wide and then twisting it into bundles.

For power supply to small villages, a garland mini-hydroelectric power station designed by V. Blinov is suitable, which is nothing more than a chain of barrel-shaped Savonius rotors with a diameter of 300-400 mm, attached to a flexible cable stretched across the river. One end of the cable is attached to the hinged support, and the other through a simple multiplier to the generator shaft. At a flow speed of 1.5-2.0 m/s, the chain of rotors makes up to 90 rpm. And the small size of the elements of the “hydroenergy garland” makes it possible to operate this micro-hydroelectric power station on rivers with a depth of less than one meter.

It must be said that before 1964, V. Blinov managed to create several portable and stationary mini hydroelectric power stations of his own design, the largest of which was a hydroelectric power station built near the village of Porozhki (Tver region). A pair of garlands here rotated two standard automobile and tractor generators total capacity 3.5 kW.

MK 10 1997 I. Dokunin

The power of water flow is a renewable natural resource, the use of which will allow you to obtain virtually free electricity, save on utilities, or solve the problem of recharging equipment.

If a stream or river flows near your house, a do-it-yourself hydroelectric power station made from scrap materials is a real way out. But first, let’s look at what options there may be for mini-hydroelectric power plants and how they work.

Hydroelectric power plants for non-industrial purposes

Hydroelectric power plants are structures that can convert the energy of water movement into electricity. These can be dams on large rivers, generating from ten to several hundred megawatts, or mini-hydroelectric power plants with a maximum power of 100 kW, which is quite enough for the needs of a private home. Let’s find out more about the latter.

Garland station with hydraulic screws

The design consists of a chain of rotors mounted on a flexible steel cable, stretched across the river. The cable itself plays the role of a rotation shaft, one end of which is fixed on the support bearing, and the other activates the generator shaft.

Each hydraulic rotor of the “garland” is capable of generating about 2 kW of energy, however, the water flow speed for this must be at least 2.5 meters per second, and the depth of the reservoir should not exceed 1.5 m.

The principle of operation of a garland hydroelectric power station is simple: the water pressure spins the hydraulic screws, which rotate the cable and force the generator to produce energy

Garland stations were successfully used back in the middle of the last century, but the role of propellers was then played by homemade propellers and even tin cans. Today, manufacturers offer several types of rotors for various operating conditions. They are equipped with blades of different sizes made from sheet metal, and allow you to obtain maximum efficiency from the operation of the station.

But although this hydrogenerator is quite simple to manufacture, its operation involves a number of special conditions, not always feasible in real life. Such structures block the river bed, and it is unlikely that your neighbors along the bank, not to mention representatives of environmental services, will allow you to use the energy of the stream for your purposes.

Besides, in winter period The installation can only be used on non-freezing reservoirs, and in harsh climates it can be preserved or dismantled. Therefore, garland stations are erected temporarily and mainly in deserted areas (for example, near summer pastures).

Rotary stations with a capacity of 1 to 15 kW/hour generate up to 9.3 MW per month and allow you to independently solve the problem of electrification in regions remote from centralized highways

A modern analogue of a garland installation is submersible or floating frame stations with transverse rotors. Unlike their garland predecessor, these structures do not block the entire river, but use only part of the riverbed, and they can be installed on a pontoon/raft or even lowered to the bottom of the reservoir.

Vertical Daria rotor

The Darrieus rotor is a turbine device that was named after its inventor in 1931. The system consists of several aerodynamic blades fixed on radial beams and operates by differential pressure using the “lifting wing” principle, which is widely used in shipbuilding and aviation.

Although such installations are mostly used to create wind generators, they can also work with water. But in this case, precise calculations are needed to select the thickness and width of the blades in accordance with the strength of the water flow.

The Daria rotor resembles a “windmill”, only installed under water, and it can operate regardless of seasonal fluctuations in flow speed

Vertical rotors are rarely used to create local hydroelectric power stations. Despite the good efficiency indicators and the apparent simplicity of the design, the equipment is quite complex to operate, since before starting work the system needs to be “spinned up”, but only the freezing of the reservoir can stop a running station. Therefore, the Darrieus rotor is used mainly in industrial enterprises.

Underwater propeller “windmill”

In fact, this is the simplest air windmill, only it is installed under water. The dimensions of the blades, in order to ensure maximum rotation speed and minimum resistance, are calculated depending on the force of the flow. For example, if the current speed does not exceed 2 m/sec, then the width of the blade should be within 2-3 cm.

An underwater propeller is easy to make with your own hands, but it is only suitable for deep and fast rivers - in a shallow body of water, rotating blades can cause injury to fishermen, swimmers, waterfowl and animals

Such a windmill is installed “towards” the flow, but its blades operate not due to the pressure of the water pressure, but due to the generation of lifting force (on the principle of an airplane wing or a ship’s propeller).

Water wheel with blades

A water wheel is one of the simplest versions of a hydraulic engine, known since the times of the Roman Empire. The efficiency of its operation largely depends on the type of source on which it is installed.

The pouring wheel can rotate only due to the speed of the flow, and the filling wheel can rotate only with the help of the pressure and weight of the water falling from above onto the blades

Depending on the depth and bed of the watercourse, different types of wheels can be installed:

• Submerged (or bottom-flowing) - suitable for shallow rivers with fast currents.
• Medium-flow - located in channels with natural cascades so that the flow falls approximately in the middle of the rotating drum.
• Flood (or top-mounted) - installed under a dam, pipe or at the bottom of a natural threshold so that the falling water continues its path over the top of the wheel.

But the principle of operation for all options is the same: water falls on the blades and drives a wheel, which causes the generator for the mini-power station to rotate.

Manufacturers of hydraulic equipment offer ready-made turbines, the blades of which are specially adapted to a certain speed of water flow. But home craftsmen make drum structures the old fashioned way - from scrap materials.

Setting up your own hydroelectric power station is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly ways to ensure energy resources dachas, farm or tourist base

Perhaps the lack of optimization will affect efficiency indicators, but the cost of homemade equipment will be several times cheaper than a purchased analogue. Therefore, a water wheel is the most popular option for organizing your own mini-hydroelectric power station.

Conditions for installing a hydroelectric power station

Despite the tempting cheapness of the energy generated by a hydro generator, it is important to take into account the characteristics of the water source whose resources you plan to use for your own needs. After all, not every watercourse is suitable for the operation of a mini-hydroelectric power station, especially year-round, so it does not hurt to have in reserve the possibility of connecting to a centralized main line.

A few pros and cons

The main advantages of an individual hydroelectric power station are obvious: inexpensive equipment that generates cheap electricity, and also does not harm nature (unlike dams that block the flow of a river). Although the system cannot be called absolutely safe, the rotating elements of the turbines can still cause injuries to the inhabitants of the underwater world and even people.

To prevent accidents, the hydroelectric station must be fenced, and if the system is completely hidden by water, a warning sign must be installed on the shore

Advantages of mini-hydroelectric power stations:

1. Unlike other “free” energy sources ( solar panels, wind generators), hydraulic systems can operate regardless of the time of day and weather. The only thing that can stop them is freezing of the reservoir.
2. To install a hydrogenerator, it is not necessary to have a large river - the same water wheels can be successfully used even in small (but fast!) streams.
3. The units do not emit harmful substances, do not pollute water and operate almost silently.
4. To install a mini-hydroelectric power station with a power of up to 100 kW, you do not need to register permitting documentation(although this will vary depending on local authorities and type of installation).
5. Excess electricity can be sold to neighboring houses.

As for the disadvantages, insufficient current strength can become a serious obstacle to the productive operation of the equipment. In this case, auxiliary structures will have to be erected, which entails additional costs.

Measuring the strength of water flow

The first thing you need to do to think about the type and method of installation of the station is to measure the speed of water flow at your favorite source. The easiest way is to lower any light object (for example, a tennis ball, a piece of foam plastic, or a fishing float) onto the rapids and use a stopwatch to measure the time it takes for it to swim the distance to some landmark. The standard distance for the “swim” is 10 meters.

If the reservoir is located far from the house, you can build a diversion channel or pipeline, and at the same time take care of height differences

Now you need to divide the distance traveled in meters by the number of seconds - this will be the speed of the current. But if the resulting value is less than 1 m/sec, it will be necessary to erect artificial structures to speed up the flow due to elevation changes. This can be done with the help of a collapsible dam or a narrow drain pipe. But without a good flow, the idea of ​​a hydroelectric station will have to be abandoned.

Production of hydroelectric power station based on a water wheel

Of course, assembling and erecting a colossus designed to serve an enterprise or settlement of even a dozen houses is an idea from the realm of science fiction. But building a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands to save electricity is quite possible. Moreover, you can use both ready-made components and improvised materials.

Therefore, we will consider step by step the manufacture of the simplest structure - a water wheel.

Required materials and tools

To make a mini hydroelectric power station with your own hands, you need to prepare welding machine, grinder, drill and a set of auxiliary tools - hammer, screwdriver, ruler.

Materials you will need:

• Corners and sheet metal with a thickness of at least 5 mm.
• PVC or galvanized steel pipes for making blades.
• Generator (you can use a ready-made one or make it yourself, as in this example).
• Brake discs.
• Shaft and bearings.
• Plywood.
• Polystyrene resin for casting the rotor and stator.
• 15 mm copper wire for a homemade generator.
• Neodymium magnets.

Please note that the wheel structure will constantly be in contact with water, so metal and wooden elements must be selected with protection from moisture (or take care of impregnation and painting them yourself). Ideally, plywood can be replaced with plastic, but wooden parts are easier to obtain and give them the desired shape.

Assembling the wheel and making the nozzle

The basis for the wheel itself can be two steel disks of the same diameter (if it is possible to get the steel drum from the cable - great, this will greatly speed up the assembly process).

But if metal is not found in the materials at hand, you can cut circles from waterproof plywood, although the strength and service life of even treated wood cannot be compared with steel. Then you need to cut a round hole on one of the disks for installing the generator.

After this, the blades are made, and at least 16 pieces will be needed. To do this, galvanized pipes are cut lengthwise into two or four parts (depending on the diameter). Then the cutting areas and the surface of the blades themselves must be polished to reduce energy loss due to friction.

The blades are installed at an angle of approximately 40-45 degrees - this will help increase the surface area that will be affected by the flow force

The distance between the two side discs should be as close as possible to the length of the blades. To mark the location for future hubs, it is recommended to make a template from plywood, which will mark the location for each part and the hole for fixing the wheel to the generator. The finished markings can be attached to the outside of one of the disks.

The circles are then installed parallel to each other using solid threaded rods, and the blades are welded or bolted in the desired positions. The drum will rotate on bearings, and a frame made of angles or small diameter pipes is used as a support.

The nozzle is designed for cascade-type water sources - such an installation will allow you to use the flow energy to the maximum. This auxiliary element is made by bending sheet metal, followed by welding the seams, and then mounted on a pipe.

However, if your area has a flat river without rapids or other high-altitude obstacles, this detail is not necessary.

It is important that the width of the nozzle outlet corresponds to the width of the wheel itself, otherwise part of the flow will go “idle” and not reach the blades

Now the wheel needs to be mounted on the axle and mounted on a support made of welded or bolted corners. All that remains is to make a generator (or install a ready-made one) and you can go to the river.

DIY generator

To make a homemade generator, you need to wind the stator and fill it, for which you will need coils with 125 turns of copper wire on each. After connecting them, the entire structure is filled with polyester resin.

Each phase consists of three skeins attached in series, so the connection can be made in the shape of a star or triangle with several external leads

Now we need to prepare plywood template, matching in size with the brake disc. Markings are made on the wooden ring and slots are made for installing magnets (in this case, neodymium magnets 1.3 cm thick, 2.5 cm wide and 5 cm long were used). Then the resulting rotor is also filled with resin, and after drying, it is attached to the wheel drum.

Water wheel with a rotor made of brake discs and a generator made of coils of copper wire - painted, presentable and ready for use

The last thing to install is an aluminum casing with an ammeter covering the rectifiers. The task of these elements is to convert three-phase current into direct current.

After installing the wheel in the flow of a small river with a cascade or outlet pipe, you can count on a mini-hydroelectric power station performance of 1.9A * 12V at 110 rpm

To prevent leaves, sand and other debris brought with the flow from getting into the wheel, it is advisable to place a protective net in front of the device.

You can also experiment with the gaps between the magnets and coils with an increased number of turns to increase the efficiency of the hydraulic station.

Useful video on the topic

An example of a working hydraulic installation with homemade generator based on a three-phase motor:

Mini-hydroelectric power station, designed on the principle of a water wheel:

A station based on a bicycle wheel is an interesting option for solving the problem of energy supply on vacation far from civilization:

As you can see, building a water mini-power station with your own hands is not so difficult. But since most of the calculations and parameters for its components are determined “by eye,” you should be prepared for possible breakdowns and associated costs.

If you feel a lack of knowledge and experience in this area, you should trust specialists who will do everything necessary calculations, will advise the optimal equipment for your case and will install it efficiently.

sovet-ingenera.com

Mini-hydroelectric power plants for a private house, cottage

Regular increases in electricity prices make many people think about the issue of alternative sources of electricity. One of best solutions in this case, a hydroelectric power station. The search for a solution to this issue concerns not only the scale of the country. More and more often you can see mini-hydroelectric power plants for the home (dacha). The costs in this case will only be for construction and Maintenance. The disadvantage of such a structure is that its construction is possible only under certain conditions. A water flow is required. In addition, the construction of this structure in your yard requires permission from local authorities.

Mini-hydroelectric power station diagram

The principle of operation of a hydroelectric power station for the home is quite simple. The structure diagram looks like this. Water falls on the turbine, causing the blades to rotate. They, in turn, drive the hydraulic drive due to torque or pressure difference. The received power is transferred from it to an electric generator, which produces electricity.

Currently, a hydroelectric power plant scheme is most often equipped with a control system. This allows the design to operate automatically. If necessary (for example, an accident), it is possible to switch to manual control.

Types of mini-hydroelectric power stations

It is worth understanding that mini-hydroelectric power plants can produce no more than three thousand kilowatts. This is the maximum power of such a structure. The exact value will depend on the type of hydroelectric power station and the design of the equipment used.

Depending on the type of water flow, the following types of stations are distinguished:

• Channel, characteristic of plains. They are installed on rivers with low flows.
• Stationary ones use the energy of water rivers with fast flow of water.
• Hydroelectric power stations installed in places where the water flow drops. They are most often found in industrial organizations.
• Mobile, which are built using reinforced hoses.

For the construction of a hydroelectric power station, even a small stream flowing through the site is sufficient. Home owners with central water supply should not despair.

One of the American companies has developed a station that can be built into the water supply system of a home. A small turbine is built into the water supply system, which is driven by the flow of water moving by gravity. This reduces the flow rate of water, but reduces the cost of electricity. In addition, this installation is completely safe.

Even mini-hydroelectric power plants are installed in sewer pipes. But their construction requires the creation of certain conditions. Water through the pipe should flow naturally due to the slope. The second requirement is that the pipe diameter must be suitable for the installation of the equipment. And this cannot be done in a separate house.

Classification of mini-hydroelectric power plants

Mini-hydroelectric power plants (the houses in which they are used are mostly in the private sector) most often belong to one of the following types, which differ in the principle of operation:

• The water wheel is the traditional type, which is the easiest to implement.
• Propeller. They are used in cases where the river has a bed more than ten meters wide.
• The garland is installed on rivers with low flow. To increase the speed of water flow, additional structures are used.
• The Darrieus rotor is usually installed in industrial enterprises.

The prevalence of these options is due to the fact that they do not require the construction of a dam.

Water wheel

This classic look Hydroelectric power station, which is most popular for the private sector. Mini-hydroelectric power plants of this type are a large wheel that can rotate. Its blades descend into the water. The rest of the structure is above the riverbed, causing the entire mechanism to move. The power is transmitted through a hydraulic drive to a generator that produces current.

Propeller station

On the frame in a vertical position there is a rotor and an underwater windmill, lowered under water. A windmill has blades that rotate under the influence of water flow. The best resistance is provided by blades two centimeters wide (with a fast flow, the speed of which, however, does not exceed two meters per second).

In this case, the blades are driven by the resulting lift force, and not by water pressure. Moreover, the direction of movement of the blades is perpendicular to the direction of flow. This process is similar to wind power plants, only it works underwater.

Garlyandnaya hydroelectric power station

This type of mini-hydroelectric power station consists of a cable stretched over the riverbed and secured in a support bearing. Turbines of small size and weight (hydraulic rotors) are hung and rigidly fixed on it in the form of a garland. They consist of two half-cylinders. By aligning the axes when lowered into the water, a torque is created in them. This causes the cable to bend, stretch and begin to rotate. In this situation, the cable can be compared to a shaft that serves to transmit power. One of the ends of the cable is connected to the gearbox. The power from the rotation of the cable and hydraulic propellers is transmitted to it.

The presence of several “garlands” will help increase the power of the station. They can be connected to each other. Even this does not greatly increase the efficiency of this hydroelectric power station. This is one of the disadvantages of such a structure.

Another disadvantage of this species is the danger it creates for others. This kind of station can only be used in deserted places. Warning signs are required.

Rotor Daria

A mini-hydroelectric power station for a private house of this type is named after its developer, Georges Darrieus. This design was patented back in 1931. It is a rotor on which the blades are located. The required parameters are selected individually for each blade. The rotor is lowered under water in a vertical position. The blades rotate due to the pressure difference resulting from water flowing over their surface. This process is similar to the lift that makes airplanes take off.

This type of hydroelectric power station has a good efficiency indicator. Threefold advantage - the direction of flow does not matter.

The disadvantages of this type of power plant include a complex design and difficult installation.

Advantages of mini-hydroelectric power stations

Regardless of the type of design, mini-hydroelectric power plants have a number of advantages:

• They are environmentally friendly and do not produce substances harmful to the atmosphere.
• The process of generating electricity takes place without creating noise.
• The water remains clean.
• Electricity is generated constantly, regardless of the time of day or weather conditions.
• Even a small stream is enough to set up a station.
• Excess electricity can be sold to neighbors.
• You don't need a lot of permitting documentation.

Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station

You can build a water station to generate electricity yourself. For a private home, twenty kilowatts per day is enough. Even a mini-hydroelectric power station assembled with your own hands can cope with this value. But it should be remembered that this process is characterized by a number of features:

• It is quite difficult to make accurate calculations.
• The dimensions and thickness of the elements are selected “by eye”, only experimentally.
• Homemade structures do not have protective elements, which leads to frequent breakdowns and associated costs.

Therefore, if you do not have experience and certain knowledge in this area, it is better to abandon this kind of idea. It may be cheaper to purchase a ready-made station.

If you still decide to do everything yourself, then you need to start by measuring the speed of water flow in the river. After all, the power that can be obtained depends on this. If the speed is less than one meter per second, then the construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station in this location will not be justified.

Another stage that cannot be omitted is calculations. It is necessary to carefully calculate the amount of costs that will go into building the station. As a result, it may turn out that the hydroelectric power plant is not the best option. Then you should pay attention to other types of alternative electricity.

A mini-hydroelectric power plant can be the optimal solution for saving energy costs. For its construction, there must be a river near the house. Depending on the desired characteristics, you can select a suitable hydroelectric power station option. With the right approach, you can even make such a construction with your own hands.

fb.ru

Free electricity - do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station

If there is a river or even a small stream flowing near your home, then with the help of a homemade mini hydroelectric power station you can get free electricity. Perhaps this will not be a very large addition to the budget, but the realization that you have your own electricity costs much more. Well, if, for example, at a dacha, there is no central power supply, then even small amounts of electricity will be simply necessary. And so, to create a homemade hydroelectric power station, at least two conditions are required - the availability of a water resource and desire.

If both are present, then the first thing to do is measure the speed of the river flow. This is very simple to do - throw a twig into the river and measure the time during which it floats 10 meters. Dividing meters by seconds gives you the current speed in m/s. If the speed is less than 1 m/s, then a productive mini hydroelectric power station will not work. In this case, you can try to increase the flow speed by artificially narrowing the channel or making a small dam if you are dealing with a small stream.

As a guide, you can use the relationship between the flow speed in m/s and the power of electricity removed from the propeller shaft in kW (screw diameter 1 meter). The data is experimental; in reality, the resulting power depends on many factors, but it is suitable for evaluation. So:

0.5 m/s – 0.03 kW, 0.7 m/s – 0.07 kW, 1 m/s – 0.14 kW, 1.5 m/s – 0.31 kW, 2 m/s – 0.55 kW, 2.5 m/s – 0.86 kW, 3 m /s -1.24 kW, 4 m/s – 2.2 kW, etc.

The power of a homemade mini hydroelectric power station is proportional to the cube of the flow velocity. As already indicated, if the flow speed is insufficient, try to artificially increase it, if this is of course possible.

Types of mini-hydroelectric power plants

There are several main options for homemade mini hydroelectric power plants.

Water wheel

This is a wheel with blades mounted perpendicular to the surface of the water. The wheel is less than half immersed in the flow. Water presses on the blades and rotates the wheel. There are also turbine wheels with special blades optimized for liquid flow. But these are quite complex designs, more factory-made than home-made.

Rotor Daria

It is a vertical axis rotor used to generate electrical energy. A vertical rotor that rotates due to the pressure difference on its blades. The pressure difference is created due to the flow of liquid around complex surfaces. The effect is similar to the lift of a hydrofoil or the lift of an airplane wing. This design was patented by Georges Jean-Marie Darrieux, a French aeronautical engineer in 1931. Also often used in wind turbine designs.

Garlyandnaya hydroelectric power station

The hydroelectric power station consists of light turbines - hydraulic propellers, strung and rigidly fixed in the form of a garland on a cable thrown across the river. One end of the cable is fixed in the support bearing, the other rotates the generator rotor. In this case, the cable plays the role of a kind of shaft, the rotational motion of which is transmitted to the generator. The flow of water rotates the rotors, the rotors rotate the cable.

Propeller

Also borrowed from the designs of wind power plants, a kind of “underwater wind turbine” with a vertical rotor. Unlike an air propeller, an underwater propeller has blades of minimal width. For water, a blade width of only 2 cm is sufficient. With such a width there will be minimal resistance and maximum speed rotation. This width of the blades was chosen for a flow speed of 0.8-2 meters per second. At higher speeds, other sizes may be optimal. The propeller moves not due to water pressure, but due to the generation of lifting force. Just like an airplane wing. The propeller blades move across the flow rather than being dragged in the direction of the flow.

Advantages and disadvantages of various homemade mini hydroelectric power station systems

The disadvantages of a garland hydroelectric power station are obvious: high material consumption, danger to others (long underwater cable, rotors hidden in the water, blocking the river), low efficiency. The Garland hydroelectric power station is a kind of small dam. It is advisable to use in uninhabited, remote areas with appropriate warning signs. Permission from authorities and environmentalists may be required. The second option is a small stream in your garden. The Daria rotor is difficult to calculate and manufacture. At the beginning of work you need to unwind it. But it is attractive because the rotor axis is located vertically and power can be taken off over water, without additional gears. Such a rotor will rotate with any change in flow direction - this is a plus.

The most widespread designs for the construction of home-made hydroelectric power plants are the propeller and water wheel. Since these options are relatively simple to manufacture, require minimal calculations and are implemented with minimum costs, have high efficiency, are easy to set up and operate.

If you do not have a water energy resource, you can make your own home wind power station.

An example of a simple mini-hydroelectric power station

The simplest hydroelectric power station can be quickly built from an ordinary bicycle with a dynamic headlight. Several blades (2-3) must be prepared from galvanized iron or thin sheet aluminum. The blades should be the length from the wheel rim to the hub, and 2-4 cm wide. These blades are installed between the spokes using any available method or using pre-prepared fasteners. If you are using two blades, place them opposite each other. If you want to add more blades, then divide the circumference of the wheel by the number of blades and install them at equal intervals. You can experiment with the depth of immersion of the wheel with blades in the water. It is usually one-third to one-half immersed. The option of a traveling wind power plant was considered earlier.

Such a micro hydroelectric power station does not take up much space and will serve cyclists perfectly - the main thing is the presence of a stream or rivulet - which is usually the place where the camp is set up. A mini hydroelectric power station from a bicycle can illuminate a tent and charge cell phones or other gadgets.

bazila.net

Do-it-yourself hydroelectric power station on your own plot

Homemade mini hydroelectric power station, made with your own hands: a photo with a description, as well as several videos showing the operation of a mini hydroelectric power station.

The author has a small stream flowing near his house, this gave him the idea of ​​building a mini hydroelectric power station in order to be able to obtain additional electricity for lighting the house and operating low-power household appliances.

The turbine was made independently from moisture-resistant plywood 13 mm thick.

The result was a wheel with a diameter of 1200 mm and a width of 600 mm; the structure was additionally covered with a water-repellent coating.

The turbine mount is made of oak timber, the entire installation is secured with anchors to a concrete base cast at the bottom of the stream.

This homemade mini hydroelectric power station uses a Wind blue Power Permanent Magnet Generator; it is capable of generating 12 V at just 130 rpm. Ordinary car generator does not fit here, as it produces 12 V at more than 1000 rpm. Torque is transmitted from the turbine to the generator by a chain transmission.

At first, the turbine did not rotate fast enough and the author decided to make an additional stage under the dam, at which the water collected in a narrow mouth and fell with greater force onto the wheel blades.

A pair of 12V 110A car batteries and an inverter are connected to the generator.

The output power of a mini hydroelectric power station is 50 W, at its peak it produces up to 500 W.

In my opinion, the idea is not bad, the installation can be improved, of course, its power is not enough to fully supply the house with energy, but it is quite suitable as an additional source of free electricity.

Turbine wheel for generator.

Homemade mini hydroelectric power station at work.

Video: hydroelectric turbine at full load.

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sam-stroitel.com

Do-it-yourself mini-hydroelectric power station - is it real?

Since electricity tariffs have recently begun to rise, renewable sources of electricity are becoming increasingly important among the population, allowing them to receive electricity almost free of charge. Among such sources known to mankind, it is worth highlighting solar panels, wind generators, and home hydroelectric power plants. But the latter are quite complex, because they have to work in very aggressive conditions. Although this does not mean that it is impossible to build a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands.

To do everything correctly and efficiently, the main thing is to choose the right materials. They must ensure maximum durability of the station. Do-it-yourself home hydro generators, whose power is comparable to that of solar panels and wind turbines, can produce a much larger amount of energy. But although a lot depends on the materials, everything does not end there.

Types of mini hydroelectric power plants

There are a large number of different variations of mini-hydroelectric power stations, each of which has its own advantages, features and disadvantages. The following types of these devices are distinguished:

• garland;
• propeller;
• Daria rotor;
• water wheel with blades.

A garland hydroelectric power station consists of a cable on which rotors are attached. Such a cable is pulled across the river and immersed in water. The flow of water in the river begins to rotate the rotors, which in turn rotate the cable, at one end of which there is a bearing, and at the other - a generator.

The next type is a water wheel with blades. It is installed perpendicular to the water surface, submerging less than half. As the flow of water acts on the wheel, it rotates and causes the generator for the mini-hydroelectric power station on which this wheel is attached to rotate.

Classic water wheel - a well forgotten old one

As for the propeller hydroelectric power station, it is a wind turbine located under water with a vertical rotor. The width of the blades of such a windmill does not exceed 2 centimeters. This width is enough for water, because it is this rating that allows you to produce the maximum amount of electricity with minimal resistance. True, this width is optimal only for flow speeds up to 2 meters per second.

As for other conditions, the parameters of the rotor blades are calculated separately. And the Darrieus rotor is a vertically positioned rotor that operates on the principle of differential pressure. Everything happens similarly with an airplane wing, which is affected by lift.

Advantages and disadvantages

If we consider a garland hydroelectric power station, then it has a number of obvious shortcomings. Firstly, the long cable used in the design poses a danger to others. Rotors hidden under water also pose a great danger. Well, in addition, it is worth noting the low efficiency indicators and high material consumption.

As for the disadvantages of the Darrieus rotor, in order for the device to start generating electricity, it must first be spun up. True, in this case, power is taken directly above the water, so no matter how the water flow changes, the generator will generate electricity.

All of the above are factors that make hydraulic turbines for mini-hydroelectric power plants and water wheels more popular. If we consider the manual construction of such devices, they are not so complicated. And in addition, at minimal costs, such mini-hydroelectric power plants are capable of delivering maximum efficiency indicators. So the criteria for popularity are obvious.

Where to start construction

The construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands should begin with measuring the speed indicators of river flows. This is done very simply: just mark a distance of 10 meters upstream, pick up a stopwatch, throw a chip into the water, and note the time it takes for it to cover the measured distance.

Ultimately, if you divide 10 meters by the number of seconds taken, you get the speed of the river in meters per second. It is worth considering that there is no point in building mini-hydroelectric power stations in places where the flow speed does not exceed 1 m/s.

If the reservoir is far away, you can build a bypass channel

If you need to figure out how mini-hydroelectric power stations are made in areas where the river speed is low, then you can try to increase the flow by organizing a height difference. This can be done by installing a drain pipe into the reservoir. In this case, the diameter of the pipe will directly affect the speed of water flow. The smaller the diameter, the faster the flow.

This approach makes it possible to organize a mini-hydroelectric power station even if there is a small stream passing near the house. That is, a collapsible dam is organized on it, below which a mini-hydroelectric power station is installed directly to power the house and household appliances.

energomir.biz

Water generator from thin air » Useful homemade products

Design, principle of operation of a water generator The water generator is a pyramidal frame with a moisture-absorbing filler. The pyramidal frame is formed by four pillars. 3, welded to the base pos. 4, made of metal corner. A metal mesh is welded into the space between the corners of the base, pos. 15: from below to the base using pads pos. 6, a polyethylene tray is attached, pos. 5 with a hole in the middle. The internal space of the mesh frame is densely (but without deformation of the walls) filled with moisture-absorbing material. From the outside, a transparent dome of poses is placed on the pyramidal frame. 1, which is fixed using four stretchers, pos. 8 and shock absorber pos. 14.

The water generator has two operating cycles: absorption of moisture from the air by the filler; evaporation of moisture from the filler with its subsequent condensation on the walls of the dome. At sunset, the transparent dome is raised to provide air access to the filler; the filler absorbs moisture throughout the night. In the morning the dome is lowered and sealed with a shock absorber; the sun evaporates moisture from the filler, steam collects in the upper part of the pyramid, condensation flows down the walls of the dome onto the tray and, through a hole in it, fills the container with water.

Making a Water GeneratorPreparations for making a water generator begin with collecting the filler. Newsprint scraps are used as filler; Newspaper paper should be taken free of printing font to avoid clogging the resulting water with lead compounds. The work of collecting paper will take a lot of time, during which time the remaining elements of the water generator are manufactured. The base is welded from metal corners with shelf dimensions of 35x35 mm, four supports pos. 10 of the same corners and eight brackets pos. 13. The brackets are connected to each other by steel rods pos. 17 length 930 mm; diameter 10 mm. A metal mesh with a cell size of 15x15 mm is welded on top of the corner shelves. mesh wire diameter 1.5-2 mm. Four overlays, pos., are cut from steel tape. 6. Using the holes in the plates, holes with a diameter of 4.5 mm are drilled in the corners of the base and threads are cut for the VM 5 screws. Then the base is installed in the place determined for the GW on garden plot, vegetable garden, etc. The location must be chosen so that the hot water is not shaded by trees and buildings.

After choosing a place to support the base, it is fixed in the ground cement mortar. It is allowed to weld support pads with a diameter of 100 mm from steel sheet 2 mm thick. After this, four racks are welded alternately into the corners of the base square so that sections of 30 mm long racks are in the center of the base at a height of approximately 1.5 m. The racks are reinforced with cross members, which are welded to the racks from the inside.

The material of the crossbars is the same as that of the racks. Then a tray is cut out of 1 mm thick polyethylene film, pos. 5; The edges of the pallet, which will be under the linings, are tucked in to strengthen the attachment point. A round hole with a diameter of 70 mm is cut out in the center of the pan to drain water. The edges of the holes can also be strengthened by welding additional polyethylene overlay. Next, a mesh frame is fixed to the posts, which is a fine-mesh fishing net with a cell size of 15x15 mm. The net is tied to the posts and edges of the metal mesh pallet using cotton tape so that the net is stretched tightly between the posts. It is also advisable to tie the net to the crossbars, dividing the internal volume of the pyramid into two compartments. Before tying the net to the front pillar, the compartments (starting from the top) of the resulting mesh frame are tightly filled with crumpled scraps of newsprint. Filling should be done so that there is no free space left inside the pyramid and the protrusion of the mesh walls is minimal. Then they begin to make a transparent dome. It is made of polyethylene film, the cutting of which is carried out according to the drawing, pos. 1 and welded with a soldering iron along planes A, A1. Perform the seam without overheating so that the polyethylene does not become brittle at the welding site. To prevent damage to the integrity of the dome at the top of the pyramid, it is covered with a kind of polyethylene “cap” - fragment B according to drawing pos. 1. Then, having first placed fragment B on the pyramid, carefully place the dome on the frame. Having straightened the dome, weld the edges of the C planes together: a kind of “skirt” is obtained. A ring is made from a rubber tube, pos. 9, which is put on the pyramid. Four guy ropes with hooks are tied to the ring, poses. 11. The bottom of the transparent dome (“skirt”) is pressed tightly against the corners of the base with a shock absorber. Shock absorber - a ring of rubber tape 5000 mm long, 50 mm wide, made of a rubber bandage. If there is no polyethylene of the required area for the dome, it is welded from several fragments of polyethylene. To weld polyethylene, it is recommended to use a soldering iron with a power of 40-65 W, in the tip of which a groove is made; a metal disk 3-5 mm thick is fixed in the groove on the axis.

Operation of the water generator At sunset, the transparent dome is folded up to the level of the crossbars and fixed in this position with braces, putting hooks on the rods, pos. 17. During the night, the paper will absorb moisture and, in the morning, the dome is lowered, fixing its lower edge to the base with a shock absorber. During the day, the sun will heat up the pyramid, the moisture from the paper will evaporate, and as the steam cools, it will condense on the walls into water, which flows down. Water is collected by placing a container under the hole in the polyethylene pan. At sunset the cycle is repeated. It is recommended to change the paper in the GV every season; for the winter the dome should be stored indoors. It is also recommended to change the dome after losing the transparency of its walls. During operation, it is necessary to monitor the integrity of the dome.

www.freeseller.ru

How to make a mini-hydroelectric power station with your own hands / Sustainable products and structures…

If there is a small river near your home, you can use such a generator to generate clean energy. This scheme was developed by an American innovator and assembled a mini-hydroelectric power station in just three days.

An interview from Moscow journalist Andrei Polyakov, who kindly provided us with his material, which due to his workload he could not post on his website. The conversation may be interesting to someone, so we posted it here, adding photos and sketches that appeared in the video.

The conversation took place in the summer of 2011.

• Micro hydroelectric power station from an air pump (snail).
• Homemade Stepper Low-speed generator on permanent magnets, without gearboxes and rolling bearings, at a mere cost.

• Turbine made of Wood. Is it really real? Sketches.
• How to Transmit mechanical energy over 100 - 5,000 meters without electricity?
• How and what to make a generator from in extreme conditions of network outage?
• The film “Village of Water Mills” is a hint about Harmony with Nature.
• Gravity is a source of energy. Scheme. It's simple.

Erast, at what stage is work on your homemade micro hydroelectric power station now? Will the moment of the first test come soon?

We are just doing it for now. We do what is called “a teaspoon per hour” because of the abundance of worries that also cannot be pushed aside. Welding work is 95% complete. In other words, the “machine” already exists. All that remains is to stick around with little things, and with them, as you know, there is more fuss than with an array of iron. This includes cleaning, painting and drilling, riveting, assembly with bolts, installation of magnets, windings with semiconductors.

What is this product in general and what is its operating principle?

Simply put, this is an ordinary centrifugal type air pump, 1.2 meters in size, of which there were and are a great many in enterprises and collective farms, popularly or in the slang of technicians called a “snail”. Its body is slightly reshaped, the outlet opening is opened wider, and its operation, already as a micro-hydroelectric power station or hydraulic turbine, is designed as if backwards. That is, the entrance and exit for air change places, the exit window has become an entrance-socket for the incoming water flow of the river. The body is located lying down, which is very advantageous in shallow waters and on small rivers. Water comes out along the shaft, below and above from two holes cut in both decks. The shaft has stainless steel tips.

An impeller from the same pump with a slightly larger diameter is welded to the shaft and inserted into the housing of this former pump. With this arrangement, a centripetal vortex is formed, which rotates the impeller one and a half to two times faster. Moreover, this acceleration is also helped by the flaps fixed inside, redirecting the flow to the impeller at a more favorable angle, and even with the formation of vortices in the gaps between themselves and the impeller flaps. Thus, the centrifugal air pump became a centripetal type hydraulic turbine, presumably with a power of 0.2 - 0.5 kW. And with even greater current strength it can be “stretched” by 1 kW.

Photo 2.

What is the point of this alteration and what do we get as a result?

We have an energy source made at extremely low cost. One average pension is enough at cost to produce it. Its power, presumably, should be about 200-500 Watts, based on powering the walkie-talkie, emergency lighting, charging batteries, video-audio equipment, computer, etc. It is transparent, installed and removed by one or two people. Moreover, this is an example of implementation on just one axis of rotation, in two assemblies of birch bearings. Everything is cooled and lubricated with water. Without any gearboxes, pulleys or belts, without high-tech bearings that require lubrication from petroleum products and protection from water with all kinds of seals. Birch can be soaked or boiled in oil, drying oil, rosin, wax, paraffin. Impregnate with any acceptable water-repellent compound. This was precisely the main feature.

A ring 600 mm in diameter, with thirty permanent magnets, should be attached to the impeller. EMF (Electromotive force) occurs in six or nine windings filled with resin to insulate from water. It turns out, in the likeness of stepper motors, a low-speed multiphase (6 or 9-phase) generator. Then, through diode bridges, everything is output to two cable wires and, already on shore, it is finally straightened to direct current. And then “do with him what you want.”

So we are talking about the fact that this thing should work at any time of the year?

Yes. Even under the ice. And almost all year round. But apparently it will be necessary to clean the grass and twigs from sediment and remove them from under the ice before the spring ice drift. Autumn slush - fine ice during the first frosts - is also of course not needed. In general, a couple of months a year fall outside the year of operation.

On what waters? On small rivers or what? That is, in a small current?

It is designed for a current of about 5-8 km/hour. Not less. And here this is exactly the range in areas up to 3-5 meters deep on the core.

How can we call it “small”? Look, when you stand at Kazyr, such power rushes, it takes your breath away. I just want to “come to an agreement” with him, and then harness him somehow...

Photo 3.

It's clear. Using the example of this micro hydroelectric power station, can more powerful ones be created?

Yes. More powerful ones can be created. But I wouldn’t go down this path at all. I have a blank from an even larger pump, designed for 1-3KW. The body and its “native” impeller. I brought it once for the same purpose. But now I’m thinking, is it worth cutting it? Because I want to stop making welded structures.

And what we are doing now is smaller, at 200-500 watts. is done only to show that it is possible and it works. Because some people don’t really believe in that either. And then, if we repeat such a thing, then in a tree. Entirely made of wood.

The main trick is this. To show that this is being done, well, practically for free. We calculated that it would be possible to even install permanent magnets from household equipment by removing transformer hardware from meters or electromagnetic relays (starters), winding wires from anywhere, selecting them according to the cross-section and number of turns, winding them, and filling them with bitumen. And it will work. There will be no magnets - we will make excitation windings. If necessary, we can even make a turbine out of a log. We’ll choose something even, drill it with drills or feather drills, drive the blades into wedges (at the desired angle) and get a mechanical drive.

There are plenty of ideas and ready-made developments. We can even build a swinging blade and transfer energy by reciprocating motion to the shore with a simple galvanized (or even aluminum) wire from an overhead wire from high-voltage poles. And then use it for the movement of the sawmill frame or convert it into rotation of the machine parts. This was successfully used in past centuries and in Holland, for example, it has survived to this day, after 350-400 years.

Photo 4.

A separate topic is the use of winds. For all their inconstancy, they have great strength and using their great energy in mechanical form, you can accomplish a huge amount of work in just an hour or two.

Everything is based on the idea of ​​“how to do it without money or purchases.” In the most critical case. And not because it is impossible now, but because one day it may become impossible. Turn off the switch - extreme weather ensues. And the switch is dying. Look, our “Shusha” has already given a sign. They fussed, ran around, and then calmed down. Almost all. But there was a sign!

The word “wood” was heard here, but everyone will say “how will wood work in water? Will it still get wet?”

Great question! And quite natural given our upbringing in the society in which we were born and raised. But imagine that we were born in the 17th century. Would we have such a question? It would never have occurred to me! Everything on the tree worked there. And in water and in fire and in foundries and forges...

Photo 5.

Ships were tossed and chattered in the seas for 30 years. The Japanese (and Chinese) still have water in the provinces for washing in wooden barrel heated over an open fire, similar to the school experiments of our childhood (when water was boiled in a paper cup). The water wheels themselves, which powered almost all the machines and equipment, were made of wood and worked in water. Barrels without water dry out and begin to leak. There are laws of physics and “secrets” of carpentry that not only deal with wetting and swelling, but even use this to increase the strength of the entire structure. Many rocks do not rot in water and whirlwinds and can even survive metal.

Rice. 6.

In addition, if we mention vortices, it is useful to know that they work well in devices made of diamagnetic materials. That is, made of non-magnetic material. Why is wood the best option? Burnt clay and stone are also good. They are the ones who can catalyze processes in water. Look at the rivers. It is these materials that water comes into contact with. And if you are careful and observant, you can see the seemingly supernatural behavior of water in Nature.

But that's not the point. This is all interesting, but not the main thing yet. We are considering the topic from the point of view of so-called extreme conditions, this is the notorious word for emergency situations. The upcoming circumstances will not ask us whether we want to construct in wood or consider it junk. They will simply leave us with one tree and several iron stashes around the yards. That's all. The enema will wash away all our dreams and delusions. But we really need to understand what we will be left with.

We must boldly admit that we are sick with technocracy. And it will be our destruction. Especially in these times. Well, for example, our mega-toys were washed away or blown away, something collapsed there. Well, this is actually happening these days. Here and there. Collapses, sinks, burns...

The earth is alive. She wants Harmony. She breaks our toys. They interfere with her life and threaten to destroy her, while we, with serious faces, run across its surface with all sorts of shooters, and do big things, either under water or under her skin. Yes, we tormented Mother Earth with our stupid games! Especially with your own negative emotions, aggression.

And now its Harmony is approaching. Wow! And she feels good... Silence. Space sounds. And for us there is an emergency. Extreme conditions in the middle of Great Harmony. Absurd and that's all.

But I understand perfectly well that it is simply impossible to convey these things to most people. The psychology of perception has changed too much. I was treated for habitual thinking for about 10 years.

Photo 7.

After watching Akira Kurosawa's short film "Watermill Village" (from the "Dreams" series), I was very inspired. I felt to the depths of my soul HOW HARMONIOUS IT IS! And only 10 years later I began to understand simple words, said by the elder. And then I still had to “cure” from the desire to make everything from purchased welded pipes.

Photo 8.

I've been very lucky in life. Reality taught me difficult lessons. It took me eight years to create this micro-hydroelectric power station of ours. He collected the iron (while the collective farms collapsed, and their remains had not yet been consumed). And for a long time I could not begin to do anything. There were no opportunities. But none. Such languor of the idea forced us to hone everything down to the smallest detail. Learn not to demand from Reality and from people. Don't get attached to the result.

Later, he started, sacrificing a lot in his life. Few people know anything about this. I advanced by 70%. And again there was a break of one and a half to two years. And all this led to a simple thought: if I had immediately made a turbine in a tree, I would have done it long ago. On your own home workbench. This all helped me understand that this is the only way it should be done. Due to upcoming conditions. For a year I toiled with the thought “how should this be arranged?” It took me a long time to find a solution.

One day I lay down on my bed and began to meditate on a completely different topic. How, I wonder, did these ancient Greeks soften basalt and cast statues from it? I remember a friend told me.

“Took off” something. Then, since things were going crazy, I started thinking about a turbine made of wood. Twisted, spit... And Ooooh! Oh! Here I “saw” her in all her glory. And I was so inspired that I really saw her beautiful. It is beautiful!

The electronic drawing shows the assembly diagram. This is, of course, a pitiful semblance of the imaginary, but I still think it will be understandable.

Rice. 9.

Absolutely in the likeness of a snail pump. Two decks of shields connected in a tongue and groove are edged with a set of slats, like a cooper's stave. Brought together to two main load-bearing beams with two wire hoops - sixes or belts made of the same wood, pulled in with wedges or wire ties. In both decks there are holes for the impeller, similar to the same water wheels. This same rotor is inserted into them onto two beams with bearings. All wood. Only the rotor shafts are made of hex head bolts and threads similar to wood screws. This (without details) is a turbine made of carpentry-assembled wood with elements of cooper's assembly, just one of several mental developments. Some things are already designed and in the model. The nodes and connections have been worked out.

Photo 10.

I already mentioned in the last conversation about the period of conditional poverty. Poverty is a useful thing. She makes you THINK. During my next move, I brought with me an impeller from an even larger air pump (scroll) 250-300 kg. And I began to wonder how I could deal with him now. Shaft 1m. long and 100 mm. in diameter, with 90 kg. the weight had to be pulled out with a huge puller, which is not there, turned on a lathe, and inserted on the other side, welding more parts.

I again ran into money and orders (because I sharpen myself, but I don’t have my own machine and there’s no access nearby either), I ran into turning work, transportation, etc. And then I finally realized that I was doing nonsense and now I don’t need it. I spent so much time and money transporting this rotor so many times, just for the sake of my own epiphany. I’ve been hanging around with it for so many years, trying to turn it into a water wheel or turbine, and only now “it’s come to the giraffe.” And I began to understand more deeply the technologies of the 17th and 18th centuries from the perspective of technologies from the times of the Earth’s transition. I realized that all this is our hardware by and large no need. It entails welding, with all the connection problems, lack of power in towns and villages, consumable electrodes, disks, turning work, fussing, and essentially MONEY.

If I had money then, the necessary conclusions and insights would not have been made. If I were now offered to live that poverty-stricken period again, but with money, I would refuse. Otherwise I would have sold my insights. Then they could buy them from me. But they are expensive. You can't measure them with money. I simply lived the lessons that still lie ahead for everyone who believes that there will always be money.

And even since we have created some workshops, we can do this in hardware together, on our equipment, chipping in with our pensions and earnings. But this is still a certain complexity. It does not show how to LIVE WITHOUT MONEY and live without technocracy. But I set a goal for myself (I deliberately turned myself in this direction) - to collect possible information, adapt and distribute it widely, to show how it is possible to do something without technocracy. Literally from what WILL REMAIN WITH US AT OUR DISPOSAL and there will be no other. When the hour "H" comes.

And later, having explored the topic of upcoming events on the planet even more deeply, he formed a system or concept of technology and technology of the transition period called “Stalker 2012-17-30”. With a bit of a joke, the decoding of the abbreviation is as follows:

Armageddon Technology System of the Human Concept of Unified Development.

And Stalker is a guide to the unknown, the transcendental, the anomalous, which awaits us all. And if Stalker is a guide, then Stalker technologies will help us “go through” the period of Earth’s transition.

We certainly hope to complete it. There is no miracle. Everything is very simple.

When will this happen?

Now we will wait for spring. Maybe we'll make it earlier. We’ll cut out half a meter of ice with a chainsaw and “fish” for it. But I wouldn’t make any deadlines and I wouldn’t promise anything, especially so. Few of our deadlines come true. Let's live by the process and not the result.

And I can also add: We work with it only because we started it once. In fact, our interest has long been directed to other areas.

Let's touch on this area just. That's what I wanted to talk about.

Yes. These are gravity wheels or the so-called unbalanced wheel principle, which is the simplest and most affordable alternative for any yard or household. The question is controversial, of course, for people who are not initiated, and especially for adherents of the orthodox scientific approach. But those who search in this area have long understood that gravity can do useful work. And we were convinced in practice.

Returning to the topic of the previous conversation, the dogma ABOUT the IMPOSSIBILITY of creating a device with an efficiency higher than 100%, or an engine that turns itself, seemingly without consuming anything, and even produces work, is a false dogma. And those who do not know about it or do not believe in it often do everything successfully and everything works for them.

At the end of the second millennium, a lot of contact (channeling) information began to appear, all kinds of references and warnings (in books and other literature) that flows of information about “new” sources of free energy would soon simply pour over the edge into thousands and millions of minds, and suppress they will become simply impossible. Millions of people will receive information on a conscious level and make “their” inventions in real life. Disinformation will also not be able to stop this truly gigantic wave. This is exactly what is happening these days.

Quite legally, there are many sites where, along with misinformation, there are a lot of gravitational wheels exactly similar to those that were presented as not working in books like entertaining physics Jan Perelman (or other authors). But they work. And there are hundreds of types and principles. Enough video. Turning a blind eye to this, proving to yourself that it is impossible, this is deception, editing, computer graphics, is hiding your head in the sand.

Gravity wheels are the smallest “pawn” that can be sacrificed by giving it to us in order to save the remaining “pieces”. There are more serious developments. And here we can recall the phrase from the New Testament: “But even dogs eat crumbs from their masters’ table” (in another place children). A hungry person will really go through grub. If you are truly hungry, then where does all your pride go? They gave me a piece and thank you. Why should we be picky?

Here's JUST one example: (YouTube - Chas Campbell - Gravity Wheel)

Photo 11.

One good American guy made a gravity wheel about 3 - 3.5 m in diameter. Below are gearboxes - chain, belt, pulleys and flywheels. The electric generator rotates from them. The roller is very “pinched”, but despite the low quality, we were able to understand that this is a type of unbalanced wheel with a controlled shift of the center of gravity. And naturally, the white disk covers the mechanism that controls the loads. But it is clear that the weights are pale burgundy in color, probably interconnected with a slight play, on the left closer to the center, and on the right further, almost on the periphery. At the top, as they rotate, they rise, and at the stage of movement at the bottom, they also rise. That is, at the top they move away from the center, and at the bottom they are pulled towards it. There is no need to pay attention to the white lines between the outer rim and the inner disk. These are reinforcement elements for rigidity.

Roughly speaking, the loads describe a circle eccentric to the center of rotation of the wheel itself. The rotation goes clockwise. Uncle includes a load of 2.5 - 3.5 kW on the power tool. This is between 3 and 4 kW of mechanical power. It is not so important on which rods (swinging or not) the loads are suspended. The mechanism for managing them is important.

At first, the control mechanism seemed somewhat complex, but workable. And later we came to the conclusion that everything is much simpler.

Rice. 12.

Here is a drawing from the Do It Yourself magazine 15-20 years ago, in an article about water wheels for your own household. Such good old water wheels with rotating plates (blades) began to be used after simple, steam-powered water wheels with static unregulated blades, so that the blades would enter at a more favorable angle, slap the water less in vain, and in general their efficiency is higher than simple ones. They are already a hundred years old or more.

Rice. 13

And if we slightly rotate the drawing, remove the details we don’t need and add our own, then this is what happens. A direct hint from the past. You can imagine two hubs with spokes, spaced a short distance apart, having a common rim. And a crankshaft passes through both hubs, the middle journal of which is spaced from the main axis (main journals) at a distance of 0.5 from the difference in the position of the loads on the radius. The third, control, hub is attached to this middle neck. From it there are rods (pushers, rods) to the load coupling units (movable coupling, with play, since points A converge and diverge. One of the rods must be rigidly connected to the hub, the rest must swing.

That's actually the whole mechanism. It is very simple, which many people fail to understand. This raises a lot of controversy. The mind cannot accept the idea that this is simply how it works. "A! Just? - Can't be!" They say it must be difficult. And it is rejected. In fact, “everything ingenious is simple” comes from things like these. Not primitive, but simple.

It is noteworthy that by “random” coincidence(and as the wise say, there are no accidents) the drawing of the Gravitational Wheel was number 13. What does this mean? Mysticism, Rock, Devilishness?

This is Mysticism, but far from rock.
"13"- It has nothing to do with devils and other things, where this is attributed to people who have had this attitude towards the number “13” drummed into them since childhood.

"13" doesn't resonate and is not proportional to any numbers, dimensions and vibration frequencies of this dimension.

IT'S BETWEEN. That is, it symbolizes a transition, a transitional state. It's like "Tone - Semitone" on the keyboard, in music, in color, in sound. So “13″ is the number of TRANSITION. Everything is as it should be.

It's a sign! (Laughing) It's time to GO to Wheels. (Laughter again...)

How else can we move into the future? With a DE-energized socket in your teeth or what?..

Let's return to the turbine. So you can do something like this? Without attracting any large funds. It's still a tree, as far as I understand.

Yes, the fact of the matter is that we want to take the path of not attracting any funds. All we can attract is what we don’t need to attract. It just might speed things up. No more. Maybe we won’t attract anything at all. But will we do it? - Let's see. Maybe we'll find something better.

Because while we were “making” the turbine in a rush, we had outgrown it. It’s no joke, a year and a half breaks. Time passes, the turbine stops. We involuntarily communicate, consult, learn new things. As long as we live to see the bright moment to take on this, maybe we will outgrow it.

It seems to me that something needs to be brought to the end.

So we are finishing the turbine. It’s not easy, but we jokingly agreed - we work in “retro style.” We joke with each other - imagine, we fly around on saucers, and then we wanted, “let’s build a sailboat or a yacht, a real piece of wood. Let's take a walk, breathe in the fresh wind, the scrapes, the bumpiness. Like once upon a time. In a past life". And we work with the turbine, thinking about something else. Otherwise, those who are expecting a turbine from us and have invested may not understand us if we give up. Here we are trying for the sake of relationships, and not for the sake of a better result.

After all, the main point is that we will be saved, first of all, by trusting, good relationships, selfless help as in our own family, no matter how much we try to implement this. Otherwise, if everyone is for himself, no pieces of iron or wood will save us, no matter how many we make and stockpile. Behind these just a few words lies the main thing. Just one mention, and life depends on it.

Well, you will make a turbine. Of course, she will give you an idea again, but I think you will follow through with it. What a fundamentally new stage can we reach with such gravitational things?

Well, what is 3.5 kilowatts in your own household? In fact, there is no need for more. This is more than excessive habits. Any carpentry machine consumes about 3 kW. This is electrical power. And if we cut out the “generator - wires - engine” link, just like that, the “clack” is cut out. And they did a direct mechanical transmission. Maybe even our own variators. And there are even fewer losses. The yield is greater. Our carpentry machine, made in any way, especially if made using 17th century technology, will run on this power. This is enough to provide for the entire economy. Turn on one or the other alternately and that’s enough. Of course, we are not talking about mandatory presence only electric hotplates and kettles with irons. Natural fire gives much more health to food than all this rubbish. Perhaps as an exception or a spare addition. And light generally requires little things of energy.

Let's draw conclusions: In principle, by combining these things into a certain system, a separate farm can be energy-closed, self-service, say, along a river of some kind...

Or without a river.

Yes, without a river. And these huge substations are not needed, there is no need to disperse it all. As I understand from what has been said, this can be done by almost any person who is more or less intelligent. For some wheel that was invented a long time ago, there is an engineer, there are people who are ready to do it. All this is quickly done and replenished independently, from materials from Nature. That is, we do not lose anything in any cataclysm, since the electrical mechanisms will not fail.

Yes. Yes. We are considering precisely the moment of life in extreme conditions. We are not currently setting the task of creating an alternative to centralized power supply. We just need to survive. The management circles have done a great job of making their future for themselves. Right? They did everything that was considered necessary for their own salvation. We also have the right to do something for our own salvation. You need communications, lighting, minimal video, audio equipment (if it still continues to work) and mechanics, machines. We need to build, make materials, alternative equipment. We want to live. We are given such a right, right?

A question of quality of life. How exactly to live?

Regardless of system shocks. After all, everyone (if not the blind) sees these shocks.

That is, you are optimistic about the number 111, which is developing rapidly in 2011, a new date has been set for the quantum evolutionary leap. Either 11. 11. 11. Or 05. 11. 11. And that the symbol of salvation 111 is a bus that runs along the route Tayaty - Karatuz, number 111 :-)

The combination of circumstances suggests a lot. But I’m not particularly stuck... Maybe the fact that we have come to new information and have new experiences is also the manifestation of all these signs.

(An example of the implementation of birch bearings on a pottery machine in 2006.

Photo 14.

Regular increases in electricity prices make many people think about the issue of alternative sources of electricity. One of the best solutions in this case is a hydroelectric power station. The search for a solution to this issue concerns not only the scale of the country. More and more often you can see mini-hydroelectric power plants for the home (dacha). The costs in this case will only be for construction and maintenance. The disadvantage of such a structure is that its construction is possible only under certain conditions. A water flow is required. In addition, the construction of this structure in your yard requires permission from local authorities.

Mini-hydroelectric power station diagram

• Channel, characteristic of plains. They are installed on rivers with low flows.
• Stationary ones use the energy of water rivers with fast flow of water.
• Hydroelectric power stations installed in places where the water flow drops. They are most often found in industrial organizations.
• Mobile, which are built using reinforced hoses.

For the construction of a hydroelectric power station, even a small stream flowing through the site is sufficient. Owners of houses with central water supply should not despair.

One of the American companies has developed a station that can be built into the water supply system of a home. A small turbine is built into the water supply system, which is driven by the flow of water moving by gravity. This reduces the flow rate of water, but reduces the cost of electricity. In addition, this installation is completely safe.

Even mini-hydroelectric power plants are installed in sewer pipes. But their construction requires the creation of certain conditions. Water through the pipe should flow naturally due to the slope. The second requirement is that the pipe diameter must be suitable for the installation of the equipment. And this cannot be done in a separate house.

Classification of mini-hydroelectric power plants

Mini-hydroelectric power plants (the houses in which they are used are mostly in the private sector) most often belong to one of the following types, which differ in the principle of operation:

• The water wheel is the traditional type, which is the easiest to implement.
• Propeller. They are used in cases where the river has a bed more than ten meters wide.
• The garland is installed on rivers with low flow. To increase the speed of water flow, additional structures are used.
• The Darrieus rotor is usually installed in industrial enterprises.

The prevalence of these options is due to the fact that they do not require the construction of a dam.

Water wheel

This is a classic type of hydroelectric power station, which is most popular for the private sector. Mini-hydroelectric power plants of this type are a large wheel that can rotate. Its blades descend into the water. The rest of the structure is above the riverbed, causing the entire mechanism to move. The power is transmitted through a hydraulic drive to a generator that produces current.

Propeller station

On the frame in a vertical position there is a rotor and an underwater windmill, lowered under water. A windmill has blades that rotate under the influence of water flow. The best resistance is provided by blades two centimeters wide (with a fast flow, the speed of which, however, does not exceed two meters per second).

In this case, the blades are driven by the resulting water pressure rather than by it. Moreover, the direction of movement of the blades is perpendicular to the direction of flow. This process is similar to wind power plants, only it works underwater.

Garlyandnaya hydroelectric power station

This type of mini-hydroelectric power station consists of a cable stretched over the riverbed and secured in a support bearing. Turbines of small size and weight (hydraulic rotors) are hung and rigidly fixed on it in the form of a garland. They consist of two half-cylinders. By aligning the axes when lowered into the water, a torque is created in them. This causes the cable to bend, stretch and begin to rotate. In this situation, the cable can be compared to a shaft that serves to transmit power. One of the ends of the cable is connected to the gearbox. The power from the rotation of the cable and hydraulic propellers is transmitted to it.

The presence of several “garlands” will help increase the power of the station. They can be connected to each other. Even this does not greatly increase the efficiency of this hydroelectric power station. This is one of the disadvantages of such a structure.

Another disadvantage of this species is the danger it creates for others. This kind of station can only be used in deserted places. Warning signs are required.

Rotor Daria

A mini-hydroelectric power station for a private house of this type is named after its developer, Georges Darrieus. This design was patented back in 1931. It is a rotor on which the blades are located. The required parameters are selected individually for each blade. The rotor is lowered under water in a vertical position. The blades rotate due to the pressure difference resulting from water flowing over their surface. This process is similar to the lift that makes airplanes take off.

This type of hydroelectric power station has a good efficiency indicator. Threefold advantage - the direction of flow does not matter.

The disadvantages of this include a complex design and difficult installation.

Advantages of mini-hydroelectric power stations

Regardless of the type of design, mini-hydroelectric power plants have a number of advantages:

• They are environmentally friendly and do not produce substances harmful to the atmosphere.
• The process of generating electricity takes place without creating noise.
• The water remains clean.
• Electricity is generated constantly, regardless of the time of day or weather conditions.
• Even a small stream is enough to set up a station.
• Excess electricity can be sold to neighbors.
• You don't need a lot of permitting documentation.

Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station

You can build it yourself to generate electricity. For a private home, twenty kilowatts per day is enough. Even a mini-hydroelectric power station assembled with your own hands can cope with this value. But it should be remembered that this process is characterized by a number of features:

• It is quite difficult to make accurate calculations.
• The dimensions and thickness of the elements are selected “by eye”, only experimentally.
• Homemade structures do not have protective elements, which leads to frequent breakdowns and associated costs.

Therefore, if you do not have experience and certain knowledge in this area, it is better to abandon this kind of idea. It may be cheaper to purchase a ready-made station.

If you still decide to do everything yourself, then you need to start by measuring the speed of water flow in the river. After all, the power that can be obtained depends on this. If the speed is less than one meter per second, then the construction of a mini-hydroelectric power station in this location will not be justified.

Another stage that cannot be omitted is calculations. It is necessary to carefully calculate the amount of costs that will go into building the station. As a result, it may turn out that hydroelectric power is not the best option. Then you should pay attention to other types of alternative electricity.

A mini-hydroelectric power plant can be the optimal solution for saving energy costs. For its construction, there must be a river near the house. Depending on the desired characteristics, you can select a suitable hydroelectric power station option. With the right approach, you can even make such a construction with your own hands.

A mini hydroelectric power station is a small hydroelectric power station that produces a small amount of electrical energy.

Operating principle of mini hydroelectric power station

The operating principle of small hydroelectric power plants is no different from the operating principle of large power stations. The water of a water formation, river, lake, reservoir, under the influence of pressure created by its mass, moves in a given direction and enters the blades of a hydraulic turbine. The turbine transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of a generator, which produces electric current.
Water pressure is created by building a dam or by the natural flow of water, or both.

Device classification

Hydroelectric power plants generating power up to 5.0 MW are considered small.
Existing small hydroelectric power plants are classified according to:

1. Operating principle

• Using a “water wheel” - in this case, the receiving wheel is placed in the aquatic environment parallel to the surface of the water, but is only partially submerged. The water masses, exerting pressure on the wheel blades, cause it to rotate, which is transmitted to the rotational movement of the generator.
• Garland design - in this version of the device, a cable is laid from opposite sides, onto which the rotors are rigidly attached. Masses of water moving progressively rotate the rotors. The rotational motion of the rotors is transmitted to the cable, which, in turn, rotates and transmits its rotational motion to the rotational motion of the generator. The generator is installed on shore.
• With a Darrieus rotor - the basis for the operation of devices of this type is the pressure difference on the rotor blades. The pressure difference is created by water flowing over the complex surfaces of the rotor.
• With a propeller - the principle of operation is similar to the operation of a wind generator, with the difference that in the case of a mini hydroelectric power station the blades are placed in an aquatic environment.

2. Application possibilities

• Industrial use (180 kW and above) - used for power supply to enterprises or sales to consumers.
• Commercial use (up to 180 kW) - small energy-intensive enterprises and groups of houses are used to supply electricity.
• Household use (up to 15 kW) - used for power supply of individual houses and small facilities.

3. According to the turbine design

• Axial - in units of this design, water moves along the axis of the turbine and hits the blades, which begin to rotate.
• Radial-axial - in this design, water initially moves radially in relation to the axis of the turbine, and then in accordance with the axis of its rotation.
• Bucket - water enters the surface of the bucket (blade) through nozzles, thanks to which the speed of the water increases, it hits the turbine blade, the turbine rotates, the next blade comes into operation and the process continues
• Rotary-blade - the blades rotate around their axis simultaneously with the rotation of the turbine.

4. According to installation conditions

Pros and cons of the device

The benefits of use include:

• Environmental safety of installations for the environment;
• An inexhaustible source of energy;
• Low cost of generated energy;
• Autonomy of installations;
• Reliability of installations;
• Long service life.

Disadvantages of use include:

• Potential danger to occupants water bodies;
• Limited possibility of installation conditions of the installation.

Manufacturers of plants and equipment

A limited number of enterprises both in our country and abroad are engaged in the production of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations. This is explained by the limited use of small hydroelectric power plants due to the small availability of necessary water bodies, as well as trends in energy development in different countries.

Of the foreign companies successfully operating in this area of ​​business, these are

• "CINK Hydro-Energy" Czech Republic - performs the full range of work from design and supply of equipment to installation and commissioning of installations.
• "Micro hydro power" China - produces and sells equipment sets for small installations for domestic use.
• Engineering and technical company LLC "Gidroponics", Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The company produces and sells hydrogenerators for small hydroelectric power plants.

In Russia they work in this market

• AEnergy LLC, Moscow. The company is engaged in supporting the development of alternative energy sources. In the field of small hydropower, the company offers a full range of services from design to service completed installations.
• Interindustry scientific and technical association "MNTO INSET", St. Petersburg. The company is engaged in the design and development of equipment for mini hydroelectric power stations, manufacturing and installation of its products. The product line includes:
  • Mini hydroelectric power station with a propeller impeller, power from 5.0 to 100 kW;
  • Mini hydroelectric power station with a diagonal impeller, power 20.0 kW;
  • Mini hydroelectric power station with a bucket impeller with a power of up to 180 kW;
  • Hydraulic units for small hydroelectric power plants.
• Company "NPO Inversiya" Yekaterinburg. The company produces equipment and kits for mini hydroelectric power plants with a power of up to 10 kW.

Do-it-yourself mini hydroelectric power station

In order to make it yourself, you need ingenuity, the ability to work with your hands and a water body,
and some small things, such as a car generator, a wheel from any vehicle and a transmission mechanism (pulleys, gears, gears).

First you need to make a water wheel. To do this, take a wheel from a bicycle, motorcycle or car. The blades are attached along the diameter of the wheel; for this you can use any material, as long as it is durable and does not bend - iron, plywood, hard plastic, ebonite, etc. It is best to fasten it with a bolted connection so that it is possible to replace blades damaged during operation. The blades are located at an equal distance from each other.

A frame is made on which the wheel is mounted. At the points of attachment to the frame, it is necessary to provide for the installation of bearings into which the wheel rotation axis is inserted. A large pulley or a large sprocket is mounted on one end of the axle. A small pulley or smaller sprocket is mounted on the generator axle.

Option for a homemade mini hydroelectric power station with vertical wheel installation

The wheel is placed in water, this can be a vertical installation in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the water, or horizontal - when the wheel is completely immersed in water. In the second case, it is necessary to take into account that the wheel should be immersed in water no more than 2/3 of the thickness of the disk.
The pulleys are connected to each other by a belt, and the sprockets by a chain.

The system is ready for use.