An asset of the balance sheet of an organization is a document in which all its income and expenses related to its property are fixed. In other words, it includes all the property of the company, which can subsequently be converted into financial resources. One of them is intangible assets, which are reflected in the balance sheet in line 110 of the first section. Next, we will give a full description of this type of asset.

Line 110 "intangible assets"

The section of the balance sheet "Non-current assets" provides information on the property of the enterprise, which has been operated for more than 1 year with the aim of making a profit. Intangible assets are referred to it as an accountant. Line 110 indicates the residual value of this property.

• Take the debit balance of account 04, namely "Intangible assets";
• Minus the credit balance of account 05, which contains depreciation expenses from all intangible assets. Some experts do not take it into account.

All intangible property of the enterprise must have registration, as well as legal protection.

What relates to intangible assets (intangible assets)

To correctly fill in line 110, you need to know how intangible assets are reflected in the balance sheet and how to distribute them correctly.

Intangible assets of this type of assets include:

• Intellectual property of the company - all objects that are subject to copyright. It is worth noting that information about them is recorded in account 97, namely in the item of deferred expenses. Over the life of such property, they are transferred to accounts 20,25,26,44 to account for total costs;
• Financial expenses that were directed to the creation and organization of the enterprise. Their occurrence and appearance is always planned, as well as infrequent. Therefore, accountants account for them on line 04;
• Funds that are aimed at creating a positive reputation for the company. Just like the previous paragraph, they are taken into account in line 04.

There are intangible search assets. They are accounted for in line 1130 in account 08, which records investments in non-current assets. It reflects all the financial expenses that were necessary to organize a search and reconnaissance expedition. At the same time, a special certified license is required for its implementation, as well as information that was obtained as a result: the results of drilling, laboratory research, assessment and prospects. Intangible exploration assets are reflected as the difference between the debit balance of account 08 and the credit balance of account 05.

Also intangible assets include funds allocated for scientific, research and development work and testing. For this, there are separate rules that must be followed. So, the end result of the activity must be entered into the plan in account 04. Despite this, not always the result of research can be intellectual property, which can be attributed to intangible assets. Therefore, the result of scientific activity sometimes may not be subject to legal protection, as well as registration.

The result of the work is entered into account 04, and the total cost of the work is reflected in line 150 "Other non-current assets".

Formation of the value of intangible assets

There is a cost item that is required to develop or create intangible assets. Thus, their initial cost is formed, which is set by the founders of the company. They can also contact the peer review organization. These intangible assets include:

• All objects of copyright;

• Objects classified as commercial secrets;
• Natural resources.

Only after the experts present their opinion, the property can be recognized as intangible assets and entered into the Accounting Plan. All costs they incur should also be included in costs. Most often they include:

• Funds received from the sale of intangible assets to another person;
• Financial expenses for the performance of work under a work contract;
• Bonus to the employee, thanks to which this intangible asset was developed;
• Taxes, benefits, state fees.

How to enter information about intangible assets correctly

In the event that the accountant assessed the company's assets as significant for the enterprise by some criteria (in terms of price or value), then a special separate decryption can be given. To do this, in line 110, it is necessary to highlight several types of this property and arrange them using additional lines.

Also in the balance sheet it is sometimes necessary to register the residual value of the property. This action takes place if the object is in trust with the company. To do this, the activity organizer transfers it from the credit balance of account 04 to debit account 79, which reflects on-farm settlements. It is necessary to select subaccount 3. After that, you need to register it as settlements under a property trust agreement.

All data on intangible property and depreciation are transferred to the head of the company before being recorded in the reporting. After that, in line 110, he prescribes the residual value of intangible assets without the residual amount on account 79.

It is worth noting that entrepreneurs have the legal right to write off intangible assets to the expense line for expenses. In this case, depreciation is not taken into account.

1. The role and place of intangible assets in the development of the enterprise.

1.1. The concept of intangible assets. Their structure.Characteristics of the intelligent industrial property.

With the development of market relations, a new type of funds appeared in the composition of the subject's property - intangible assets.

Intangible assets can be recognized as assets:

Identifiable (having signs that distinguish this object from others, including similar ones) and do not have a material-material (physical) form;

Used in the activities of the organization;

Capable of delivering future economic benefits to the organization;

The useful life of which exceeds 12 months;

The cost of which can be measured reliably, i.e. there is documentary evidence of the cost, as well as the costs associated with their acquisition (creation);

In the presence of documents confirming the rights of the copyright holder.

In the absence of any of the above criteria, the costs incurred are not recognized as intangible assets and are expenses of the organization.

Classification of intangible assets.

There are 4 types of intangible assets:

Objects of intellectual property;

Rights to use natural resources;

Deferred costs;

The price of the firm.

Other intangible assets - licenses to carry out a type of activity, to carry out foreign trade and quota transactions, to use the experience of specialists, the right to trust property.

A special permit to carry out a type of activity subject to mandatory compliance with licensing requirements and conditions, issued by the licensing authority to the license applicant or licensee.

The license is issued for a period of at least 5 and no more than 10 years. Upon the expiration of the license, it can be renewed at the request of the licensee.

Does not apply to intangible assets:

The intellectual and business qualities of the organization's personnel, their qualifications and ability to work, since they are inseparable from their carriers and cannot be used without them;

Unfinished and (or) uncompleted in the establishedlegislation order scientific research,experimental design and technological work;

Derivatives market financial instruments that provide the right to carry out a specific transaction on certain conditions.

Objects of intellectual property are divided into two types: regulated by patent law (objects of industrial property) and regulated by copyright.

Patent law protects the content of a work. To protect an invention, utility models, industrial designs, trade names, trademarks, service marks, their registration is required according to the established procedure with the relevant authorities. The list of objects protected by patent law is exhaustive.

It is subject to legal protection if it is new, has an inventive step and is industrially applicable (device, method, substance, strain, microorganism, plant and animal cell cultures) or is a known device, method, substance, strain, but has a new application.The main forms of using objects protected by patent law are the transfer of rights under a license agreement and the introduction of the object as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization. A licensing agreement differs significantly from a purchase and sale and lease agreement, since the patent owner transfers under a licensing agreement not the invention itself, but only the right to use it; the patent owner can transfer the right to use the invention to a wide range of third parties and use the invention himself. The cost of objects protected by a patent consists of the costs of their acquisition, legal, consulting and other costs.

A patent invention is issued for a period of up to 20 years and certifies the priority of the invention, authorship, as well as the exclusive right to use it.

Artistic and design solution of the product, which determines its appearance. Distinctive features of the patentability of an industrial design are its novelty, originality and industrial application. Novelty includes a set of essential features of an industrial design that determine the aesthetic and (or) ergonomic features of the product, which are not known from information that became generally available in the world before the priority date of this design. The originality of an industrial design is determined by its essential features, which determine the creative nature of the aesthetic features of the product. An industrially applicable design is recognized if it can be reproduced many times by making a specific product.

Industrial designs, even if they have signs of novelty, originality and are industrially applicable, are not subject to patentability if the technical function of the product prevails in their manufacturing decisions.

Such products include:

Objects of architecture (except for small architectural forms), industrial, hydraulic engineering and other stationary structures;

Printed products;

Unstable objects made of liquid, gaseous, bulk or similar substances;

Products that are contrary to public interest, humanity and morality.

A patent for an industrial design is issued for a period of up to 10 years and can be extended for another period of up to 5 years.

A utility model is a constructive implementation of its constituent parts. Distinctive features of a useful model are novelty and industrial applicability. Legal protection of a utility model is carried out in the presence of a certificate issued by the Patent Department for a period of up to 10 years.

and service mark are designations capable of distinguishing, respectively, the goods and services of certain legal entities or individuals from similar goods and services of other legal entities or individuals. Legal protection of a trademark is provided on the basis of its state registration in the manner prescribed by the specified Law. A trademark can be registered in the name of a legal or natural person carrying out entrepreneurial activity. A trademark certificate is issued for a registered trademark, which certifies the priority of the trademark, the exclusive right of the owner to the trademark in relation to the goods specified in the certificate. Verbal, figurative, three-dimensional and other designations or their combinations can be registered as trademarks. A trademark can be registered in any color or combination of colors.

A geographical indication is a designation that identifies a product as originating from the territory of a country or from a region or locality in this territory, where certain quality, reputation or other characteristics of the product are largely associated with its geographical origin. The concept of "geographical indication" includes the concepts:

- "appellation of origin of goods" - the name of a country, settlement, locality or other geographical object used to designate goods, the special properties of which are exclusively or mainly determined by natural conditions characteristic of this geographical object or other factors or a combination of natural conditions and these factors ;

- "indication of the origin of goods" - a designation that directly or indirectly indicates the place of actual origin or manufacture of goods.

The individual name of the legal entity. It is registered during the state registration of a legal entity and is valid during its existence. The names of non-profit organizations, unitary enterprises, and, in cases provided for by law, of other commercial organizations should also include the nature of the legal entity's activities. In addition, a commercial organization that is a legal entity must have a firm name, for which, from the moment of registration in the prescribed manner, it acquires the exclusive right to use. Persons using a company name without the consent of its owner are obliged to stop using the right to this name at the request of the owner and to compensate for the losses caused.

The legal form of using a trademark, service mark and company name is a license agreement.

Information of a technical, organizational, official nature that has actual or potential commercial value due to its unknown third party. This information is not freely available legally; and the owner of the information takes measures to protect its confidentiality.Unlike other industrial property objects, know-how is not subject to registration, but is protected by prohibiting its disclosure to persons who have access to this information.

Under a know-how transfer agreement, the know-how itself is transferred, not the right to use it. The mandatory elements of a know-how transfer agreement are a description of all the attributes of the transferred object, measures to protect confidentiality and assistance in the practical feasibility of know-how.

1.2 Role and place of intellectual industrial propertyin the effective development of the enterprise.

An economic entity of any form of ownership must be able to competently analyze the situation on the market of products (services), keep track of trends in demand for their developments or products (services), secure a market "niche" and be seriously prepared in the field of entrepreneurship, marketing, know legal , the legal basis for relations with partners.

The tactics of ignoring such actions will inevitably turn out for enterprises in the future with a complete loss of the competitive ability of their products in foreign and domestic markets.

The practical use of intangible assets in the economic turnover of enterprises, their transformation into a specific mechanism for the commercial assessment of the results of intellectual labor, intellectual property makes it possible for a modern enterprise (firm) to:

Change the structure of its production capital by increasing the share of intangible assets in the cost of new products and services, increasing their knowledge intensity, which will play a certain role in increasing the competitiveness of products and services;

It is economically efficient and rational to use unused and "dead weight" intangible assets, which are still in possession of many enterprises, firms, research institutes, design bureaus, research laboratories, etc.

The process of commercialization of the innovation sphere can be conditionally reduced to the following stages:

The first stage is a competent classification of intellectual property objects, on the basis of which a preliminary assessment of their market value should be formed. However, at present enterprises either do not fulfill it, or do it in an amateurish way. Therefore, professional development of basic methodological and methodological recommendations is required.

The second stage is the inclusion of the value of intangible assets in the composition of the property of enterprises on the account "Intangible assets".

The third stage of the commercialization of intangible assets is:

In the active entry of enterprises into the market of scientific and technical products;

In the ability to find your buyer, master the art of an entrepreneur, i.e. look for a customer (consumer) yourself for your idea or development;

In the ability to write for magazines, break into television, etc.

Intellectual property is an object of property that can not only be owned, used and disposed of, but also (if properly documented) can be used in the statutory fund and in the business of an enterprise as intangible assets.

The use of intellectual property in the authorized capital allows an enterprise and authors - creators of intellectual property to obtain the following practical advantages:

Form a significant statutory fund without diverting funds and provide access to bank loans and investments (intellectual property can be used on an equal basis with other enterprise property as an object of collateral when obtaining loans);

Amortize intellectual property in the authorized capital and replace intellectual property with real money (capitalize intellectual property). In this case, depreciation deductions are legally included in the cost of production (not subject to income tax);

Authors and enterprises - owners of intellectual property to participate as founders (owners) in the organization of subsidiaries and independent firms without diverting funds.

The use of intellectual property in economic activities will allow:

Document property rights and place intellectual property objects on the balance sheet as the property of the enterprise. This makes it possible to amortize intellectual property and form appropriate depreciation funds at the expense of the cost of production;

Receive additional income for the transfer of rights to use objects of intellectual property, as well as ensure reasonable regulation of prices for products of innovative activities of the enterprise, depending on the volume of transferred rights to use intellectual property;

Pay royalties to individuals (authors) bypassing the wages fund with the inclusion of costs in the cost price (without traditional deductions to insurance and other funds and without limiting the amount of payments with attribution of the costs of payment of royalties to the item of the cost of production - "other expenses").

In addition, documentary evidence of property rights and rights to use intellectual property, as well as obtaining official titles of protection allows for real control over market share and the possibility of legal prosecution of unfair competitors and "pirates" (violators of exclusive rights to intellectual property).

The future income from intangible assets is often significant. Investment in research and development, training, etc. in fact, significantly increase the value of the enterprise if successful. It would be a mistake to ignore this fact. The modern economy is waiting for a new type of innovation: reports on company performance that go beyond the narrow scope of financial reporting. It is necessary to expand profit forecasts to include areas of competence and customer satisfaction, describe the potential of the enterprise, using the factors on which its success depends, indicators of management efficiency, as well as assessments of the level of technology used. It is beneficial for an enterprise to systematically provide stakeholders with similar reports on its intangible assets and explain to them what the specific contribution of these assets is to increasing the value of their production processes.

1.3. Forms of economic turnover of intellectualindustrial property.

Receipt of intangible assets to the enterprise.

Intangible assets are credited to intangible assets on the basis of an acceptance certificate as they are created or received at the enterprise or when work is completed to bring them to a state suitable for use for the planned purposes.

If there is a title of protection issued by an authorized state body and confirming the rights to intangible assets, the title of protection may be indicated as an equivalent of the rights arising from this title of protection.

Intangible assets can enter the organization in the following ways:

1. purchase of intangible assets for a fee;

2. creation of intangible assets by the organization itself;

3. receipt of intangible assets from founders on account of their contribution to the authorized capital of the organization;

4. gratuitous receipt of intangible assets from other organizations and individuals;

5. receipt of intangible assets in exchange for other property.

Purchase of intangible assets for a fee.

When an enterprise buys one or another intangible asset, then it incurs certain expenses for this purpose. For example, in addition to payments in favor of the previous owner, it may be necessary to pay for the services of an intermediary, whose efforts have found the necessary object, the work of a consultant whose services were used when drafting the text of the agreement, the cost of registering the rights of the new owner and other similar costs directly related to the purchase of this property.

As a result, a certain amount will be revealed, some parts of which are united by a common purpose - the acquisition of an intangible asset. It is this amount that is prescribed to be taken on the balance sheet as the initial cost of an intangible asset acquired for a fee.

Creation of intangible assets by the organization itself.

If intangible assets are created by the organization itself, then the composition of the costs associated with this process will be quite wide and varied. They may include the material resources expended, the salary of the personnel involved in this process, including the entire set of charges to the payroll fund, payment for the services of third-party organizations under counterparty and (or) co-performance contracts.

Receipt of intangible assets from founders on account of their contribution to the authorized capital of the organization.

The intangible asset received as a contribution of the founder to the authorized capital of the organization is not paid. However, in this case, the market situation and the conjuncture of supply and demand should not be taken into account. The founder's contribution is estimated and, therefore, the initial cost of the intangible asset is formed by agreement between the founders.Gratuitous receipt of intangible assets from other organizations and individuals.

Upon receipt of an intangible asset free of charge under a donation agreement, the situation, despite certain external similarities, is fundamentally different from the process of forming the authorized capital.

Expenses for payment of registration fees, state fees, appraisal of objects of intangible assets received free of charge, and others directly related to the receipt of intangible assets and bringing them to a state in which they are suitable for use, are included in the cost of capital investments.

Accounting for intangible assets.

The main tasks of accounting for intangible assets: the formation of information reflecting the movement (receipt, disposal, receipt (transfer) of rights under license or copyright, contracts) of intangible assets in the organization; formation of the initial cost on the accounting accounts; reflection in accounting of amortization of intangible assets; determination of the results of sale and other disposal of intangible assets.

The unit of accounting for intangible assets is an inventory item. An inventory of intangible assets is a set of rights arising from one patent, certificate, assignment agreement, and the like. The main feature by which one inventory item is identified from another is the performance of an independent function in the production of products, the performance of work or the provision of services, or use for the managerial needs of the organization.

Depreciation of intangible assets.

An important aspect of accounting for intangible assets is their amortization, which ensures a uniform transfer to the cost of output of one-time expenses that occurred when intangible assets used in the process of releasing these products were received.

The procedure for calculating depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets is determined by the Regulations on the procedure for calculating depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets.The objects of amortization of intangible assets are defined in the Instruction on accounting for intangible assets.Depreciation of intangible assets is charged:

For objects used in business - based on the selected useful life in a linear, non-linear or productive way;

- for objects that are not used in entrepreneurial activity,

- based on the standard service life in a linear way.

Inventory of intangible assets.

All property of the organization, including intangible assets, is subject to inventory.As in the general case, the main objectives of the inventory of intangible assets are:

Revealing the actual presence of intangible assets;

Comparison of the actual availability of intangible assets with accounting data;

check of completeness of reflection in accounting.

If an unaccounted object is found, the commission has the right to choose a method for assessing its value, taking into account the technical and economic data of the object, to establish its possible standard useful life.

Disposal of intangible assets.

Disposal (deregistration) of inventory objects of intangible assets is carried out in the case of:

Implementation;

Gratuitous transfer;

Write-offs after the expiration of the standard service life or its useful life;

Contribution as a contribution to the statutory fund of another organization with a full transfer (assignment) of property rights;

And also in other cases stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Transfer of rights to intangible assets.

An enterprise can transfer the rights to use intangible assets to any legal entity or individual, while a license agreement is drawn up. Ownership remains with the licensor. In addition, you can issue an exclusive or non-exclusive license. With non-exclusive - the licensor retains all rights confirmed by the patent, with exclusive - the licensor uses only those rights that have not passed to the licensee. For the transfer, the licensor may require a one-time fee (lump-sum payment) and receive recurring payments (royalties). The order of reflection of these payments depends on whether such activity is the main one or not.

Write-off of intangible assets.

Intangible assets are subject to write-off from the balance sheet if they are no longer used for the purposes of production (performance of work, provision of services) or for the management needs of the organization, i.e. in connection with the termination of the validity of a patent, certificate, other documents of title, in connection with the assignment (sale) of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity, or on other grounds. Income and expenses from the write-off of intangible assets shall be charged to the financial results of the organization.

2. The main problems of the assessment of intellectual industrial property.

2.1. The main types and methods of assessing intellectualindustrial property.

As a rule, it is required when solving some specific problem related to the use of property rights to these intangible assets and is due to the purpose of this use.

Intangible assets are a very capacious and not always clearly defined concept, and therefore, when assessing them, it is necessary to correctly classify the subject of assessment.

Valuation of intangible assets and intellectual property is produced in accordance with the Methodological Recommendations for the Valuation and Accounting of Intellectual Property Objects as Part of Intangible Assets and the Procedure for Examination of the Reliability of Valuation of Intellectual Property Objects as Part of Intangible Assets, approved by a joint order of the State Patent Committee, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Finance, the State Committee on science and technology

Documents required for the assessment:

Description of the object;

Documents of title to the object (patents, certificates, license agreements, contracts, copyright agreements, etc.);

The term of use of the object.

With a more detailed acquaintance with the objects, depending on their composition, specifics and purposes of the assessment, an appraiser's request for other additional information and documentation is formed.

Intangible assets of an enterprise are valued at the same types of value as other property, that is, at restoration, market, investment, mortgage, insurance, taxable and the so-called initial.

The initial cost is the cost of an intangible asset, at which it (asset) is initially recorded on the balance sheet of the enterprise. This cost consists of the costs of creating (or acquiring) the asset and its fine-tuning, as a result of which it can be used in the enterprise (see Table 1).

Table 1. Determination of the initial cost of intangible assets.

Acquisition channel (receipts) intangible assets	The initial cost means:
1. Acquisition for payment from others organizations and individuals	the cost of the intangible asset itself, including the lump-sum payment; services of third parties related to the acquisition and appraisal of intangible assets; customs payments, registration fees, government duties and other payments made in connection with the acquisition or acquisition of rights to objects of intangible assets; taxes and other payments to the budget in accordance with the legislation; other costs directly related to the acquisition of intangible assets
2. Acquisition in exchange for other property	the value of the transferred property, at which it was reflected in the accounting, unless otherwise provided by law
3. Gratuitous receiving from others organizations	market price; in case of impossibility of valuation at market value, the value is determined by agreement of the parties, but not lower than the book value at which this intangible asset was held by the transferor
4. Creation of the most organization	the amount of actual costs of creating intangible assets, which include costs of material assets, labor costs, third-party services, patent fees and other costs
5. Introduction founders on account of their contribution to the statutory fund of the organization	the amount of the monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) on the day of signing the agreement on the creation of the organization and (or) approval of the charter; the amount of the expert assessment in cases established by law

A change in the initial value of intangible assets is provided for in the following cases:

Revaluation of intangible assets by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation;

Making payments established in accordance with the legislation related to confirmation of property rights;

Capital investments in the improvement of industrial property, computer programs and databases of our own production;

Other cases in accordance with the law.

The replacement cost (or reproduction cost) of an intangible asset is determined by the amount of costs that must be incurred to restore the lost asset. The replacement cost is determined by the cost approach.

Market price Is the most probable price that an intangible asset should reach in a competitive and open market in compliance with all conditions of fair trade, deliberate actions of the seller and the buyer, without the influence of illegal incentives. In this case, the following conditions must be met:

The motivations of the buyer and seller are typical;

Both parties are well informed, consulted and act, in their opinion, taking into account their interests;

The intangible asset has been put up for sale for a sufficient amount of time;

Payment was made in cash;

The price is normal, unaffected by the specific financing and sale conditions.

Investment value- this is the value of intangible assets for a specific investor who is going to buy or invest his financial resources in an asset to refine it. The calculation of this value of an asset is made on the basis of the income expected by this investor from its use and a specific rate of capitalization of income, which is determined by the investor himself.

Valuation of intangible assets for collateral is carried out on the basis of market value. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish between the collateral value of intangible assets and the size of the loan, lent against the collateral of an intangible asset. These concepts differ both in essence and in magnitude. Assessment of the market value of an intangible asset is made based on the parameters of the market of intangible assets (including the rate of return of this market), while the size of the loan, although secured by the considered intangible asset, is determined based on the parameters of the financial market (including the degree of risk in the financial market). Therefore, the size of the loan should be determined by a specialist in the financial market ”and not by an expert appraiser.

The insurable value of intangible assets is calculated based on the replacement value of the asset that is at risk of destruction. On the basis of the insured value of the asset, the sums insured, insurance payments and insurance interest are determined.

The value of intangible assets for taxation is determined on the basis of either market or replacement value. More accurate assessment results for taxation are obtained when the market value of intangible assets is determined.

In practice, it is often necessary to calculate not the cost of assets, but the cost of transferring the rights to use them, that is, to determine the cost of the license for the asset in question. In this case, the cost of transferring rights depends on their volume and conditions of transfer. Below we will look at the methods valuation of intangible assets.

Methods for evaluating intangible assets.

For a practical assessment of the value of intangible assets, experts recommend the cost, profitable and comparative approaches that are usually used in the valuation of other types of assets.

PROFITABLE METHOD.

In accordance with the income approach, the value of an object of intangible assets is taken at the level of the present value of the advantages that the company has from its use. An example is the royalty exemption method used to estimate the value of patents and licenses. - this is a periodic deduction to the licensor (seller) for the use of intellectual property. Typically, royalties amount to 5-20% of the additional profit earned by the business that buys the intellectual property. If the intellectual property object is the basis of a new product (technology), royalty can be up to 50%.

The two most common methods are based on the income approach: the discounted income method and the direct capitalization method. These are the most versatile methods applicable to any type of property complex.

The discounted income method involves converting, according to certain rules, the future income expected by the investor into the present value of the estimated intangible assets. Future income includes:

Periodic cash flow of income from the exploitation of intangible assets over the period of ownership; this is the investor's net income from owning property (net of income tax) in the form of dividends, rent, etc .;

Cash receipts from the sale of intangible assets at the end of the tenure period, that is, future proceeds from the resale of intangible assets (net of transaction costs).

To understand the essence of the discounted income method, let's touch on such concepts as compound interest, accumulation, discounting and annuity.

The invested capital, as it were, grows according to the rule of compound interest. In this case, you can specify a certain rate (rate) of income, which indicates the increase in a unit of capital after a certain period (year, quarter, month). In the discounted income method, the rate of return is called the discount rate.

The direct capitalization method is quite simple and this is its main and only advantage. However, it is static, being tied to the data of one most characteristic year, and therefore special attention is required to the correct choice of indicators of net income and capitalization ratios. The calculation of the present value of intangible assets by this method is performed in three consecutive stages:

Calculation of the annual net income;

The choice of the capitalization ratio. The capitalization ratio should be linked to the previously selected capitalized income indicator;

Calculation of the present value of intangible assets.

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"Accounting in questions and answers", 2007, N 2

Assessment is understood as a set of measures of a legal, economic, organizational, technical and other nature aimed at establishing the value of the subject of assessment as a product.

Most often, when evaluating objects of intangible assets, the following types of value are used.

The initial cost is the sum of the costs of acquiring or creating an object of intangible assets and the costs of bringing it to a state in which it is suitable for use for the planned purposes.

Residual value is the initial cost less accrued depreciation.

The residual value is the amount of funds that a company expects to receive for an item of intangible assets at the end of its useful life, less the expected costs of disposal.

Book value - the cost at which an item of intangible assets is reflected in the balance sheet after deducting accumulated depreciation.

The replacement cost (or reproduction cost) of an intangible asset is determined by the amount of costs that must be incurred to restore the lost asset.

Market value is the most probable price that an intangible asset must reach in a competitive and open market, subject to all conditions of fair trade, the conscientiousness of the seller and the buyer, without the influence of illegal incentives. Wherein:

• the motivations of the buyer and seller are typical;
• both parties are well informed, consulted and act, in their opinion, taking into account their interests;
• the intangible asset has been put up for sale for a sufficient amount of time;
• payment was made in cash;
• the price is normal, not affected by the specific conditions of financing and sale.

Intangible assets require valuation:

• when buying or selling;
• calculation of the contribution (in the form of an intangible asset) to the authorized capital of the organization;
• assignment of rights (full or incomplete) to an intangible asset under a transfer agreement;
• determination of sums insured, payments and interest when insuring an intangible asset;
• using an intangible asset as collateral in the lending process;
• an increase in the mass of the organization's circulating assets due to accelerated amortization of intangible assets;
• optimization of the tax base.

The best option for a clear and unambiguous determination of the value of intangible assets is to use for these purposes the services of an independent appraiser who owns a set of necessary information and is responsible for the results of his work.

The activities of independent appraisers in Russia are regulated by the Federal Law of July 29, 1998 N 135-FZ "On appraisal activities in the Russian Federation".

By virtue of Art. 9 of this Law, the basis for the assessment of the object of assessment is the agreement between the appraiser and the customer.

The contract is concluded in writing and does not require notarization. It must contain the grounds for concluding a contract, the type of the object of appraisal, the type of the determined value of the object of appraisal, the monetary remuneration for the appraisal of the object of intangible assets, as well as information about the civil liability insurance of the appraiser. The agreement must include information on whether the appraiser has a license to carry out appraisal activities, an exact indication of the appraisal object, its description.

Based on the results of the assessment, the independent appraiser draws up a special report, which is a confirmation of the proper performance by the independent appraiser of his duties assigned to him by the contract.

The report must contain the date, goals and objectives of the assessment of the object, the assessment standards used, as well as other information necessary for a full and unambiguous interpretation of the results of the assessment reflected in the report.

The total value of the market value of the appraised object, recorded in the report, is recognized as reliable and recommended for the purpose of making a transaction with the appraised object.

Note that an organization can order an assessment of the same object to several performers at the same time. In legally defined cases, the assessment is carried out by executors (legal entities and individual entrepreneurs) accredited with the relevant ministries and departments.

The procedure for calculating their initial cost depends on the way intangible assets enter the organization. Intangible assets can result from:

• purchases for a fee;
• free receipt;
• production by the organization itself;
• making as a contribution to the authorized capital.

According to clause 6 of the Accounting Regulations "Accounting for Intangible Assets" PBU 14/2000, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated October 16, 2000 N 91n (hereinafter referred to as PBU 14/2000), intangible assets are accepted for accounting at their original cost.

Valuation of intangible assets acquired for a fee or in exchange for other property

The acquisition by organizations of objects of exclusive rights already created by other legal entities and individuals can be carried out under agreements on the assignment of rights, copyright agreements on the use of a work, agreements on the transfer of know-how, etc.

The historical cost of intangible assets acquired for a fee is determined as the sum of actual acquisition costs, excluding value added tax and other recoverable taxes. Clause 6 of PBU 14/2000 provides an open list of actual expenses for the acquisition of intangible assets. These costs include:

• amounts paid under the agreement of assignment (acquisition) of rights to the copyright holder (seller);
• amounts paid by organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of intangible assets;
• registration fees, customs duties, patent fees and other similar payments made in connection with the assignment (acquisition) of the exclusive rights of the rightholder;
• non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;
• remuneration of the intermediary organization through which the object of intangible assets was acquired;
• other expenses directly related to the purchase of intangible assets.

PBU 14/2000 provides for the possibility of additional costs for bringing intangible assets to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These expenses also increase the initial cost of intangible assets.

Additional costs include the amount of wages of employees, deductions for social insurance and security, material and other costs.

If, under the terms of the assignment (acquisition) agreement, a deferral or payment by installments is granted, then the actual expenses are accepted for accounting in the full amount of accounts payable for the purchased intangible assets.

Thus, the initial cost of an object of intangible assets is formed over a certain period of time and includes documented expenses directly related to the purchase of the object and bringing it into a condition suitable for use for the planned purposes.

Intangible assets can be acquired in exchange or partly in exchange for other intangible assets and other property.

In accordance with Art. 567 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) under an exchange agreement, each of the parties undertakes to transfer one product to the other party in exchange for another. In this case, each of the parties is recognized as the seller of the goods, which it undertakes to transfer, and the buyer of the goods, which it undertakes to accept in exchange.

Unless otherwise follows from the exchange agreement, the goods to be exchanged are assumed to be of equal value, and the costs of their transfer and acceptance are borne by the party that bears these obligations under the agreement.

In the event that, under an exchange agreement, the goods exchanged are recognized as unequal, the party obliged to transfer the goods, the price of which is lower than the price of the goods provided in exchange, must pay the difference in prices immediately before or after the fulfillment of its obligation to transfer the goods, unless another payment procedure is specified in the contract.

Article 570 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that the ownership of the exchanged goods passes to the parties to the exchange agreement simultaneously after the fulfillment of each of them obligations to transfer the goods, if this does not contradict the law or the agreement.

The situation with the assessment of the object of intangible assets obtained as a result of the exchange in accounting and tax accounting is somewhat more complicated.

By virtue of PBU 14/2000, intangible assets acquired on an exchange basis are accepted for accounting at their original cost. The initial cost of intangible assets received under contracts for which the fulfillment of obligations (payment) is made in non-monetary funds is calculated based on the value of the goods transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of such goods is determined by reference to the price at which the entity would normally sell or buy similar goods in comparable circumstances. If it is impossible to determine the value of the transferred goods (values), the value of the intangible assets received in exchange is assumed to be equal to the price at which similar intangible assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.

For tax purposes, when transferring goods (works, services) under barter agreements, their price is accepted as indicated by the parties to the transaction (negotiated price). However, when exercising control over the completeness of tax calculation, the tax authorities have the right to verify the correctness of the application of prices in the following cases:

• on commodity exchange (barter) transactions;
• when performing foreign trade operations;
• in transactions between related parties;
• if there is a deviation of more than 20% upward or downward from the level of prices applied by the taxpayer for identical (similar) goods, works or services within a short period of time.

If, as a result of such an audit, it turns out that the prices of goods, works or services used by the parties to the transaction deviate by more than 20% from their market prices, then the tax authorities have the right to make a decision on additional taxes and penalties. In this case, taxes and penalties for late payment of taxes are calculated based on market prices for the relevant goods, work or services.

Valuation of internally generated intangible assets

Intangible assets are considered to be created by the organization itself if:

1. the exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity obtained in the course of performance of official duties or on a specific assignment of the employer belongs to the employing organization;
2. the exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity obtained by the author (s) under an agreement with a customer who is not an employer belongs to the customer organization;
3. a certificate for a trademark or for the right to use an appellation of origin was issued in the name of an organization.

Thus, intangible assets can be created both by the organization's own resources (economic method), and by attracting third-party organizations (contract method).

Therefore, in order to resolve issues of ownership of the right to use an intangible asset created by the organization's own forces, its legal registration is important.

As a rule, the creation of intangible assets by the forces of an organization is carried out by its employees on a specific assignment from the employer. The creation of intangible assets can also be a labor obligation of an employee in accordance with an employment contract concluded with him.

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Art. 8 of the Patent Law of 23.09.1992 N 3517-1, the right to obtain a patent for an invention, utility model or industrial design created by an employee (author) in connection with the performance of his labor duties or a specific task of the employer belongs to the employer, if in the contract between him and the employee (author) did not record otherwise.

The initial cost of intangible assets created by the organization itself is the sum of the actual costs of their creation, production, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes (except as provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

Such expenses include, in particular:

• the cost of the expended material resources;
• remuneration of employees who took part in the creation of an intangible asset;
• payment for the services of third-party organizations under counterparty (co-executing) agreements;
• patent fees associated with obtaining patents, certificates, etc.

The list of actual costs given in clause 6 of PBU 14/2000 is open.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual expenses for the acquisition and creation of intangible assets, unless they are directly related to the acquisition (creation) of assets.

Valuation of intangible assets contributed by the founders to the authorized capital

Intangible assets can enter the organization as a contribution from the founders (participants) to its authorized (pooled) capital. At the same time, the possibility of forming the authorized (pooled) capital with non-monetary funds (in particular, by transferring intangible assets) must be recorded in the constituent documents of the organization.

For the first time, the possibility of making intangible assets as a contribution to the authorized capital of Russian organizations appeared with the adoption of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated December 25, 1990 N 601 "On Approval of the Regulations on Joint Stock Companies" , structures, equipment and other material values, securities, rights to use land, water and other natural resources, buildings, structures and equipment, as well as other property rights (including intellectual property), funds in Soviet rubles and in foreign currency. Later, this rule was reflected in the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

According to Art. 66 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the contribution of founders to the property of a business entity may be money, securities, other things or property rights or other rights that have a monetary value. In this regard, such a contribution cannot be an object of intellectual property (patent, object of copyright, including a computer program, etc.) or know-how.

The right to use such an object, transferred to the company or partnership under an agreement, which must be registered in the manner prescribed by law, can be recognized as a contribution. This position was reflected in the joint Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation dated 01.06.1996 N 6/8 "On some issues related to the application of the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation."

Thus, it is the rights of use, and not the object about which they arise, that can be made as a contribution to the authorized (joint-stock) capital of a business company or partnership and, taking into account the above, can be included in the organization's intangible assets.

It should be noted that secondary (non-exclusive) rights to use intellectual property objects cannot be transferred as a contribution to the authorized capital of organizations.

The fundamental issue related to the transfer of the rights of use to the intellectual property object as a contribution to the authorized capital of organizations is the documentary registration of this operation. In addition to the preparation of statutory documents, which reflect the fact of transfer of the right to use intellectual property objects to the authorized capital, one of the following types of contracts must be concluded: an agreement on the transfer of exclusive rights, a license agreement, a know-how transfer agreement, an agreement on the transfer of scientific and technical development and etc.

According to clause 9 of PBU 14/2000, the initial cost of intangible assets contributed to the contribution to the authorized (pooled) capital of the organization is determined based on the monetary value specified by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The monetary assessment of the contribution of a participant in a business company is made by agreement between the founders (participants) of the company (Article 66 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). In cases determined by law, it is subject to an independent expert review.

For example, by virtue of paragraph 2 of Art. 15 of the Federal Law of 08.02.1998 N 14-FZ "On Limited Liability Companies", if the nominal value (increase in the nominal value) of the share of a company participant in the authorized capital of the company, paid with a non-monetary contribution, is more than 200 minimum wages (minimum wages), established by federal law on the date of submission of documents for state registration of the company or the corresponding changes in the charter of the company, such a contribution must be assessed by an independent expert (appraiser). The nominal value (increase in the nominal value) of the share of a member of the company, paid for by such a non-monetary contribution, cannot exceed the amount of the assessment of the specified contribution, named by an independent appraiser.

Valuation of intangible assets received under a gift agreement (free of charge)

Intangible assets can be transferred to the organization free of charge by third parties.

The transfer of material values ​​or property rights from the donor to the donee is carried out on the basis of a donation agreement (Article 572 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). However, donation is not allowed, with the exception of ordinary gifts, the value of which does not exceed five minimum wages established by law, in relations between commercial organizations (clause 4 of article 575 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Thus, the circle of donors is narrowed down to individuals and non-profit organizations.

It should be noted one very important feature associated with the free receipt of exclusive rights to intellectual property. The fact is that these objects are not transferred under a donation agreement, therefore, to formalize transactions for the gratuitous transfer of exclusive rights to an intellectual property object, agreements on the assignment of rights, license agreements, etc., in which there may be no condition on the compensated nature of the transfer, should be used object, i.e. condition about price.

Clause 10 of PBU 14/2000 states that the initial cost of intangible assets received by an organization under a donation agreement (free of charge) is calculated based on the market value as of the date of their acceptance for accounting. The principles of determining their market value are not established by the norms of PBU 14/2000.

In tax accounting, property received by an organization free of charge is recognized as non-operating income of this organization (Article 250 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).

The Tax Code of the Russian Federation, like PBU 14/2000, when receiving property free of charge, requires that income be assessed based on market prices, but for depreciable property - not lower than its residual value. Information on prices must be confirmed by the taxpayer - the recipient of the property, either by documents or by an independent assessment.

Methods for valuing intangible assets

All currently existing valuation methods used by independent appraisers are based on one of three classical approaches:

• income approach (determination of the potential profitability of an asset);
• market approach (comparison of the appraised object with close analogs that have been sold on the market);
• cost approach (setting the cost of acquiring an asset).

The application of a particular valuation method depends on the goals and objectives of the appraiser, the type of value that needs to be determined, as well as on the information available to the appraiser. Obtaining consistent results when using different methods based on two or more classical approaches is evidence of the correctness and impartiality of the assessment carried out.

The listed approaches, used both in Russian and in foreign practice of intangible assets valuation, can be characterized as follows.

Income approach. Let us first consider the main approach to the valuation of intangible assets - profitable. Its essence lies in the fact that an intangible asset is assessed based on what income it can bring in the future. The two most common methods are based on the income approach: the discounted income method and the direct capitalization method. These are the most versatile methods applicable to any type of property complex.

As an indicator of profitability in both cases, either cash flow or profit (before tax or after it) can be chosen. Cash flow differs from profit in that it can be withdrawn from the company's turnover without prejudice not only to its functioning, but also to its development. In most cases, it is advisable to use pre-tax profit, as different legal entities pay taxes differently, but this should not affect the results of the assessment.

The discounted income method, or expected cash flows (profits), involves the transformation, according to certain rules, of the investor's expected income in the future into the present value of the estimated intangible assets. In this case, future income is understood as:

• periodic cash flow of income from the exploitation of intangible assets during the period of their ownership - the investor's net income received from owning property (net of income tax) in the form of dividends, rent, etc .;
• Cash proceeds from the sale of intangible assets at the end of the tenure are the future proceeds from the resale of intangible assets less transaction costs.

Thus, discounting involves reducing the income of each subsequent year by a certain factor - the discount factor - in order to estimate the value of future cash flows at the moment.

Capitalization is a simpler procedure than discounting, but it is recommended to use it only in cases where the asset being valued is already in use and brings a stable income, or if you need to quickly make a fairly rough estimate of an asset that is expected to give a stable income. The direct capitalization procedure is based on the fact that to determine the market value of an asset, you need to multiply the rate of return by a multiplier. The return indicators are individual in each specific case, and the multiplier depends on the capitalization rate, which is calculated based on the stock market data.

Costly approach. When using the cost approach, intangible assets are estimated primarily at the sum of the costs of their creation, acquisition and commissioning. It should be said that the feasibility of using this method is assessed in different ways. In professional assessment, the cost-based approach is considered one of the main ones, along with the profitable and market one. Although with a cost-based approach, the appraised value can differ significantly from the market value (since there is no direct relationship between costs and utility), there are many cases when the cost-based approach is justified, for example, for calculating property tax, when insuring individual components of property, in court division of property between owners, during the sale of property at open auctions, etc.

In the conditions of Russia, when the stock market is just emerging and market information is almost absent, the cost approach is the only possible one.

The main feature of the cost-based approach is element-by-element assessment, i.e. the estimated intangible assets are divided into component parts, an assessment of each part is made, and then the value of all intangible assets is obtained by summing the values ​​of its parts. At the same time, it is assumed that the investor has the opportunity not only to buy intangible assets, but also to create them from separately purchased elements.

Standards for calculating the maximum size of entertainment expenses per year

As with the income approach, in the cost approach there are also different methodologies that are applied depending on the nature of the intangible assets being valued. In all methods, within the framework of the cost-based approach, a general algorithm of actions can be distinguished when assessing:

1. Analysis of the structure of intangible assets and the allocation of their components. So, if you need to evaluate the enterprise as a whole, and not only its intangible assets, then such components as fixed assets (land, buildings, structures, machinery and equipment), circulating tangible assets, and cash are distinguished in it.
2. Select the most appropriate valuation method for each component of intangible assets and perform calculations.
3. Assessment of the real degree of depreciation (moral and physical) of the components of intangible assets.
4. Calculation of the residual value of the components of intangible assets and the total assessment of the residual value of all intangible assets.

The cost approach is by no means universal. In addition to focusing only on a specific licensed technology and not taking into account the total costs of a business to develop and develop technology in a broad sense (including setbacks), the costs themselves are often difficult to value. However, despite the existing shortcomings, the application of the cost approach is generally justified: there is a number of intangible assets, the value of which can be estimated only on its basis, for example, the value of R&D results, industrial designs, licenses for the right to engage in certain types of activities, etc. ... In general, it makes sense to use it to help other approaches.

Market approach. This approach combines all methods of valuation of intangible assets based on the analysis of market information. Market Approach (Direct Sales Benchmarking Approach) is an approach in which intangible assets are valued by comparing recent sales of other items with the item being assessed. Most often, this approach is used in an open market environment, when there is information on similar transactions. In addition to the comparative approach, which, according to the specified criterion, is also classified as a market approach, calculation methods based on industry standards and ranking / rating methods are used.

The use of a comparative approach in the valuation of intangible assets is often difficult, since in most cases they are original and have no analogues, and yet it is applied: they use information about recently concluded transactions with similar intangible assets in similar conditions. Based on these data, the cost of the assessed intangible asset is derived. The comparative method is based on the principle of substitution, according to which a rational investor will not pay for an object more than the cost of a similar object available for purchase with the same utility. Therefore, the sale prices of similar objects serve as the initial information for calculating the value of this object. In general, all methods for evaluating intangible assets within the framework of the comparative approach consist of the following stages:

• Relevant market research: Gather information about recent transactions with similar properties. The accuracy of the calculations largely depends on the quantity and quality of the information collected. When there is enough information, it is necessary to make sure that the sold objects are really comparable with the valued intangible assets in terms of their functions and parameters.
• Verification of information. The prices are checked first of all - they should not be distorted by any extraordinary circumstances accompanying the transactions, as well as the reliability of information about the date of the transaction, physical and other characteristics of similar compared objects.
• Comparison of the evaluated object with each of the similar objects and identification of differences by the date of sale, consumer characteristics, location, performance, the presence of additional elements, etc. Any differences must be recorded and accounted for.
• Calculating the value of these intangible assets by adjusting prices for similar intangible assets. To the extent that the property being valued differs from a similar one, the price of the latter is adjusted in order to determine at what price the property could be sold if it had the same characteristics as the property being valued.

In the process of analyzing prices for similar intangible assets, various auxiliary procedures are used, in particular:

• determining the cost of additional elements by pairwise comparisons;
• determination of corrective factors that take into account the differences between objects by individual parameters;
• cost calculation based on specific cost indicators, common to determine a group of similar objects;
• calculating the cost using the income multiplier;
• calculation of cost using correlation models.

So, all the considered methods of valuation of intangible assets are used to one degree or another in valuation practice. The best are a combination of methods, complementing one with the other, since the specificity of the valuation of intangible assets is that it is very difficult to make an accurate valuation.

Summing up, we can say the following: there is no uniquely reliable and accurate method for assessing intangible assets, each of them is so individual that it is impossible to create a universal mathematical algorithm for reliable and accurate calculation of the value of the considered intangible asset, therefore each company evaluates intangible assets taking into account its specifics , most often by combining various techniques. In addition, a wide variety of factors affect the value of intangible assets. Nevertheless, practicing expert evaluators need to be aware of the theoretical developments in this area and, if possible, use the research results in their practical work.

Of course, it is impossible to recognize as any serious method the one where the coefficients are highlighted, indicated and multiplied by each other, even if they reflect real factors. A simple product of conditional values ​​of diverse factors results in a very unreliable value of intangible assets, which will definitely need to be "adjusted" to a convenient result. Doubts are also caused by the methods, where calculations are carried out according to very complex mathematical formulas, including logarithms, integrals and differentials. Among the acting amateur appraisers today, numerous false versions of the methodology for assessing the value of intangible assets and other not always correct methods are used.

In conclusion, it must be said that the problem of commercial use of intangible assets in modern practice is a complex, multifaceted problem affecting the areas of economics, law, marketing, accounting and tax accounting. It includes legal, technological, economic, industrial, social and psychological aspects. This is both a theoretical and an applied problem: intangible assets can and should be sold, which means they should also have a value estimate.

M.Z.Knukhova

Leading Specialist

IFRS Reporting Transformation Department

accounting and audit department

GK "Rusagro"

graduate student

Financial Academy

under the Government of the Russian Federation

Valuation of intangible assets(intangible assets appraisal) - determination of the value of the scope of the enterprise's rights to a certain group of objects that do not have material content and bring the enterprise within the period stipulated by national legislation.

In accordance with the norms of international law, objects of civil rights include not only movable and immovable property (including other property that has a material-natural form), but also rights to the results of intellectual activity (intellectual property, etc.). The rights to the results of intellectual activity provide their owners with some privileges and, as a rule, create some for them. In international practice, when using these rights in production activities, enterprises use the concept of "intangible assets" (intangible assets).

The cost of intangible assets is redeemed by depreciation over their estimated useful lives. In this case, they are determined either in a linear way, based on the norms calculated by the organization based on the useful life of intangible assets, or by writing off the value of intangible assets, proportional to the value of the volume of products (work, services).

There are a number of objects that are not depreciated in the course of their practical use. These include:

• organizational costs;
• trademarks and service marks;
• intangible assets received under a gift agreement or free of charge as a result of privatization;
• intangible assets acquired at the expense of budgetary funds;
• intangible assets of budgetary organizations.

In the economic activities of enterprises, market, sales, contractual, investment, liquidation and other types of value of intangible assets are also used.

The choice of the type of value depends on the purpose of the assessment. To assess the value of intangible assets, the following internationally accepted approaches are used:, and. Each of the approaches, in connection with the purposes of the assessment, the specifics of intangible assets and the conditions of their use, have specific assessment methods.

At comparative approach apply the direct sales comparison method, which involves the determination of the value of an intangible asset at the price of sale and purchase transactions of similar intangible assets, taking into account the differences in the characteristics of analogue assets and the asset being valued, and a method that takes into account royalty rates widely used in international licensed trade for individual industries and product range.

At income approach the value of an intangible asset is defined as their ability to generate income for the buyer or investor in the future. The calculation of net income from the use of an intangible asset can be carried out:

• by the method of advantage in profit (when profit increases due to an increase in the quality and (or) quantity of products);
• cost advantage method (including royalty exemption method and cost benefit method);
• by the method of simultaneously taking into account the advantages in profit and in costs.

In each of these methods, the annual future earnings are summed taking into account them.

The business reputation of an enterprise is assessed using the accounting method, in which the value of goodwill is understood as the excess value of the enterprise as a whole in excess of the aggregate value of the constituent identifiable assets or the difference between the value of the company as a single integral property and financial complex

the conclusion of transactions for the purchase and sale of intangible assets;

determination of damage from the misuse of the intangible assets of the enterprise;

minimization of taxes paid by the enterprise.

In addition, the results of the assessment of intangible assets are needed to analyze the current state of the enterprise, to improve the efficiency of the use of its assets, to develop a general strategy for the development of the enterprise.

How is the valuation of intangible assets carried out using an example? What are the features of the valuation of intangible assets purchased for a fee? Where to order the assessment of intellectual property and intangible assets?

You are welcomed by the magazine "HeatherBeaver"! Olga Vovk is in touch.

Company property is not only about buildings, equipment, goods and raw materials. There are assets that cannot be touched - they have no material embodiment, but at the same time they are used in the activities of the enterprise and bring financial benefits to the owner.

The cost of such property often makes up a significant part of the total asset price, and in many situations it is necessary to calculate it. In order not to overpay and at the same time get a high-quality assessment result, the customer should know the basic rules for this procedure.

The valuation of intangible assets (intangible assets) is in many ways similar to the valuation of property, but it has a number of features. In the new article, we provide step-by-step instructions for determining the value of intellectual resources, as well as useful recommendations for conducting an assessment.

1. What is the valuation of intangible assets and when may it be needed?

The rapid development of high technologies in recent decades has led to the fact that the efficient operation of enterprises in many industries has become impossible without the use of a variety of intangible assets. Otherwise, such firms simply cannot withstand enormous competition and receive less than expected profits.

Intangible assets are the property of a company not having real physical embodiment... At the same time, by analogy with fixed assets, it has a period of use of at least 1 year, is used in commercial activities and is directly involved in the formation of the company's profit.

All intangible assets can be divided into 4 groups:

• Goodwill(company price, business reputation);
• Included costs(payment for consultations when setting up an enterprise, etc.);
• Property rights- lease, license for natural resources;
• Intellectual property- patents, licenses, know-how and much more.

Example

The trademark of an enterprise is one of the most widespread types of intellectual property. For a long-running and successful company, the cost of a trademark is higher than the price of fixed assets. However, to put it on the balance sheet, a special procedure is required - an assessment.

Assessment of intangible assets Is the determination of the market value and value of an asset using a variety of technical, statistical, mathematical and other methods. It includes a professional examination of the objects themselves, the rights to their use and titles of protection.

Read about the rules by which it is carried out in our related article.

The chosen valuation method directly depends on the type of intangible asset. However, in any case, the appraisal company will adhere to the rules set out in the federal standard FSO-11, which regulates the examination of intangible assets.

Assessment is required in the following cases:

• when using intellectual property objects as a contribution to the authorized capital;
• when determining damage from unauthorized use of intangible assets by third parties;
• to add assets to the balance sheet of the enterprise;
• to optimize taxation - intangible assets on the balance sheet are subject to depreciation, which means they reduce the income tax base;
• when lending or attracting investments - to increase the value of the authorized capital and improve the balance sheet structure;
• when it is carried out (read a separate article about this) - goodwill is a significant part of the company's price.

Like any other property, intangible assets have different types of value - replacement, insurance, market, investment, pledge - depending on the purpose of the valuation. One of the key types of value is initial, that is, the one at which the asset will be put on the balance sheet after receipt.

Methods for determining the initial cost of assets:

№	Method of acquiring an asset	Method of assessing the initial cost
1	Purchase for a fee	The cost of the asset + costs associated with its acquisition
2	Gift from another organization	Market value or by agreement of the parties
3	Contribution to the authorized capital	By agreement of the founders
4	Creation of an asset by an organization	Actual cost amount
5	Exchange for other property	Accounting value of transferred assets

The valuation of intangible assets is carried out according to the same principles as the determination of the value of fixed assets, real estate, etc. In this case, three fundamental approaches are used: comparative, costly and profitable.

2. What approaches are used in the valuation of intangible assets - 3 main approaches

Valuation of intangible assets is a rather complicated procedure, requiring high professionalism of the performer.

The main difficulties lie in the lack of physical form in the object, and also often in the impossibility of clearly classifying it.

Let's consider the essence of the main approaches to assessment.

Approach 1. Comparative

Valuation is based on the value of similar assets. In case of discrepancies in quality characteristics, special coefficients are used.

The method is not always applicable, because it can be difficult to find similar intangible assets in the market.

Approach 2. Costly

The value of an asset is based on the actual cost of creating or acquiring it. Difficult to use in cases where the object is inseparable from others. At the same time, the assessment of intangible assets purchased for a fee is carried out mainly using the cost approach methods.

Approach 3. Profitable

Considers the cost of an object as an increase in income that the company received from the use of intangible assets. In this case, the assessment may be relatively inaccurate, because factor analysis is used.

Example

If we consider the assessment of the value of intangible assets using the example of a trademark, then it is easy to see that not all types of assessments are suitable. The comparative approach does not "work" as it is difficult to find analogs on the free market.

The cost-based approach does not give an accurate picture, because the real value of a trademark is formed much later and sometimes exceeds the cost of its creation. The profitable approach is considered optimal, and if it is not possible to use it, the appraiser bases the conclusions on the cost one.

4. Where to assess intangible assets - an overview of the TOP-3 appraisal companies

Valuation of intellectual property and other intangible assets is a rather complicated procedure, requiring the highest qualifications and deep knowledge from an expert. In order to avoid problems with the quality of expertise, a business owner needs to be careful when choosing an appraisal company.

Even in a small town, you can find dozens of firms offering independent examination of trademarks, patents and other intangible assets. In order not to waste money and time, contact only experts with an impeccable business reputation.

1) KSK group

The company has been in the appraisal business for over 20 years, employing 30 specialists. The firm conducts an examination of intangible assets of any kind (know-how, goodwill, copyright, research and development, etc.). Underway (read a separate article on this topic) and more traditional objects - fixed assets, real estate. All employees of the company are specialists with extensive practical experience. Their professional liability is insured.

2) Atlas Grade

One of the largest companies in the industry, operating since 2001.

An examination of any complexity and orientation is carried out, including a professional one (we recommend that you familiarize yourself with our article on this topic), examination of contracts, copyright, assessment of banks, securities, etc.

3) Progress Assessment

A company that specializes in real estate, securities and business valuation. Experts have extensive experience and high qualifications, allowing them to carry out the most complex and time-consuming types of work, including the valuation of intangible assets.

When choosing an appraisal company, pay attention not only to the cost of services, but also to other important factors: term of work, portfolio of completed projects, positive reviews, participation in professional communities, place in various ratings.

By choosing a reputable company, you will protect yourself from unnecessary expenses, and the report will be prepared just in time. Such a report will not require adjustments and is highly likely to be accepted by banks, notaries and investment companies.

Read about what features it has in a separate article on our website.

5. How to save money on the valuation of intangible assets - 3 useful tips

Independent examination, including the assessment of intangible assets, is never cheap. Basically, you are paying a few days (or even weeks) for a professional appraiser to work. Preparing a report requires high qualifications, constant and rather costly retraining, and obtaining certificates.

That is why you should not save money by contacting companies that offer an estimate at low prices. It is highly likely that the quality of expertise in such institutions will also be low.

But you can still reduce costs if you use our recommendations.

It is not uncommon for a court, bank or investor not to accept a report from an independent appraiser, motivating the refusal by the presence of significant errors in the document. As a result, the customer has to pay for the examination a second time.

To avoid unpleasant situations of this kind, contact a company with an impeccable reputation and a large number of customers.

Tip 2. Use a free consultation

Many appraisers offer an initial consultation for free. Using this service, the client receives comprehensive information about the course of the examination, recommendations for ordering services, answers to questions of interest.