Language levels- these are subsystems of the general language system, each of which is characterized by a collection of relatively homogeneous units and a set of rules governing their use and grouping into various classes. The following units are usually distinguished: phonetic (units - sounds and phonemes), morphemic (units - morphemes), lexical (units - lexemes), morphological (units - forms and classes of words), syntactic (units - sentences and phrases).
Language norm- these are the rules of speech behavior of a native speaker, socially approved, objectified by speech practice and reflecting the laws of the language system.
Reasons for changing the norm:
Language reasons:
1) law of speech economy = law least effort
2) Law of analogy
3) Law of speech tradition
Non-linguistic (extralinguistic) reasons for changes in the norm are various social and historical factors, as well as linguistic fashion and linguistic taste.
Signs of normality:
1) the norm is static in a certain period of time and dynamic in its development. The dynamics of a norm are associated with the existence of a triad of systems (a language system is a set and a way of expressing special ones in a given language).
2) the norm is variantless and variant. Variant refers to parallel ways of expressing the same linguistic content. Options give more possibilities during their implementation: neutral and outdated (film, sanatorium); neutral conversational (on vacation - on vacation); neutral vernacular (theirs - theirs); neutral vernacular (compAs, Alcohol, drug addiction); neutral folk-ethical (gate - gate, maiden - red maiden)
3) universality and locality. Locality can be professional and territorial.
There are the following types (types) of structural linguistic norms:
1) Ya. n. pronunciations regulate the choice of acoustic variants of a phoneme or alternating phonemes - at each step in the development of speech and in each syllable of a separate word. It is possible - (golden), it is not possible - (golden); it is possible - (agarot, usad "ba), it is impossible - (agarod, usad "ba").
2) Ya. n. stress regulates the choice of placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones. You can - (quarter), you can't - (quarter). N. Russian modern stress in the literary language is closely related to morphological properties parts of speech and turn out to be one of their formal indicators. The mobility and diversity of modern Russian stress makes it difficult to master, especially by persons for whom Russian is not a native language and is not acquired by them in early childhood, which leads to the “overlapping” of new accentological languages. to old ones already acquired in their native language.
3) Ya. n. lexical ones regulate word usage - they do not allow violation of the traditionally established correlation of a name with a specific object, a phenomenon of the real world. So, for example, it is forbidden to call a loaf of white or black bread a bun, because the word bun has a traditionally fixed correlation with another object: a bun is a product made from wheat flour that has a round or oval shape. Lexical Ya. n. determine reproducibility in literary texts and in oral forms communication of a certain word from a number of possible ones, having the same subject relevance in various forms existence of the Russian language. So, for example, the first word of the indicated series is literary-standardized, although all the words of this series denote the same object or the same phenomenon: yesterday, the other day; eyes, peepers, zenks, eyesores, cataracts, balls; slap in the face, slap in the face; thank you, thank you; cold, cold, freezing; generous, torpid, etc. Phraseological Ya. n. regulate the use of figures of speech traditionally associated with the characteristics of certain phenomena. So, for example, the expression goosebumps are running as a figurative characteristic of the state of a person who feels an attack of some chills or trembling is considered codified, but the expression goosebumps are jumping (or crawling) is considered unacceptable.
4) Ya. n. word formations do not allow the use in literary texts of words whose structure violates the principles of combining morphemes. Consequently, these Ya. n. restrain the influx into the literary vocabulary of words that do not correspond to the word-formation structure of the models.
5) Ya. n. morphological ones determine the literary status of certain word forms and do not allow the use of other word forms, although they are a means of speech in various types"talking". So, for example, the following word forms are recognized as literary and correct: officers (not officer), engineers (not engineer), elections (not choice), professors (not professors), shurya (not brothers-in-law), brothers-in-law (not brothers-in-law), zvonche (not louder), sweeter (not sweeter), a pair of socks (not a sock), a pair of stockings (not stockings), a cup of coffee (not coffee), etc.
6) Ya. n. syntactic ones require compliance with the rules of agreement: big kangaroo, big sconce (but not big kangaroo and not big sconce), control: laugh through tears (but not through tears), rules for the arrangement of words in the structure of a sentence, expression of various relationships between parts complex sentence and so on.
7) Ya.n. stylistic ones cover certain aspects (features) of the use of speech means in various spheres of literary-standardized communication: they predetermine the attachment of one or another means of speech to a certain sphere of speech activity, i.e. the use of words, expressions, word forms, methods combinations of words, types of syntactic constructions in certain contexts and speech situations.
Ya.n.s differ. imperative and dispositive. Imperative (i.e. strictly obligatory) Ya. n. - these are those whose violation is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). Such Ya.n. do not allow options (non-variable Ya. n.), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect, unacceptable, for example: alphabet (not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken (not chicken), due to which (not due to which). In contrast to imperative Ya.n., dispositive (i.e., complementary, not strictly obligatory) allow options - stylistically different or completely neutral (variable Ya.n.), for example: barge and barge, on vacation (neutral) - on vacation (colloquial), compass - for sailors: compass. A literary norm can be a fact of codification or be at the stage of realizing codification possibilities, and also act as a potential for normalizing tendencies in the sphere of communication. That is why researchers consider it necessary to focus attention on the dynamic nature of the literary norm, on the dialectical nature of the very process of codification of means of communication.
At the level of speech activity, there are different types of language such as embodied, or realized, and disembodied, potential, realizable. Implemented Ya.n. consists of two parts: 1) the updated part (modern, productive, active, well-recognized and practically codified), 2) the non-actualized part (it includes archaisms, obsolete variants of the language, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). RealizableI. n. also falls into two parts: 1) becoming Ya. n. - neologisms and new formations at different levels of language and 2) a fundamentally non-codable area of speech activity (individual, occasional, created for the occasion, etc., but formations necessary in the process of communication). General literary Ya. n. can vary in different ways, that is, appear in the form of options as a consequence of the functional-dynamic existence of means of communication. Thus, in the accentological state of the modern literary language, there is a competing activity of variants with the stress moving to the beginning of the word bondar vm. cooper, butt vm. butt, glider vm. glider, born Vm. born), as well as variants with the stress moving to the end of the word (need vs. need).
Significant groups of words are drawn into the sphere of morphological variation. This is due to a number of factors: the presence of sonorant sounds in the outcome of the stems of nouns (eggplant, eggplant, roe deer, roe deer, similarity, passage, nursery, nursery), shifting stress (vetrov vm. winds, barge vm. barzha), etc. . P.
The increase in variability in the sphere of literary standardized communication is a complex and multifaceted process associated with the development of the literary language and its role in society; this may be a consequence of evolutionary transformations in the structure of language, the aging of some languages. and the emergence of others, the interaction of oral (spoken) and written (book) forms of speech, the competition of systemic capabilities of one or another means of communication within the literary language. And yet, the tendency towards expediency in acts of speech activity predetermines the direction of the structural-linguistic preference of the speech variant, which is expressed in the development and codification of literary norms (interaction and interpenetration of functional-speech variants, expansion of the scope of the normative weight of the variant, neutralization of functional-speech markings as a consequence of the convergence of the oral and writing, normalization of variants as a fact of stylistic differentiation).
Codification of the norm– fixation of norms in dictionaries, reference books, grammar, etc.
Language system- a set of units of a given language level in their unity and interconnectedness; classes of units and rules for their formation, transformation and combination. In this sense, they talk about the phonological, morphological, word-formation, syntactic, lexical, semantic system of a given language or (more narrowly) about systems (subsystems) of declension and conjugation, verb and name, aspect and tense, gender and case, etc. They distinguish the core of the system, which includes the basic linguistic units and rules, and its periphery - little-used facts that stand on the border of the literary language (obsolete, slang, dialect, etc.); distinguish between core and periphery grammatical system. In connection with the functional-stylistic stratification of language (colloquial, official, newspaper-journalistic, scientific, etc.) and the fundamental admissibility of discrepancy between norms in different styles, language is sometimes defined as a system of systems (or subsystems).
Uzus- (from Latin usus - use, use, custom) - in linguistics, the generally accepted use of a linguistic unit (word, phraseological unit, etc.) in contrast to its occasional (temporary and individual) use (for example, neologisms are not common units language). Uzus is a speech practice actual use language in different areas communication. The concept of language is closely related to the concepts of linguistic norms and language systems. The linguistic norm captures only some of the possibilities provided by language and reflects only some of the possibilities for the usual consumption of language. Usually, the usual use of language units is recorded in dictionaries (explanatory, phraseological, spelling, spelling, etc.).
from the teeth (jaws), and in the speech of accountants, the word payment is used instead of the word
combinations payment receipt.
Of all the varieties of jargon (see Table 5.7), the professional one has the least negative impact on the general state of speech culture, since the use of professionalisms, as a rule, does not go beyond the work activities of the team. An exception, perhaps, is the professional jargon of computer scientists, which is quickly absorbed - first by young people, and then by the majority of users, regardless of age. The reasons for this phenomenon are still the same: brevity, metaphorical nature, expressiveness of professionalism, and, moreover, a sense of humor manifested in these names. Let us recall some of these professionalisms: Emelya (from e-mail) - email address; drove - Excel program; bug - error in the program; hardware - everything that does not relate to the program (case, board); crib - panel for the microcircuit; sharpen - configure the program; rummage (share) - provide for sharing; dupostrel - a program that finds duplicate mail.
In your opinion, is it acceptable to use slang words in the media? If yes, then in what cases, if not, then why?
Do you use jargon in your speech practice? In what situations?
Do you agree that foul language in public places should be prohibited by law? Give reasons for your position.
5.4. Language norms. Codification of norms
We remind you that the language norm (from Latin norma) is key concept normative aspect of speech culture, and compliance with the norm is an obligatory feature of literary language
ka, These are the rules for the use of speech means accepted in social and linguistic practice during a certain period of development of the literary language . To language norms from-
rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means. These rules presuppose a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements: sounds, words, phrases, sentences. Norms are formed, as a rule, at a later stage of development of a literary language, and it is the existence of linguistic norms that is one of the main conditions for the unity (and therefore the existence) of not only a literary, but also a national (popular) language.
From the definition of a linguistic norm it follows that it has a dual nature: strictly linguistic (objective) and socio-historical (subjective). The subjective side means that the norm must be recognized and accepted by native speakers as correct and exemplary.
The norm is mandatory for both oral and written speech and covers all levels of language. The types of norms of the modern Russian literary language are presented in table. 5.9:
Table 5.9 |
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Language norms |
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Types of norms | The essence of the norms |
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Orthoepic | Pronunciation and stress rules |
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Derivational | Rules for forming words |
|
Lexical | Rules for using words and fixed expressions in speech according to |
|
in accordance with their lexical meaning |
||
Grammar | Morphological | Inflection rules different parts speeches |
Syntactic | Rules for constructing phrases and sentences of different types |
|
Rules for rendering words and their significant parts (morphemes) in writing |
||
Orthographic |
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Rules for using punctuation marks in writing |
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Punctuation |
||
As we can see, the names of the varieties of norms use the same adjectives as the names of language levels (orthoepic norms are also called phonetic norms). (More detailed characteristics spelling, grammatical and lexical norms are presented in the appendix. 1 – 3. Many people believe that only written speech requires strict adherence to lexical or, say, syntactic norms. This point of view is wrong.
Orthoepic norms are specific to oral speech; for written speech – spelling and punctuation. We must comply with other types of norms (word-formation, lexical and grammatical) both in written and oral speech. All language norms, without exception, differ in a number of important properties, which can be learned from Table. 5.10:
Table 5.10 |
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Properties of language norms |
|
Property of norms | Property essence |
Capability Compliance | Covering all aspects of language as a structure and system. |
language system | The level nature of the norms and their direct correlation with |
actual linguistic units |
|
Relative stability | The unity of two opposing processes: conservation (stable |
/variability | ity) and expansion (variability) of norms |
General obligation and general | Recognition of the language norm as a standard by the majority of speakers |
usage | language and the obligation to be guided by it in speech activity |
Imperative/variable | Existence of one language mode at a certain period |
speech expression of a certain content or two or more |
|
acceptable ways |
The last property seems to require additional comment.
The fact is that most language norms are strict (imperative), recognizing only one version of pronunciation, spelling, etc. The most strict are spelling, orthoepic and morphological norms. But there are more
“liberal”, variable norms, especially this applies to norms of word usage and syntactic norms. This is evidenced, in particular, by the fact that the majority of synonyms in the language are lexical and syntactic. Probably, the existence of synonymous words does not require special evidence, so we will give an example of syntactic synonymy - different standard ways of expressing the same information.
tions: If dangerous symptoms occur, consult a doctor - Having discovered dangerous symptoms, consult a doctor - If dangerous symptoms are detected, you should consult a doctor.
The difference between imperative and variable types of norms is demonstrated in Table. 5.11:
Table 5.11 |
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Varieties of language norms |
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Variety- | Types of norms by language level |
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sti standards for | ||||||||||
Orthoepic | Grammar | Punctuation |
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rigidity | ||||||||||
Imperative- | More beautiful | Jeans | One thing I know for sure: there is no turning back |
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Newborn | Wider, longer | |||||||||
Pov. incl. | Lie down, go | |||||||||
Variation- | Cottage cheese and cottage cheese | R.p. pl. h. | Apples and apples | They say you can't bring back the past |
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[plank] and [dosht, ] | Stronger and stronger | |||||||||
Pov. incl. | Throw it away and throw it away | They say you can't bring back the past |
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It is important to understand that the norm is not a figment of the imagination of linguists, and neither they nor writers (nor any individuals or even groups) are able to change the norm. Relying on traditional ways use of language, being wary of linguistic innovations - this trait is called conservatism, – the language norm ensures the understandability of the language for representatives of different generations.
However, the conservatism of norms does not mean their complete immobility, “ossification.” Their change is due to the constant development of language. In its development, the literary language draws resources from other varieties of the national language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons, as well as from other languages (this was already mentioned above), but does this extremely carefully. The norm itself plays the role of a filter in this process, letting into the literary language everything that is most expressive, communicatively necessary, and delaying, weeding out everything random. A change in norms is preceded by the emergence of coexisting variants that actually exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers: mattress and mattress, reach And reach eight and eight, Japanese-Russian And Japanese-Russian etc. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of the modern literary language. But the pace of change in language norms is much slower than the development of the national language as a whole.
For example, in the 15th century. spelling norm there was an okanye, and now it, being characteristic feature Northern Russian dialect, is regarded as a deviation from the norm. When reading classical literature, linguistic phenomena at other levels also attract attention. Thus, we involuntarily recode Pushkin’s “I ran you” into modern "I was running from you." And the title of the story by A.P. The modern reader (of course, before reading it) perceives Chekhov’s “Pharmacist” as a designation of a woman working in a pharmacy, while in the 19th century. this noun had a different lexical meaning - the pharmacist's wife.
So, the historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon that does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. Public
New changes, the emergence of new traditions, new forms of relationships between people, the development of literature and other types of art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and linguistic norms.
Of course, a language norm is not a dogma that claims to be strictly followed. And there are few of us, native speakers, who always comply with language norms. But it should be borne in mind that violation of norms is carried out for various reasons and not always consciously.
Generally speaking, three main cases of deviation from the norms can be distinguished.
1. Unconscious deviation from the norm, which is called error(" I didn’t even know that it’s correct to say “put” and not “lie”).
2. Deliberate violation of norms due to neglect of them (motivation like “In our class (at work) everyone says “lie.” I know that this is wrong, but the correct thing to do is “put it down.” But I don’t want to stand out, so I say like everyone else: “lay down.”), which also qualifies as an error.
3. Deliberate (conscious, thoughtful) violation of language norms in order to create language game. Thus, an educated person, a teacher, can jokingly say
Tell your family: “I take my briefcase, put notebooks and documents in there and go to college.”
However, even in the latter case, deviations from the linguistic norm must be situationally and stylistically justified, and not dictated solely by the unfounded desire of the speaker (writer). One of the most common language game techniques
– destruction of speech stereotypes (phraseologisms, newspaper cliches, phrases any professional language, clericalism, etc.) is widely used in the language of the media, for example
measures: Beware of politicians who bring gifts, day of judgment, gentlemen of bad luck, etc.
How do we learn about the norms of a literary language? Of course, most of them are acquired in childhood on an intuitive-imitative basis along with the acquisition of speech. But all of them are enshrined in special publications: dictionaries, grammars, reference books.
1. Tradition and written recording. Language is generally traditional in nature. Each new generation improves the literary language, takes from the speech of older generations those means of expression, which are most consistent with new socio-cultural tasks and conditions of speech communication. This is facilitated by fixation in texts(written, partly oral).
In compositional speech structure texts, the principles of the internal organization of linguistic elements and methods of their use in connection with tasks of this text, depending on functional purpose style, to which the text belongs.
Traditionality contributes to the formation of known types of tests, known methods organization of speech means of a given literary language.
2. General obligatory norms and their codification.
Within the framework of a literary language, all its units and all functional areas(book and colloquial speech) are subject to a system of norms.
3. Functioning within the literary language colloquial speeches along with book speech.
The interaction of these two main functional and stylistic spheres of the literary language ensures its socio-cultural purpose: to be means of communication native speakers of the literary language, the main means of expressing national culture.
4. Branched multifunctional style system. The functional-style stratification of the literary language is determined by social need specialize linguistic means, organize them in a special way in order to ensure verbal communication of native speakers of a literary language in each sphere of human activity. Functional varieties of literary language are realized in written and oral form.
6. Literary language is characterized by flexible stability. Without it, the exchange of cultural values between generations of speakers of a given language is impossible. The stability of the literary language is ensured by:
1) maintaining stylistic traditions through written texts;
2) by the action of generally binding codified norms, which serve as a reliable regulator of the synchronous existence and development of the literary language.
The stability of the Russian language is also facilitated by its unity, integrity, and the absence of local variants.
Structure literary language
SRLYa consists of two systems, each of which is deeply unique and different from each other. Each of these systems is single, integral, self-sufficient, united by its own laws, but nevertheless they are two subsystems of one system. These two systems are the codified literary language (CLL) and colloquial(RY). RL is uncodified; there are no dictionaries, reference books, or textbooks for it. It is learned only through direct communication between cultured people, after all, RL is one of the two systems that make up a literary (i.e. cultural) language, therefore its speakers are the same people who speak CL. The main difference between RY and KLY is the informal relationship between speakers. In RY, the norms are not as strictly regulated as in KL; they allow for a greater number of options.
CODIFICATION OF LANGUAGE
Literary language is a cultural phenomenon that has always been very fragile and vulnerable, they require protection and care. And society consciously cares about the preservation of the language. Conscious care for language is called codification of language. Codification - means ordering, bringing into unity, into a system, a holistic, consistent set (code). In language codification – also bringing into unity, into order, rejection of everything alien to the literary language and acceptance of everything that enriches it.
Codification tools are dictionaries, language reference books, textbooks for high school, scientific linguistic research that sets the norm. This is also an example of people who have an impeccable command of Russian speech (talented writers, scientists, journalists, artists, announcers); works - artistic, scientific, journalistic - that have high social and cultural authority.
Language norm
Language norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means generally accepted in the linguistic practice of educated people , and writing(spelling rules).
The linguistic norm develops historically, determined, on the one hand, by the characteristics of the national language, and on the other, by the development of society and its culture.
The norm is stable for a certain period and at the same time dynamic - changeable over time. Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norm, but makes it more thin instrument selection of linguistic means.
In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms:
1) orthoepic (pronunciation), related to the sound side of literary speech, its pronunciation;
2) morphological related to the rules of formation of grammatical forms of words;
3) syntactic, related to the rules for the use of phrases and syntactic structures;
4) lexical, related to the rules of word usage, selection and use of the most appropriate lexical units.
The language norm has following features:
1) sustainability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;
2) widespread and universally binding compliance with normative rules (regulations) as complementary aspects of “control” of the element of speech;
4) cultural and aesthetic perception(evaluation) of language and its facts; the norm consolidates all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of humanity;
5) dynamic character(changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;
6) the possibility of linguistic “pluralism”(coexistence of several options recognized as normative) as a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and mobility, subjective (author) and objective (language), literary and non-literary (vernacular, dialects).
A norm can be imperative, i.e. strictly mandatory, and optional, i.e. not strictly mandatory. Imperative the norm does not allow variation in the expression of a linguistic unit, regulating only one way of expressing it. Violation of this norm is regarded as poor language proficiency (for example, errors in declension or conjugation, determining the gender of a word, etc.). Dispositive the norm allows for variation, regulating several ways of expressing a linguistic unit (for example, cottage cheese And cottage cheese etc.).
Normativity, i.e. following the norms of the literary language in the process of communication is rightly considered the basis, the foundation of speech culture.
OPTION OF LITERARY NORM
Being quite stable and stable, the norm as a historical category is subject to change, which is due to the very nature of language, which is in constant development. The variation that arises in this case does not destroy the norms, but makes it a more subtle tool for selecting linguistic means.
As noted , y the stability of norms is relative, because some of them are slowly but continuously changing under the influence colloquial speech. Changes in language entail the emergence options some norms. This means that the same grammatical meaning, the same human thought can be expressed differently.
The norm fluctuates and changes as a result of interaction different styles, interaction between systems of language and vernacular, literary language and dialects, interaction between new and old.
These vibrations create variant norms. Mass prevalence variant, its regular use and interaction with similar examples of literary language gradually turns the variant into the norm. There are three main degrees of the “norm-variant” relationship:
1) the norm is mandatory, but the option is prohibited;
2) the norm is mandatory, and the option is acceptable, although not desirable;
3) the norm and the option are equal.
Variation in the use of the same linguistic unit is often a reflection of the transitional stage from an outdated norm to a new one. Variants, modifications or varieties of a given linguistic unit can coexist with its main type.
There are equal and unequal versions of literary norms. In case of inequality of options, the main one is considered to be the one that can be used in all styles of speech. A variant whose use is limited to any one style is recognized as secondary, non-main.
Based on their belonging to linguistic types, units are distinguished the following options:
1) pronunciation (bakery-buloshnaya), otherwise-otherwise;
2) inflectional (tractors-tractors, in on the shop floor, hectare-hectares);
3) word-forming (cutting-cutting, stuffing-stuffing);
4) syntactic (ride the tram - ride the tram, wait for the plane - wait for the plane;
5) lexical (import-import, export-export, movie-film).
Norma, being general language, requires an active attitude. The outstanding philologist L.V. Shcherba regards variations and deviations from the norm as the highest criterion in assessing the culture of speech: “When a person’s sense of the norm is cultivated, then he begins to feel all the charm of justified deviations from it.”
Therefore, in order to deviate from the norm, you need to know it, you need to understand why acceptable retreat, for example:
people on horseback instead of horses.
Codified norms of a literary language are norms that all speakers of a literary language must follow. Any grammar of the modern Russian literary language, any of its dictionaries is nothing more than its modification. The statement that a feminine noun with the ending -a in the nominative case in the prepositional case has the ending -r (and not some other) is a statement about the norm. However, such norms are natural for native speakers of the Russian language, their codification is extremely simple, any grammarian can cope with such codification, and there is nothing for a speech culture specialist to do here. The culture of speech begins where language seems to offer a choice for codification, and this choice is far from clear-cut. You can often hear a kilometer, but the norm is only a kilometer, no less often you hear an agreement, but the norm is an agreement, although now an agreement is no longer categorically prohibited, whereas thirty years ago such an emphasis was prohibited. This indicates, among other things, that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as the language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs rationing. If you follow the established norms once and for all, then there is a danger that society will simply stop taking them into account and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Spontaneity in such a matter is far from good, since what seems acceptable to some will be unacceptable to others. Therefore, constant monitoring of the development and change of norms is one of the main tasks of linguistic science about the culture of speech.
Culture of Russian speech / Ed. OK. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaeva - M., 1999
The existence of literary and non-literary (colloquial, colloquial) forms, their interrelation and mutual influence determine the emergence and existence of the problem of language uniformity and its normativity. The problem of language normativity is one of the long-standing problems of linguistics. Despite the fact that the norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture, there is still no generally accepted definition of it. Stand out following definitions language norm: a) a language norm is an exemplary rule, enshrined in literary and scientific works, protected by science and the state, regulating the formation of words, their stress, pronunciation, etc.; b) language norm is the use of language units recommended by dictionary and reference publications and supported by the authority of famous figures in literature, art, science, education; c) a language norm is a model of word formation, inflection, word usage, and the formation of syntactic units (word combinations and sentences) generally accepted in a given language community. Thus, a linguistic norm should be understood as a rule, a model of word formation, inflection, and word usage. A norm is a uniform, generally accepted use of language elements, the rules for their use in a certain period. The main sources of the norm include the works of classical writers; works of modern writers who continue classical traditions; media publications; common modern usage; linguistic research data. However, we note here that compliance with authoritative sources (works famous writers or the works of famous scientists) is often considered almost the most important feature of a literary norm. However, it should be remembered that, for example, a work of art can reflect not only the literary language, but also dialects and vernacular language, therefore, when identifying norms based on observations of texts fiction it is necessary to distinguish, on the one hand, the actual author’s speech, and on the other hand, the language of the characters. Some researchers believe that the most important feature literary norm is a purely quantitative factor - the degree of use of a linguistic phenomenon. However, it should be borne in mind that a high degree of usage of a language variant, while important in determining the language norm, can also characterize speech errors. Norms are not invented by linguists, but reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them. It can be argued that a linguistic phenomenon should be considered normative if it is characterized by the following features: compliance with the structure of the language; massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speakers; public approval and recognition.
