Reed instruments are a family musical instruments, which are characterized by sound production using a tongue - a flexible vibrating plate of small size.

Sheng - the first reed instrument

The first reed musical instrument is supposedly about 2 thousand years old. It's about about the ancient Chinese harmonica called "sheng". In the countries of the Ancient East, it was considered a sacred instrument and was used during religious events. The sheng has existed for several millennia and was one of the most popular instruments in Burma, Laos and Tibet. It was also known in Russia, where it first arrived in the 10th century. Information has been preserved confirming that in the mid-18th century, the courtiers of the Russian Tsar were fond of playing the sheng.

Structurally, the sheng was a small round box with bamboo tubes inserted around its circumference, which were equipped with a plate with a tongue at the lower edge. Sheng produced sounds in twelve keys and was easy to use.

Hand accordion

Not all reed musical instruments blow air through the mouth; bellows can perform this role. They were invented 1.5 thousand years BC. V Ancient Greece or Egypt, only they were used not for making sound, but for fanning the fire.

The first hand-made one was made in 1797 by František Kiršnik. He made his living tuning clavichords and organs. One day, the famous scientist Christian Kratzenstein invited him to his workshop to conduct a series of experiments, as a result of which a new musical design was invented - reed strips. Using this design, Frantisek assembles a small organ and takes it to St. Petersburg.

The manual harmonica has taken root in Russia. The first production of such harmonics was opened in Tula. It was considered a romantic instrument due to its gentle and expressive sound and accompanied folk songs well.

Invention of the mouth and hand harmonica

Harmonicas in last years are experiencing a new surge in popularity. And this musical instrument was invented by the German Frederick Bushman in 1821, giving him beautiful name"Aura". In his harmonica, the reeds, set in motion by the exhalation of the musician, could freely slip into the holes of the frame and make sounds. There are two types of harmonicas of this type - chromatic and diatonic.

A year later, Bushman invented another type of reed musical instrument - a small hand harmonica. He simply equipped the tuning fork, which was used to tune organs, with leather bellows.

Accordion

The accordion is an improved version of the Bushman small hand harmonica. The date of birth of the accordion is considered to be 1829, when a new type of harmonica with accompaniment on the left keyboard was first introduced in Vienna. Each of the five buttons of this harmonica produced one chord when compressed and another when the bellows was stretched. This type of harmonica with chord accompaniment is called accordions.

Viennese and German type harmonics

Harmonics are usually divided into two types, depending on the country where they are manufactured, and, accordingly, design features. From a sound point of view, they have no fundamental differences.

Thus, German diatonic harmonicas are characterized by placing the melody valves on the right cover, and the keyboard on the extended neck on the left. They were otherwise called two- or four-plank, since there were two planks in each row.

The Viennese harmonicas had a different arrangement of valves and keyboard: the valves were on the right cover, and the left keyboard was already on the accompaniment cover. These harmonics are otherwise called two-row harmonics.

The group of reed musical instruments includes instruments in which the sound is formed due to the vibrations of elastic reeds placed in the openings of special voice bars. The reeds are excited due to the difference in air pressure created on one and the other side of the reed.

The reed group includes harmonicas, button accordions, accordions and a number of other instruments. Sometimes this group of instruments includes some wind instruments, in which single or double reeds (reeds) are used. In contrast to wind instruments with reeds (reeds), the reed group includes only those instruments that use slipping (passing) reeds placed in the so-called voice bars.

Division of reeds into chromatic and diatonic

Based on the structure of the scale, reed instruments are divided into diatonic and chromatic. The former mainly include harmonicas, the latter include button accordions, accordions and some other instruments. Sometimes harmonica (harmony, harmonica) is understood as the entire group of reed instruments with sliding metal reeds located in the openings of the voice bars and having special channels for supplying a stream of air.

Differences between reed instruments

Reed instruments, which have air chambers of variable volume (bellows), are structurally little different from each other and are varieties of accordions, button accordions, and accordions.

Reed instruments differ among themselves in tuning, sound range, number of voices (the largest number of simultaneously sounding reeds with one button or key pressed), number of registers (switches for air supply channels to the reeds), and the presence or absence of the ability to include ready-made chords.

Symbols depending on characteristics

For the convenience of determining the type of instrument, depending on the number of voices, registers and sound range, it is accepted
conventional numerical designation, for example accordion 41 X 120-III.7/2. The first number (41 in the example) indicates
the number of keys on the right side of the body (in melody), the second number (120) is the number of buttons on the left side of the body (in ac-
accompaniment). If the second number is a fraction, then the numerator is the total number of accompaniment buttons, and the denominator is the number of elective buttons. The third number (III) shows the number of voices, the fourth number (7/2) shows the number of registers in the melody (numerator) and in the accompaniment (denominator).

Features of the reed structure

The reeds (voices) corresponding to one pressed button (key) are tuned to different frequencies. So, with four voices, one of the reeds is the main one (string), and its frequency corresponds to the notation, the second - per octave
below the main one, the third is an octave higher than the main one, the fourth is tuned to the same frequency as the main reed, but with an increase or decrease in it by several hertz ( ), which in combination with the main tones creates beats (physiological unison).

A series of bars (reeds) having a frequency higher than the frequency of the main reed is called a piccolo series. The reeds can be tuned to other frequencies.

Different timbres of sound are obtained by turning on the corresponding registers, i.e. groups of reeds. Instruments with one or two voices usually do not have register switches.

Modern reed instruments are widely used for solo, ensemble, orchestral performance of musical works, as well as for accompaniment and educational purposes.

Accordion as a type of reed instrument

The accordion is the simplest of the reed instruments equipped with bellows.

The accordion consists of a neck 12 (Fig. 7.1), game buttons 11, a grid 9 that protects valves 10 from mechanical damage, keyboard mechanics levers 13, resonators 8 with voice melody bars, bellows 7, resonator 6 with voice accompaniment bars, mechanics 14, left keyboard buttons 4, left keyboard flaps 3, left mesh 2, left strap 1.

When the bellows is stretched (compressed), a pressure difference is created inside and outside the instrument body, which, when the valve is open (the button is pressed), leads to the movement of air through the corresponding voice bar and the excitation of the reed (voice) in its opening.

Harmonies are mainly made with two, three and four voices. Three- and four-voice harmonicas can have 1-4 registers.

The accordion accompaniment is made both ready-made and optional. The tuning is mainly diatonic.

Accordions are divided into two main types: “lamps”, which produce sounds of the same height when the bellows are compressed and stretched, and “wreaths”, which produce sounds of different heights when the bellows are compressed and stretched with the same button pressed. “Wreaths” are made with Russian tuning (a higher tone is produced by compression) and German (a higher tone is produced by stretching) tuning.

The sound range of accordions can be different. For most of them it is approximately three octaves (Table 7.1).

The scale (arrangement of buttons) “khromki” (Fig. 7.2) is different from the scale “wreaths” (Fig. 7.3).

Accordion buttons can be arranged in one, two or three rows, depending on which the accordion is called one-, two- or three-row. The accompaniment has buttons for bass sounds and buttons for ready-made chords (Fig. 7.2, b).

The chords are made up of major and minor triads and seventh chords.

With a three-row arrangement of buttons, the row closest to the bellows consists of buttons called bass buttons. Second and third rows
consist of alternating pairs of buttons, the bottom of which is bass, the top is chord.

The melody reeds are adjusted in accordance with the accepted sound ranges and layout.

There are a number of national accordions (Tatar, Azerbaijani, Dagestan) adapted for performing national music. They differ in layout (special keys are used instead of buttons) and sound range.

The main disadvantage of accordions is their limited performance capabilities (exclusively in comparison with button accordions and accordions, of course).

The group of reed instruments includes harmonicas, button accordions and accordions. Their source of sound is metal reeds mounted on slats and set into vibration by a stream of air pumped by bellows.

The main parts of the instruments are the body, neck with keyboard, right and left mechanics, resonators with valves and reeds - voices. The body consists of right and left boxes connected by fur. The right box contains a keyboard mechanism and strips with reeds for playing melodies; on the left - all the same nodes for performing ready-made chords and basses necessary for accompaniment.

The neck with the keyboard is installed in the right box of the case. In accordions and button accordions, the neck has slots for keys; in accordions, it is made like a piano keyboard. The keys are levers, at one end of which there is a button, the other end is connected to a valve that allows air access to the reeds. The right and left mechanics serve to lift one or more valves when a key is pressed.

The mechanics may have additional switches - registers that allow the inclusion of additional reeds that sound higher or lower for a certain interval, as a result of which the timbre of the instrument sounds changes.

The resonators are a series of separate wooden chambers, closed from the outside with brass or aluminum strips. Metal tongues made of spring steel, bronze or brass are attached to the strips at one end. Each resonator chamber usually has two reeds that work alternately when the bellows is compressed and unclenched. Paired reeds can be tuned in unison or different heights sound.

When you press a key on the right keyboard, one, two, three, or four reeds can sound simultaneously. Accordingly, instruments are distinguished between one-voice, two-voice, three-voice and four-voice.

Reed musical instruments are divided into diatonic and chromatic.

The scale of diatonic instruments is built from the main steps without intermediate semitones (according to the diatonic scale). Diatonic instruments include lame harmonicas, wreath harmonicas and national harmonicas - Tula, Saratov, Kazan, etc.

The scale of chromatic instruments is built on a chromatic scale, which allows them to perform more complex musical works. Chromatic instruments include button accordions and accordions.

The main indicators of these instruments in the price list are indicated by a conventional code, where the first number is the number of keys on the right keyboard, the second is the number of buttons on the left, the third is the largest number of simultaneously sounding reeds when pressing one key, the fourth (numerator) is the number of registers in the melody, the denominator - in accompaniment.

Diatonic harmonicas are intended for use in simple pieces of music.

Harmony wreaths have different pitches of sounds when squeezing and unclenching the fur.

Lame accordions have become more widespread; the pitch of the sound of a lame does not depend on the direction of movement of the bellows. Accordions are produced: G-23X12-II, G-25X25-III, etc.

Bayan - chromatic reed instrument, differing from the harmonium in the large volume of the scale.

When articulating an instrument, its characteristics are indicated by five numbers, with the number of switches indicated by the fifth element. For example, the code B-52Х100-III-5 means: button accordion, 52 keys in the melody, 100 buttons in the accompaniment, three-voice with five register switches.

The accordion, unlike the button accordion, has a piano melody keyboard. The “voices” are tuned with a “spill”, i.e., with some deviation from the main tone in the upward direction.

Accordions are produced mainly three-voice: A-28Х40-III-2; A-34Х80-III-2, А-34Х80-III-5, А-41Х X120-III-2; A-41Х120-III-5/2; A-41X120-III-7/2.

Reed musical instruments must meet the following quality requirements: the vocal reeds are precisely tuned, easily excited by slight movement of the bellows, there should be no excessive air leakage (it is important that the connections of the resonators with the soundboard and the connections of the bellows with the body are airtight), the mechanism must work easily, smoothly and relatively silently. The surface of the case must be polished or lined with artistic celluloid and be free from stains, scratches and other defects.

Accordions and button accordions are sold in individual cases with a passport and instructions for using and caring for the instrument. Harmonies are also produced in cases, but they can be packaged in cardboard boxes.

Wind musical instruments. Wind instruments are those whose sound source is an oscillating column of air blown into the channel of the instrument by the performer. The longer the channel, the lower in pitch the sound is produced.

Depending on the method of sound production and design features, wind instruments are divided into embouchure, lingual (reed) and labial.

In embouchure wind instruments, sound is produced by blowing air into a tube through a funnel-shaped mouthpiece while the performer's lips are tense. These instruments are divided into signal and orchestral.

Signal wind instruments consist of a tube and a funnel-shaped mouthpiece. It is impossible to extract all the sounds of the chromatic scale from them. They are used to send signals. These include the bugle, fanfare, hunting and infantry horn.

Orchestral wind instruments allow you to extract all the sounds of the chromatic scale. The most common of these are trumpet, cornet, alto, tenor, baritone, bass, horn and zugtrombone.

The pipe is a metal tube bent into one turn. This instrument is the highest sounding of the orchestral group and is often used for solo performance.

Cornet, alto, tenor, baritone, bass are arranged according to the same principle. They differ in size (and therefore in pitch), as well as in appearance. These instruments are also called saxhorns (a pipe that expands from the mouthpiece in a capsule-like manner along its entire length and at the bell).

The horn is one of the richest sounding instruments; It is a long tube, folded into three turns and ending in a wide bell.

A zug trombone is a double-bent metal tube with a wide bell. It differs from other orchestral instruments in that it does not have a valved voice machine; To change the pitch of the sound, a retractable pipe (scene) is used.

Lingual (reed) wind instruments have a reed as a sound exciter - a reed, fixed in the upper part of the instrument. Lingual instruments can be with a single-leaf reed of the mouthpiece type (clarinets, saxophones) and with a two-leaf reed of the mouthpiece type (oboe, bassoon). To change the pitch of the sound, all instruments have a lever-keyboard mechanism.

The clarinet consists of a bell, lower and upper knees, and a mouthpiece. A single-leaf reed is attached to the mouthpiece. Tool channel cylindrical, all parts of the tool are detachable.

The clarinet has a range of three and a half octaves, the timbre is flexible and expressive.

The saxophone, in terms of its sound, occupies an intermediate position between wooden and brass (embouchure) instruments. The saxophone consists of a mouthpiece, a lead tube, a body with a bell and a lever-valve mechanism.

A single-leaf reed is attached to the mouthpiece. Saxophones vary in size and tuning.

The oboe is similar in appearance to the clarinet, but differs from it in that it has a conical channel and a double-lobed reed (double reed).

This device gives the instrument a unique, slightly nasal timbre.

The bassoon, unlike other woodwind instruments, is characterized by a low timbre. It consists of two elbows folded together - wooden tubes with a conical channel. When playing, a curved metal tube (“esik”) is inserted into the mouthpiece part of the tube, at the end of which a double reed is attached. The bassoon has a more complex valve-lever mechanism compared to the oboe.

Labial wind instruments originated from folk pipes. When playing these instruments, a stream of air is blown at an angle to the side opening - the labium. The air is cut through the hole and vibrates.

This group of instruments includes flutes, which are a tube consisting of a head and middle and lower bends. There is a hole on the side of the head for air injection. Flutes are characterized by a high, cold sound timbre.

Spare parts and accessories for wind instruments include mouthpieces, reeds, valve cushions, mouthpiece machines, caps, mutes.

Basic requirements for the quality of wind instruments: accuracy of tuning, right action voice machine or valve-lever mechanism, careful processing and finishing.

Reed musical instruments include harmonicas, button accordions, and accordions. These instruments can be used for solo, ensemble and orchestral performance of musical works, as well as for accompanying and educational purposes.

Reed instruments differ in their sound range, the number of keys and buttons on the right and left keyboards, the keyboard structure, the number of registers (timbre switches), the number of voices and the nature of their settings (in unison, in spill).

Modern harmonicas and their improved types - button accordions and accordions - have the same main parts and components.

In Fig. Below is the appearance of the accordion. The main parts and components of the accordion are: the body (1), consisting of two halves - right and left; fur chamber (2); neck with keyboard (3); right and left mechanics (4); resonators with voice strips.

The body consists of right and left half-hulls with decks on which all parts and mechanisms are mounted. For the manufacture of the body and soundboard, birch, beech, maple, alder wood, birch and beech plywood, aluminum sheets and aluminum alloys. The outside of the case is usually covered with celluloid. The half-hulls are connected to each other by fur.

The bellows is a corrugated chamber consisting of 13-17 hermetically glued borin folds, which, when stretched and compressed, create a vacuum or air pressure inside the instrument. The fur is made of cardboard covered with fabric and hermetically sealed to the right and left halves of the body.

The neck is attached to the right half of the body and serves to accommodate the melody keys.

The right and left mechanics are designed to transfer movement from the keys, right and left keyboard buttons to the valves, which open the corresponding holes in the decks when playing.

The right mechanics serves to lift the melody valves, and in the harmonium, each key in the melody opens one valve, passing a stream of air to the corresponding reeds.

The left mechanics have a more complex arrangement of lever systems and, when the button is pressed, several valves of the accompanying bass part of the accordion are simultaneously opened.

Resonators with voice strips are elements of sound production. The voice bars are mounted on special resonator blocks with partitions. The slatted resonators installed in the right half of the body are called melody resonators, and those in the left half are called bass resonators. The number of melody resonators depends on its type.

Voice bars are metal plates (frames) with slots (openings) above which metal reeds are located. The tongues and slots in the plates are prismatic in shape. Each sound has its own reed (voice). The shorter the reed, the higher the sound, and vice versa - the longer the reed, the lower the sound. The reeds are riveted to the plate with their thickened end, the free end of the reed enters the slot of the plate and, under the influence of a passing stream of air, vibrates, forming sound waves.

From the accuracy of the fit of the tongue to the slot of the plate with minimum clearance, the quality of the sound of the voice, its strength and partly its timbre depend on the quality of the material from which the reed and plate are made.

Despite its limited musical capabilities, the accordion is widespread and popular in rural areas. This is explained by the fact that the accordion, having clear, full-sounding chords, melodious and melodic “voices”, ensures, thanks to its design, ease of mastering the art of playing it, and is an accessible musical instrument for a wide range of performers.

Harmonies have a diatonic scale. The sound range is about three octaves.

The assortment of accordions is represented by the so-called wreaths and chromes. In addition, national harmonicas are produced, i.e., adapted for the performance of national melodies.

“Wreaths” are characterized by the fact that they have different pitches of sounds when squeezing and unclenching the fur. “Khromki” are more popular; the pitch of their sound does not depend on the direction of movement of the fur.

There are one-, two-, three-, four-voice harmonicas, which have, respectively, one, two, three, four reeds that sound in unison when one key is pressed. Increasing the number of reeds sounding in unison leads to increased sound volume.

Reed instruments are marked using an alphanumeric code:

♦ in the first place is a letter indicating, respectively, A - accordion, B - button accordion, G - accordion;

♦ in second place - a number indicating the number of keys on the right keyboard;

♦ in third place - a number indicating the number of buttons on the left keyboard;

♦ in fourth place - a Roman numeral indicating the number of voices, i.e. simultaneously sounding reeds when pressing one key;

♦ in fifth place - a fraction, the numerator of which indicates the number of register switches in the melody, and the denominator - the number of register switches in the left keyboard (in the accompaniment). If there are no register switches in the left keyboard, the fifth place is a number indicating the number of register switches in the right keyboard (in the melody).

In table The characteristics of several types of varieties of harmonies are given.

The assortment of accordions also includes harmonicas, which differ in that air is supplied to the voice bars by the lungs of the performer, and not by bellows. They are not widespread in our country.

Accordion appeared as a result of the improvement of the accordion. Unlike the harmonium, it has a chromatic scale (12-step equal temperament scale), a sound range of up to 5 octaves, so its musical capabilities are much wider. It is used to accompany vocal performances and for solo performance of musical works.

Basically, the structure of the accordion and the principle of its operation are close to the accordion discussed above. However, the design of the button accordion units is much more complicated. Appearance button accordion is shown in Fig.

By design, the left keyboard mechanisms of the button accordion are divided into ready-made, elective, and ready-elective.

A ready-made mechanism is a mechanism that allows you to press one key to produce the sound of a fixed chord of three or four sounds. The finished accordion mechanism has the most simple design, and the mechanisms of button accordions and accordions consist of a much larger number of parts.

An elective mechanism is a mechanism that allows the performer to independently type chords. It significantly expands the sound range of the instrument, bringing it closer to the range of a piano. It is difficult to play a button accordion with a selectable mechanism, so they are not widely used.

The ready-chosen mechanism includes, as it were, two mechanisms: with ready-made chords and with chosen ones. A special register switch can be used to transfer the instrument from one mechanism to another. The ready-to-elect mechanism is much more complicated than the previous ones.

Depending on the purpose, design features, the largest number simultaneous sounding reeds, the presence of register switches, button accordions can be divided into several groups:

1. Two-voice accordions with different sound ranges without register switches (B-43x80-P, etc.) These are instruments with a reduced sound range, small sizes, and are intended mainly for teaching children.

3. Button accordions with ready-choice accompaniment (BVG-58x100-Sh-7, etc.) are the most complex in their design and perfect in performance, playing and acoustic properties.

4. Orchestral button accordions - piccolo, prima, alto, tenor, bass, double bass. In their design, they differ from ordinary button accordions in that they have a keyboard only on the right side of the body and differ in sound range: piccolo button accordion has 3 octaves, prima - 4 octaves, alto - 31/2 octaves, tenor - 3 octaves, bass - 3 octaves, double bass - 21/2 octaves.

5. Timbre button accordions: button accordion-trumpet, button accordion-flute, button accordion-bassoon, button accordion-oboe, button accordion-clarinet. These button accordions are fundamentally different from all previously considered button accordion designs; they imitate the sound of a trumpet, flute, bassoon, oboe, and clarinet. Depending on the nature of the tuning of the reeds, which sound simultaneously when a certain button is pressed, button accordions are of two types: “in unison” and “in spill”. Bayans, the reeds of which are tuned in unison, i.e., to one note, are used during initial learning to play and to accompany folk songs and dances. Bayans, the reeds of which are tuned to the spill, that is, with some detuning in relation to each other in the direction of increasing, are called accordionized and are used to perform light and pop music.

Accordion According to the principle of sound formation, the design of resonators and bass mechanism, body, soundboards, bellows chamber and the materials used, it is almost no different from ordinary button accordions. The appearance of the accordion is shown in Fig.

The difference between a button accordion and an accordion is in the shape of the body, the melody keyboard, and the design of the neck.

The accordion has a piano keyboard in the melody, its neck is significantly expanded and lengthened, the body has a richer external design.

The accordion's tuning is twelve degrees, evenly tempered (the scale is full chromatic). Sound range up to 2 octaves. Adjusting the reeds "on tap".

Full accordions are usually called instruments that have 41 keys in the melody keyboard mechanism and 120 buttons in the bass mechanism. Of the complete ones, the most common are the following types of accordions: A-41Х120-Ш-5/2; A-41x120-Sh-7/3; A-4IxI20-IV9/3 - the range of sound of the melody (in the main one) from the note F of the small octave to the note A of the third octave.

Incomplete instruments include instruments with a reduced sound range and small sizes. They are mainly intended for educational purposes. These are accordions: А-34х80-Ш-5; А-34х80-Ш-5/2 - the sound range of the melody from the G note of the small octave to the E note of the third octave; А-37х96-Ш-5/3 - sound range from the note F of the small octave to the note F of the third octave.

A list of them will be given in this article. It also contains information about the types of wind instruments and the principle of extracting sound from them.

Wind instruments

These are pipes that can be made of wood, metal or any other material. They have different shape and produce musical sounds of different timbres, which are extracted through air flow. The timbre of the “voice” of a wind instrument depends on its size. The larger it is, the more air passes through it, which makes its vibration frequency lower and the sound produced low.

There are two ways to change the output of a given type of instrument:

• adjusting the air volume with your fingers, using rockers, valves, valves, and so on, depending on the type of tool;
• increasing the force of blowing an air column into the pipe.

The sound depends entirely on the flow of air, hence the name - wind instruments. A list of them will be given below.

Varieties of wind instruments

There are two main types - copper and wood. Initially, they were classified in this way depending on the material from which they were made. Nowadays, the type of instrument largely depends on the way the sound is extracted from it. For example, the flute is considered a woodwind instrument. Moreover, it can be made of wood, metal or glass. The saxophone is always produced only in metal, but belongs to the woodwind class. Brass tools can be made from various metals: copper, silver, brass and so on. There is a special variety - keyboard wind instruments. The list of them is not so long. These include harmonium, organ, accordion, melodica, button accordion. Air enters them thanks to special bellows.

What instruments are wind instruments?

Let's list the wind instruments. The list is as follows:

• pipe;
• clarinet;
• trombone;
• accordion;
• flute;
• saxophone;
• organ;
• zurna;
• oboe;
• harmonium;
• balaban;
• accordion;
• French horn;
• bassoon;
• tuba;
• bagpipes;
• duduk;
• harmonica;
• Macedonian gaida;
• shakuhachi;
• ocarina;
• serpent;
• horn;
• helicon;
• didgeridoo;
• kurai;
• trembita.

You can name some other similar tools.

Brass

Brass wind musical instruments, as mentioned above, are made of various metals, although in the Middle Ages there were also those made of wood. The sound is extracted from them by strengthening or weakening the blown air, as well as by changing the position of the musician’s lips. Initially, brass instruments were played only in the 30s of the 19th century, valves appeared on them. This allowed such instruments to reproduce a chromatic scale. The trombone has a retractable slide for these purposes.

Brass instruments (list):

• pipe;
• trombone;
• French horn;
• tuba;
• serpent;
• helicon.

Woodwinds

Musical instruments of this type were initially made exclusively from wood. Today this material is practically not used for their production. The name reflects the principle of sound production - there is a wooden reed inside the tube. These musical instruments are equipped with holes on the body, located at a strictly defined distance from each other. The musician opens and closes them while playing with his fingers. Thanks to this, a certain sound is obtained. Woodwind instruments sound according to this principle. The names (list) included in this group are as follows:

• clarinet;
• zurna;
• oboe;
• balaban;
• flute;
• bassoon.

Reed musical instruments

There is another type of wind instrument - reed. They sound thanks to a flexible vibrating plate (tongue) located inside. The sound is produced by exposing it to air, or by pulling and plucking. Based on this feature, you can create a separate list of tools. Reed wind instruments are divided into several types. They are classified according to the method of sound extraction. It depends on the type of reed, which can be metal (for example, as in organ pipes), freely slipping (as in Jew's harp and harmonicas), or beating, or reed, as in reed woodwinds.

List of tools of this type:

• harmonica;
• Jew's harp;
• clarinet;
• accordion;
• bassoon;
• saxophone;
• kalimba;
• harmonic;
• oboe;
• hulus.

Wind instruments with a freely slipping reed include: button accordion, labial. In them, air is pumped by blowing through the musician’s mouth, or by bellows. The air flow causes the reeds to vibrate and thus produce sound from the instrument. The harp also belongs to this type. But its tongue vibrates not under the influence of an air column, but with the help of the musician’s hands, by pinching and pulling it. Oboe, bassoon, saxophone and clarinet are of a different type. In them the tongue is beating, and it is called a cane. The musician blows air into the instrument. As a result, the reed vibrates and sound is produced.

Where are wind instruments used?

Wind instruments, the list of which was presented in this article, are used in orchestras of various compositions. For example: military, brass, symphonic, pop, jazz. And also occasionally they can perform as part of a chamber ensemble. It is extremely rare that they are soloists.

Flute

This is a list related to this has been given above.

The flute is one of the oldest musical instruments. It does not use a reed like other woodwinds. Here the air is cut through the edge of the instrument itself, due to which sound is formed. There are several types of flutes.

Syringa is a single-barreled or multi-barreled instrument of Ancient Greece. Its name comes from the name of the bird's vocal organ. The multi-barreled syringa later became known as the Pan flute. This instrument was played by peasants and shepherds in ancient times. IN Ancient Rome Syringa accompanied the performances on stage.

Block flute - wooden instrument, belonging to the whistle family. Close to it are the sopilka, pipe and whistle. Its difference from other woodwinds is that on its back there is an octave valve, that is, a hole for closing with a finger, on which the height of other sounds depends. They are extracted by blowing air and closing the 7 holes located on the musician's fingers. front side. This type of flute was most popular between the 16th and 18th centuries. Its timbre is soft, melodious, warm, but at the same time its capabilities are limited. Such great composers as Anthony Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel and others used the recorder in many of their works. The sound of this instrument is weak, and gradually its popularity declined. This happened after the transverse flute appeared, which is by far the most used. Nowadays, the recorder is used mainly as a teaching instrument. Beginning flutists master it first, only then move on to the longitudinal one.

The piccolo flute is a type of transverse flute. It has the highest timbre of all wind instruments. Its sound is whistling and piercing. Piccolo is half as long as usual. Its range is from “D” second to “C” fifth.

Other types of flutes: transverse, panflute, di, Irish, kena, flute, pyzhatka, whistle, ocarina.

Trombone

This is a brass instrument (the list of those included in this family was presented in this article above). The word "trombone" is translated from Italian as "big trumpet". It has existed since the 15th century. The trombone differs from other instruments in this group in that it has a slide - a tube with which the musician produces sounds by changing the volume of air flow inside the instrument. There are several types of trombone: tenor (the most common), bass and alto (used less frequently), double bass and soprano (practically not used).

Khulus

This is a Chinese reed wind instrument with additional pipes. Its other name is bilandao. He has three or four pipes in total - one main (melodic) and several bourdon (low-sounding). The sound of this instrument is soft and melodic. Most often, hulus are used for solo performance, very rarely - in an ensemble. Traditionally, men played this instrument when declaring their love to a woman.