Economy Russian Federation It is increasingly taking on a market character, which also has an impact on the social sphere. In the harsh conditions of a planned economy, it was not possible for specific forms to develop labor relations. Market reforms corrected this situation, allowing for the emergence of new forms and types of employment. Thanks to this, the employment market has become more optimized. The public sector is quite popular among the population. Private, although it occupies a certain niche in the market, is not to the extent that it suppresses the public one. This material will describe the concept and types of employment.

What is included in the concept of employment?

Many definitions describe the concept of “rational employment”. Species are completely different definitions. But in in a broad sense The essence lies in a complex of specific activities that are of a different nature. These are activities related to organization, finance and law. All of them are aimed at providing the residents of the state with work.

All types of employment in Russia are only forms of activity permitted by law. This also includes species that are characterized individual provision. This is, for example, private enterprise or farming. Also, types of employment are forms of activity that can be carried out thanks to an existing license from government agencies or private organizations.

What does the concept of employment mean?

Employment is a human activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy personal needs (mainly material), that is, to generate income. These actions must comply with government regulations. According to Russian legislation, every citizen has the right to dispose of labor resources and creative potential at his own discretion. It is the fulfillment of such requirements that is necessary in order to characterize rational employment. Types of employment, regardless of their characteristics, do not imply any coercive measures. The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the implementation of the right to work should be initiated only by the person himself and carried out by him in a free form.

Employed segments of the population

The concept of employment and employment (their types) cannot be complete without describing the circle of persons who are the subjects of such relations. The subjects of labor relations are citizens who apply for work, as well as employers.

All types of employment are targeted actions in relation to any subject. An employed person is a person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation, who works thanks to the conclusion of an agreement establishing an employment relationship. The list of such persons is quite extensive and includes the following categories:

1. People who perform a specific set of actions that have a paid basis. The employee is paid remuneration for the work done, which he carries out as part of a full-time or short-time working day. This includes both permanent service and temporary, seasonal types of employment.
2. Persons who have the status of private entrepreneurs and are engaged in commercial activities.
3. Ancillary workers whose main source of income is the sale of goods in accordance with the conclusion of supply contracts.
4. Persons who have entered into contracts that have a civil legal basis. They are compiled regarding the performance of work or provision of services. The parties to the agreement may be individual entrepreneurs.
5. People who have received a position or assignment for which compensation is due.
6. Persons involved in law enforcement agencies, such as the fire service, internal affairs agencies, and criminal authorities.
7. People in military or alternative civil service.
8. Students and students of general education institutions, primary, secondary and higher professional institutions.
9. Persons who, for certain reasons, cannot lead their usual labor activity. Among such factors are inability to work, completion of advanced training courses, vacation, sick leave, retraining, temporary suspension of the institution, preparation for service in the armed forces, and more.
10. People who are founders of organizations. An exception to this clause are religious, public and charitable organizations, because there are no property rights in relation to such created structures.

How is employment carried out?

All types of employment in Russia have a common essence, which is the order of successive steps that should ultimately lead to obtaining a job. In a narrower sense, this definition means the assistance of government agencies to its citizens in the form of providing vacancies. This includes not only assistance in finding appropriate work, but also retraining, retraining, and transfer. That is, these are those actions that are aimed at a person realizing his right to free work. But at the same time, the law does not prohibit a person from carrying out actions to find a job on an individual basis. It follows from this that the types of employment for work according to such a classification criterion as the method of implementation are as follows:

• independent;
• through government agencies.

This process plays an important role in public and social life as it helps a person to exercise his right to get a job. On the part of employers, this is a plus in terms of selecting qualified workers or the necessary strength. Another advantage of employment is a good efficiency factor, that is, a person with maximum benefit utilizes his working time without wasting time searching for a vacancy.

How is this process carried out with the help of government agencies?

This process can be carried out with the help of special bodies. These mainly include institutions such as employment services. This method of performing this action is called special. His distinctive feature is that, unlike independent option, it characterizes only types of official employment.

Although labor is considered, according to the legislation in the Russian Federation, to be free, strict measures can characterize the implementation of this process with the help of state influence. For example, this may include recruitment, which is carried out in an organized manner, and the direction of persons to objects. This was more popular during the period of active development of the planned economy and is practically absent in this period of time. This was used to make this area more rational and provide human resources to those regions where they are sorely lacking.

Also, special employment refers to the placement of students who have graduated from vocational educational institutions. This is done through the conclusion of appropriate types of agreements with enterprises and institutions, which imply the hiring of young employees.

Another advantage of carrying out this process with the help of government agencies is that they have the right to subject jobs to quotas. This allows special segments of the population to find employment.

What categories of citizens are entitled to preferential jobs?

Some segments of the population have the right to social protection in the form of assistance in realizing the right to work. The list of such people includes the following categories:

• those who have disabilities;
• those who have been in prison;
• those who have not reached eighteen years of age;
• those who have two years left to work before retirement;
• migrants and refugees;
• single mothers and those with many children;
• parents raising a child with a disability;
• those who are looking for a job for the first time;
• those who graduated from specialized educational institutions.

How is this process of employing disabled people carried out?

Types of employment of disabled people are very important in the social sphere, since these people constitute a special category of employed people. Quotas apply to vacancies that can allow people with disabilities to work. disabilities. These individuals cannot be one hundred percent active in society. It is the search for work that helps disabled people regain their place in society, recover morally and become full-fledged members of society. Thanks to this process, a person can again feel needed and important, and feel that he is benefiting other people.

Quotas are an officially established requirement that applies to all private entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs must allocate a certain proportion of vacancies for people with disabilities. However, the percentage established by law in Russia is quite low.

How is this process carried out for minors?

Types of employment of minors occupy their own niche in the employment market. This process is carried out regarding this category of citizens according to specific rules. In most countries of the world, for persons under eighteen years of age, the possibility of obtaining a job is regulated separately by law.

According to Russian regulations, the opportunity to enter into an agreement with employers appears upon reaching the age of sixteen. But the exception is fifteen-year-old teenagers who have received a secondary school education or are studying under an individual program. They are allowed to perform simple tasks that do not have a negative impact on health and do not interfere with development and functioning. A younger age category can be involved in the work process only as part-time employment. Work should allow the teenager to continue his education. But this age category is allowed to do this only with consent from parents or guardians.

That is, persons who have not reached the age of majority can be involved in any type of work, with the exception of gambling-type establishments and nightclubs. They are prohibited from dealing with cigarettes, alcohol and psychotropic substances. They should not be engaged in work that could potentially harm their health. That is, the transfer of heavy loads is limited to a certain weight.

All types of employment involving minors are accompanied by a medical commission, which must issue its conclusion.

Teenagers cannot be employed at work holidays and night time. Working beyond the norm is also prohibited for this category. It is not allowed to send them on a business trip.

For such employees, a shortened working week is established. For persons under sixteen years of age, this number is twenty-four hours. For teenagers from sixteen to eighteen years old, this time is thirty-five hours a week.

Minor workers have additional guarantees. That is, an employer cannot voluntarily fire a teenager. This can only be done with the help of the state labor inspectorate.

An employer who hires a minor must understand that he is obliged to provide annual leave. It must be at least one month. And he is entitled to financial compensation.

Remuneration for work done for teenagers is calculated based on hours worked.

How is this process carried out without a work book?

Types of employment without a work book are a very real option in the Russian Federation. This option is within the law. However, a work book is a document that confirms that a person was involved in the work process. It indicates full information about a person, which is necessary for the further implementation of such activities. That is, this is information about education, specialty acquired, dates of employment and name of the organization. The document indicates the position and reasons for dismissal.

The work book confirms the fact of employment. But there are quite possible options when providing this document is not necessary. This is quite possible, but at the same time it requires the execution of another document, which is a civil contract. The second way is to work part-time. That is, one main job is issued in accordance with the work book, and the second - according to a special agreement.

The last option for a device without this document is all types of hired employment. That is, this is labor provided under an agreement with an individual. If you do this in legally, then an agreement must be drawn up between the employer and the employee. At the same time, the one who pays for the provision of the service must also make contributions to organizations such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund.

But most often, institutions that do not make entries in the work book are thus trying to hide from the law. This is mainly due to concealment of the current financial situation, that is, non-payment of contributions.

Those who agree to work under such conditions most often face problems such as lack of vacation, sick leave and maternity pay. And you can’t be one hundred percent sure of the stability of such work.

An important point is that the contract, which is concluded instead of being recorded in the work book, is of a civil nature, and not of a labor nature. The parties to it are the customer and the contractor. There are several types of such agreements:

• author's;
• agent;
• for contract work.

All of the above types have common features. For example, they must be in duplicate, specify the details of the parties, deadlines for completion and the amount of remuneration.

What types of employment are there?

Types of employment in the Russian Federation are represented by four main categories. The most common job is one that has a permanent basis. It is she who brings a stable income. It is preferred because this type provides certain social guarantees. A person is protected, both socially and legal side. In the event of job loss or unemployment, such a person may qualify for benefits. A certain percentage of the salary goes to the Pension Fund, which provides financial support in old age. Another advantage of this type of employment is the possibility of obtaining a loan.

The second type is part-time work. Most often this is a part-time job that brings in a small income. Such employment is common among students.

The third type is work under a contract. The amount stated in it is fixed and no deductions are made from it. In this case, taxes must be paid independently.

Types of employment do not necessarily provide financial compensation. An example of this is volunteering. Although it does not provide any financial benefits, its advantage is the acquisition of useful skills and connections.

At the moment, several more types of employment can be distinguished. These include freelancing and remote work via the Internet. Professionals in many industries can provide their services to employers from all over the world.

Among the major socio-economic and legal problems in Russia that require new thinking and practical solution there are definitely questions employment population and its provision. Unfortunately, there is still no legal definition of “ensuring employment” in the legislation, there are many doubts regarding the concept of “employment”, and in science there is still no consensus on the essence of these issues.

Contained in paragraph 1 of Article 1 of the Law of April 19, 1991 “On Employment in the Russian Federation” Russian newspaper. 1996. May 6 (with subsequent amendments and additions) Further in the text - the law on employment. The definition of employment as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income, is still not entirely specific. In particular, it follows from it that we are talking about legal types of employment, but (and most importantly) it is not clear which ones - labor, educational or other.

Moreover, in paragraph 8 of Article 2 of the said normative legal act, the legislator classifies as employed citizens who are able-bodied and undergoing a full-time course of study in general educational institutions, vocational education institutions and other relevant educational institutions. In other words, here we clearly mean educational employment, while other paragraphs of Article 2 list forms of employment, employment in military service, in internal affairs bodies, etc.

The above example once again demonstrates that the legislator, for some reason, did not clearly delimit the main types of employment. There are also other claims regarding the legal definition of employment and employed citizens. See, for example: V. Churakov. Starting conditions for the formation of the labor market in Russia // Man and Labor. 1993. No. 4. P.38..

Without stopping to analyze the existing scientific (primarily economic, since “employment” is an economic category) judgments on theoretical aspects employment in general and full employment in particular. The main ones are given in a condensed form, for example, in the textbook: Andreeva L.A., Medvedev O.M. Legal regulation of employment provision in Russia / ed. total ed. O.M.Medvedeva. - M.: MGIU, 1997. pp. 11-16., we will try to immediately draw some conclusions.

Busyness is a natural, inherent state of any person, meaning “doing something,” “occupation,” etc.

In relations between citizens, the state and other entities, employment appears (manifests) in various forms or types. First of all, legal and illegal forms (types) of employment should be distinguished. Depending on various classification criteria, they can be divided into independent various shapes(types), and those, in turn, into fractional forms and types.

Let us return again to Articles 1 and 2 of the Employment Law. In our opinion, Article 2 lists the types and forms of employment in socially useful activities, but not all of them, but only those whose coverage of citizens does not give them the right to receive unemployment benefits. In particular, there are no such important forms of employment as raising children, caring for the disabled, employment in household etc. In other words, Article 1 formulates the concept of employment in socially useful activities, which, together with the content of Article 2, only allows us to establish when citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed and cannot be assigned unemployment benefits.

We believe that conditionally all types of employment in socially useful activities, depending on a number of criteria, including the target orientation, can be classified into three main types: educational; in military service and service in internal affairs bodies; labor In this case, naturally, the content of Articles 1 and 2 of the Employment Law was also taken into account.

Labor employment is the employment of citizens in the sphere of public and personal labor in forms that do not contradict the law and both aimed at obtaining earnings (labor income) or other remuneration, and without such a goal.

From the above definition it is clear that it is necessary to distinguish, in turn, at least two types (subtypes) of employment (depending on its purpose). Each of them has its own forms. Thus, the main forms of the second type are: raising children, caring for a sick family member, charitable activities, housekeeping, etc.

Labor employment of the first type is the employment of people in the sphere of production or in economic terms. It is discussed further. It should be understood as meeting the needs of the working population in the sphere of social and personal labor in forms that do not contradict legislation and aimed at obtaining income (labor income) or other remuneration.

Forms of employment in economic terms are areas of labor application established by law (or, in any case, not contradicting it), showing where and how citizens exercise the right to work. For example, they are: hired work in organizations, regardless of their type, form of ownership and management; entrepreneurial activity; membership in production cooperatives (artels); employment in auxiliary industries with sales of products under contracts; maintaining a peasant (farm) economy and more.

The given definition of employment in the sphere of production or in economic terms is, in principle, at the same time the concept of full employment. We believe that the main difference between them is only in the degree to which the needs of the working population are satisfied in the sphere of social and personal labor, etc. If the need is fully satisfied, then there is full employment.

The term “employment provision” appears quite often in current legislation. It is also used in literature, but is almost never deciphered.

At first glance, one can come to the conclusion that ensuring employment comes down to guaranteeing the right to work. And the word “guarantee” itself means security, guarantee. To guarantee means to provide, to guarantee, to establish guarantees See: Skobelkin V.N. Legal guarantees labor rights workers and employees. - M.: Legal literature, 1969. P. 8..

Perhaps this circumstance allowed V.N. Tolkunova See: Commentary on the Labor Code of the Russian Federation / ed. K.N. Gusova. - M.: ITD-Grachev S.M., 1996. P. 101. define employment, primarily as a set of socio-economic, legal and organizational guarantees that contribute to the fight against unemployment, the realization by everyone of their right to work, and so on similar.

From an economic point of view, the employment structure consists of three elements: attracting labor resources; actual employment, or direct employment, that is, the use of labor; release of labor resources. These elements are presented simultaneously in employment and reflect the real processes of transition of labor resources from one state of employment to another. Attracting labor resources and releasing labor resources are continuous processes that occur simultaneously and without which it is impossible to understand employment itself. See: Chembrovsky V.V. Problems of employment in a socialist society. - Chisinau: Shtiintsa, 1973. P.13-17..

Moreover, the dominant role belongs to employment itself, or direct employment. It is precisely to achieve employment itself (the inclusion of the worker in the total labor force and connection with the means of production) that the other two elements are aimed - attracting and releasing labor resources.

That is why, in our opinion, if by ensuring employment we understand everything that is aimed at achieving it, then in relation to the given structure of employment, provision can include, first of all, attracting labor resources, as well as their release.

Now we will try to highlight the boundaries of ensuring employment in the reproduction process of the labor force. It is known to be characterized by the unity of its phases - production, exchange, distribution and use. At the same time, production and distribution from an economic point of view of the expanded reproduction of labor force together constitute the formation of the labor force. But from the standpoint of the mechanism of state-legal influence on the process of labor force formation, its content should include the third phase of reproduction (distribution) and partly the first (its third moment is only the production of qualified labor). We call this moment the preparation of the workforce. Thus, the process of labor force formation from the point of view of state and legal influence on it consists of two stages: preparation and distribution.

Employment is not a special or independent phase of the labor force reproduction process.

In the literature, it is generally accepted that employment relations cover all phases, and the effectiveness of the last of them, in which labor resources are used, depends on the purposeful activities of society at the previous stages of reproduction.

Although the parallel use of these concepts has certain grounds: employment cannot be carried out without the use of the working population in the labor process. At the same time, there are qualitative and quantitative differences. See, for example: Zlupko S.N. Theoretical and managerial aspects of employment in a developed socialist society. - Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1985. P.13-14..

Thus, from the perspective of the reproduction of labor power, employment provision covers the phases of production, exchange and distribution. They are aimed at achieving employment or using labor resources. And in totality, all phases of reproduction express employment.

Of course, classifying only two elements of the employment structure (attraction and release of labor resources) and several phases of labor force reproduction (formation and exchange) into the category of “employment provision” is very arbitrary and does not mean at all that employment security relations do not arise in employment itself and at the phase of labor use. Here, measures are also needed aimed at preserving, promoting and maintaining already achieved employment in the process of using labor resources.

That is why it seems more correct to consider employment provision simultaneously in two aspects: broad and narrow (proper) meanings. In the first meaning, ensuring employment should be understood as a set of economic, social, organizational, legal and other measures that contribute to achieving the satisfaction of the needs of the working population in the sphere of social and personal labor in forms that do not contradict legislation, aimed at obtaining earnings (labor income) or other remuneration, as well as preserving and maintaining employment already achieved. In other words, this concept concerns the provision of employment at all phases of the reproduction of the labor force and all components of the employment structure.

Providing employment in the second aspect, i.e. V own meaning of this word is a set of economic, social, organizational, legal and other measures that contribute to achieving satisfaction of the needs of the working population in the sphere of social and personal labor in forms that do not contradict legislation, aimed at obtaining earnings (labor income) or other remuneration. It is this value that interests us in what follows.

For a more complete description of the concept of “employment provision,” it is advisable to briefly dwell on its organizational and legal forms.

They should be understood as the organizational and legal techniques and means that enable citizens to be able to work (or be "covered" by a certain form employment) in the chosen field of activity according to vocation, abilities, education or other work for a period of temporary unemployment, as well as the necessary professional training for this.

The main organizational and legal forms include, for example, employment through the federal public employment service, transfer to another organization or to another locality, organized labor recruitment, agricultural relocation and other forms of distribution of labor resources or types of employment, vocational guidance, personnel training We consider the following main forms of personnel training to be forms of employment provision: personnel training in vocational education institutions, directly in production, through employment services, retraining, advanced training. Moreover, each of them can be subdivided into more fractional forms depending on various classification criteria. and so on.

Thus, if the concept of “form of employment” means where and how a citizen exercises the right to work, then the concept of “form of employment” has a slightly different meaning - how he will do this (with the help of what additional mechanisms) or by what other means in established ways and funds aimed at providing assistance in making the right choice area of ​​professional activity or form of employment will be used (meaning vocational guidance, personnel training, etc.).

As for part-time work, multi-shift work, work on reduced working hours, team organization of work and some other categories, which are often called forms (or types) of employment or employment See, for example: Human Resources Management / under general. ed. L.A. Kostina. - M.: Economics, 1987. P.28, 31., then it is more correct to talk about the forms of labor organization at the enterprise and its regime or about organizational forms of employment.

Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the implementation of the human right “to freely manage one’s ability to work, choose an activity and profession” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 37, paragraph 1).

Employment is the provision of people with social necessary work that brings them earnings, labor income.

The following citizens are considered employed (Article 2 of the Employment Law):

● those working under an employment contract and having other paid work (service), including temporary, seasonal work;

● those who independently provide themselves with work, including individual labor activity (excluding farmers, writers, etc.), entrepreneurs, as well as members production cooperatives;

● elected, confirmed or appointed to a paid position;

● military personnel of any branch of the military serving in internal affairs bodies;

● able-bodied students of any full-time educational institutions, including training in the direction of the employment service;

● temporarily absent from work (vacation, illness, retraining, etc.);

● performing work under civil contracts (contracts).

The following types of employment are distinguished.

Productive employment is employment for the population in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, determined in accordance with the ILO employment accounting methodology and the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.

Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, military service, alternative civil service, service in internal affairs bodies, but also studying full-time (at working age), engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Federal Law on Employment (with the exception of those employed in the household, caring for children, and sick relatives, whom this law does not consider to be employed).

Full employment is an economic state of society when everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical unemployment, but at the same time its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from full employment of workers, which, in contrast to their partial or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence permanent job with normal working hours.

Rational employment is determined by the ratio of the amount of productive employment to the amount of socially useful employment. The level of rational employment is a hypothetical value that requires scientific justification and has, as can be assumed, for each stage economic development country a certain optimal value, above and below which the degree of rationality decreases.

Effective employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with such a concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the available working time of the employed to their nominal working time. If rational employment needs to be optimized, then effective employment needs to be maximized.

Hidden employment is the employment of people who are not accounted for by official bodies in unregistered business structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes the shadow economy or its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction works, the sphere of personal services (apartment renovation, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), trade from hand, etc.

Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal length of the working week, established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, and for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. Reduced working hours are also established by federal laws for certain categories of workers (teaching, medical and others). In all other cases, a worker’s reduced workload compared to the normal duration gives grounds to classify him as part-time.

Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a period strictly limited by an employment contract, which can be from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period of time (during illness, maternity leave, vocational training, etc.), for performing one-time, random and non-prestigious work, for liquidation work, production failures, accident response, for seasonal work, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for work that requires highly qualified personnel. The widespread use of temporary employment mitigates the unemployment situation.

Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions hiring and labor such as:

● non-standard working hours, in which the duration of working hours is less than established by state regulations. These include part-time work, shortened work weeks, seasonal work;

● non-standard organizational forms hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for casual work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, the entrepreneur and temporary workers;

● non-standard methods jobs and jobs that include home work - performing a production task at home, working from a home phone, working on your own vehicle, etc.;

● self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without them formalizing a formal relationship, at their own expense, by performing work independently or with the help of their family members, selling products, etc.

Flexible forms of employment consist of adapting the duration of work and place of work to the capabilities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, disabled people, pensioners, and students.

In the statistics of foreign countries you can find the concept alternative views employment, which is understood as varieties of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment of working people agreed with trade unions. These types of employment include: reduced working hours; workplace occupied by several employees; on-call work; work on weekends; home work and other flexible forms of employment.

In the economic literature, the concept of excess employment is found, which is interpreted as a feature of the “Russian path” in the field of employment. The changes that took place in the economy were carried out not so much through a reduction in the number of employees, but through flexibility in remuneration, its duration and intensity. Forms so specific

4.4.UNEMPLOYMENT: CONCEPT, TYPES OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES, MEASURES TO REDUCE IT.

Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon that appeared along with the advent of wage labor. It is characterized, on the one hand, by the desire of people to work for hire in order to generate income, and on the other hand, by the absence of such work. By analogy with the concept of employment, unemployment can be defined as the state of the economically active part of the population, which is characterized by people’s lack of hired work or legitimate income-generating occupation if they have a desire to have such work.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” provides the following detailed definition of the conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed.

"Article 3. Procedure and conditions for recognizing citizens as unemployed

1. Unemployed are considered able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find suitable work, are looking for work and are ready to start work.

2. The decision to recognize a citizen registered for the purpose of searching for a suitable job as unemployed is made by the employment service authorities at the citizen’s place of residence no later than 11 days from the date of presentation to the employment service authorities of a passport, work book or documents, their
replacement documents certifying it professional qualifications, certificates of average earnings for the last three months at the last place of work, and for first-time job seekers (who have not previously worked) who do not have a profession (specialty) - a passport and education document.

3.Citizens cannot be recognized as unemployed:

under 16 years of age;

who, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been assigned an old-age labor pension (part of an old-age labor pension), including early, or an old-age or long-service pension under state pension provision;

who, within 10 days from the date of their registration with the employment service, refused two options for suitable work, including work of a temporary nature, and those seeking work for the first time (have not previously worked) and at the same time do not have a profession (specialty) - in the case of two refusals to obtain a professional training or from offered paid work, including work of a temporary nature. A citizen cannot be offered the same job (vocational training, retraining and advanced training in the same profession, specialty) twice;

who did not appear without good reason within 10 days from the date of their registration in order to find a suitable job to the employment service authorities to offer them a suitable job, and also who did not appear within the period established by the employment service authorities to register them as unemployed;

sentenced by a court decision to correctional labor without imprisonment, as well as to punishment in the form of imprisonment;

The duration of unemployment is the period of job search (week, month, year) during which the unemployed person looks for work using a variety of ways (acquaintances, family connections, advertisements, private, public and government agencies employment, etc.), from the moment you start looking for a job until you get a job.

The number of citizens who contacted the state employment service regarding employment issues includes:

A large number of people who lost their jobs for various reasons and turned to employment services during this period for assistance in finding employment;

A significant number of persons supplied potential market labor
for economic reasons and who have passed the stage of initial vocational training, as well as students who need to earn money in their free time from study;

A significant number of people employed at work, but wishing to change it
for a more acceptable job or those wishing to have a second job in combination with the first, i.e. have secondary employment, etc.

The number of employed citizens is the total number of people who received work during a given period with the assistance of the state employment service (counted separately from those who found employment without going through the state employment service).

The demand for workers declared by enterprises and organizations is the number of vacancies reported by enterprises and organizations to the state employment service, which, as a rule, is less than the real number of vacancies.

Types of unemployment.

There are several types of unemployment: frictional, structural, cyclical, hidden, stagnant, normal (natural level of unemployment), optimal, institutional, chronic, etc.

One of the reasons for unemployment may be a person’s voluntary leaving a place of work in order to find a more suitable work option. When the search is delayed, a person finds himself unemployed. A person who is looking for work for the first time or looking for a new job after ending a temporary job may also be unemployed.

Unemployment, which was a consequence of the reasons mentioned above, is called frictional; it could be called situational, because it is caused by a situation that forces people to look for another job.

Frictional unemployment is considered inevitable and even in some cases desirable, since the initiative to quit comes from the person himself. As a result of such unemployment, many people find more worthy employment for themselves, solve problems of increasing the level of wages and its content, and greater productivity.

Frictional unemployment can be called normal. This is mainly unemployment and dissatisfaction with the content and working conditions. It is usually short-term - no more than one or two months.

Structural unemployment means that supply and demand for the same types of labor in various companies, industries and regions do not match. It is caused by a change, on the one hand, in consumer demand for goods, and on the other, by a change in the structure of production, which responds to changes in consumer demand.

Structural unemployment is mostly the unemployment of obsolete professions.

The current pace of economic development is associated with the scientific and technological revolution, which is continuously changing the sectoral structure of the economy. New technologies are emerging in all industries, and their share is changing. The number of people employed in agriculture, industry, and their number is growing in the service sector, in high-tech industries, etc. Therefore, structural unemployment exists continuously in a modern market economy, its importance within the labor market is increasing and therefore requires the expansion of the system of retraining of workers. There is an urgent need for continuous professional development and retraining of personnel at enterprises.

Cyclical unemployment is a type of unemployment that is constantly changing in scale, duration and composition, associated with the business cycle. Its scale and duration reach a peak during a recession (crisis) in the economy and a minimum during a recovery. It brings the most destructive consequences, caused by uneven economic development, a sharp reduction in production due to cyclical economic downturns and crises. In such conditions, many enterprises wind down or cease operations, ending up bankrupt. With cyclical unemployment, the costs to society of overcoming its negative consequences are very significant.

Cyclical unemployment can be described as unemployment of insufficient demand for labor, causing chaos in the economy.

According to the nature of its manifestation, unemployment is distinguished between open and hidden.

Open b. does not require special comments, it does not hide, does not disguise itself, people publicly declare their desire to work and are actively searching for it.

Hidden unemployment characterizes the condition of people who are employed but:

a) are dissatisfied with the job and are looking for another place of work or extra work;

b) have a high probability of losing their job due to claims from the employer who is dissatisfied with its quality or other circumstances, and therefore are looking for another job;

c) are employed part-time or have been placed on administrative leave without appropriate pay, are looking for and are ready to move to another job.

The level of hidden unemployment is determined by special surveys, as well as expert assessment managers of large enterprises, government bodies, employment service specialists, scientists.

By duration, unemployment is divided into short-term, moderate, long-term and stagnant.

Short-term unemployment lasting one to two months is characteristic of its frictional variety.

Moderate lasts up to 12 months.

Long-term unemployment includes the most stable stratum of the unemployed. These are beggars, degenerates, tramps who have lost all hope of work (homeless people), etc. Sometimes, those employed at home are classified as stagnant unemployment on the grounds that this hired labor is seasonal in nature and the workers themselves, for health reasons or family reasons, cannot work at the company’s workplaces. However, it is hardly legitimate to classify this part of hired labor as any type of unemployment.

Long-term unemployment got its name due to the long-term existence of a worker as unemployed for 12-18 months, when the time factor has a negative impact on professional performance and skill level, the ability to work intensively throughout the working day. Prolonged inaction leads to the employee’s loss of self-confidence, degradation as a person, complexion and embitterment. This is associated with certain difficulties in returning the employee to normal work activities, requiring assistance from specialists - sociologists and psychologists, as well as the attention of the state employment service in providing him with employment opportunities.

Female unemployment is a type of unemployment associated with the characteristics of the female labor force and the position of women in the labor market, because:

Women play a special role in population reproduction, birth
and raising children, in the household. This is the main reason
the fact that women in working professions tend to have lower
compared to men, level of qualifications;

The unemployment rate for women is higher because women
due to the specific nature of their abilities for hired labor, they cannot compete
with men, to whom employers impose more stringent requirements, and this leads to the dismissal of women first. Therefore on
in the labor market, women are subject to social discrimination despite
Clause 2 of Article 6 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 3 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, UN Convention
“On the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women” and a number of ILO conventions.

Institutional unemployment is caused by excessive social benefits unemployment benefits, various types of assistance that reduce work motivation and cultivate a dependent mentality, reducing the supply of labor in the labor market and contributing to an increase in the unemployment rate. The greater the amount of unemployment benefits, the longer the search for a job that provides earnings in excess of the benefit. This type of unemployment may be caused by a high guaranteed minimum wages, the imperfection of the tax system if it, by reducing labor income, makes it comparable to social welfare payments. Naturally, this limits the supply of hired labor in the labor market, since some do not see the point in working, and unemployment periods are lengthened.

Full employment in a market economy is achieved at the natural rate of unemployment. This is the essence of the market understanding of employment, which was formulated by J.M. Keynes.

In Keynesian works, full employment is understood as its state at the so-called normal, natural level of unemployment, and by no means its complete elimination. This is a scale of unemployment (approximately 3-6% of the total number of employed) that is sufficient to put pressure on workers' wages, but which, at the same time, does not pose a serious threat to the existence of capitalism.

The natural rate of unemployment is the share of unemployed people that corresponds to the appropriate level of full employment in the economy.

Socio-economic consequences of unemployment and measures to reduce it

Frictional and structural unemployment are natural and do not require the adoption of any significant measures to prevent them, with the exception of the need to organize retraining of personnel in accordance with the requirements of the labor market.

Cyclical unemployment, accompanied by long-term and stagnant forms, is the most destructive for society, it causes significant economic, moral and social damage to the population and requires active government measures to overcome it, prevent stagnant unemployment or reduce its level.

One of the negative consequences of unemployment is unproduced products due to the non-working state of able-bodied citizens who have a desire to work, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the rate of economic growth, a lag in the production volume of the gross national product (GNP). American economist Arthur Okun substantiated and quantitatively expressed the relationship between the unemployment rate and the volume of GNP, according to which an excess of the unemployment rate above its normal natural level by 1% leads to a lag in the production of GNP volume from its potential level by 2.5% (Oken's law).

Prolonged and stagnant unemployment has a negative impact on social values ​​and vital interests of citizens, the physical and moral health of society is undermined: qualifications and practical skills are lost, psychological depression occurs, social tension, cruelty and crime are growing in society, family breakdown is increasing, the number of nervous, mental and heart problems is growing. -vascular diseases, the number of cases of suicide and other negative phenomena increases.

Mass long-term Unemployment has a strong impact on the socio-political situation in countries when, in the wake of general discontent, extremist groups and parties intensify their activities, chauvinism grows, and coups d'etat take place. Therefore, timely and effective measures to prevent or reduce the negative consequences of mass long-term unemployment should be a priority in the socio-economic policy of the state.

It is possible to measure all the costs that employed employees, employers and the state bear on the maintenance of the army of the unemployed and their families, the maintenance of employment agencies and other institutions for social support of the unemployed - these are considerable funds that are spent in addition to the losses from what is not produced by the unemployed themselves, and also relate to the damage that society suffers from unemployment.

Social guarantees for unemployment in countries with developed market economies are established by law. This:

Unemployment benefits;

Unemployment assistance (cash assistance for those without work);

Unemployment figures:

The study of unemployment is based on a system of indicators obtained on the basis of official (monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, annual) statistical materials of the State Statistics Committee. Based on special sample surveys of households on employment issues, which have been conducted since 1992, as well as on the basis of statistical bulletins and other materials.

Among the unemployment indicators, the most common are the following:

The level of officially registered unemployment as the ratio of the number of registered unemployed to the number of economic workers based on statistical data calculated for a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of specific date.

UZB year = ZB year /EAN year *100%

where: UZB year is the level of unemployment registered in a certain territory on an average annual basis, %

ZB year – average annual number of registered unemployed, people

EAN year – average annual number of economically active population, people.

The level of general unemployment as the ratio of the total number of unemployed, calculated in a certain territory through sample surveys as of a certain date to the number of economic workers on this date:

UOBod =Rim / EANod * 100%

where: UOBod is the level of general unemployment in a certain territory as of a certain date, %

Rim – the total number of unemployed, calculated in the territory through sample surveys as of a certain date, people;

Specific gravity registered unemployment in the total number of unemployed as the ratio of the number of unemployed registered on a certain date to the total number of unemployed, calculated in the territory through sample surveys as of a certain date:

BAUD = BAUD / Rim * 100%

The coefficient of tension in the labor market as the ratio of the number of unemployed citizens registered with the employment service to the number of vacancies reported to the employment service, calculated in a certain territory in average monthly, average annual terms or as of a certain date.

NRTod = ZBaud / ZVod.

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Topic: Types of employment

• Introduction 3
• 1. Definition of employment 4
• 2. Types of employment 4
• Conclusion 9
• Bibliography 10

Introduction

To implement an effective state policy to ensure employment in the Russian Federation, it is necessary to clearly define the concept of employment, as well as the categories of citizens recognized as employed. this work It just reveals the concept of employment and examines various classifications of employment. Some types of employment identified in the legislation are still a topic of controversy in Russia.

Employment is essential economic characteristics labor market.

In society, the more common idea is of employment as a socio-economic process based on the social division of labor of applying the labor of different groups of the population in areas of socially useful activity (in study, in social production and individual households).

Employment must be viewed from two perspectives:

1. as an economic category

2. as a socio-economic category.

The practical needs of population accounting necessitate the identification of different types of employment.

1. Definition of employment

To begin with, let’s define the concept of employment.

Employment is the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (hereinafter referred to as earnings).1

All issues related to employment of the population are disclosed in the Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”.

2. Types of employment

Types of employment characterize the distribution of the active part of the population by profession and specialty, and by area of ​​application of labor. There are several types of employment in society.

The following features characterize structural types of employment:

Professional qualification:

- work experience;

- the level of education;

- degree of labor automation.

Nature of activity:

- personal subsidiary plot;

- individual labor activity;

- work in factories and factories and public organizations;

- Military service;

- work abroad.

Class type and social stratum:

- entrepreneurs;

- workers;

- management personnel;

- engineering and technical workers and employees.

Type of property.

Territorial sign.

Level of urbanization (this is the ratio between the number of labor resources in the city and the village).

Sex and age characteristic.

Form of labor organization.

Each of the above listed characteristics of types of employment is implemented using organizational and legal methods and conditions for the use of labor that characterize forms of employment. O.V. Romashov "Sociology of Labor" p. 48.

Types of employed citizens according to the All-Russian classifier of information on the population: All-Russian classifier of information on the population.

1 Working a regular job

2 Temporary worker

3 Seasonal worker

4 Working under a fixed-term employment contract

5 Not working

6 Unemployed

7 Unemployed person registered with the employment service

The sign of stability affects the permanent and temporary employment of K.G. Kazimov “Labor Market and Employment” p.56. .

Full employment is a state in the labor market when the citizens' need for labor is fully satisfied.

Part-time employment is defined as part-time employment either at the employee's own request, or when economically justified, due to a reduction in working hours.

One of the forms of underemployment in Russia is leave without pay at the initiative of the administration.

Partial unemployment is a frequent and necessary phenomenon for a market economy. The reason for underemployment is that the employee, due to a change of place of residence, work, etc. goes out of production for some time.

Also, a certain level of unemployment has a positive effect on competition in the labor market and stimulates the development of labor resources.

Underemployment is characterized as employment in which the natural rate of unemployment remains high V.A. Pavlenkov "Labor Market. Employment. Unemployment" p.124. .

The problems of part-time employment have been repeatedly highlighted within the framework of the International Labor Organization and are subject to legal regulation in almost all civilized countries. At the same time, the assessment of part-time employment by different states occurs differently due to the double assessment of this social phenomenon Borodin I.I., Minaeva L.A. Employment, trade unions and illegal dismissals p.61. .

Competition in the labor market is growing due to the increase in part-time employment. Therefore, the dissatisfaction of many people is growing. But there are those who, on the contrary, support part-time employment. Because it gives them the chance to combine work with family responsibilities and studies.

In many countries, encouraging part-time work is seen by government authorities as effective remedy fight against unemployment. At the same time, part-time citizens in some cases have the right to state assistance in ensuring full employment, as well as to material support in the form of unemployment benefits. In most countries, unemployment benefits are paid to all workers who lose their jobs, but benefits are lower for part-time workers than for full-time workers. In a number of states (Belgium, New Zealand) part-time workers with a certain income level can be paid the same benefits as full-time workers. In Norway, part-time workers are entitled to benefits if their total income for three years is equal to the annual income of full-time workers. Recommendation of the International Labor Organization of June 26, 1962 No. 116 on reducing working hours. .

The most pressing problem for Russian market labor remains ineffective employment. It determines the extent to which Russia lags behind developed countries in labor productivity, unemployment hidden from official observation - when the actually unemployed are counted among the economically active population, as well as the discrepancy between the decline in production and the size of employment (excess labor).

One of the open manifestations of ineffective employment remains underemployment. The number of employees of organizations (with the exception of small businesses) who worked part-time during the year on the initiative of the administration, as well as those on forced leave, in 2002 amounted to about 3 million people, having decreased almost 4 times in 1998 - 2001. Order Government of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/03 No. 568-r "On the Concept of Action on the Labor Market for 2003 - 2005".

The following classification of employment is also found: productive (effective), full-time, freely chosen, incomplete, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc.

Productive (effective) employment is employment that brings workers income that provides decent living conditions.

Hidden employment of the population is characterized by the fact that the unemployed and pensioners are engaged in trade or providing various services to the population (repairs, construction, etc.) outside the framework of their official registration as employed.

Seasonal employment is the periodic (during certain seasons) involvement of the working population in socially useful activities, taking into account natural and climatic conditions.

Pendulum employment is a special type of employment that is permanent in nature and at the same time associated with periodic return movements during work.

Periodic employment is a type of employment that involves alternating periods of work with equal periods of rest (rotation work).

Conclusion

Considering the topic “Types of employment”, we came to the following conclusions:

1. The following types of employed citizens are distinguished: working in a permanent job, working in a temporary job, working in a seasonal job, working under a fixed-term employment contract, unemployed, unemployed, unemployed, registered with the employment service.

They also distinguish between productive (effective), full, freely chosen, part-time, hidden, seasonal, pendulum, periodic, etc.

The form of organization of working time affects full-time (subject to full-time work), part-time and home-based employment.

2. Analysis of legislation on employment allows us to distinguish the following three types of employed citizens:

* persons working in the sphere of both public and personal labor;

* persons who are engaged in various types of social activities;

* persons who are not engaged in any activity, but according to the Law are considered employed.

3. At the legislative level, it is necessary to determine the category of persons recognized as part-time and in need of social assistance and support from the state, and to focus on full, productive and freely chosen employment, as well as social protection from unemployment.

We will watch Negative consequences in the labor market, because the legislator continues to ignore the problems associated with part-time employment of citizens and their social support.

Bibliography

Regulations:

Law on Employment of the Russian Federation

(as amended by Federal Laws dated April 20, 1996 N 36-FZ, dated July 21, 1998 N 117-FZ, dated April 30, 1999 N 85-FZ, dated July 17, 1999 N 175-FZ, dated November 20, 1999 N 195-FZ , dated August 7, 2000 N 122-FZ, dated December 29, 2001 N 188-FZ, dated July 25, 2002 N 116-FZ, dated January 10, 2003 N 8-FZ, dated January 10, 2003 N 15-FZ, as amended, introduced by the Resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation dated December 16, 1997 N 20-P)

Order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05/06/03 No. 568-r "On the Concept of Action on the Labor Market for 2003 - 2005"

Main literature:

Labor market. Busy. Unemployment.V.A. Pavlenkov - M.: Moscow State University Publishing House, 2004

Labor market and employment.K.G. Kazimov. - M.: Perspective, 2005

Sociology of labor. O.V. Romashov. - M.: Garderiki, 2003

Periodicals:

Borodin I.I., Minaeva L.A. Employment, trade unions and illegal dismissals // Lawyer. - M.; Lawyer, 2002. - No. 10. - p.60-61

Internet resources:

http://www. aup. ru/docs/klasif/pop11. htm - All-Russian classifier of information about the population (as amended on September 1, 1999). Date of introduction 1996-07-01

Recommendations of the International Labor Organization of June 26, 1962 N 116 on reducing working hours. The text of the Recommendation is posted on the official server of the International Labor Organization www. ilo. ru

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Employment of the population is an important socio-economic category associated with the implementation of the human right “to freely manage one’s ability to work, choose an activity and profession” (Constitution of the Russian Federation, Article 37, paragraph 1). The concept of “population employment,” although obvious at first glance, contains issues that require consideration.
The Federal Law of the Russian Federation “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation” interprets employment as “the activities of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and public needs, which do not contradict the legislation of the country and, as a rule, bring them earnings, labor income” (Article 1, paragraph 1 ). However, it should be noted that such a concept contradicts the concept of “employed” given in the same law (Article 2), which includes not only different categories of workers, but also those who are temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, strike and other similar reasons. Consequently, employment is characterized not only by activity, but also by periods of temporary inactivity of people due to illness, vacation periods, etc. Moreover, you can be busy, but not work due to the fact that working hours have ended and rest time has come. Terminology requires precision and rigor of formulation.
More precisely, from our point of view, the socio-economic category of employment of the population can be defined as the state of its economically active part, which is characterized by the presence of people with work, or legitimate, that is, not contradicting the current legislation, profitable occupation. In other words, employment is the provision of people with socially necessary work that brings them earnings, labor income.
Another state of the economically active population in relation to the presence (absence) of work will be unemployment (it will be discussed in Chapter 7).
The state of employment is directly related to the concept of “employed,” which has an ambiguous interpretation in official Russian economic practice. Thus, the Federal Law “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”, as amended on January 10, 2003, interprets the category of employed more broadly than is defined in the ILO recommendations, which are followed by the State Statistics Committee of Russia.
To understand the content of this concept and the features of the approach to calculating the size of the population category under consideration, let us turn to Table. 6.1.
A comparison of the category “employed” in both sources shows that the Federal Law, in contrast to the recommendations of the ILO and the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated May 25, 1993, in addition to various groups of workers and those temporarily absent from the workplace (which essentially coincides in the noted documents), classifies as employed a large group of unemployed people participating in public works, as well as citizens studying full-time in various educational institutions.
As for public works, it is difficult to understand why one part of the unemployed participating in their implementation is classified as employed by the Federal Law “On Employment in the Russian Federation”, and the other – as unemployed. Why, for example, is an unemployed person who seeks to resume work after a break of more than a year and participates in public works classified as employed, and if such a desire appeared in an unemployed person during a break of less than a year (even for one day), will he be classified as unemployed? Here we can assume some opportunistic considerations, which are quite difficult to guess.
Regarding full-time students, the situation is more clear. In fact, full-time students are busy people, as the Federal Law considers them to be. But it should be understood that in the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia we are talking about the employed as part of the economically active population, and full-time students cannot be classified in this category, since due to the specifics of their activity - full-time education - they must not be economically active, then there is no work in production or in the service sector for the purpose of earning a living.
Table 6.1
Features of determining the number of employees

According to the ILO methodology (methodology of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated May 25, 1993)	According to the Federal Law “On Employment of the Population in the Russian Federation”, taking into account amendments. and additional as of January 10, 2003
1) Employed people are: persons of both sexes aged 16 years and older, as well as persons younger ages, which during the period under review: performed hired work for remuneration on a full-time or part-time basis, as well as other income-generating work independently or for individual citizens, regardless of the timing of receiving direct payment or income for their activities; performed work without pay in the family business. (military personnel, employees of internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penal system, according to the ILO methodology, are classified as employees)	1) Employed people are citizens: working under an employment agreement (contract), including those performing work for remuneration on a full-time or part-time basis, as well as having other paid work (service), including seasonal, temporary work, with the exception of public works (except for citizens indicated in the footnote )*; registered as individual entrepreneurs; those employed in auxiliary industries and selling products under contracts; performing work under civil law contracts, the subjects of which are the performance of work and the provision of services, including under contracts concluded with individual entrepreneurs, copyright agreements, as well as members of production cooperatives (artels); elected, appointed or confirmed to a paid position; undergoing military service, alternative civilian service, as well as service in internal affairs bodies, the State Fire Service, institutions and bodies of the penal system
	2) Passing general course training in general education institutions, institutions of primary vocational, secondary vocational and higher vocational education and other educational institutions, including training in the direction of the Federal State Employment Service
3) Temporarily absent from work due to illness or injury, caring for the sick; annual leave or weekends; compensatory leave or compensatory leave, compensation overtime work or work on holidays (weekends); work according to a special schedule; being in reserve (when working in transport); statutory maternity leave and child care leave; training, retraining outside the workplace, study leave; leave without pay or with pay at the initiative of the administration; strikes; other similar reasons	3) Temporarily absent from the workplace due to disability, vacation, retraining, advanced training, suspension of production caused by a strike, conscription for military training, involvement in activities related to preparation for military service (Alternative Civil Service), performance of other government duties or other valid reasons
Registered unemployed people performing paid public work received through the employment service, pupils and students performing paid agricultural work in the direction of educational institutions are not included in the workforce.

*From the number of citizens participating in public works. The Federal Law of January 10, 2003 classifies as employed: first-time job seekers; dismissed more than once during the year for guilty actions; who have terminated their individual entrepreneurial activity; those seeking to resume work after a break of more than a year; expelled from training for guilty actions after being referred there by the employment service; those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their existing profession (specialty) or undergo retraining after the end of the first (annual) period of payment of unemployment benefits; registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as those who have not worked for more than three years; who applied to the employment service after the end of seasonal work.

This seemingly discrepancy is consistent when considering the types and forms of employment. The fact is that the practical needs of population accounting necessitate the identification of different types of employment. Thus, they distinguish between productive, socially useful, full-time, rational, effective, hidden, etc. Within these types of employment, such forms as part-time, temporary, flexible employment, etc. are distinguished.
Productive employment is the employment of the population in social production. It is characterized by the number of employed people from among the economically active population, determined in accordance with the ILO employment accounting methodology and the methodology of the State Statistics Committee of Russia.
Socially useful employment is determined by the number of people not only employed in social production, military service, alternative civil service, service in internal affairs bodies, but also studying full-time (at working age), engaged in housekeeping, caring for children and sick relatives. This concept is close in its content to the concept of employment given in the Federal Law on Employment (with the exception of those employed in the household, caring for children and sick relatives, whom this law does not consider to be employed).
Full employment is an economic state of society when everyone who wants to have a paid job has one, there is no cyclical unemployment, but at the same time its natural level, determined by frictional and structural unemployment, is preserved. Full employment of the population should be distinguished from full employment of workers, which, in contrast to their partial or temporary employment, is characterized by the presence of permanent work with normal working hours.
Rational employment - involves the optimal distribution of employees across industries, professional qualification structure, regions of the country in accordance with the availability of jobs and in order to produce products and services necessary for society. But rational employment does not yet speak about the results of the employee’s work.
Effective employment is a theoretical concept that implies the use of personnel without loss of working time, when the greatest economic result is achieved. In connection with such a concept, it is appropriate to raise the question of the degree of employment efficiency as the ratio of the available working time of the employed to their nominal working time.
Hidden employment is the employment of people outside the scope of registration of official bodies in unregistered economic structures that do not pay taxes. This type of employment includes the shadow economy or its informal sector - illegal production of goods, construction work, the sphere of personal services (repair of apartments, household appliances, private lessons, medical services, tailoring, etc.), trade from hand, etc.
Part-time employment is a form of employment characterized by a reduced weekly workload. The normal length of the working week, established by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, is no more than 40 hours. A shorter weekly working time is established for workers under the age of 18, disabled people of group I or II, and for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions. Reduced working hours are also established by federal laws for certain categories of workers (teaching, medical and others). In all other cases, the employee’s workload, which is reduced compared to the normal duration, gives grounds to classify him as part-time.
Temporary employment is a form of employment in which people are employed in production or in the service sector for a period strictly limited by an employment contract, which can be from one day to several years. Temporary workers are used to replace permanent workers for a certain period of time (during illness, maternity leave, vocational training, etc.), to perform one-time, casual and non-prestigious work, to eliminate disruptions in production, to eliminate accidents, to perform seasonal work. works, etc. Temporary employment can also be used for work that requires highly qualified personnel, for example, for one-time adjustment of complex equipment. The widespread use of temporary employment mitigates the unemployment situation.
Flexible employment is a form of employment with non-standard conditions of employment and work, such as:
- non-standard working hours, in which the duration of working hours is less than established by state regulations. These include: part-time work, shortened work week, seasonal work;
- non-standard organizational forms of hiring workers in the form of short-term employment contracts for casual work, tripartite agreements between the employment service, the entrepreneur and the temporary worker;
- non-standard ways of working and jobs, which include home work - performing a production task at home, working from a home phone, working on your own vehicle, etc.;
- self-employment of citizens, which is carried out without formal labor relations, at their own expense, by performing work independently or with the help of their family members, selling products, etc.
Sometimes flexible forms of employment include flexible working hours (flexible work shift, flexible working week and month, when the start and end times of work can be regulated by the employees themselves), which in our opinion is accurate. If the flexibility of the working time regime is carried out under the conditions of compliance with the standard total working time worked by each employee at a standard workplace, then such regimes have no relation to flexible employment. This will be a regular form of employment, but with a flexible work schedule.
In the statistics of foreign countries, you can find the concept of alternative types of employment, which is understood as varieties of non-standard, voluntary, part-time employment of working people agreed with trade unions. These types of employment include: reduced working hours; a workplace occupied by several employees; on-call work; work on weekends; home work and other flexible forms of employment.
Flexible forms of employment consist of adapting the duration of work and place of work to the capabilities and needs of certain categories of workers, such as women with young children, disabled people, pensioners, and students. Such forms of employment contribute to the growth of production efficiency and the satisfaction of the material interests of those categories of citizens who, for various reasons, cannot be employed in standard working conditions. However, flexible employment also has negative aspects due to the lack of collective forms social protection of workers.
In the economic literature, the concept of excess employment is found, which is interpreted as a feature of the “Russian way” in the field of employment, manifested in the fact that adaptation to ongoing changes in the economy was carried out not so much through a reduction in the number of employees, but through flexibility in remuneration and its duration and intensity. The forms of such specific flexibility were low wages, delays in their payment, high differentiation of earnings, widespread use of administrative leave, part-time work, the development of secondary employment, etc. This was the price that the Russian economy paid for maintaining a relatively low level of open unemployment.