How to make a spirit lamp from an aerosol can. The main types of alcohol burners Why do you need a wick in an alcohol lamp

Application

Laboratory spirit lamp

Used in tourism for cooking; in chemical and school laboratories for heating and melting materials, for heating small laboratory vessels (test tubes, flasks for chemical work, etc.) and other similar thermal processes; in medical institutions for sterilization in an open flame of medical instruments; as well as wherever the use of an open flame of low thermal power is required.

Design

Trangia travel set including crockery and spirit lamp on the left.

The alcohol container is the main bearing part of the laboratory spirit lamp, and its most important and main part is the wick, which transfers liquid fuel (alcohol) from the container to the end of the wick, where this fuel burns and is used for heating. The container for alcohol is made in the form of a reservoir, into which the lower end of the wick is lowered. The tank has a neck, which is equipped with a lid. The cover is necessary to separate the alcohol combustion zone from the internal volume of the tank where the liquid fuel is located. The tank lid can be placed both inside the neck and outside it, covering the latter with outer side. A guide tube is usually installed in the opening of the cap through which the wick passes. The wick must be placed in the tube in such a way that, on the one hand, it can move smoothly and easily in the tube, and on the other hand, the contact of the tube with the wick must be tight enough so that the wick does not fall out of the tube. The cover of the spirit lamp may have a device for adjusting the protruding length of the wick, the recommended value of which is no more than 15 mm.

Typically, spirit lamp fuel is poured through the top opening of the tank after the cap has been removed. However, there are spirit lamps, the reservoir of which has a side filler neck with a ground-in stopper. The amount of fuel to be poured is determined by the internal volume of the tank. Alcohol from the reservoir rises up the wick due to capillary pressure and evaporates when it reaches the upper end of the protruding part of the wick. Alcohol vapors are ignited and the spirit lamp burns with a flame temperature not exceeding 900 ° Celsius. Most spirit lamps have a metal or glass cap, which is used both to extinguish the flame of the spirit lamp and to prevent the fuel from evaporating.

By structural elements laboratory alcohol lamps differ from each other in the following parameters:

tank material (metal or glass);
tank shape (round or faceted);
internal volume of the tank;
wick material and thickness;
the presence or absence of a device for regulating the protruding part of the wick;

The material of the tank should be selected based on the operating conditions of the spirit stove. If the spirit lamp is operated in conditions under which it is possible to accidentally drop the spirit lamp on a stone or metal floor, then from the point of view of safety, it is preferable to use a spirit lamp with a metal reservoir. Alcohol lamps with a glass case are much cheaper than metal ones. In addition, during the operation of the spirit stove, you can always observe the level of alcohol in the tank. However, glass is a brittle material with little resistance to impact, and therefore there is always the possibility of the spirit lamp's tank breaking if dropped on a hard floor, which can cause a spill of burning alcohol. Therefore, in rooms with increased requirements for fire safety the use of glass spirit lamps, especially those made of thin laboratory glass, is not recommended.

The round shape of the tank is the most widely used. Faceted spirit lamps are more expensive than round ones and they should be used only when performing a number of specific jobs, for example, those associated with heating low-melting materials such as waxes, in order to prevent drops of heated material from falling on the wick of the spirit lamp.

The internal volume of the spirit lamp reservoir must be chosen such that during its operation, at least, it would not be necessary to refill the spirit lamp during one hour of its continuous operation.

Wick material and thickness important elements for the operation of the alcohol stove. Wicks are used from cotton fabric and asbestos cord. Most widespread received cotton wicks, as they give a more stable and even flame compared to asbestos wicks. As for the thickness of the wicks, it must be assumed that the thicker the wick, the more fuel it supplies to the combustion zone. Thicker wicks give a more voluminous flame with a greater height of the latter. As a result thermal power alcohol lamps with a thicker wick are slightly higher, but the consumption of alcohol is also higher. For most laboratory work performed with alcohol lamps, a wick thickness of at least 4.8 mm and not more than 6.4 mm is sufficient. Thicker wicks are needed for some professional jobs that require a high and voluminous flame. It is desirable to have spirit lamps with different thickness wicks and use them depending on the technological requirements for the work performed.

The device for adjusting the size of the protruding part of the wick provides great convenience when working with spirit lamps, since it is not necessary to extinguish the flame of the spirit lamp each time in order to adjust the parameters of the flame (height and volume) by changing the size of the protruding part of the wick. Spirit lamps with wick adjustment devices are more expensive than spirit lamps without these devices. However, the slightly higher price is more than offset by the amenities for professional work that this device provides.

Fuel

All spirit stoves predominantly use ethyl alcohol as fuel. There are three types of ethyl alcohol on sale: rectified ethyl alcohol from food raw materials, technical hydrolysis alcohol from wood raw materials and synthetic alcohol obtained by chemical means. Technical alcohol and synthetic alcohol are sometimes dyed blue-violet with the addition of certain substances with a pungent odor. Such alcohol is called denatured alcohol. All these types of alcohols can be used as liquid fuel for spirits.

Other types of fuel, such as isopropyl or methyl alcohol, are not recommended for laboratory spirit lamps, since these alcohols have MPC (maximum permissible concentration in air) two or more orders of magnitude lower than that of ethyl alcohol and therefore dangerous to health.

Safety

When working with laboratory alcohol lamps, safety precautions are as follows. The spirit lamp must only be used for the purpose specified in its technical passport. It is forbidden to refuel the spirit lamp near devices with an open flame. Do not fill the spirit lamp with fuel more than half the volume of the tank. Do not move or carry a spirit lamp with a burning wick. It is strictly forbidden to light the wick of a spirit lamp with another spirit lamp. Fill the spirit lamp only with ethyl alcohol. Extinguish the flame of the spirit lamp only with a cap. Do not keep on the desktop where the spirit lamp is used, flammable substances and materials that can ignite from short-term exposure to an ignition source with low thermal energy (flame of a match, alcohol lamp). The room in which the work with an alcohol lamp (alcohol lamps) is performed must be equipped with primary fire extinguishing means, for example, a powder fire extinguisher.

Advantages

Light weight - no more than 220 g.
Ease of use - you only need to add fuel, which is independently supplied to the combustion area.
Reliability - all structural elements are practically trouble-free in operation.
Quiet operation.
No strong odors - the smell of liquid fuel before it is ignited is negligible compared to the smell of gaseous fuels in similar cases.
Not required Maintenance- there is no need to carry out regulatory, as well as repair work for the adjustment and cleaning of structural elements.
Safety in work - the fuel used in small quantities is not explosive, spilled burning alcohol can be easily extinguished using standard fire extinguishing agents (powder fire extinguishers).
Simplicity of storage of fuel - storage of fuel in an ordinary plastic bottle or a plastic canister is allowed.
Low price - the cost of alcohol lamps is much lower than laboratory ones gas burners or other types of burners using liquid fuel (kerosene, gasoline).
Environmentally friendly fuel - does not pollute environment(safe when released into water and soil and does not form toxic substances when burned).

disadvantages

Low thermal power - the calorific value of ethyl alcohol is lower than that of other types of both liquid fuels (kerosene, gasoline) and gaseous fuels (methane, propane).
Not reliable performance at low temperatures- poor evaporation of fuel from the protruding upper part of the wick when sub-zero temperatures.
Malaya mechanical strength- details of alcohol lamps have low strength and can be deformed or destroyed even with small mechanical impacts.

Links

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Spirit lamp - laboratory equipment for thermal processes

Both in the laboratory of past years and in modern laboratory practice, laboratory equipment plays a special role. Indeed, thanks to him, as well as chemical reagents, instruments and laboratory glassware, both simple and the most complex experiments, studies and analyzes are made from various materials.

Laboratory equipment and devices are being improved every day. They are becoming more functional, accurate, fast, but all these parameters, unfortunately, are reflected in their price and availability. Here, for example, laboratory scales of past years are largely different from modern laboratory scales, but the cost also varies several times.

A special place in laboratory practice is occupied by special laboratory equipment for heating and melting liquid and dry substances in small dishes (quartz crucible, test tubes, flasks), flaming, sterilizing instruments and dishes on an open flame - an alcohol lamp. It has found its application, ranging from the school laboratory, ending with biotechnical, dental, microbiological laboratories and medical institutions, as well as where it is necessary to use an open flame of low thermal power.

What is an alcohol drink made of?

An alcohol lamp (also called a burner) is a reservoir - a flask made of high-quality thermally stable laboratory glass for a chemical reagent - alcohol and a lid through which a filter passes, the lower end of which is in the reservoir, the upper one is outside. chemical substance in the process of burning, it rises along the wick to its upper part and evaporates. In the upper part of the burner there is a neck through which the filter is passed, and through it the equipment is filled with liquid fuel. Alcohol vapors are set on fire, and the spirit lamp burns, reaching up to 900 ° C. The spirit lamp is supplied with a special cap made of porcelain or plastic to extinguish the flame or to cover the equipment in order to prevent the evaporation of alcohol when not in use.

In laboratory conditions, burners of numerous structures that differ from each other in terms of tank parameters:
- material (metal, laboratory glass);
- shape (faceted, round);
- capacious volume (100 ml, 150 ml); and also the filter:
- material;
- the form;
- thickness;
- the presence of a device for adjusting the length of the protruding part of the filter.

Advantages and disadvantages of an alcohol lamp

Advantages:
- small dimensions (weight up to 220 g);
- easy to use (adding alcohol to the tank);
- reliability;
- availability due to low price;
- noiselessness;
- lack of maintenance;
- work on an environmentally friendly clean fuel. When alcohol is burned, toxic substances are not formed.

Despite the huge list positive qualities, this equipment has a number of significant disadvantages:
- low level of thermal power (compared to gasoline, kerosene, propane, methane);
- insufficiently reliable operation at sub-zero temperatures (poor fuel evaporation);
- insufficient mechanical strength (the tank is destroyed upon impact or under mechanical action);
- not safe at work.

Torch Precautions

Do not forget about safety when working with this laboratory equipment. It must be used only for the purpose specified in the data sheet. It is strictly forbidden to refuel the burner near an open flame. Do not fill more than half of the tank with alcohol. Do not carry equipment with a burning wick. Fill the spirit lamp only with ethyl alcohol. It is forbidden to use other chemicals for these purposes. Store and use away from flammable materials and substances. When spilling an alcohol lamp, to avoid a fire, cover it thick cloth. For the same purpose, the laboratory should have fire extinguishers - fire extinguishers. All work carried out with a spirit lamp must take place in a well-ventilated area.

Where is it profitable to buy high-quality laboratory equipment?

To buy hydroquinone, to buy a hydrometer, to buy a spirit lamp and a reflux condenser, as well as a wide range of other laboratory equipment in Moscow, is offered by a specialized online store of chemical reagents Moscow retail and wholesale “Prime Chemicals Group”. On our website you will find everything you can equip your scientific or production laboratory with. All products High Quality and by affordable price. It is possible to deliver any goods not only in the city, but also throughout the Moscow region.

Make your choice in favor of professional equipment with Prime Chemicals Group.

For liquid fuel, containing a reservoir for alcohol, equipped with a lid through which a wick is passed, the lower end of which is placed in the reservoir, and the upper end is outside it.

Application

Design

The alcohol container is the main bearing part of the laboratory spirit lamp, and its most important and main part is the wick, which transfers liquid fuel (alcohol) from the container to the end of the wick, where this fuel burns and is used for heating. The container for alcohol is made in the form of a reservoir, into which the lower end of the wick is lowered. The tank has a neck, which is equipped with a lid. The cover is necessary to separate the alcohol combustion zone from the internal volume of the tank where the liquid fuel is located. The tank lid can be placed both inside the neck and outside it, covering the latter from the outside. A guide tube is usually installed in the opening of the cap through which the wick passes. The wick must be placed in the tube in such a way that, on the one hand, it can move smoothly and easily in the tube, and on the other hand, the contact of the tube with the wick must be tight enough so that the wick does not fall out of the tube. The cover of the spirit lamp may have a device for adjusting the protruding length of the wick, the recommended value of which is no more than 15 mm.

Typically, spirit lamp fuel is poured through the top opening of the tank after the cap has been removed. However, there are spirit lamps, the reservoir of which has a side filler neck with a ground-in stopper. The amount of fuel to be poured is determined by the internal volume of the tank. Alcohol from the reservoir rises up the wick due to capillary pressure and evaporates when it reaches the upper end of the protruding part of the wick. Alcohol vapors are ignited and the spirit lamp burns with a flame temperature not higher than 900 ° C. Most spirit lamps have a metal or glass cap, which is used both to extinguish the flame of the spirit lamp and to prevent the fuel from evaporating.

According to the structural elements, laboratory alcohol stoves differ from each other in the following parameters:

tank material (metal or glass);
tank shape (round or faceted);
internal volume of the tank;
wick material and thickness;
the presence or absence of a device for regulating the protruding part of the wick.

The material of the tank should be selected based on the operating conditions of the spirit stove. If the spirit lamp is operated in conditions under which it is possible to accidentally drop the spirit lamp on a stone or metal floor, then from the point of view of safety, it is preferable to use a spirit lamp with a metal reservoir. Alcohol lamps with a glass case are much cheaper than metal ones. In addition, during the operation of the spirit stove, you can always observe the level of alcohol in the tank. However, glass is a brittle material with little resistance to impact, and therefore there is always the possibility of the spirit lamp tank breaking if dropped on a hard floor, which can cause a spill of burning alcohol. Therefore, in rooms with increased fire safety requirements, the use of glass spirit lamps, especially those made of thin laboratory glass, is not recommended.

The material and thickness of the wick are important elements for the operation of a spirit stove. Cotton wicks and asbestos cord are used. Cotton wicks are the most widely used, as they give a more stable and even flame compared to asbestos wicks. As for the thickness of the wicks, it must be assumed that the thicker the wick, the more fuel it supplies to the combustion zone. Thicker wicks give a more voluminous flame with a greater height of the latter. As a result, the heat output of alcohol lamps with a thicker wick is slightly higher, but the consumption of alcohol is also higher. For most laboratory work performed with alcohol lamps, a wick thickness of at least 4.8 mm and not more than 6.4 mm is sufficient. Thicker wicks are needed for some professional jobs where a high and voluminous flame is required. It is advisable to have spirit lamps with different wick thicknesses in the set and use them depending on the technological requirements for the work performed.

Fuel

All spirit stoves predominantly use ethyl alcohol as fuel. There are three types of ethyl alcohol on sale: rectified ethyl alcohol from food raw materials, technical hydrolysis alcohol from wood raw materials and synthetic alcohol obtained by a chemical method. Technical alcohol and synthetic alcohol are sometimes dyed blue-violet with the addition of certain substances with a pungent odor. Such alcohol is called denatured alcohol. All of these types of alcohols can be used as liquid fuel for spirit lamps.

Safety

When working with laboratory alcohol lamps, safety precautions are as follows. It is necessary to use the spirit lamp only for the purpose indicated in its technical passport. It is forbidden to refuel the spirit lamp near devices with an open flame. Do not fill the spirit lamp with fuel more than half the volume of the tank. Do not move or carry a spirit lamp with a burning wick. It is strictly forbidden to light the wick of a spirit lamp with another spirit lamp. Fill the spirit lamp only with ethyl alcohol. Extinguish the flame of the spirit lamp only with a cap. Do not keep on the desktop where the spirit lamp is used, flammable substances and materials that can ignite from short-term exposure to an ignition source with low thermal energy (flame of a match, spirit lamp). The room in which the work with an alcohol lamp (alcohol lamps) is performed must be equipped with primary fire extinguishing means, for example, a powder fire extinguisher.

Advantages

Light weight - no more than 220 g.
Ease of use - you only need to add alcohol to the tank of the spirit lamp, and then the alcohol is independently supplied to the combustion area.
Reliability - all structural elements are practically trouble-free in operation.
Quiet operation.
Lack of strong odors - the smell of ethyl alcohol before it is ignited is negligible compared to the smell of gaseous fuel in similar cases.
Maintenance is not required - there is no need for routine maintenance, as well as repair work to adjust and clean structural elements.
Safety in work - ethyl alcohol in small quantities is not explosive, and spilled burning alcohol can be easily extinguished using standard fire extinguishing agents (powder fire extinguishers).
Simplicity of storage of fuel - storage of ethyl alcohol in an ordinary plastic bottle or a plastic canister is allowed.
Low mechanical strength - parts of alcohol lamps have low strength and can be deformed or destroyed even with small mechanical impacts.

FUEL, BURNERS.

We have already talked about fires, BUT it is not always possible to make a fire - there is no firewood (highlands, steppe, tundra, city), or they are very damp and there is no time to mess with a fire, or cook hot food and you need to warm up quickly indoors, etc. In addition, the possibilities of camping life support, for example, "primus stoves", may be of interest not only to tourists. Power supply problems settlements our country is forced to think about alternative sources energy.

Then, options prepared in advance are used - burners, stoves, spirit lamps, even candles sometimes. Naturally, each of these devices has its advantages and disadvantages.

ALCOHOL.

The simplest laboratory spirit lamps with asbestos cord wicks are ineffective in field conditions, therefore, for many decades, alcohol burners have been used for camp events, in which fuel is burned using nozzles, and not a wick.

Alcohol burners were brought to perfection by the Swedes, who created an alcohol lamp without a wick, and ensured that it was not liquid alcohol that burned in it, but its vapors. The burner is a brass cup with double walls, the inner walls do not reach the bottom, and small holes are drilled along the rim. Alcohol is poured into the cup and set on fire. For some time, the alcohol itself burns, warming up the whisk. Then, when the edges of the nozzles heat up, the temperature of the alcohol that has entered the hollow walls according to the principle of communicating vessels becomes much higher than the main mass, and it begins to evaporate intensively, flashing through the whisk already in a gaseous state. And when the vapors ignite, the bulk of the liquid goes out because oxygen stops flowing to it - it is burned out by the flame burning around the rim of the cup.

The Swedish companies Svea and Trangia were the first to master the production of such burners, it was they who produced spirit stoves, which were equipped with individual camp kitchens - bowlers of the Swedish army. The main advantage of these burners is the simplicity of their design - there is simply nothing to break in them. In addition, they are very light and compact.

Fuel - alcohol, denatured alcohol, several types of special fuel based on alcohol, produced specifically for spirit lamps. In principle, they can be filled with very strong moonshine and glass cleaners, but it is better - with good pure ethyl alcohol of at least 90 degrees - a very multifunctional and harmless agent.

Currently, these spirit lamps are manufactured by Trangia (Sweden), Tatonka (Germany), Ningbo (China) and others. Additional option there may be a device for adjusting the height of the flame (and, consequently, the heating intensity of the pot - frying pan).

So the main advantages alcohol burners- indestructibility, ease of use, compactness, when using ethyl alcohol - purity and safety.

Cons: at very low temperatures and high rarefaction of the air, the efficiency of spirit stoves drops, preheating of the burner and fuel is necessary, and the use of a windproof casing. To increase the working properties of alcohol, it is often advised to dilute it with water in a ratio of approximately 10:1.

GAS-BURNERS

are currently one of the most popular wearable "sources of fire". A burner with a gearbox (sometimes a fuel hose) and a gas cylinder are the main parts of these products. In addition to the burner gas cylinder you can install a special gas lamp.

Plus: cleanliness, ease of use: no need for pumping, cleaning, no unpleasant odors.

Minus: at high altitudes and at very low temperatures, it may not work at all (that is, the gas may not leave the cylinder at all). To improve combustion in mountainous conditions, therefore, a mixture of butane and propane is usually used, since propane has a 1.5 times higher calorific value, as well as special fuel. liquid gas systems. The standard gas mass flow rate is 70 - 100 grams per man-day.

PETROL AND KEROSENE BURNERS ("PRIMUSES")

At present, they are less common in our country, due to low reliability when operating on domestic fuel.

Pros: the highest calorific value, efficiency, fuel availability. They work well at very high altitudes (in rarefied air) and at very low temperatures.

Minus: difficulties in preparing for work (pumping with a built-in hand pump and preheating the burner are needed), soot, smell from the product itself and fuel containers (when carried in a backpack with gasoline, literally everything vanishes, no matter how tight the fuel canister is). Frequent breakdowns and blockages when working with Russian fuel. At work, they emit a lot carbon monoxide(CO). As a general rule, the more gasoline is suitable for motors, the more harmful it is to the burner, and buying and carrying "special, branded" gasoline or kerosene negates the advantages of supposedly readily available fuel. Gasoline "primuses" have one more serious drawback - they are "fire" and "explosion" unsafe, alas. The standard mass consumption of gasoline is about 70 grams per person-day. The most popular gasoline stoves are still omnivorous domestic "Bumblebees".

DRY FUEL ("DRY ALCOHOL")

Plus: dry fuel stoves work reliably.

Minus: due to the low calorific value, they can only be suitable for heating food, and not for cooking it. It is also possible that chemical additives in some types of dry fuels may release harmful substances during combustion.

Today we have to do the first practical work " Laboratory equipment and methods of working with it. Safety rules when working in the chemistry room "

Instructions (plan) for the execution of work:

In this job you will need:

1. Study the content of the lecture;

2. Get acquainted with the safety rules when working in a chemical laboratory;

3. To study the main types of samples of laboratory glassware and equipment, as well as their purpose;

4. To study the device of the spirit lamp and the structure of the flame, as well as the rules for handling the spirit lamp;

5. Work with simulators.

6. Prepare and send to the teacher an electronic report on the work done.

I. Safety rules:

Substances are different:

Corrosive and explosive

It happens that they themselves ignite

And there are those who are poisoned.

If you don't want to get burned

Or inhale mercury vapor,

Please read these safety instructions carefully.

And never forget them in the chemistry room!

When working with substances, do not take them with your hands

And don't taste

Reagents not watermelon:

Peel off the skin from the tongue

And the hand falls off

Ask yourself a question

But don't stick your nose in a test tube:

You will cry and sneeze

Shed tears in hail.

Wave your hand to your nose -

Here is the answer to all questions

With substances unknown

Do not carry out mixing inappropriate:

Do not merge unfamiliar solutions with each other

Do not pour into one dish, do not interfere, do not set fire!

If you work with solid matter,

Do not take it with a shovel and do not try to take it with a ladle.

You take it a little -

One eighth of a teaspoon.

When working with liquid, everyone should know:

It is necessary to measure in drops, do not pour in a bucket.

If acid or alkali gets on your hand,

Rinse your hand quickly with tap water.

And, so as not to cause complications to yourself,

Don't forget to notify your teacher.

Do not pour water into acid, but quite the contrary

pouring in a thin stream,

Interfering carefully,

Pour acid into the water -

That's how you get out of trouble.

II. "Laboratory equipment and utensils"

Sample	Name
	VIAL HOLDER Required for safe heating of a test tube during a chemical reaction
	PORCELAIN CUP For evaporation (crystallization)
	FLASK For preparing solutions, carrying out reactions
	STAND LABORATORY
	MEASURING CYLINDER
	TEST TUBE
	ASBESTOS NET Used to evenly distribute heat to the bottom of glassware

Sample	Name
	RACK FOR TEST TUBE
	ALCOHOL
	BEAKER
	PORCELAIN MORTAR WITH PESTLE For grinding solids
	FUNNEL
	SEPARATOR FUNNEL Separation of mixtures of liquids with different densities

III. Rules for working with alcohol

Light only with a match, it is forbidden to light from another spirit lamp.
Before igniting, you need to straighten the wick, and the disk should fit snugly against the neck.
It is impossible to transfer the spirit lamp while working in a lit form from one table to another.
Extinguish only with a cap - do not blow!

Everyone should know this:
Burn alcohol in a spirit lamp
A match is only possible
And very carefully.
To extinguish the flame
The bottle must be closed.
And for this, my friend,
She has a cap.

IV. Spirit lamp device

1 - glass tank, 3/4 filled with alcohol;

2 - a metal tube with a disk, holds the wick, protects against evaporation and ignition of alcohol.

3 - wick;

4 - cap.

V. Structure of the flame

Conduct a small home experiment with which we will study the structure of the flame.

Light a candle and carefully examine the flame. You will notice that it is not uniform in color. The flame has three zones (fig.)

Dark Zone 1 is at the bottom of the flame. This is the coldest zone compared to the others. The dark zone is bordered by the brightest part of the flame 2. The temperature here is higher than in the dark zone, but the most heat– at the top of the flame 3.

To make sure that different zones of the flame have different temperatures, you can conduct such an experiment. Place a match in the flame so that it crosses all three zones. You will see that the splinter is more charred where it hit zones 2 and 3. This means that the flame is hotter there.

Despite the fact that the flames in each case differ in shape, size and even color, they all have the same structure - the same three zones: the inner dark (coldest), the middle luminous (hot) and the outer colorless (hottest).

Therefore, the conclusion from the experiment can be the statement that the structure of any flame is the same. The practical significance of this conclusion is as follows: in order to heat any object in a flame, it must be brought into the hottest, i.e. in the upper part of the flame.

Application

Design

Fuel

Safety

Advantages

disadvantages

see also

Links

Application

Design

Fuel

Safety

Advantages

Read also