Color photography. How color photography began The first color camera

The first mention of creating an image on a wall was made in China five centuries BC. However, the actual beginning of the development of photography in the modern sense dates back to 1828, when the first photograph capturing the human figure was created. This became possible as a result of the discovery in 1634 by the chemist Gomberg of the photosensitivity of silver nitrate, and the physician Schulze in 1727 discovered the sensitivity of silver chloride to light. Then Chester Moore developed an achromat lens, and the Swedish chemist Scheele made it possible to ensure the stability of photographs against light (1777).

An interesting and informative history of the invention of photography will be told to the reader further.

The origins of photography

Numerous experiments to create a stable photograph led to the production of a stable photograph on a brass plate using heliography technology (1827), which has survived to this day. The official announcement of the discovery of the daguerreotype by Daguerre and Niepce, made in January 1839 by physicist Francois Arago at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, is officially recognized as the date of the invention of photography.

Development of photography at the first stage

In its development, the 19th century, which was characterized by industrial, fundamental social changes, made the invention of photography a necessity. Actively developing dynamic society the man-made image could no longer satisfy. At the beginning of their appearance, photographs were of an applied nature and were perceived as an auxiliary tool. For example, for the purpose of documenting botanical specimens or for recording specific objects, events, or capturing found artifacts. The now common practice of photographing people and other living objects was difficult and expensive in the early days of photography, a 19th-century invention.

Obtaining a negative consists of several stages:

The prepared silver plate is placed in a camera obscura.
After opening the lens, a barely noticeable image appears in the silver iodide layer when exposed to sunlight.
The image was fixed by treating the removed plate with mercury vapor in the dark and subsequent treatment with a solution of table salt (hyposulfite).

Alternative Methods

Many scientists were involved in the invention of photography. Thus, the English inventor Fauquet Talbot, who worked in the same period as the French, obtained photography, the invention of the century, in a different way. In a camera obscura, an image is obtained on paper soaked in a light-sensitive solution. Then the photograph is developed and fixed, and a positive image is printed from the negative on special paper.

The disadvantage of both methods is the need to stand for a long time (30 minutes) in front of the camera in a motionless state. In addition, the use of heated mercury vapor to obtain a daguerreotype is unsafe for health.

Invention of color photography

Between the photo in black and white and the colored one lies a distance of 30 years. English physicist and mathematician James Maxwell using filters different color took three color photographs of the same subject. The next invention was the invention of Louis Hiron from France. To obtain color photographs, he used photographic materials sensitized with chlorophyll. By exposing black-and-white plates through color filters, he obtained color-separated negatives. Then the images from the three negatives were combined into one using a chronoscope, and a color photograph was obtained.

Improving Color Photography

Louis Ducos du Hauron, by copying three negatives onto gelatin positives painted in the appropriate colors, simplified the process of obtaining color photography (you already know briefly about the invention). Three gelatin positives folded into a sandwich, illuminated by white light, were projected by one device. At that time, the inventor was unable to bring his idea to life due to low level photoemulsion technologies. Subsequently, his method became the basis for the emergence of multilayer photographic materials, which are modern color films. In 1861, based on three-color technology, Thomas Sutton took the world's first color photograph. Good photographs were obtained using photographic plates from the Lumiere Brothers, which began to be sold in 1907.

Further development of color photography

The real breakthrough in color imaging came with the invention of 35mm color photographic film in 1935. Marvelous high quality The images were produced using Kodachrome 25 color film, which was only recently discontinued. The quality of the film is so high that even half a century later, the slides made at that time look the same as when developed. The disadvantage is that the dyes were introduced at the editing stage, which was only possible in a laboratory located in Kansas.

The first negative film capable of producing color photographs was released by Kodak in 1942. However, until 1978, when film development became available at home, Kodachrome color slides were the most popular and widespread.

Photography equipment

The first camera is considered to be a model developed by the English photographer Sutton in 1861, consisting of a large box with a lid on top and a tripod. The lid did not allow light to pass through, but you could look through it. In the box, using mirrors, an image was formed on a glass plate. The active development of photography dates back to 1889, when George Eastman patented a fast camera, which he called the Kodak.

The next step in the photographic industry was the creation in 1914 by a German inventor named O. Barnack of a small camera into which film was loaded. Based on this idea, ten years later, the Leitz Company, under the Leica brand, began mass production of film cameras with focusing and delay functions when shooting. Such a device made it possible for a significant number of amateur photographers to take pictures without the participation of professionals. The release of Polaroid cameras in 1963, where the picture is taken instantly, led to a real revolution in the field of photography.

Digital cameras

The development of electronics led to the emergence of digital photography. The pioneer in this direction was Fujifilm, which released the first digital camera in 1978. The principle of their operation is based on the invention of Boyle and Smith, who proposed a device with charge coupled. The first digital camera weighed three kilograms, and the picture was recorded for 23 seconds.

The massive active development of digital cameras dates back to 1995. In the modern photo industry market, a huge range of models of digital cameras, video cameras, and mobile phones with built-in cameras are offered. In them, the rich are responsible for getting a beautiful photo. software. In addition, you can further edit your digital photo on your computer.

Stages of creating photographic materials

Discoveries in the photographic industry were associated with the desire to capture visual information technical means, achieve clear, accurate images. Such photographs have educational, artistic value and significance for society and individuals. The main thing in this is to find ways to secure and obtain a stable image of any object.

The first photograph was taken using a pinhole camera on a metal plate covered with a thin asphalt layer. The invention of gelatin emulsion in 1871 by Richard Maddox made it possible to produce photographic materials industrially.

Lavender oil and kerosene were used to wash asphalt from loose and unlit areas. Improving Niepce's invention, Daguerre proposed a silver plate for exposure, which, after holding it in a dark room for half an hour, he held over mercury vapor. The image was fixed with a solution of table salt. Talbot's method, which he called capotonia and which was proposed at the same time as the daguerreotype, used paper coated with a layer of silver chloride. Talbot's paper negatives made it possible to make a large number of copies, but the image was unclear.

Gelatin emulsion

Eastman's proposal to pour gelatin emulsion onto celluloid, introduced in 1884 new material, led to the advent of photographic film. Replacing heavy plates, which could be damaged if handled carelessly, with celluloid film not only made the work of photographers easier, but also opened up new horizons for camera design.

The Lumière brothers proposed producing the film in the form of a roll, and Edison improved it with perforation, and from 1982 to today it has been used in the same form. The only replacement was that cellulose acetate material was used instead of flammable celluloid. The invention of photographic emulsion made it possible to replace paper, metal plates and glass with more suitable material. The latest advancement was the replacement of roll film with digital.

Development of photography in Russia

The very first daguerreotype device in Russia appeared literally a year after the invention of photography. Aleksey Grekov, starting in 1840, established the production of daguerreotype devices and offered service and consulting services. Great master photographs Levitsky proposed a significant improvement to the device in the form of leather fur between the stand and the body of the device. Grekov took the lead in the use of photography in printing. IN Russia XIX centuries were invented:

Stereoscopic apparatus.
Curtain shutter.
Automatic shutter speed adjustment.

IN Soviet time More than two hundred models of cameras were developed and put into production. Currently, the attention of inventors is aimed at increasing the level of resolution.

Information about the invention of cinema

Photography was one of the first steps towards cinema. Initially, many scientists worked to create a device that could bring the drawing to life. After the advent of photography, in 1877, chronophotography was invented - a type of photography that allows you to record the movement of an object using photography. This was a significant step in the development of cinema. The invention of photography is one of the most significant achievements of the 19th century. And it's hard to argue with that.

Just some 30-40 years ago, a significant part of photographs, films, and television programs were black and white. Many people have no idea that color photography appeared much earlier than it became widely used in life. This post is about the development of color photography.

In fact, attempts to obtain color photographs began in the mid-19th century, shortly after. But the inventors faced many technical difficulties. In addition to simply getting a color photograph, there were big problems with correct color rendering. It was precisely because of various technical difficulties that the widespread introduction of color photography into life lasted for more than a hundred years. However, thanks to the efforts of enthusiasts, today we can see fairly high-quality color photographs of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

“Tartan Ribbon” is considered to be the world's first color photograph. It was shown by the famous English physicist James Maxwell during a lecture on the characteristics of color vision at the Royal Institution in London on May 17, 1861.

However, Maxwell did not take photography seriously, and the pioneer of color photography was the Frenchman Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron. On November 23, 1868, he patented the first method of producing color photographs. The method was quite complicated and involved shooting the desired object three times through light filters, and the desired photograph was obtained after combining three plates of different colors.

Photographs of Louis Ducos du Hauron (1870s)

In 1878, Louis Ducos du Hauron presented his collection of color photographs at the Universal Exhibition in Paris.

In 1873, the German photochemist Hermann Wilhelm Vogel made the discovery of sensitizers - substances that can increase the sensitivity of silver compounds to rays of different wavelengths. Then another German scientist, Adolf Mithe, developed sensitizers that made the photographic plate sensitive to different areas spectrum He also designed a camera for three-color photography and a three-beam projector for displaying the resulting color photographs. This equipment was first demonstrated in action by Adolf Mithe in Berlin in 1902.

Photographs by Adolf Miethe (early 20th century)

The pioneer of color photography in Russia was Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky, who improved Adolf Miethe's method and achieved very high-quality color rendering. At the beginning of the 20th century he traveled Russian Empire, taking many excellent color photographs (about two thousand of them have survived so far).

Photos by Prokudin-Gorsky (Russia, early 20th century)

Still, getting one color image out of three was inconvenient; in order for color photography to become widespread, the method had to be simplified. This is what the Lumiere brothers did, famous inventors cinema. In 1907, they demonstrated their Autochrome method, which produced a color image on a glass plate.

Some of the "autochromes" (early 20th century)

Over the next 30 years, Autochrome became the primary color photography method for the masses until Kodak developed a more advanced color photography method.

Despite the abundance of photographers, often self-made, few can tell in detail about the history of photographs. This is exactly what we will do today. After reading the article, you will learn: what a camera obscura is, what material became the basis for the first photograph, and how instant photography appeared.

How did it all begin?

ABOUT chemical properties People have known sunlight for a very long time. Even in ancient times, anyone could say that the sun's rays make the skin color darker, they guessed the effect of light on the taste of beer and sparkling precious stones. History goes back more than a thousand years of observations of the behavior of certain objects under the influence ultraviolet radiation(this type of radiation is characteristic of the sun).

The first analogue of photography began to be truly used back in the 10th century AD.

This application consisted of the so-called camera obscura. It is a completely dark room, one of the walls of which had round hole, transmitting light. Thanks to him, a projection of an image appeared on the opposite wall, which the artists of that time “modified” and obtained beautiful drawings.

The image on the walls was upside down, but that didn't make it any less beautiful. This phenomenon was discovered by an Arab scientist from Basra named Algazen. He had been observing light rays for a long time, and the phenomenon of a camera obscura was first noticed by him on the darkened white wall of his tent. The scientist used it to observe the darkening of the sun: even then they understood that looking at the sun directly is very dangerous.

First photo: background and successful attempts.

The main premise is Johann Heinrich Schulz's proof in 1725 that it is light, not heat, that causes silver salt to turn dark. He did this by accident: trying to create a luminous substance, he mixed chalk with nitric acid and a small amount of dissolved silver. He noticed that under the influence of sunlight the white solution darkened.

This prompted the scientist to do another experiment: he tried to obtain an image of letters and numbers by cutting them out on paper and applying them to the illuminated side of the vessel. He received the image, but he didn’t even have any thoughts about saving it. Based on the work of Schultz, the scientist Grotthus established that the absorption and emission of light occurs under the influence of temperature.

Later, in 1822, the world's first image was obtained, more or less familiar to modern man. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce received it, but the frame he received was not properly preserved. Because of this, he continued to work with great diligence and received an 1826 full-length shot called “View from a Window.” It was he who went down in history as the first full-fledged photograph, although it was still far from the quality we are used to.

The use of metals is a significant simplification of the process.

A few years later, in 1839, another Frenchman, Louis-Jacques Daguerre, published a new material for taking photographs: copper plates coated with silver. After this, the plate was doused with iodine vapor, which created a layer of photosensitive silver iodide. It was he who was key to future photography.

After processing, the layer was exposed for 30 minutes in a room illuminated by sunlight. Next, the plate was taken to dark room and treated with mercury vapor, and the frame was fixed with table salt. It is Daguerre who is considered to be the creator of the first more or less high-quality photograph. Although this method was far from “mere mortals,” it was already significantly simpler than the first.

Color photography is a breakthrough of its time.

Many people think that color photography only appeared with the creation of film cameras. This is not true at all. The year of creation of the first color photograph is considered to be 1861, it was then that James Maxwell received the image, later called the “Tartan Ribbon”. To create it, we used the three-color photography method or the color separation method, whichever you prefer.

To obtain this frame, three cameras were used, each of which was equipped with a special filter that made up the primary colors: red, green and blue. As a result, we got three images that were combined into one, but such a process could not be called simple and fast. To simplify it, vigorous research was carried out on photosensitive materials.

The first step towards simplification was the identification of sensitizers. They were discovered by Hermann Vogel, a scientist from Germany. After some time, he managed to obtain a layer sensitive to the green color spectrum. Later, his student Adolf Mithe created sensitizers that were sensitive to three primary colors: red, green and blue. He demonstrated his discovery in 1902 at the Berlin scientific conference along with the first color projector.

One of the first photochemist scientists in Russia, Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky, a student of Mite, developed a sensitizer more sensitive to the red-orange spectrum, which allowed him to surpass his teacher. He also managed to reduce the shutter speed, managed to make the photographs more widespread, that is, he created all the possibilities for reproducing photographs. Based on the inventions of these scientists, special photographic plates were created, which, despite their shortcomings, were extremely in demand among ordinary consumers.

Instant photography is another step towards speeding up the process.

In general, the year of appearance of this type of photography is considered to be 1923, when a patent for the creation of an “instant camera” was recorded. Such a device was of little use; the combination of a camera and a darkroom was extremely cumbersome and did not greatly reduce the time it took to obtain a frame. Understanding of the problem came a little later. It consisted in the inconvenience of the process of obtaining a finished negative.

It was in the 30s that complex light-sensitive elements first appeared, making it possible to obtain ready-made positive images. Their development was initially carried out by Agfa, and the guys from Polaroid started working on them en masse. The company's first cameras made it possible to receive instant photographs immediately after taking a frame.

A little later, similar ideas were tried to be implemented in the USSR. The photo sets “Moment” and “Photon” were created here, but they did not find popularity. Main reason– lack of unique photosensitive films for obtaining positive images. It was the principle laid down by these devices that became one of the key and most popular at the end of the 20th century. beginning of XXI century, especially in Europe.

Digital photography is a sharp leap in the development of the industry.

This type of photography really began quite recently - in 1981. The Japanese can safely be considered the founders: Sony showed the first device in which the matrix replaced photographic film. Everyone knows how a digital camera differs from a film camera, right? Yes, it couldn't be called quality digital camera in the modern sense, but the first step was obvious.

Subsequently, many companies developed a similar concept, but the first digital device, as they are accustomed to seeing it, was created by Kodak. The camera began to be mass-produced in 1990, and it almost immediately became super popular.

In 1991, Kodak and Nikon released professional digital SLR camera Kodak DSC100 based Nikon cameras F3. This device weighed 5 kilograms.

It is worth noting that with the advent of digital technologies, the scope of application of photography has become more extensive.
Modern cameras, as a rule, are divided into several categories: professional, amateur and mobile. In general, they differ from each other only in matrix size, optics and processing algorithms. Due to the small number of differences, the line between amateur and mobile cameras is gradually blurring.

Application of photography

Back in the middle of the last century, it was difficult to imagine that clear images in newspapers and magazines would become a mandatory attribute. The photography boom became especially pronounced with the advent of digital cameras. Yes, many will say that film cameras were better and more popular, but it was digital technology that made it possible to rid the photo industry of problems such as running out of film or overlapping frames.

Moreover, modern photography is undergoing extremely interesting changes. If earlier, for example, to get a passport photo you had to stand in a long line, take a photo and wait a few more days before printing it, but now it’s enough to just take a photo of yourself against a white background with certain requirements on your phone and print the photos on special paper.

Art photography has also made great strides forward. Previously, it was difficult to get a highly detailed shot of a mountain landscape; it was difficult to crop unnecessary elements or make high-quality photo processing. Now even mobile photographers, who are ready to compete with pocket digital cameras without any problems, are getting wonderful shots. Of course, smartphones cannot compete with full-fledged cameras such as the Canon 5D, but this is a topic for another discussion.

Digital SLR for a beginner 2.0- for NIKON connoisseurs.

My first MIRROR- for CANON connoisseurs.

So, dear reader, now you know a little more about the history of photography. I hope you find this material useful. If this is so, then why not subscribe to blog updates and tell your friends about it? Moreover, there is still a lot waiting for you interesting materials, which will allow you to become more literate in matters of photography. Good luck and thank you for your attention.

Sincerely yours, Timur Mustaev.

Some of the very first color photographs taken in the Soviet Union, as well as some of the first color newsreels of the Great Patriotic War, which in itself is a unique phenomenon.
We have practically no Soviet color images of the war, so we are forced to use captured German ones. However, it turned out that there are some things that are native and domestic.

This is not just a color photograph of Kharkov, made using autochrome technology in 1933, but this moment This is the very first known color photograph taken in the USSR:
In the photo Gosprom - First reinforced concrete building in USSR.
The fame of Derzhprom immediately after the completion of construction flew throughout the country, and then throughout the world. When clay huts with thatched roofs still stood on the neighboring streets of Kharkov, such a building seemed like something out of fantasy, the embodiment of dreams of a New World, a symbol of an entire era.
Even during earthworks A mammoth skeleton was found on the territory of the 6th entrance of Gosprom. Probably, the remains of this mammoth and the sight of the reinforced concrete giant erected above them inspired V.V. Mayakovsky, who wrote the famous lines:
“Where the crows hovered, croaked over the carrion,
into canvas railways bandaged
Ukrainian capital Kharkov is buzzing,
living, laboring, reinforced concrete..”

Gosprom.1932
Photos from the early 30s

Gosprom building in occupied Kharkov

Gosprom, modern times
Interesting Facts:
The height of the Gosprom building itself is 63 meters. And together with the television tower installed in 1955 - 108 meters.
The usable area of all Gosprom premises is 60 thousand square meters, the area of the construction site is 10,760 square meters.
For the first time in the world, accurate calculations of the most complex frame structures have been developed and used. reinforced concrete structures. The creators of the new method (grapho-analytical method of constant points) are Kharkov design engineers A. Preisfreund and M. Paykov.
Gosprom began to be built using human and horse energy with primitive tools - shovels, stretchers, carts, etc. By the end of construction, the work was already 80% automated. Up to five thousand workers per day (500-600 people in winter), half of whom huddled in wooden barracks, built in three shifts and completed the project in less than two and a half years.
The workers, mostly by hand, dug a huge pit for a building with a volume of 20 thousand cubic meters and transported the soil on flat carts - “grabbers”. Then they leveled the area for the future Dzerzhinsky Square.
At the time of construction, it was the largest “skyscraper” in the USSR, which even today leaves no one indifferent: its volume is 347 thousand square meters. Material - monolithic reinforced concrete. 1,315 wagons of cement, 9,000 tons of metal, 3,700 wagons of granite and 40,000 sq. m. were used. glass The building has 4,500 windows, the glazing area is 17 hectares.
Initially, according to the instructions of the Kharkov Research Institute of Hygiene, the handles on the doors of Gosprom were copper. Doctors advised the use of copper, which is characterized by bactericidal properties and, according to those years, destroys microbes
In the 1930s, up to 25 tons of coal were spent daily on heating the building in winter.
7 out of 12 elevators have been operating without replacement since they were put into operation (1928)
The Gosprom building was built using the “floating formwork” method - innovative in those days - and therefore is a solid monolithic mass of reinforced concrete. Hence the strong strength of the building. Another explanation for the strength - Derzhprom consists of a group of towers connected by transitions, so the natural resonant frequencies of the towers, leaning on each other, greatly weaken the vibrations general structure(this method is used in Japan when constructing skyscrapers in seismic zones).
In the primary project of Gosprom internal partitions along the building were not provided. The building's façade purposefully faces the east so that the setting sun fully illuminates it. In combination with large glazing, the effect of space and airiness arose. In the setting sunshine the windows seemed to be blazing with fire.
The world's first airbus, the giant K-7 aircraft, was designed at the Kalinin Design Bureau in 1933. It was called “air Gosprom”
Its museum, founded in the 1980s, is open at the 5th entrance of Gosprom.
Theodor Dreiser himself once said about Gosprom: “A miracle seen in Kharkov.”
It is surprising that the reconstruction of Gosprom, carried out modern methods in the 2000s, required several times more time than the entire period of its construction using primitive methods in the 1920s. Derzhprom was built in just three years; The reconstruction has been going on for 7 years and is still not finished. You can draw your own conclusions, everything is obvious...Another interesting photo.
Official biographer of Stalin and “father of party history” Yaroslavsky at his dacha with his grandson, 1938. Grandson - future documentary film director Roman Carmen, died several years ago, son of that famous Roman Carmen:

By the way, Yaroslavsky himself is quite an interesting person.
Emelyan Mikhailovich Yaroslavsky is a revolutionary, Communist Party leader, ideologist and leader of anti-religious policy in the USSR. Chairman of the Union of Militant Atheists.
He was an amazingly prolific propagandist who did not hesitate to use the crudest expressions regarding religion and the Church. In the preface to his most famous anti-religious work, “The Bible for Believers and Non-Believers,” he wrote: “With the help of religion and the church, the ruling classes cloud the consciousness of the workers and toiling layers of the peasantry, turning them into obedient slaves of capitalist, landlord and kulak exploitation. IN Soviet country millions of collective farmers, consciously participating in the struggle for the construction of socialism, have already broken with religion, realizing its harm to the working people. But there are still many who believe in priestly and kulak religious tales, both in the city and in the countryside. Therefore, a lot of work needs to be done to convince believers that biblical tales are unscientific and harmful.”
The main atheist never thought about giving his texts even a semblance of scientific objectivity. He “exposed” biblical texts with the help of jokes and unfounded statements; he called the revealed relics of St. Innocent of Irkutsk “12 pounds of rotten bones, eaten away by worms and moths.”

Yaroslavsky’s anti-religious “enthusiasm” was so strong that he even justified the “excesses” in the anti-religious struggle admitted by some representatives of the Soviet government. In December 1928, at a meeting of the organizing bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks on the issue of measures to strengthen anti-religious work, which marked the beginning of a new attack on the Church, Yaroslavsky found nothing wrong with the newspaper headline “The Most Holy Theotokos Amba.” Although even the future chairman of the Commission for consideration of religious issues, Pyotr Smidovich, at the same meeting noted that such attacks only needlessly irritate believers and prevent the Soviet government from pursuing an effective anti-religious policy.
Yaroslavsky did not care about the feelings of believers, and of all forms of struggle, he preferred the physical destruction of churches and the punitive policy of the OGPU. True, he asked Molotov to allow the children of priests to study in a Soviet school, but only so that they could “wash off the stain of this title.” “Comrade Emelyan” (this was the party nickname of the main atheist) believed that the children of the clergy made the most ardent fighters against faith and the Church.
Another favorite brainchild of Yaroslavsky was a series of publications under the general title “Atheist”. These were newspapers and magazines with the crudest drawings and similar texts, whose task was “to eradicate religious intoxication.” Yaroslavsky also wrote numerous articles in which he reproached all religions and clergy for dogmatism and oppression of the people.
However, the main atheist also had a second life. He selflessly, thoughtlessly loved Comrade Stalin and other prominent party members. The fighter against the “opium of the people” was the creator of a biography of Stalin, which in terms of the degree of praise can eclipse any life, and the history of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - a text that “replaced” the Bible for communists. He was a man completely intolerant of any disputes within the party; he believed that there was only one correct opinion in the world and it belonged to Stalin. Shortly after the assassination of Kirov, in 1934, Yaroslavsky wrote in a letter to Ordzhonikidze: “I ask you, Stalin, Kaganovich, Klim and others: take care of yourself! All humanity needs you, this should not be forgotten. Our party is doing the greatest historical thing in the interests of all working humanity.”

The chief atheist's veneration of Stalin acquired the features of fanatical faith. A dogmatist to the core, Yaroslavsky even interfered in the personal lives of party members and their behavior; he was ready to expel communists from the party for an extra glass of wine or a not very modest dress. His passion for uniformity led to the fact that some of Yaroslavsky's initiatives irritated members of the Central Committee. Meanwhile, Stalin considered Yaroslavsky not tough enough and sometimes gave him demonstrative “floggings”, after which the main atheist and party historian humiliatingly asked to point out the mistakes and was ready for any changes in his own thoughts and texts.

Artek 1940 in color. In the Soviet paradise warm sea
It must be said that in the USSR before the war, about 70 color films were shot using two-color and three-color technology (i.e., through color filters), known in Russia since 1911.
However, the film about Artek was clearly shot using a different technology, on multilayer film, possibly purchased from the Germans (or perhaps our experimental one). Therefore, there is absolutely no effect of stratification of moving objects, but the color scheme is very poor, compared to the three-color, for example, with the famous 1939 film about the physical education parade in Moscow.
Well, okay, although it’s bad, the color and the plot are very interesting. How the lucky ones rested in the Soviet paradise by the warm sea on the eve of the war.
Let's see some footage.
Starts with the type of camp boats:
Happy Artek residents appear, all in sailor suits:

They go on a boat trip.
Having sailed through some cave, they land on the shore, where they discover a crab:

After the hike in the mountains, the action moves to the camp, where everyone finds something to do to their liking.
One of the Artek residents is doing something with a movie camera (photo camera?):

Others are engaged in shooting:

“In Artek, everyone can do what they love,” says the voice-over:

Someone made a futuristic watercraft:

Then the bugler calls everyone to lunch:

After lunch and quiet time, you can write a letter home:

In the evening.

At the end of the film, the children gather in formation to report on how they rested.
“All the pioneers of the Motherland are always surrounded by the great care of the party,” ringing voices sound:
More interesting photos.

The newly built and opened VDNKh in Moscow, 1939: And finally, color newsreels from 1943, the very height of the Great Patriotic War!

An officer-guide at a captured German gun, summer 1943:

-->Visitors to the exhibition, mainly women and children, all men at the front.

Pioneers, ties are still on clips, they will be replaced with a simple knot only in the 50s.

A guide in the aviation department, with a white pointer in his hands, tells visitors about captured aircraft

And these are Aerokorb planes before being sent to the USSR under the Lend-Lease program; soon Soviet ace pilots will board them and destroy the Luftwaffe, 1942. 4423 aircraft were delivered from the USA.

Incredible facts

When we think of old photographs, we primarily think of black and white pictures, but as these stunning photo early 20th century, color photography was much more advanced than one might think.

Before 1907, if you wanted a color photograph, a professional colorist had to color it using different dyes and pigments.

However, two French brothers, Auguste and Louis Lumière, made a splash in the field of photography. Using colored potato starch particles and a light-sensitive emulsion, they could take color photographs without the need for additional coloring.

Despite the difficulty of production, as well as the high cost, the process of producing color photographs was very popular among photographers, and one of the world's first books on color photography was published using this technique.

First color photos

Thus, the brothers revolutionized the world of photography; later Kodak brought photography completely to new level, introducing Kodakchrome film to the market in 1935. It was an easier and more convenient alternative to the invention of the Lumière brothers. Their Autochrome Lumiere technology immediately became obsolete, but still remained popular in France until the 1950s.

Kodakchrome, in turn, also became obsolete with the advent of digital photography. Kodak stopped producing film in 2009. Today, digital photography is the most popular method of shooting, but modern achievements advances in photography would not have been possible without the hard work of pioneers Auguste and Louis Lumières.

Now let's look at a collection of amazing photographs from a century ago, taken using the innovative technology of the Lumière brothers.

1. Christina in red, 1913