This presentation presents step by step description creating a vertical sundial from scrap materials.

If anyone can't reproduce the presentation, there is a written description:

You will need: Pencil Protractor Compass Compass Square Clock location

In the figure, line AB defines the wall surface on which we want to install the clock (top view). Panel 1234 installed perpendicular to the wall and leveled horizontally. Determine the meridian line N.S. , draw a line EW parallel to AB . From the point where the lines intersect D draw a DC line perpendicular to WE. Angle CDS there is a turn of the wall.

Now to calculate the vertical clock we need
3 sizes 1. Size gnomon along the line of its orientation to the north SD (projection gnomon on the dial of the future hours) ; 2. B height of the gnomon SH (angle , component gnomon with surface of the dial); 3. Position hour lines on dial ● Step 1:

Let's draw a horizontal line AB. From point C let's draw a perpendicular CD so that ADB formed a semicircle with center at point C

● Step 3:

From point C from the opposite side CG draw CJ so that angle DCJ equal to the angle of rotation of the wall. Dot K lies on the segment C.J. at a distance equal to G.H. (you can use a compass). From point K parallel to AB a segment is drawn KL to the intersection with CD

● Step 5:

Draw KP parallel to the line CD until it intersects with the line AB at point P . Define a point R on a semicircle so that the line M.R. was equal to the segment KP (use a compass). Connect the dots C and R.

The last step is to define the hour lines. For this we will do new drawing. We will need segments from previous constructions AB, CD, CN and CR.

On the continuation of the line CN select point M and draw line ST perpendicular to CN. Size CM will determine the final look of the watch face, so choose the appropriate paper size.

Draw ME so that CR was perpendicular. Define a point O on the continuation of the line CN so that ME and MO are equal.

From the center O draw a circle of arbitrary radius. Crossing the line CD and ST indicated by a dot d . Connect the dot O with point d.

From line Od divide the circle into 15-degree sectors. Extending radii to a line ST determine the hour markers.

Conclusion

All that now remains to be done is to make and secure the gnomon. The height and size of the gnomon were determined in the first two stages. It can be made in the form of a triangle, fixed at a point C perpendicular to the plane of the dial, along the segment CN.

When mounting a clock on a wall, you must level out dial so that the 12:00 noon line is vertical.

Sundial with your own hands. Master Class

Spring... It's already in full swing... The sun shines brighter and longer everywhere. And we have a great opportunity to put sunlight to work by making a sundial with our own hands. Of course, they will not replace traditional - mechanical and electronic - watches, but this homemade product is very entertaining, and for representatives of the younger generation - also educational, because the model of the sundial that we will make is the most effective one, and its manufacturing will require certain knowledge in the field of astronomy and trigonometry.

There are many varieties of this ancient device for measuring time. But among all the variety of sundials ever used, the following types are distinguished as the main or classic ones:

Equatorial (in such sundials the plane of the frame (dial) is parallel to the equator, and the gnomon (the part that casts the shadow), usually a metal rod, is parallel to the earth's axis);

Equatorial sundial on the banks of the Thames (London, England)

Horizontal (the frame plane is parallel to the horizon plane, and the gnomon has the shape of a triangle, one of the sides of which is inclined to the frame plane at an angle equal to the latitude of the place where the clock is installed);


Horizontal sundial (Limassol, Cyprus)

Vertical (as the name suggests, the dial of such a watch is placed in vertical plane, usually on the walls of buildings).


Wall sundial (Ely Cathedral, England)

We will make an equatorial type sundial, as it is the easiest to make. Due to the fact that the dial is installed parallel to the equator, and the sun moves almost uniformly across the celestial sphere, the shadow of the gnomon will shift by an angle of 15° every hour. Therefore, the hour divisions on the dial are applied in the same way as in a regular watch, only the marks needed are not 12, but 24. It is clear that top part The dial is unlikely to be useful, except for residents of the Arctic, when the polar day comes and the sun will shine around the clock.

There is no need to draw the dial yourself, you can use ready-made templates– round or square (whichever you prefer):

Print the dial-square template

Print the dial-circle template

Our task comes down to correctly orienting the sundial in space. The angle of inclination of the dial relative to the horizontal plane is determined as follows:

Where φ is geographic latitude. You can find out the latitude of your place of residence on a map or on Wikipedia.

And knowing the necessary angles, it is very simple to make an inclined stand for our sundial from cardboard or paper and then stick a printed dial on it or prepare a scan of the watch case with a printed image of the dial in a graphics editor.

We know the dimensions of the dial template. The side of the case is a right triangle. Thus, we know the length of the hypotenuse C and the angles of the triangle, and the lengths of the legs A and B are calculated using trigonometric formulas:

All that remains is to draw the development according to the obtained dimensions, it is possible even without the side walls.
I made a case with an opening back cover (I’ll explain why below):

No matter what you do, you still get a box.

Well, now you need to install a gnomon in the center of the dial. To do this, you can use any rod of suitable size (for example, a plastic straw from a juice bag). You can also make it from cardboard or paper:
- cut out a rectangular strip 60 mm wide (we determine the length empirically, by eye, so that when folded, you get a dense tube with a diameter of about 5-6 mm with a small hole);


- glue double-sided tape to one edge and roll up the tube;



- cut out another rectangular strip 15-20 mm wide and also roll it into a tube with a diameter that matches the diameter of the hole in the first tube;

- cut off part of the first tube at a distance of 10 mm from the edge (this will be something like a nut)


and connect the parts;

- fix the gnomon on the dial, fixing it with reverse side“nut” (this is where the opening lid comes in handy).

The sundial is ready. Now, for them to work correctly, you need to place them in a sunny place (on a windowsill, on a balcony, etc.) so that the gnomon “looks” north (we determine the direction using a compass).

Of course, you should not expect an exact coincidence of the readings of such a sundial with the readings of ordinary watches. Firstly, sundials that show true solar time do not take into account the standard time in a particular area. Secondly, we should not forget that the magnetic and geographic poles of the Earth have a discrepancy, and the fact that we oriented the watch along the magnetic pole will also introduce some error.

And finally, the main point that you also have to take into account is that the equatorial clock only works in the period between the days of spring and autumn equinox. The rest of the time, the upper surface of the frame will be in the shadow. But the day spring equinox in the northern hemisphere soon, so the wait won't be long. There is just enough time to make a sundial with your own hands and set it up to work.

Successful experiments to you!

IN modern world sundials look, at least, exotic, and in most cases they are a banal decoration - a decoration for a dacha or a plot of a residential building. But we should not forget that in ancient times it was a very useful and functional thing, the accuracy of which even some modern products of this type may well envy. If the sundial is made correctly, it may well compete with yours. wristwatch. You can make them three different ways, which is what we will talk about in this article. Together with the site, we will get acquainted with the question of how to make a sundial with your own hands - we will talk about three varieties of these items and their correct manufacture.

Equatorial sundial: DIY production

This is a very simple sundial to make - this is due to the fact that the divisions of its dial are the same and amount to 15 degrees, which corresponds to one hour. In principle, this is where everything simple in this watch ends and the complexity begins - the watch of this type it is necessary to establish correctly, which in itself is difficult. Such a clock must be installed simultaneously in two planes.

As for the actual production of equatorial sundials, everything is very simple. It is better to use a hard material like plastic for them. First you make a dial with a gnomon, then you think about how you can install it at an angle, but also orient it to the north, after which the clock will work. By the way, the angle of inclination of the gnomon can be easily adjusted with a protractor and rulers - the drawing tool has a special lock that allows you to install it between a pair of rulers desired angle. By the way, for our hemisphere, the clock should be pointed towards the true north pole, but if you make a clock while in the southern hemisphere, then the gnomon and dial should point towards the true south pole. In this case, the dial will be a little different - it will be a mirror image of a sundial for the northern hemisphere of the Earth.

You can see what a sundial can be like in this video.

DIY horizontal sundial

A distinctive feature of this type of watch is the horizontal arrangement of the dial - the gnomon is oriented exclusively towards the true pole of the Earth. On the one hand this is good ( simpler technology manufacturing), but on the other hand, not very well, since setting the clock looks very problematic. In such watches, the shadow from the gnomon does not move the same distance over the course of an hour, so you need to be patient and wristwatch. The divisions will have to be applied in accordance with a mechanical or electronic chronometer. Such watches are made as follows.

During even hours, we simply place marks where the shadow of the gnomon points.
Once the dial markings are completed, the watch can be used fully. In principle, they can be used immediately after installation, only without divisions you can determine the time exclusively intuitively.

How to make a polar sundial for the garden

The beauty of this solar chronometer lies in its dial - it is not round, like most illogical devices, but linear. The shadow from the gnomon moves along it in a straight line, which greatly simplifies the technology of making sundials. By by and large, this is still the same equatorial sundial, only its gnomon is not a pin, but a stick located across the so-called dial. The divisions in such watches are also applied unevenly, which makes it possible to assert that a sundial of this type is some kind of hybrid between the first two options. Do-it-yourself polar sundials are made as follows.

In principle, there is a fourth option for sundials, which are very difficult to manufacture and configure - these are vertical, or, as they are also called, wall sundials. They are more convenient to use, but their assembly requires very precise calculations and very precise (no less precise) manufacturing.

DIY sundial photo

To conclude the topic of how to make a sundial with your own hands, I will say a few words about the materials. Their choice depends entirely on the purposes of production. If this is pampering or just a teaching aid for children, then a chronometer can be made from cardboard. If you want to make a truly working model and use it to determine the time, then you need to choose more reliable materials. In this case, the dial can be made of concrete (alternatively, cut off the surface natural stone big size), and the gnomon is made of steel - such a watch can be safely left on fresh air, and at the same time they will last a very long time.

On the eve of summer, sun, summer season, gardening and all sorts of things I want to offer you step by step instructions How to make a horizontal type sundial on your site. Finding out the time by them is sometimes even more convenient than by mobile phone(because I don’t always have my phone with me; my hands are dirty; the sun shines off the screen).

The basis of the sundial is the gnomon. This is a stick, the shadow of which will show us time. The more accurately we orient this stick parallel to the Earth’s rotation axis (how to do this - see points 1, 2, 3 below), the more accurate the device will be. Any straight stick, similar in size to the handle of a shovel, will work as a gnomon (you can use the handle itself if you have an unnecessary one lying around).

We find a place where there are not many people and dogs running around, and where you often pass. The main thing is that it is illuminated by the sun most of the day. To do this, find the south (either navigate using Google Earth, or turn your face to the sun around 12–13 o’clock) and look for a place on the site with the southern half of the sky as free as possible (from roofs, trees, etc.).

Points 1 and 2 are devoted to finding the exact direction to the North. Yes, you can also use a compass for this, but we must remember that magnetic declination (that is, the deviation of the compass readings from the real direction to the geographic North) in our country can reach 10, 20 or more degrees. In addition, you can catch a local magnetic anomaly. Therefore, the method of determining North by the sun is more accurate and reliable.

1. By the time of true noon (solar climax, also mistakenly called “zenith”), prepare a plumb line (for example, hang a pebble/piece of iron on a rope and make sure that all this does not dangle in the wind) and horizontal platform, on which the shadow of the rope is visible. I will describe methods for calculating the time of true noon for your area below.

2. At the moment of true noon (it would be a good idea to synchronize the time with the Internet in advance, for example using the time.is service, or the ClockSync Android application), we mark the direction of the solar shadow of the plumb line, for example, using several pebbles, which we place along the shadow. This is the exact north-south direction (meridian direction).

3. We calculate the tangent of the angle to the horizontal at which the gnomon (that is, our stick) should stand. To do this, find out the latitude of the place, enter it into the calculator and press tan. For example, if the latitude is 56 degrees, then tan(56) = 1.483.

We multiply this number, for example, by half a meter (50 cm), we get 74 cm. We stick a stick into the ground, in the direction strictly north (we found it out in the last point by plumb line), from this place we place a pebble 50 cm from the place where the stick is stuck, and tilt the stick so that it passes over the pebble at a height of 74 cm. In Figure 3 (and 3a for greater clarity) I showed a plumb line that descends from the gnomon and falls on the meridian line (the length of this plumb line in our example = 74 cm) . Instead of a plumb line, you can “shoot” with your eye, but it won’t be as accurate. And in this position we begin to drive the stick, checking/adjusting from time to time so that it passes over our “half-meter” stone at a given height. As soon as the stick holds tightly, we can congratulate ourselves - the most important part of the work is done: we have oriented our gnomon parallel to the earth's axis. And, by the way, at the same time, he points to the North Star with good accuracy (you can check it at night by “shooting” your eye along the stick).

4 and 5. The following positions of the hour markers, made by timer. It should be noted that although the figure shows 12 o'clock for the noon marker, in reality the civil time for it will be different. To avoid thinking about this, the easiest way is to mark the dial by approaching the gnomon at 13:00, 14:00 and so on, and simply mark the direction of the shadow. And the next day, from morning to noon, mark the remaining hour markers.

The hour markers themselves can be anything you want: you can hammer in tablets with numbers, you can line them with stones.

Calculating true noon time

Let me list exactly what things happen at the moment of true noon:
* the sun is exactly in the South (for our northern latitudes);
* horizontal shadows from vertical objects fall exactly to the North;
* the sun is at the highest point of its daily course;
* this is the moment - with good accuracy the midpoint between sunrise and sunset on this day.

Each meridian has its own moment of true noon. So, say, in comparison with the center of Moscow, true noon in the east of the city occurs about 1 minute earlier, and in the west - a minute later. Here is the annual noon time chart for the center of Moscow (for the UTC+3 time zone, in which Moscow has been permanently located since October 2014):

That is, on the Moscow meridian you can simply use this graph. The graph will have exactly the same shape in your location, only it needs to be shifted according to vertical axis by the amount (D–37.6)/15 hours, where D is your geographic longitude. For example, let’s take Perm, its longitude is 56.2 degrees, substitute it into the formula: (56.2–37.6)/15 = 1.24 hours = 1 hour 14.5 minutes. That is, in Perm, true noon occurs 01h14.5m earlier than in Moscow, and according to Moscow time, 01h14.5m must be subtracted from the above schedule. For example, for May 22, we get 12h26.5m minus 01h14.5m = 11:12 Moscow time, add 2 hours (the difference in the time zones of Perm and Moscow), we get 13:12. Let's remember this time to compare with the next method.

The second method is to find your locality on a weather website that shows sunrise and sunset times. For example, for the case of Perm, we open the Yandex weather site yandex.ru/pogoda/perm and see there Sunrise: 04:37 Sunset: 21:47, we find the arithmetic mean of these two times (04:37 + 21:47) / 2 = 13:12 . Same time as we got above.

The third method is the use of calculation programs. You can choose a program to suit your taste, I use my Day–night (at the link daybit.ru/video/video-i-soft.html you will find a video on its use, and the program itself), and it gives the time of noon for Perm = 13:11:45.

Notes

1. The above graph for Moscow is a consequence of the so-called Equation of Time - the difference between mean solar time and true solar time. It should be noted that the readings of your sundial will change with the same amplitude as in this graph. That is, up to plus or minus a quarter of an hour throughout the year. However, if you look closely, you can see that the most interesting for us summer time the fluctuations are not so great and fall within plus or minus 5–6 minutes. Sometimes, when they want to get minute accuracy, a correction schedule is specially drawn up for sundials throughout the year.

From this graph, for example, it is clear that if you set your sundial in mid-June, then by mid-September it will be 5 minutes faster.

2. Why shouldn't you just use a vertical stick? Why bother with its inclination and its parallelism to the Earth's rotation axis? The fact is that a clock made using a vertical stick will sooner or later begin to show a noticeably incorrect time. So, a clock made for a vertical stick in June will go wrong by 1 hour in the mornings and evenings in September. More details here sundial-ru.livejournal.com/2337.html

3. If you want, you can immediately calculate the dial for your area using, say, the Shadows shadowspro.com program, take the angles from this calculation and immediately measure them on the ground, instead of running around all day and marking the sun's shadow.

And we have a great opportunity to put sunlight to work by making DIY sundial. Of course, they will not replace traditional - mechanical and electronic - watches, but this homemade product is very entertaining, and for representatives of the younger generation - also educational, because the model of the sundial that we will make is the most effective one, and its manufacturing will require certain knowledge in the field of astronomy and trigonometry.

There are many varieties of this ancient device for measuring time. But among all the variety of sundials ever used, the following types are distinguished as the main or classic ones:

Equatorial (in such sundials the plane of the frame (dial) is parallel to the equator, and the gnomon (the part that casts the shadow), usually a metal rod, is parallel to the earth's axis);

Horizontal (the frame plane is parallel to the horizon plane, and the gnomon has the shape of a triangle, one of the sides of which is inclined to the frame plane at an angle equal to the latitude of the place where the clock is installed);

Vertical (as the name suggests, the dial of such a watch is placed in a vertical plane, usually on the walls of buildings).

Wall sundial (Ely Cathedral, England)

We will make an equatorial type sundial, as it is the easiest to make. Due to the fact that the dial is installed parallel to the equator, and the sun moves almost uniformly across the celestial sphere, the shadow of the gnomon will shift by an angle of 15° every hour. Therefore, the hour divisions on the dial are applied in the same way as in a regular watch, only the marks need not 12, but 24. It is clear that the upper part of the dial is unlikely to be useful, except for residents of the Arctic, when the polar day comes and the sun will shine around the clock.

There is no need to draw the dial yourself; you can use ready-made templates - round or square (whichever you prefer):

Our task comes down to correctly orienting the sundial in space. The angle of inclination of the dial relative to the horizontal plane is determined as follows:

α=90°-φ ,

where φ is geographical latitude. You can find out the latitude of your place of residence on a map or on Wikipedia.

And knowing the necessary angles, it is very simple to make an inclined stand for our sundial from cardboard or paper and then stick a printed dial on it or prepare a scan of the watch case with a printed image of the dial in a graphics editor.

We know the dimensions of the dial template. The side of the case is a right triangle. Thus, we know the length of the hypotenuse C and the angles of the triangle, and the lengths of the legs A and B are calculated using trigonometric formulas:

A=C×sinα

B=C×cosα

All that remains is to draw the development according to the obtained dimensions, it is possible even without the side walls.

I made a case with an opening back cover (I’ll explain why below):

No matter what you do, you still end up with a box.

Well, now you need to install a gnomon in the center of the dial. To do this, you can use any rod of suitable size (for example, a plastic straw from a juice bag). You can also make it from cardboard or paper:

We cut out a rectangular strip 60 mm wide (we determine the length empirically, by eye, so that when folded, we get a dense tube with a diameter of about 5-6 mm with a small hole);

Place double-sided tape on one edge and roll up the tube;

We cut out another rectangular strip 15-20 mm wide and also roll it into a tube with a diameter that matches the diameter of the hole in the first tube;

Cut off part of the first tube at a distance of 10 mm from the edge (this will be something like a nut)

and connect the parts;

We fix the gnomon on the dial, fixing it on the reverse side with a “nut” (this is where the opening lid comes in handy).

The sundial is ready. Now, for them to work correctly, you need to place them in a sunny place (on a windowsill, on a balcony, etc.) so that the gnomon “looks” north (we determine the direction using a compass).

Of course, you should not expect an exact coincidence of the readings of such a sundial with the readings of ordinary watches. Firstly, sundials that show true solar time do not take into account the standard time in a particular area. Secondly, we should not forget that the magnetic and geographic poles of the Earth have a discrepancy, and the fact that we oriented the watch along the magnetic pole will also introduce some error.

And finally, the main point that you also have to take into account is that the equatorial clock works only during the period between the days of the spring and autumn equinox. The rest of the time, the upper surface of the frame will be in the shadow. But the day of the spring equinox in the northern hemisphere is soon, so the wait will not be long. There is just enough time to make a sundial with your own hands and set it up to work.

Successful experiments to you! And see you again at