The pronunciation of vowel sounds in the flow of speech varies depending on: 1) on the relationship to the stressed syllable (vowels in the stressed syllable, in the first pre-stressed syllable and in the rest unstressed syllables); 2) from the position in the word (vowel at the beginning of the word or at the end of the word); 3) on the quality of the consonant sound with which the vowel is combined (in combination with soft or hard consonants, labial or non-labial, nasal or non-nasal), and on some other conditions.

In the words [val] and [vada] - water, the sound [a] is pronounced in the first syllable, but it is not the same: in the first word it is stressed, and therefore pronounced with greater length and more clearly. In the words [mal] and [m'a l] - mush, the vowel sounds are stressed, but they are not the same, since in the word [m'a l] the vowel ['a] comes after the soft consonant sound [m'] and gains more forward articulation. Taking into account the dependence of the quality of vowel sounds on phonetic conditions, linguists have identified strong and weak positions of vowel sounds in the Russian language.

A strong position vowels are stressed: [mal], [mol], [mul], [m’e l], [soap], [m’i l]. Stressed vowels are characterized by unimpaired pronunciation and the most distinct demarcation. However, stressed vowels change somewhat under the influence of preceding consonants. Particularly noticeable changes occur after soft consonants; cf.: [shes’t’] and [s’e s’t’]. Therefore, in combinations “soft consonant + vowel”, shades of vowel sounds (phonemes) or a non-basic type of vowel sounds (phonemes) appear. Without significant changes caused by the influence of neighboring sounds, i.e. in their basic form, vowels are pronounced at the beginning of a word before a hard consonant under stress (island, arch, echo, ear, suit) or as an independent word (sounds s, conjunction a , preposition y, etc.).

Weak position occupy vowels in unstressed syllables, where the vowels are weakened (reduced). There are two weak positions of unstressed vowels: the first and the second. The first position is observed in the first pre-stressed syllable (water, spring, transition, etc.) and in the absolute beginning of the word (vegetable garden, apricot, echo sounder, etc.). In other unstressed positions, vowels occupy a second, weak position (piglet, chair, etc.). In the first position, vowel reduction is weaker than in the second, and therefore more vowel sounds occur in the first position than in the second. The quality of vowel sounds in weak positions also depends on the quality of the preceding consonant - whether it is hard or soft. In weak positions, the vowels of the upper rise change less than others: [i], [ы], [у].

Consonants change in the flow of speech. Their change is caused by the position of the consonant in the word. All consonants before vowels occupy a strong position. It is in these phonetic conditions that the largest number of consonant sounds differs: house - tom - crowbar - com - catfish; year - cat - move, etc. In strong positions, consonants can change their quality under the influence of subsequent vowels. Thus, labial vowels rounden (labialize) the preceding consonant: in the words there and that, the consonant [t] is not pronounced the same way (in the second word it is rounded). The consonants before the vowel [a] differ most completely and change least of all: tam - dam, mal - crumpled, garden - rad - chad, etc. The position before the vowel [a] is called an absolutely strong position. In addition to the absolutely strong position, there are strong positions for individual consonant categories. Strong positions for noisy consonants, paired in sonority-voicelessness, are: 1) the position before the vowels itching - court, heat - ball, guest - bone, etc., 2) the position before sonorant consonants and before the consonants [v], [ in'] (followed by a vowel) - rude - croup, evil - layer, bend (verb) - whip, beast - check. Noisy consonants occupy a weak position in terms of voicedness-voicelessness 1) at the end of a word - code [cat] - cat [cat], meadow [bow] - bow [bow]; 2) before voiced and voiceless consonants - wedding [svad'b ъ] - pastba [paz'd'b a], buckle [p'r'ashk'] - pawn [p'eshk'], etc. In these positions, voiced and voiceless consonants are not opposed: at the end of the word and before voiceless consonants, a noisy voiceless is pronounced, and before voiced consonants, a noisy voiced is pronounced. Category hardness-softness is more characteristic and defining in Russian phonetics. Oppositions by hardness-softness are the largest correlative series, it covers 30 consonant phonemes: Strong positions for consonants paired by hardness-softness are: 1) position before vowels (except [e]): k[r]ug - k[ r']yuk, [m]al - [m']yal, [n]os - [n']yos; 2) position at the end of the word: plo[t] - plo[t’], tro[n] - tro[n’]. The consonants occupy a weak position in terms of hardness-softness: 1) before the front vowels - hay, blue, hand (cf. hand; in native Russian words, the consonants before are soft: [p']el, [b']el, [m'] faith, [v']faith, [t']body, [green]); 2) before consonants - shepherd - graze [pas't'i], tackle - remove [s'n'a t'] 3) before the phoneme: [p'j]yu, [b'j]yu, se[m 'j ]ya, pla[t'j ]e, etc. Unpaired hard phonemes sound hard in all positions. Unpaired soft ones sound only like soft consonants in all positions.

1) strong position– pronunciation conditions in which all differential features of phonemes appear: for vowels under stress and in an open syllable; for consonants– intervocalic position, before vowels and sonorant consonants;

2) weak position– pronunciation conditions in which not all differential features of phonemes appear: for vowels– unstressed position, in a closed syllable; for consonants- at the end of a word, before voiceless consonants.

Strong and weak phonemes

Strong phonemes are phonemes that have maximum distinctiveness. Stressed vowels are strong phonemes.

Weak phonemes have less distinctive ability, because in a weak position, a phoneme is a substitute for two or even three strong phonemes. So [ъ] can replace<а>, <о>, <э>: [tantsy e va´t], [shjlk/\v´i´sty], [mъl/\ka´].

As noted earlier, each phoneme has a number of constant, position-independent, constitutive features. Among the constitutive features, a differential feature stands out, which is both relevant (correlative) and constitutive at the same time. For<п>such a sign is deafness in relation to<б>: fell, ball But deafness<п>eliminated in the position before a voiced consonant.

If the phoneme feature is not relevant, then the constitutive feature is non-differentiating. For example, deafness for<ц>- constitutive irrelevant feature.

The concept of relevance is associated with two rows of phonemes: the first row consists of consonants paired in deafness-voicedness, the second row consists of consonants paired in hardness-softness. A position that is strong for one member of the series is strong for all members of the series: [p║b, p´║b´, f║v, f´║v´, t║d, t´║d´, s║ h, s´║z´, w║zh, k║g, k´║g´].

Outside this series, extra-paired consonants remain:<л>, <л´>, <р>, <р´>,m>,<м´>, <н>, <н´>, <ч´>, <х>, <х´>, <ц>, <ш´>, .

Strong positions on deafness-voicing:

1. position before vowels: [do´t] – [to´t];

2. position before sonorants: [gro´t] – [kro´t];

3. position in front of [j]: [bjo´t] – [pjo´t];

4. position in front of [v], [v´]: [dv´e´r´]- [tv´e´r´].

Weak positions are:

1. end of a word : code[cat] - cat[cat];

2. for deaf people the position is in front of the voiced ones, for voiced people the position is in front of the deaf ones: change[building], over the table[ntst/\lo´m].

Second row – phonemes paired by hardness-softness: [п║п´, b║б´, в║в´, f║ф´, m║м´, с║с´, з║з´, t║т ´, d║d´, l║l´, n║n´, r║р´, g║g´, k║k´, x║x´].

The following remain outside the pairs: consonants:<ц>, <ч>, <ж>, <ш>, <ш´>, .

Strong positions on hardness-softness:

1. end of the word: [sta´n] – [sta´n´];

2. position before non-front vowels: [ma´l] – [m´a´l];

3. anterior linguals before the posterior lingual [re´t´k] – [re´dk] and hard labials [p´i e z´ba ´ ] - [hut ´ ] ;

4. sonorants (except [m]) before dental ones: [yi e nva ´ R ´ ] - [yi e nva´rsk´y].

5. <л>always in a strong position: [l´va ´ ] – [m/\lva´], the exception is the position before [j]: [l´ j y´].

Weak positions in terms of voicedness and deafness appear very clearly; in terms of hardness and softness they are not so obvious.

Phonetic transcription conveys the sound composition of words, phonological (phonemic) transcription conveys the phonemic composition of words.

In phonological transcription it is customary to denote:

α -all weak vowel phonemes,

α 1 - weak vowels 2 and 3 pre-stressed and all overstressed syllables:

index 1 - consonant phonemes weak in hardness-softness:

work<т 1 ру´т>, index 2 - weakly voiced consonants:

allowance <нαт 2 ба´ф 2 кα 1 >,

index 3 - weak in hardness-softness and deafness-

voicing consonants: guarded <с 3 т´α 1 р´αгл´и´>.

If in phonological notation the same morpheme appears in different phonemic forms, determined by the phonological position in the word form, then in morphophonemic transcription, a generalized phonemic notation of the word form is used, abstracted from the types of its constituent morphemes determined by the phonological position. For example, the word stack in phonetic transcription - [s t o´k], in phonemic transcription -<с/з т о´ к 2 >, in morphophonemic transcription -<(с 3 т)ог>, where a combination of consonants with general phonetic characteristics of deafness and hardness is highlighted in brackets.

Allophone(Greek: άλλος another and φωνή sound) - implementation of a phoneme, its variant, determined by a specific phonetic environment. Unlike a phoneme, it is not abstract concept, but a specific speech sound. The set of all possible positions in which allophones of one phoneme occur is called the distribution of the phoneme. Native speakers recognize phonemes well, that is, meaningful units of language, and are not always able to recognize individual allophones of one phoneme. Phonemes in the minds of speakers are usually represented by basic allophones.

The main allophone is an allophone whose properties minimally depend on the position and phonetic environment. The main allophones in the Russian language are:

• vowels in isolated pronunciation;
• hard consonants before the stressed [a];
• soft consonants before the stressed [and].

Basic allophones are usually realized in the strong position of the sound. A strong position is a position in which it is possible maximum amount phonemes of this type. In Russian, for vowels the strong position is the position under stress, for consonants - before the non-front vowel.

Vary combinatorial And positional allophones.

Combinatorial allophones- realizations of phonemes associated with coarticulation under the influence of the phonetic environment of sounds.

Examples of combinatorial allophones in Russian are:

• advanced back vowels [a], [o], [u] after soft consonants;
• labialized (rounded) consonants before vowels [o], [u];
• voiced affricates [dz], [d'zh"] in place of [ts], [ch] before voiced noisy ones.

Nasal vowels before nasals [n], [m], [ŋ] are also considered combinatorial allophones in English language. In some languages ​​of the world, combinatorial features (for example, nasalization) can extend over several syllables.

Positional allophones- realizations of phonemes associated with their phonetic position in a word or syllable. Phonetic position is usually understood as:

• position of the sound in relation to the absolute beginning of the word (after a pause);
• position of the sound in relation to the absolute end of the word (before the pause);
• the position of the sound in relation to the stress.

Positional allophones of the vowels [а], [о] in the Russian language are the vowels [ъ], [ʌ] in unstressed syllables.

Obligatory and free allophones

Depending on the degree of predictability of implementation, allophones are divided into mandatory, that is, implemented in accordance with the rules of the grammar of the language, and free, that is, implemented in accordance with the preferences of speakers.

Obligatory allophones of one phoneme are in complementary distribution relationships, when two different allophones of one phoneme cannot exist in the same position. In the Russian language, rounded and unrounded consonants are in relations of additional distribution: rounded consonants are possible only before the rounded vowels [o], [u], and unrounded consonants are pronounced in all other cases. Pronunciation of such an allophone in a different position is perceived by native speakers as an unnatural sound or a foreign accent.

Free allophones can be considered both optional variants of phonemes that are widespread in various social and dialect groups (for example, fricative /g/ or hard /sch/ in some Russian dialects), and individual variants of phonemes that make up the pronunciation features of individual speakers (for example, non-syllabic [ w] in place of the trembling [r] in Russian).

Background, background in phonetics - a unit of the sound level of a language, identified in the speech stream without regard to its phonemic affiliation (that is, without assigning it to one or another phoneme) or as a specific implementation of the phoneme in speech.

Unlike phonemes and allophones that belong to a language, phonemes belong to speeches. Relating background to allophone and phoneme, the phoneme is said to be "general" (or class), allophones are "special" (or subclasses), and backgrounds are "singular". Every phoneme in speech appears in one of its allophones, which is realized as one or another background.

The mimic realization of a phoneme (background) is called a viseme. Visemes are used in lip reading and computer speech recognition techniques.

Russian language is a difficult subject. We write words completely differently from how they are actually pronounced. In speech, the same phonemes manifest themselves in different sound forms. Compare, for example, the words “honey” - [m"ot] and "honey" - [m"idok]. It all depends on whether phonemes occupy strong positions or weak positions within a word. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Speech is a continuous stream of phonemes in which the pronunciation of a sound is largely determined by its place in the word, neighboring vowels and consonants. IN weak position articulation undergoes significant changes. Phonemes lose some of their characteristics and begin to appear in other variants. For example, [o] in an unstressed position begins to sound like [a]: [vada], [sava]. The final [g] is pronounced like [k]: [druk], [kruk]. It is in such places that we make mistakes in writing.

IN strong position the phoneme, on the contrary, is heard clearly and stands in its basic form. It does not depend on its position in a word; its quality is not affected by neighboring sounds. This is, for example, the phoneme [o] in the words “water”, “owl”. Or the sound [g] in the words “to a friend”, “around”.

Morphological principle of spelling

For what to an ordinary person, far from linguistics, know the strong and weak positions of phonemes? The fact is that the spelling of 90% of Russian words is regulated by the so-called morphological principle. According to him, we should not take into account phonetic alternations when we pick up a pen or type text on a keyboard. Roots, suffixes, prefixes, endings are always written the same way. Reduction of vowels, softening of consonants before certain sounds, their voicing or deafening are not taken into account.

From this follows the conclusion: when writing, you cannot rely on hearing. Only sounds in strong positions are written as they are heard. All others need to be verified. Having determined that the phoneme is in a weak position, we begin to select a test word with the same morpheme. For example, tooth - dental, linden - pine, hike - train, to the lamp - to the water. In the test word, the phoneme must be in a strong position, and be in the same morpheme. Otherwise you might make a mistake.

Strong and weak positions of vowel sounds

Already in primary school children know: the sound under stress is heard for a long time, clearly and does not need to be checked. We can safely write the words “catfish”, “sam” in the notebook. This is a strong vowel position.

The unstressed position is a completely different matter. Such a vowel is in a weak position; we pronounce it briefly, with less force, indistinctly. Compare the words "soma" and "sama". They sound almost the same. In order not to make mistakes when writing them, schoolchildren are taught to select test words.

The Russian language is characterized by:

• “akanye”, when unstressed [a] and [o] are pronounced the same after hard consonants (for example, the words “at home”, “dala”);
• “hiccup”, in which unstressed [a] and [e] are indistinguishable after soft consonants (for example, in the words “ball” and “sword”).

The vowels [i], [u] and [s] in a weak position are pronounced shorter, but do not change their quality sound. However, it is better to exercise caution here too. Unstressed [i], for example, can easily be confused with the phonemes [a] and [e] that come after soft consonants.

Positions of consonants: voiceless and voiced

Consonant sounds form pairs according to such characteristics as “voiceless-voiced” and “hard-soft”. Accordingly, strong and weak positions of consonants are also determined by these two characteristics.

A strong position on the basis of “voiceless-voiced” for consonants is the position:

• before a vowel: tom-house, fence-cathedral;
• before sonorants: firewood - grass, layer - evil;
• before the letter "v": the creator is the palace.

In the listed cases, the consonants are heard clearly and do not require verification. It is hardly possible to make a mistake in spellings that do not have a pair for deafness. These include [l], [l"], [n], [n"], [p], [r"], [m], [m"], [th"]. Phonemes [x], [ ts], [x"], [sch"] and [ch"], on the contrary, do not have a voiced paired sound. They can occupy different positions in words, maintaining their basic characteristics and not coinciding with other consonants during pronunciation.

When can consonants be voiced or devoiced?

Now we will learn to distinguish between strong positions and weak positions of paired phonemes based on the voiced-voicedness of phonemes. In what cases are we at risk of making a mistake in writing? This position:

• at the end of a word, where both voiced and voiceless phonemes coincide in their sound: eye - voice, oak - dull, bough - meadow;
• before a paired voiced sound, when the adjacent consonant is also pronounced voiced: shave - [zb]rit, give - o[dd]at;
• before a voiceless consonant, when the adjacent sound is deafened: spoon - lo[shk]a, entrance - [fh]od.

To avoid mistakes, we must understand which morpheme contains the dubious sound. Then find a test word where the required phoneme is in a strong position. So that this does not take much time, you need training. Let's select test words for the examples given above: eye - eyes, voice - glasa, oak - oak, stupid - stupid, bough - bough, meadow - meadows; shave - fold, give - drive away; spoon - apply, entrance - left.

Consonant positions: hardness and softness

The time has come to consider the strong and weak positions of consonant sounds on such a basis as “hard-soft”. There are many dangers awaiting us here. The morphological principle does not always save. For example, the sounds [zh] and [sh] are always hard, but we know that in some cases a soft sign is written after them (rye, hear). After the hard [ts] there can be the letter “y” (chicken) or “i” (circus).

The sounds [ch"] and [sch"] are always pronounced softly, but from the first grade we remember the spelling of the syllables "cha-sha" and "chu-schu". There is another principle at work here, called traditional or historical. Only a clear knowledge of the rules of the Russian language will save you from making mistakes.

Nevertheless, let's return to theory. In what case do consonants that have a pair of hardness and softness do not change their quality characteristics? This position:

• before a vowel: [mal] - [m "al", [ox] - [v "ol", [bow] - [l "uk", [life"] - [b "it"];
• at the end of the word: [kon] - [kon"], [brother] - [brother"];
• absolutely any for phonemes [l], [l"]: vo[l]a - vo[l"n]a, po[l"z]a - po[l]at;
• before back-lingual [g], [k], [x], [g"], [k"], [x"] and hard labial [b], [m], [n] for front-lingual sounds: go [rk] a - go[r"k]o, i[zb]a - re[z"b]a;
• before hard teeth [s], [z], [ts], [d], [t], [l], [n] for teeth: ko[ns]ky - yu[n"s]ky;
• before hard front-linguals [s], [z], [t], [d], [ts], [l], [r], [n], [sh], [z] for sonorant front-linguals: jan [rs] cue - September[r"s]kiy, ma[nzh]eta - de[n"zh]ata.

Weak positions according to the characteristic "softness - hardness"

There are positions in which hard consonants soften under the influence of neighboring sounds. They are considered weak. This position:

• Before [th"]: raven - vor[n"y"o]. The exception is the consonants at the end of the prefix before [th"]: [vy"est] - entry.
• Before soft dental sounds for sounds [c], [n], [z]: together [s"t"]e, [z"d"]es.
• Before the phonemes [ch"] and [sch"] for the sound [n]: drum [n"sch"]ik, roll [n"ch"]ik.

In general, it is very difficult to distinguish between strong positions and weak positions on the basis of “hard-soft consonant”. The fact is that it is not possible to select examples for all cases. So, in the Russian language before [n] we find only solid [m]: compote, shampoo, etc. Not a single word has the sound [m"] in this position. Consequently, we cannot be completely sure whether it is realized here phoneme [m] or [m"].

Absolute positions for consonants

Let's summarize. Everything is clear with vowel sounds. If they are stressed, the position is considered strong. If the stress falls on another phoneme in the word, then the position is weak. It's more complicated with consonants.

For example, in the word “tooth” the sound at the end is deafened. The position on the basis of “voice-voicelessness” will be weak. But it is also strong on the soft-hard scale. When the weak positions for both characteristics coincide, the phoneme is considered absolutely weak. It realizes itself in various variations and requires the use of spelling rules.

It happens that a consonant is in a strong position both according to the “voiced-voiceless” characteristic and according to the “soft-hard” characteristic. This is often observed in the position before a vowel sound. This position is called absolutely strong.

Knowing the strong positions and weak positions of phonemes is necessary for every person who wants to write correctly. This will allow you to quickly identify the “mistaken” place in the word and remember the corresponding rule.

For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake when characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dach’a] - Yes´ cha,[t'l'iv'i´zr] - television´ zor,[s’ino´n’ima] - sino´ nims, [b’ir’o´zy] - birch trees, [karz"i´ny] - baskets´ us. All consonants in these examples come before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.

Strong positions on deafness of voicedness:

· before vowels: [there] - there, [ladies] - I'll give,

· before unpaired voiced [p], [p’], [l], [l’], [n], [n’], [m], [m’], [y’]: [dl’a] - For,[tl'a] – aphid,

· Before [in], [in’]: [own’] - mine,[ringing] – ringing.

Remember:

In a strong position, voiced and voiceless consonants do not change their quality.

Weak positions in deafness and voicedness:

· before paired ones according to deafness-voicing: [sweet] - sla´ dky, [zu´pk’i] – zu´ bki.

· at the end of a word: [zup] - tooth, [dup] – oak.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Orthoepy. Phonetics. Graphic arts. Classification of sounds, transcription

ORPhoepy as a branch of the science of language.. spelling standards Russian language.. verbal and logical stress..

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Phonetics. Graphic arts. Orthoepy. Accentology
Phonetics (Greek Phone - sound) is a branch of linguistics in which the sound side of language is studied: the sounds of human speech, methods of their formation, acoustic properties,

Speech sounds
Speech sounds are the sounds that make up words. Speech sounds are the minimum sound unit that is distinguished by sequential sound division

The following symbols are used to indicate sounds
1. To distinguish a sound from a letter, sounds are enclosed in square brackets -. [a], [o], [l]. The entire transcribed text is enclosed in square brackets.

Vowels and consonants
Depending on the method of formation, sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds consist only of the voice. When arr.

Vowels and consonants
1. During the formation of each specific sound, the movement of the speech organs is strictly individual. For example, when forming the sounds [d], [t], the tip and the front part

Consonants
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 hard-soft pairs, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants

Voiced and voiceless consonants
Depending on the presence of voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Sounds consisting of noise and voice are called bells: [b], [c], [d

Hard and soft consonants
Consonant sounds are divided into hard and soft sounds. Pronunciation of hard and soft sounds differs in the position of the tongue. Compare, for example

Speech sounds and letters. Alphabet
Sound speech in writing is conveyed using special graphic signs - letters. We pronounce and hear sounds, and we see and write letters. A list of letters in a specific order is called

Speech sounds and letters
1. In accordance with what sounds are indicated by letters, all letters are divided into vowels and consonants. There are 10 vowel letters:

Transcription
Transcription is a special recording system that displays sound. The following symbols are used in the transcription: – square brackets, which indicate the transcription.

Vowels and consonants
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowels are sounds

Method of formation of consonants
Consonants are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. In the Russian language there are two types of obstructions: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming according to

Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless.

Indication of softness of consonants in writing
Let's take a break from pure phonetics. Let's take a practical look important question: How is the softness of consonants indicated in writing? There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 pairs of hardness

Place of formation of consonants
Consonants differ not only according to the characteristics already known to you: · dullness-voicing, · hardness-softness, · method of formation: stop-gap. The last one is important

Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional changes of vowels. Reduction
People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it. Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which one or another finds itself are important.

Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicing
In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become voiceless, i.e. are deafened, and the deaf are voiced, i.e. call out. Positional changes observed

Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by similarity of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are nearby. Learn the list: [c] and [sh] → [sh:] – sew

Simplifying consonant clusters
Learn the list: wstv – [stv]: hello, feel zdn – [zn]: late zdc - [sc]: by the reins lnc - [nc]: sun

Letters and sounds
Letters and sounds have different purposes and different nature. But these are comparable systems. Poe

Accent
Verbal stress is the emphasis on one of the syllables in a word by greater voice strength and duration of pronunciation. In Russian the stress is free (various

Accent
Stress is the emphasis on a group of words, an individual word, or a syllable in a word. In Russian, the stressed element is pronounced with greater force, more distinctly and with more

Russian word stress (compared to other languages) has a number of features
1. In many languages, stress is fixed, constant, that is, stress is assigned to a certain syllable in a word. In French the emphasis is always on

Pronunciation of vowels
1. Vowels under stress are pronounced clearly: bor - [bor], garden - [sat]. 2. In an unstressed position, vowel sounds like

Pronunciation of consonants
1. Consonants paired in deafness-voicing can change their quality depending on their position in the word. Voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless ones are deafened, i.e. pronounced

Pronunciation of consonant combinations
1. Combinations сж, зж, сш, зш at the junction of a prefix and a root, a root and a suffix are pronounced as long hard consonants [zh], [sh]: squeeze - [zh]at, lucky - ve[sh]ii, n

Pronunciation of endings -ого -его
At the endings of the -ого, -го genitive case of adjectives and masculine and neuter participles, the sound [в] is pronounced in place of the letter g: good - good [в

Pronunciation of borrowed words
1. Before the letter e in many borrowed words, the consonants [d], [t], [z], [s], [n], [r] are pronounced firmly: antenna - an[te]nna, model - mo[de]

Some accentological norms of the modern Russian language
1. In a number of feminine nouns of the 1st declension with an accent at the ending, the stress in the accusative case of the singular is transferred to the first syllable: head

Speech sounds are studied in a branch of linguistics called phonetics.
All speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.
Vowel sounds can be in strong and weak positions.
A strong position is a position under stress, in which the sound is pronounced clearly, for a long time, with greater force and does not require verification, for example: city, earth, greatness.
In a weak position (without stress), the sound is pronounced indistinctly, briefly, with less force and requires verification, for example: head, forest, teacher.
All six vowel sounds are distinguished under stress.
In an unstressed position, instead of [a], [o], [z], other vowel sounds are pronounced in the same part of the word.
So, instead of [o], a slightly weakened sound [a] - [wad] a is pronounced, instead of [e] and [a] in unstressed syllables, [ie] is pronounced - a sound intermediate between [i] and [e], for example: [ m"iesta], [h"iesy], [p"iet"brka], [s*ielo].
The alternation of strong and weak positions of vowel sounds in the same part of a word is called positional alternation sounds. The pronunciation of vowel sounds depends on which syllable they are in in relation to the stressed one.
In the first pre-stressed syllable, vowel sounds change less, for example: st [o] l - st [a] la.
In other unstressed syllables, the vowels change more, and some do not differ at all and in pronunciation approach zero sound, for example^: transported - [p''riev'6s], gardener - [s'davot], water carrier - [v'davbs] (here ъ кь indicate an unclear sound, zero sound).
The alternation of vowel sounds in strong and weak positions is not reflected in writing, for example: to be surprised is a miracle; in the unstressed position, the letter is written that denotes the stressed sound in this root: to be surprised means “to meet with a marvel (miracle).”
This is the leading principle of Russian orthography - morphological, providing for uniform spelling of significant parts of a word - root, prefix, suffix, ending, regardless of position. The designation of unstressed vowels, verified by stress, is subject to the morphological principle.

There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language.
Consonant sounds of the Russian language are those sounds during the formation of which the air encounters some kind of obstacle in the oral cavity; they consist of voice and noise or only noise.
In the first case, voiced consonants are formed, in the second - voiceless consonants. Most often, voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs based on voicedness-voicelessness: [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t], [zh] - [ w], [z] - [s].
However, some consonants are only voiceless: [x], [ts], [h"], [w] or only voiced: [l], [m], [n], [r], [G]. Hard ones are also distinguished and soft consonants. Most of them form pairs: [b] - [b"], [v] - [v"], [g] - [g"], [d] - [d"], [z] - [z"], [k] - [k"], [l] - [l"], [m] - [m*], [n] - [n*], [p] - [p"], [r] - [r"], [s] - [s"], [t] - [t"], [f] - [f"], [x] - [x"]. Solids do not have paired sounds consonants [zh], [sh], [ts] and soft consonants, [h"], [t"].
In a word, consonant sounds can occupy different positions, that is, the location of the sound among other sounds in the word.
A position in which the sound does not change is strong. For a consonant sound, this is the position before the vowel (weak), sonorant (true), before [v] and [v*] (twist). All other positions are weak for consonants.
At the same time, the consonant sound changes: the voiced sound in front of the deaf becomes voiceless: hem - [patshyt"]; the deaf before the voiced becomes voiced: request - [prbz"ba]; the voiced one at the end of the word is deafened: oak - [dup]; the sound is not pronounced: holiday - [praz"n"ik]; hard before soft can become soft: power - [vlas"t"].