First aid for insect bites. What to do with poisonous snake and insect bites? Bites from poisonous and stinging insects


POISONOUS SNAKES AND INSECTS.

Animal bites with rabies.

Rabies an extremely dangerous viral disease in which the virus infects the cells of the brain and spinal cord. Infection occurs through the bites of animals with rabies. The virus is secreted in the saliva of dogs, sometimes cats, and enters through a wound in the skin or mucous membrane. The incubation period lasts 12-60 days, the developed disease lasts 3-5 days and often ends in death. At the time of the bite, the animal may not have external signs of the disease, therefore, most animal bites should be considered dangerous in the sense of being infected with rabies.

First aid.

  • All victims must be taken to the Pasteur station, where they will receive a course of anti-rabies vaccinations starting from the day of the injury.
  • When providing first aid, there is no need to strive for immediate control of bleeding. , as bleeding helps to remove animal saliva from the wound.
  • It is necessary several times to widely treat the skin around the bite with a disinfectant solution (alcohol solution of iodine, potassium permanganate solution, wine alcohol, etc.),
  • Then apply an aseptic bandage and deliver the victim to a hospital for primary surgical treatment of the wound, prevention of tetanus.

Poisonous snake bites.

Poisonous snake bites(spectacle snake, cobra, viper, gyurza, etc.) are very life-threatening. After the bite, burning pain, redness, and bruising immediately appear. Swelling (edema) develops rapidly and red streaks soon appear along the lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis). Almost simultaneously with this, general symptoms of poisoning develop: dry mouth, thirst, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, convulsions, speech disorder, swallowing, and sometimes motor paralysis (when bitten by a cobra). Death often occurs from respiratory arrest.

First aid.

  • It is necessary immediately, within the first 2 minutes after the bite, significantly above the bite site, to apply a hemostatic tourniquet, twist, then cut the skin at the bite site until blood appears (the knife is enough to ignite on fire) and put a jar in this place for sucking blood. In the absence of a special jar, you can use a thick-walled glass, glass, etc. The jar is placed as follows: a piece of cotton wool is wound on a stick, moistened with alcohol or ether and set on fire. Burning cotton wool is introduced into the can (for 1-2 s), then it is removed and the can is quickly applied to the bite site. You can use a breast pump.
  • After sucking out the poison, the wound should be treated with a solution of potassium permanganate or sodium bicarbonate and applied
  • If edema has developed in the area of ​​the bite or the victim has been injected with an anti-snake serum, then suction of the poison, the application of a tourniquet is meaningless.
    The victim needs to be applied to the wound, to produce limbs, to create rest, the limb must be covered with ice bubbles (other cooling methods are possible).
  • Pain relievers are used to relieve pain (acetylsalicylic acid, amidopyrine, analgin).
  • The victim is given plenty of drink (milk, water, tea). Giving alcohol absolutely contraindicated!
  • At a later date, laryngeal edema and respiratory failure, up to and including its stopping and cessation of heart activity, are possible.
    In these cases, carrying out is shown, In case of laryngeal edema, an emergency tracheostomy can be the only measure of salvation for the patient.
  • The victim must be taken immediately to the hospital for medical assistance. The patient should be transported only in a lying position on a stretcher; any active movement only accelerates the absorption of the poison.
  • The most effective treatment for snakebite poisoning is the earliest anti-snake polyvalent serum - antihyurzine. Serums are stored in ampoules of 2 ml and administered by Bezredka for the purpose of prophylaxis
    Initially, 0.5 ml is injected, if there is no reaction after 30 minutes - half of the remaining dose, the entire dose is administered after another 30 minutes

Poisonous insect bites.

Very frequent bee and wasp stings. At the time of the bite, a burning pain occurs, and soon edema develops in the area of ​​the bite. Single bee stings usually do not cause severe general effects. Multiple bites can be fatal.

  • First of all, it is necessary to remove the sting from the skin, then treat the wound with an antiseptic solution.
  • Reduces pain and swelling by applying hydrocortisone ointment to the skin.
  • In case of multiple bites, after providing first aid, the victim must be taken to a hospital.

For scorpion bites there is severe pain in the bite area and swelling and redness of the skin develops very quickly.

  • First aid consists in treating the wound with an antiseptic solution and applying an aseptic dressing.
  • To relieve pain, they give painkillers (analgin, amidopyrine), with sharp pains, it is advisable to administer drugs.

Spider venom causes severe pain and muscle spasm, especially the abdominal wall.

  • First aid - treatment of the wound with a solution of potassium permanganate,
  • Giving painkillers, calcium gluconate.
  • In case of severe reactions, the victim should be taken to the hospital, where specific antiserum.

Lecture 8.10. First aid for bites of poisonous snakes and other animals.

    Insect bites

    Hymenoptera bites

    Help to the victim

    Arachnid bites

    Snake bites

    Animal bites

When leaving for nature, you need to remember that most animals and insects themselves attack a person only if he invaded their habitat and himself provokes them to attack. If an unpleasant incident nevertheless occurred, it is necessary to provide the victim with first aid.

Insect bites

Insect bites can be divided into two large groups: Hymenoptera bites (mosquitoes, bees, wasps, hornets, horseflies, etc.) and arachnids (tarantulas, scorpions, ticks). The human body responds to an insect bite with three types of reactions. Local reaction - redness, swelling, pain, itching or severe burning in the area of ​​the bite, local enlargement of the lymph nodes. A general toxic reaction usually occurs with multiple bites - chills, fever, nausea and vomiting, headache , joint pain. An allergic reaction can also occur to single bites in people predisposed to such reactions. Allergic reactions proceed as urticaria, angioedema or even anaphylactic shock.

Hymenoptera bites

Mosquitoes, midges, horseflies do not have poisonous glands; when they bite, they inject a special substance into the wound that prevents blood clotting. The reaction to their bites is usually only local. A person is able to endure multiple bites of these insects (up to 100 or more) without disturbing the general condition. Try the following products to reduce localized manifestations. Dip your finger alternately in water and dry baking soda, rub the bites with this finger; can be smeared with a strong solution of soda. The baking soda is believed to somewhat reduce swelling and itching. Menovazin has a good analgesic and antipruritic effect, but it cannot be used by people with hypersensitivity to novocaine. Ortofen and butadion ointments reduce inflammation and itching. Someone is well helped by the "asterisk" balm. There is a special cream "OFF" after bites. To prevent infection of the bite sites, they can be greased with brilliant green. From folk remedies, it is recommended to use grated young potatoes, gruel from crushed onions or garlic, juice of parsley leaves. You can drive away insects with special means: creams and lotions (Moskitol, OFF, Taiga, etc.), which are applied to the skin and clothing, repellent aerosols, smoking spirals, etc. Remember that all these products are toxic, and they are not recommended for children under 3 years old and pregnant women.

Bees, bumblebees "reward" us with poisonous bites (they bite only once in a lifetime, after which they die), wasps and hornets (they can sting several times). The local reaction to the bites of these insects is usually very pronounced. The development of significant edema is characteristic, which, although it is a local reaction, can be dangerous if it is located on the face, especially in the area of ​​the lips or inside the oral cavity. Allergic reactions to the bites of these insects are quite common. Urticaria is a rash of merging blisters against a background of redness of the skin, accompanied by severe itching. It can be located on any part of the skin. Quincke's edema ("giant urticaria") is a rapidly growing, delimited edema of the skin or mucous membranes. It can occur not only directly at the site of the bite, but also in any other. Its "favorite" localization is the face, oral mucosa, soft palate, extremities, genitals. Allergic laryngeal edema is especially dangerous. A rare but very dangerous reaction is anaphylactic shock. Within a few minutes, the victim develops shortness of breath, severe chills, fear of death, heart rate increases, blood pressure drops sharply and coma sets in. Locally, at the same time - a blister, rapidly growing edema, hemorrhage.

Help to the victim

Examine the bite site carefully. The stinger left behind must be removed. At the same time, try not to squeeze it so that the remains of the poison do not get into the wound. Apply cold to the bite site. Hydrocortisone or prednisolone ointments can be used to reduce swelling and local inflammation. For persons prone to allergic reactions, it is better to immediately give an antihistamine. This must be done in case of "dangerous" localizations of the bite (face and, especially, the oral cavity). In mild cases of allergic reactions, it is also sufficient to take an antihistamine by mouth. Claritin is given in 1 tablet (10 mg) or 2 tsp. syrup for children weighing more than 30 kg and adults, 0.5 tablets (5 mg) or 1 tsp. syrup for children over 2 years old with a body weight of up to 30 kg, 0.5 tsp each. syrup for children under 2 years old. The drug is taken once a day. Tavegil is prescribed for adults and children over 12 years old, 1 tablet (1 mg), children 6-12 years old - 0.5-1 tablets, children 3-6 years old - 0.5 tablets 2 times a day. In severe allergic reactions (common urticaria with general disturbance, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain; rapidly spreading Quincke's edema), intramuscular administration of antihistamines is necessary. Tavegil (2 ml / 2 mg ampoules) is administered to adults 2 ml (2 mg) twice a day, children - in a daily dose of 0.025 mg / kg, dividing it into two injections. Suprastin (1 ml / 20 mg ampoules) is administered at a dose of 5 mg (0.25 ml) to children under one year old, 10 mg (0.5 ml) - to children 2-6 years old, 10-20 mg (0.5-1 ml ) - children 7-14 years old, 20 mg (1 ml) - adolescents and adults. The frequency of administration is up to 3-4 times a day, but the daily dose should not exceed 2 mg / kg. In case of allergic laryngeal edema with respiratory failure, prednisolone is injected intravenously slowly (in 2-3 minutes), and if it is impossible, intramuscularly at a dose of 2 mg / kg (during the day, a single single injection at the same dose is possible).

In case of anaphylactic shock, the victim must be laid on his back with a raised leg end; if there is vomiting or there is no consciousness, the person is laid on his side. It is necessary to ensure the patency of the respiratory tract, try to warm the victim. A tourniquet is applied above the insect bite, and cold is applied to the site of the bite.

Call for medical attention immediately. First aid consists in the subcutaneous injection of a 0.1% solution of adrenaline at a dose of 0.25-0.5 ml (for children, a dose of 0.01 ml / kg) directly into the bite site and into the free area of ​​the body above the tourniquet, injections of suprastin at a dose 2 mg / kg. In the absence of an effect, adrenaline is injected intravenously slowly (2-3 minutes) in the form of a 0.01% solution (1 ml of 0.1% adrenaline is diluted in 10 ml of saline) at a dose of 0.1 ml / kg. At the same time, prednisolone is slowly injected intravenously at a dose of 3-4 mg / kg. In case of respiratory disorders, a 2.4% solution of aminophylline (5-7 mg / kg in 20 ml of saline) is injected intravenously. Transportation is possible only after the victim's blood pressure exceeds 70 mm Hg.

Animal bites... They are applied more often by pets (cats, dogs), less often by wild animals. The wounds are usually located in the upper and lower extremities. They are superficial, but in some cases deep damage to soft tissues, large blood vessels and nerves is observed. In this case, profuse bleeding, traumatic shock may occur. In the event of an attack by large predators, multiple fractures and separations of the limbs are possible. Animal bites are dangerous for rabies and other infections.

First aid... The edges of the bitten wound are treated with a disinfectant solution, an aseptic bandage is applied. If bleeding occurs, it is stopped by all available means. An urgent need to contact a medical facility for further treatment.

Insect bites... Bites of single bees, wasps, gadflies, bumblebees usually cause a limited local pain reaction. With multiple bites, biologically active substances (histamine, hyaluronidase and other enzymes) entering the bloodstream cause a general toxic or allergic reaction. In case of hypersensitivity, even the bite of one insect has a similar effect. Nausea, vomiting, general malaise, dizziness, headache, chills, fever are noted. An allergic reaction is manifested by urticaria, Quincke's edema, bronchospasm, pain in the joints, in the region of the heart, epileptic seizures, anaphylactic shock.

In case of a bite of poisonous insects (tarantula spiders, scorpions), there is a threat to life. A scorpion bite causes prolonged, excruciating pain (more than a day), redness, swelling and tissue necrosis at the site of the bite. At the same time, sweating, tachycardia, convulsions occur, loss of consciousness and death may occur. Among the tarantulas, the bite of the karakurt is the most dangerous.

First aid... When stung by bees, wasps, etc. an urgent need to remove the sting, apply a cold compress to the wound with a 1% solution of ammonia or 20% ethyl alcohol. Applying plantain or dandelion leaves to the bite site helps a lot. Quickly relieves pain and inflammation by alternating exposure to hot and cold water. In case of general toxic and allergic manifestations, the victim should be given antihistamines (diphenhydramine or suprastin, calcium preparations) and urgently taken to the hospital.

In case of a bite of poisonous insects, the victim must be warmed up, overlaid with heating pads, given a plentiful drink, a semi-alcoholic compress or with a 1% solution of ammonia is applied to the bite site. The victim requires urgent hospitalization.

Poisonous snake bites cause acute poisoning due to the specific action of snake venom. The most dangerous for humans are poisonous snakes belonging to four families: sea snakes, asps, Asiatic snakes and vipers. In the Russian Federation, of all types of poisonous snakes, vipers are mainly found.

When a snake bites, signs of poisoning do not come immediately. After 5-15 minutes, severe pain appears at the site of the bite, often leading to fainting. Serous fluid begins to ooze from the wound. Approximately 40 minutes after the bite, the general state of health worsens, dizziness, nausea, vomiting appear, blood pressure drops, the pulse quickens, the skin turns pale. After 4-6 hours, the victim's limb, bitten by a snake, swells, becomes cold and cyanotic. After 12 hours, bubbles filled with hemorrhagic fluid appear, tissue necrosis occurs.

First aid is aimed at stopping the spread of poison in the human body:

· Create complete rest in a horizontal position;

· Cut the wound in the area of ​​the bite to remove the poison along with the blood;

· Suck blood with a blood-suction jar, rubber bulb, breast pump, mouth (suction by mouth is allowed if there are no wounds or carious teeth in the mouth);

· Apply a wide non-tightening bandage above the wound (do not apply a tourniquet that interferes with the flow of arterial blood to the limb, as it will contribute to the development of gangrene);

· Treat the wound with an alcohol-containing preparation;

· Apply cold to the wound;

· To carry out immobilization of a limb;

· Give plenty of drink (tea, coffee), alcohol is contraindicated;

· Urgently introduce anti-snake serum, take to the hospital.

If the above activities are started immediately after the bite, then in the first 5 minutes, three quarters of the poison that has entered the body is removed.

Every person should know how to provide first aid for bites of animals, snakes, insects, because it may be needed at any time. This is especially true in the warm season, when snakes wake up, many different insects appear, such as ticks, spiders, wasps, hornets and others. First aid for snake and insect bites is briefly described in this article.

Bites from domestic and wild animals

If a person is bitten by an animal, whether domestic or wild, a bite wound is formed, which is dangerous in that there is a risk:

  • get tetanus;
  • if the animal is sick with rabies, get infected with this disease;
  • due to the bacteria in the animal's saliva, wound infection can occur.

If a person is bitten by an animal, the first thing to do is:

  • stop the bleeding;
  • treat the wound with special means;
  • apply a sterile bandage to the bite site;
  • be sure to contact a medical facility.

Medical attention is very important in the event of an animal bite, especially when a wild or stray animal has bitten. After all, it can be sick with rabies or other diseases. It is less dangerous if the bite is from a healthy pet that has been vaccinated beforehand and the wound is shallow.

Bee, hornet, wasp, bumblebee stings

The venom of these insects contains active substances. They can cause severe allergic reactions in some people, which can be quite dangerous.

Symptoms:

  • a strong painful sensation appears at the site of the bite, the skin at the site of the lesion turns red and swells;
  • if the bites are multiple, it may be accompanied by vomiting, the appearance of seizures, up to and including loss of consciousness;
  • an allergic reaction often develops.

If a person is bitten by an insect, the following actions must be taken:


Poisonous snake bite

First aid for the bites of poisonous snakes and insects should be provided immediately, since the poison, entering the bloodstream, spreads throughout the body. It is very dangerous for human health and life when a bite is made by a viper, a cobra, a shitomordnik, an ephae or a gyurza. Usually snakes are not the first to rush at people, they can only bite if they are disturbed in some way, for example, if they are touched, stepped on, etc.

A person who has been bitten by a snake most often does not know for sure whether it is poisonous or not. Therefore, it is necessary to immediately provide first aid, without waiting for the symptoms to appear that the poison has begun to act. The person should be immediately sent to a nearby medical facility where they can receive emergency treatment.

Cobra bite

A cobra bite is very dangerous. In the place where the bite occurred, numbness immediately occurs and severe pain is felt. Such symptoms instantly begin to spread throughout the limb, and then throughout the body. The initial collapse develops within the first 15-20 minutes after the bite has occurred. Then it affects the work of the heart, the lungs swell, and late shock occurs. The person develops a staggering gait, which indicates a lack of coordination of movements. Paralysis of the motor muscles of the pharynx, tongue, oculomotor muscles gradually develops, this is evidenced by a hoarse voice, difficulty swallowing, shallow and rare breathing. Later other symptoms appear cardiac arrhythmia.

Viper or snake bite

If the bite was made by a snake or a viper, their poisoning with poison causes the rapid development of edema of the injured limb. After 20-40 minutes after being bitten by a snake, the victim develops signs of shock: his head starts spinning, nausea appears, the skin becomes pale, the pulse is weak, but frequent, blood pressure drops sharply, and loss of consciousness may occur. At the site where the bite was committed, hemorrhage appears, the skin turns blue. Sometimes tissue necrosis occurs. The symptoms of snake poisoning become most pronounced at the end of the first day.

Giving help

First aid for bites of snakes, insects, ticks should be provided immediately after the incident. If bitten by one of the venomous snakes, it is recommended to do the following:


If the bite was made in the upper or lower limb, it is recommended:

  • 5 centimeters above the place where the snake bitten, it is necessary to apply a tight bandage;
  • to carry out immobilization;
  • constantly monitor the site of the dressing, weaken it as the swelling of the limb increases;
  • lay or seat the victim so that the limb with the wound is below the level of the heart;
  • a person should drink as much water as possible;
  • if it is not possible to take the victim to the hospital for an hour, and his condition worsens, then an injection of a hormonal anti-inflammatory drug should be given.

When bitten by a snake, it is prohibited:

  • cut or moxibustion in the area of ​​the bite;
  • apply a tourniquet.

Tick ​​bites

These insects are carriers of a dangerous disease - tick-borne encephalitis. If bitten by a tick, you need to do the following:

Next, you need to contact a special laboratory with a removed tick, where they will conduct a study. If it confirms the fact that the insect is infected with the encephalitis virus, emergency prevention of tick-borne encephalitis is carried out in a medical facility.

Scientists note that there are more than 20,000 species of arachnids on our planet. They are all poisonous, but to varying degrees. Most spiders have low toxicity venom, and therefore, when bitten by a person, it does not cause any symptoms of poisoning. In our area, you should only be afraid of tarantulas and karakurt (they are also called "black widow").

A tarantula is a medium-sized spider, about 3 centimeters. Sometimes tarantulas can grow up to 12 centimeters. They can be black or dark brown in color. A feature of this species of spider, by which it is easy to recognize, is its body, completely covered with hairs.

Karakurt is a highly poisonous spider. It is small in size, its length is only 2 centimeters. The color is black with red spots on the belly.

Tarantula bites

The tarantula is much larger than karakurt, and also, due to its hairiness, looks much more terrible than karakurt. But nevertheless, his bite is not so dangerous for the victim's life. The bite of this spider is similar to that of a bee. Symptoms are as follows:

  • pain;
  • the appearance of edema and swelling;
  • heaviness and lethargy in the body;
  • desire to sleep.

The symptoms disappear after a few days.

Karakurt bites

Much more dangerous, although it is almost painless and looks like a light injection. Symptoms can only be noticed after a few hours. They are expressed as follows:

  • First, the skin at the site of the bite turns red and swelling appears. After an hour, the wound begins to hurt very badly. The pain gradually spreads to the abdomen, lower back, calves, shoulder blades. It gives off to the soles of the feet and to the armpits.
  • The victim feels very weak.
  • The head is spinning.
  • The face swells.
  • Nausea appears.
  • It is difficult for a person to breathe.
  • Blood pressure rises sharply.
  • The pulse is quickened.
  • Body temperature reaches 39-40 degrees.
  • Some muscles begin to twitch convulsively.
  • In severe cases, pulmonary edema, convulsions, and coma may appear.

First aid for spider bites

First aid for snake and insect bites (grade 6 - the time when it is studied at school) should be provided immediately:

  • An adult or a child who has been bitten by a spider should move as little as possible.
  • Take a pain reliever.
  • Apply something cold to the bite.
  • If the bite was made to a limb, bandage it tightly 5 centimeters above the bite.
  • Introduce a hormonal anti-inflammatory drug if it is not possible to send the victim to a medical facility within an hour.

Now you know how to provide first aid for snake and insect bites. At OBZH (security classes at school are studied already in the 6th grade, but gradually knowledge is forgotten, so it will not be superfluous to restore them in memory.

1. Animal bites.


If the victim is bitten by a healthy domestic dog or cat and the wound is small, then it is washed and a sterile bandage is applied. Extensive wounds are tamponed with sterile napkins.

If the bites are received from an unknown dog or cat or other animal, you must contact a medical institution, because the bite of rabid animals is a great danger to life .

2. Snake bites.


According to the mechanism of action, snake venoms are divided into three groups:


- poisons that clot blood, causing local edema and tissue death(poisons of the shitomordnik, common viper, gyurza, etc.);

- poisons acting on the nervous system, causing muscle paralysis, respiratory depression and cardiac arrest(venoms of sea snakes of tropical waters, cobras, etc.);

- poisons acting simultaneously on blood clotting and the nervous system, causing local edema and tissue death(poisonous Australian snakes, rattlesnakes).

When bitten by a cobra or other snakes of this group, pain occurs, a feeling of numbness in the bite zone, extending to the entire limb and body. The victim develops dizziness, fainting, cramps, a feeling of numbness in the face and tongue, and swallowing is impaired. Ascending paralysis develops rapidly, starting from the lower extremities (unstable gait, it is impossible to stand on the legs, and then complete paralysis).
The rhythm of the heart is disrupted. If the poison enters the blood vessels, then death occurs in 15 - 20 minutes.

When bitten by snakes of the viper family, deep puncture wounds, redness and swelling are visible at the site of the bite, the skin becomes shiny, becomes purple-cyanotic, blisters and ulcers can form. Excitement is characteristic, followed by weakness, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, shock may develop.

When providing first aid from the very beginning, it is necessary to ensure the rest of the victim. Can suck the poison out with your mouth intensively (if there is no wound in the mouth). This can be done by the victim himself or by an outsider. Suction duration - 10-15 minutes with constant spitting of content.

Cauterization of the wound is unacceptable.

The application of a tourniquet is permissible only with a cobra bite, but for no more than 30 - 40 minutes.

3. Insect bites.


Multiple stings of bees and wasps can be dangerous to humans, and even more so to a child.

Edema of tissues occurs, the temperature rises, a sharp headache appears, convulsions are possible.

When providing first aid it is necessary to apply a cold compress to the bite site, give a glass of sweet tea, 1 gram of acetylsalicylic acid, a diphenhydramine tablet to drink, then consult a doctor.

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