Answer:

Root– this is the main part of the word, which contains the basic meaning of all related words of the same root. (For example: mushroom, mushroom OK, mushroom Noah, mushroom nickname - root mushroom-).

Base word- This is a part of a word without ending. The basis may include a prefix, root, suffix. ( mushroom oh, the basis mushroom-)

Ending is a variable part of a word that serves to connect words in a sentence. (at the house A, to the house y, for the house ohm).

Ending Not serves to form new words!

Console- this is a significant part of the word that comes before the root and serves to form new words. ( at ran from ran behind ran)

Suffix- this is a significant part of a word that comes after the root and serves to form new words.

(House House IR, house ov oh, home looking for e)

Algorithm for parsing words by composition:

1. Read the word. Change the form of the word. Highlight the ending.

2. Highlight the base of the word - the whole word without ending.

3. Choose a few related words. Select the common part - the root.

4. Specify the prefix.

5. Specify the suffix.

Ticket No. 4.

Rule “Testable unstressed vowels at the root of the word.”

-How to check for an unstressed vowel at the root of a word?

- How to check words with two unstressed vowels at the root of the word?

- Unverifiable unstressed vowels at the root of the word.

Answer:

- To check the unstressed vowel in the root of a word, you need to choose a word with the same root or change the word so that the stress falls on this vowel.

(m O rya - m O re, p e ka - r e chka, etc.) .

To check two unstressed vowels in the root of a word, you need to select two test words (same root or change the word) so that the stress falls on these vowels. (h e l e neli - s e lazy, green e ny)

Words with an unverified unstressed vowel at the root of the word must be memorized or looked up in the dictionary. (p e cash, g O R And umbrella)

Ticket number 5

Spelling of consonants according to deafness-voicing at the root of a word

Answer:

To check the spelling of a voiceless or voiced consonant at the root of a word, you need to select a related word so that the consonant being checked is followed by a vowel or voiced consonant (l, p, m, n). (Moro h - Moro PS, Moro zn oh, oh h ko – y ze nky)

Ticket number 6

Spelling unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word

Answer:

1. To check unpronounceable consonants, you should find a related word in which the consonant sound being tested is pronounced clearly (before the vowel and at the end of the word): rope T nick - cable T glasses, cable T b, weight T nickname - weight That point, weight T b.

2. If it is impossible to find a test word, then the spelling of the consonant must be remembered: chu V to work.

Ticket number 7

Spelling of separating signs b and b

Answer:

The separating ъ (hard sign) is written after consoles ending in a consonant before vowels e, e, yu, i. (By d ъ e zd, ra h ъ I snil)

Separating ь (soft sign) written after consonants before vowels e, e, yu, i, and(chair T b I nin, V b Yu ha, solo V b And)

Ticket number 8

Transfer rules

Answer:

1. Words are transferred from one line to another syllable by syllable: osi-na, autumn, tea-nick, boy.

2. When hyphenating, you cannot leave one letter on a line and you cannot transfer one letter to another line: i/ma, aroma .

3. The letters J, b, b are not separated from the previous letters: war, rails, rise.

4. If a word contains double consonants (two identical letters), then one is transferred, and the second remains on the line: van-na, autumn-niy, story-tale.

Ticket number 9

Noun. Initial form.

Morphological characteristics.

Answer:

Noun Who? What? and stands for objects, people, animals, natural phenomena, etc.

Initial form – I.p., singular. (answer to the question who? or what?).

Morphological characteristics:

1) Constant:

· own (indicates full names of people, names of animals, names

literary works, newspapers and magazines,

geographical names)

or common noun

· animate (denotes only people and animals, answering the question who?)

or inanimate (answer to the question what?)

· gender (m.r. - he, my; f.r. - she, my; middle r. - it, mine),

· declination (1,2 or 3).

2) Non-permanent:

· number (singular or plural) (There are nouns that are used only in singular form, for example: milk, sour cream, rye,

as well as nouns that are used only in the plural form,

For example: holidays, gates, scissors.

For nouns that are used only in the plural form, gender and declension are not determined.)

Ticket number 10

What is declination? Cases of nouns.

How to determine the case of a noun.

Answer:

Declension- this is changing nouns by case using questions.

There are 6 cases in Russian:

To determine the case of a noun, you need to:

1. Find the word on which this noun depends.

2. Ask a question from the main word to the noun.

3. Determine the case based on the question and preposition.

Ticket number 11

Adjective. Initial form.

Morphological characteristics

Answer:

Adjective- an independent part of speech that answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? and stands for attribute of an object.

Initial form – I.p., m.r., singular. (answer to the question which? or whose?).

Morphological characteristics:

gender (singular only)

An adjective always has the same gender, number and case as the noun on which it depends.

Ticket number 12

Verb. Initial form.

Morphological characteristics.

Answer:

Verb- an independent part of speech that answers questions what to do? what to do? And denotes action or condition of the item.

Verbs in initial (indefinite) form answer questions about what do? what to do? For verbs in an indefinite form, it is impossible to determine the morphological characteristics.

Morphological characteristics:

1) Constant:

· conjugation (1 adjective or 2 adjectives) only in the present and future tense

2) Non-permanent:

tense (past, present or future)

· number (singular or plural)

· person (1, 2 or 3) only in present and future tense

· gender (m.r., zh.r. or sr.r.) only in the past tense, singular

Ticket number 13

Pronoun. Initial form.

Morphological characteristics.

Answer:

Pronoun- independent part of speech, which points to an object or person, but does not name it.

Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons answer the question who?, and pronouns of the 3rd person answer the questions who? or what?

Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns.

Initial form personal pronoun - this is the nominative case.

Morphological characteristics:

1) Constant:

· person (1st person – I, we; 2nd person – you, you; 3rd person – he, she, it, they)

· number (singular or plural)

· gender (m.r., w.r. or s.r.) only in the 3rd person, singular

2) Non-permanent:

When changing a personal pronoun by case, not only its ending changes, but also the word itself.

Ticket number 14

Offer. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement and intonation. Common and uncommon proposals.

Answer:

Offer- this is a word or several words interconnected in meaning, expressing a complete thought.

Offer for purpose of the statement It happens:

Narrative in which something is reported (narrated) ;

It is raining outside.

interrogative in which they ask about something ;

Will you be home early?

motivating in which they advise to do something, order, encourage to action .

Bring me a notebook.

By intonation there are offers exclamation and non-exclamation A sentence that is pronounced with strong feeling is called exclamatory. At the end of such a sentence there is an exclamation mark (!) What a wonderful day today!

A period is most often placed at the end of a declarative and motivating sentence, and a question mark is placed at the end of an interrogative sentence.

Based on the presence of minor members, sentences are divided into

Non-root morphemes are divided into word-forming(word-formative) and formative(formative).

Word-forming non-root morphemes serve to form new words, morphemes, formative- for the formation of word forms.

There are several terminological traditions in linguistics. The most common terminology is in which all non-root morphemes are called affixes. Further, affixes are divided into word-forming affixes and inflections. Another fairly authoritative tradition assigns the term affixes only to word-forming morphemes.

Word-forming Morphemes are divided into prefixes and suffixes. They differ in their place in relation to the root and to other morphemes.

Console- a derivational morpheme placed before a root or other prefix ( re-do, pre-nice, seaside, here and there, change).

Derivative suffix- a derivational morpheme that comes after the root ( table-ik, red).

In linguistics, along with the suffix, there are also postfix- a derivational morpheme that comes after an ending or a formative suffix ( wash someone's face).

Prefixes are more autonomous in the structure of a word than suffixes:

1) prefixes can have a secondary, weaker stress in polysyllabic words: UV,

2) they do not cause grammatical alternations in the root, unlike suffixes that can cause such alternations: ruk-a - ruk-k-a,

3) by adding just one prefix, a word of another part of speech cannot be formed, unlike suffixes: adding a suffix may not change the part-speech affiliation of the word ( house - house-ik), and form a word of another part of speech ( white - white, white-from-a),

4) prefixes are often not associated with a specific part of speech ( under-work, under-sleep), while suffixes are usually assigned to a specific part of speech: - Nick- serves to form nouns, - Liv- - adjectives, - willow- - verbs),

5) the meaning of the prefix is ​​usually quite specific and only modifies the meaning of the original stem, while the meaning of the suffix can be very specific (- baby- denotes the child of the one who is named at the root), and very abstract (- n- denotes a sign of an object).

Formative morphemes: ending, formative suffix

Formative morphemes serve to form word forms and are divided into endings and formative suffixes.

Formative morphemes, like other types of morphemes, necessarily have meaning. But these are meanings of a different kind than those of roots or word-forming morphemes: endings and formative suffixes express grammatical meanings words are abstract meanings abstracted from the lexical meanings of words (gender, person, number, case, mood, tense, degrees of comparison, etc.).

Endings and formative suffixes that differ in the nature of the grammatical meaning they express

Ending

Ending new student), control ( letter to brotherI'm coming, you're coming).

Ending- a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number and case (at least one of them!) and serves to connect words in phrases and sentences, that is, it is a means of agreement ( new student), control ( letter to brother) or connection between the subject and the predicate ( I'm coming, you're coming).

Only inflected words have endings. Function words, adverbs, unchangeable nouns and adjectives have no endings. Modified words do not have endings in those grammatical forms that lack the specified grammatical meanings (gender, person, number, case), that is, the infinitive and gerunds.

Some compound nouns and compound numerals have multiple endings. This can be easily seen by changing these words: tr-i-st-a, tr-yoh-sot-Ø, sofa-bed-Ø, sofa-a-bed-i.

The ending may be null. It stands out in the word being modified if there is a certain grammatical meaning, but it is not materially expressed. Zero ending- this is a significant absence of an ending, an absence that carries certain information about the form in which the word appears. So, the ending - A in the shape of table shows that this word is in the genitive case, - at V table-at indicates the dative case. The absence of an ending in the form table indicates that this is the nominative or accusative case, that is, it carries information, it is significant. It is in such cases that the zero ending is highlighted in the word.

Words with a zero ending should not be confused with words that do not and cannot have endings - unchangeable words. Only inflected words can have a zero ending, that is, words that have non-zero endings in other forms.

Null endings are widely represented in the language and are found in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:

1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;

2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;

3) nouns of all genders in the Russian plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.

But non-zero endings can also be represented in this position: noch-ey - articles- . The correct parsing of such words is achieved by declension of the word. If the sound [th’] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-ey, noch-ami. If [th'] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - become [y'-a] - become [y'-a]mi. As we see, in these forms the sound [й’] is not expressed at the letter level, but is “hidden” in the iotated vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and designate this sound. In order not to clutter the writing with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to denote the sound [th’], “hidden” in an iotized vowel letter, using j, without brackets, entered in the right place: articles.

A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -ie, -ie. The impression that these sound complexes are endings is incorrect. Two-letter endings in the initial form are presented only in those nouns that are substantivized adjectives or participles. Let's compare:

genius, genius, genius - plots, plots, plots

army, army, table, table, etc.

4) adjectives in the short form of the singular masculine: handsome, smart;

5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; Despite the external similarity of declension, qualitative and possessive have different morphemic structure in the indicated cases:

units number

I. p. blue fox-Ø

R. p. sin-his foxj-his

D. p. sin-him foxj-mu

V.p. =i. p./v. P.

T. p. sin-im lisj-im

P. p. sin-em lisj-em.

This morphemic structure of possessive adjectives is easy to understand if we consider that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed using derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -ij- from nouns: mom → mom-in-Ø, fox → fox-ii-Ø. In indirect cases this possessive suffix is th- is realized in [j], which is “hidden” in the iotated vowel;

6) verb in the masculine singular form in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood: dela-l- (would) - cf.: dela-l-a, dela-l-i;

7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: pish-i-, pish-i-te;

8) in short participles, the zero ending, like in short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-Ø.

Lesson type: combined.

Lesson objectives:

1. Reinforce previously learned material about prefixes and suffixes, practice forming new words using prefixes and suffixes, repeat the rule of writing a separating solid sign after prefixes;
2. Develop thinking, memory, attention; Expand words knowledge; develop fine muscles of the arms;
3. Instill perseverance, determination, work on discipline in the classroom, instill interest and love for the Russian language.

Inventory:

1. Cards with prefixes.
2. Cards with suffixes.
3. Images of animals (cat, fox, nightingale, duck, pig, bear, rooster).
4. Image of a steam locomotive.
5. Cards with the inscription: “build”, “travel”.

All illustrations and cards can be either on paper or in the form of slides.

Work plan:

1. Organizational moment.

2. Preparing to work on the topic of the lesson:

1). Calligraphy.
2). Vocabulary work.
3). Lesson topic message.

3. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1). Word formation using prefixes (the word “to go”).
2). Separating solid sign after prefixes.
3). Formation of new words using prefixes (working with the word “build”)
4). Repeat the rule about prefixes.

5. Physical minute.

6. Continue working on the topic of the lesson.

1). Word formation using suffixes.
2). Repeat the rule about suffixes.

7. Generalization.

8. Grading.

9. Homework.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Preparing to work on the topic of the lesson.

1). Calligraphy: path.

2). Vocabulary work: station, carriage, train, road, hello.

The dictation can be recorded using a computer (slide show).

One student writes these words on the board. Then the spelling is checked and marked.

The teacher, at his own discretion, grades the vocabulary dictation

two students.

3). Lesson topic message.

– What do all these words have in common? – they are all connected with the road, with the journey.

– You and I will go on a journey to the Land of Word Formation. We need help taking our friends there:

cat, fox, rooster, nightingale, duck and bear.

Images of birds and animals appear on the board.

3. Work on the topic of the lesson.

1). Word formation using prefixes (working with the word “go”).

– A steam locomotive (with the name “go”) is waiting for us at the station. But his carriages are uncoupled. You need to attach them to the locomotive, but not all of them fit (prefixes are written on the cars). Find the right cars and assemble the entire train.

Children assemble the train:

Rice. 3

The prefixes from-, over-, without- are removed.

– We have now made up new words. How did we do this? – using attachments.

– What is the conclusion? – prefixes help form new words.

- Let's write down the words we have composed, highlighting the prefixes.

2). Separating b after prefixes before the vowels e, ё, ya.

– In order for our train to start, we need to divide the composed words into two groups. Who guessed how to separate words? – since the word go begins with the vowel E, the separating b is written before them.

– Let’s remember the rules when writing the separating b.

– Let’s write the words in two columns:

Come	Drive around
	Drive up

3). Word formation using prefixes (working with the word “build”).

– While our guests are traveling, Piglet Naf-Naf is building them a house out of bricks. But he needs our help. The fact is that the bricks need special ones. Can you guess which ones?

A little pig named “build” collects bricks with prefixes that help us form new words.

The resulting words are:

build, build, build, arrange, build up.

Rice. 4

5. Physical minute.

The guys (to music) help the pig build a house, performing special movements: take a brick, put it on top, nail a nail, give bricks to the pig, etc.

6. Continue working on the topic of the lesson.

1). Word formation using suffixes.

- We built a beautiful house. And here our guests have arrived. They can move into their apartments. But here's the problem. They have to change their name to get into the apartment. Our friends didn't go to school, they don't know how to do it. Let's help. Guess how the characters need to be changed and what apartment they should live in.

On the board is a house with six apartments:

Hic, -ok, -onok, -yonok, -onk, -ushk.

Rice. 5

Guys change animals:

At the same time, the guys place the heroes in “apartments”.

2). Repeat the rule about suffixes.

– Let’s write down the resulting words, highlight the root and suffix in them.

7. Generalization.

– So we helped our friends get to a new place and settle in warm apartments. Well done boys.

- What did we do in class? – formed new words using prefixes and suffixes.

The most productive in Russian is formation of new words using prefixes, suffixes, postfixes. However, firstly, they do not exhaust all possible ways of the morphological method of word formation, and secondly, within each of these methods more specific varieties can be distinguished. Let's take a closer look at each of them.

1. Prefix method- formation of new words using prefixes.

For example, verb swim across formed from the verb swim using the attachment re- (re-swim - t← ply - t).

A derivational prefix is ​​attached to the entire word. Moreover, derived words formed by prefixes always belong to the same part of speech as the producing words.

The prefix method is used in the formation of all significant parts of speech.

For example: discomfort□ ← comfort □ ; you go-t← go - t; super-gifted-th← gifted - th; to this day← now.

But it is most productive in the formation of new verbs.

Wed: for -pe-t← ne - t; to-pe-t← ne - t; with -pe-t← ne - t; re-pe-t← ne - t.

2. Suffix method- formation of a new word using derivational suffixes.

For example: verb resin formed from a noun resin using the verbal suffix -i- (smol- And-t← resins - A).

The suffix method is one of the most common in the language. With its help, all significant parts of speech are formed in the Russian language. In this case, the part of speech of the derived word can be the same as that of the producing word (cf.: birch- nope□ ← birch - A; census yva-t← census - t; ser- ovat-th← gray - th), may be different than that of the word producing (cf.: ser- e-t← gray - th; ser- awn□ ← gray - th; ser- O← gray - th).

3. Postfix method- formation of a new word using derivational postfixes.

In the Russian language, as noted, derivational postfixes include:

a) return postfix -;
b) postfixes of indefinite pronouns -this, -either, -something.

Therefore, reflexive verbs, indefinite pronouns and pronominal adverbs are formed in a postfixal way.

For example: teach - t-Xia← teach - t; How - Ouch-That← how - Ouch; When- or← when .

Note. If we consider a postfix as a type of suffix, then this kind of formation can be attributed to the suffixal method of word formation.

4. Zero suffixation- formation of a new noun by meaningful use of the absence of a suffix.

Note. In some manuals this method is also called suffixless.

For example: height -Ø□ (“high space”) ← height/ok - th; zadir -Ø-a (“one who bullies”) ← bully - t.

The absence of a suffix is ​​significant for a new word in the same way as the absence of a materially expressed ending is significant in the presence of a zero ending.

For comparison, let’s compare the formation of words with the same root:

1. ascending enij-e← sunrise/s - t; incision- To-A← cut/a - t; daring stv-O← deleted - Ouch;

2. sunrise -Ø□ ← sunrise/s - t; cut -Ø□ ← cut/a - t; prowess -Ø□ ← prowess - Ouch.

In the first case ( climbing, cutting, daring) when forming a verbal noun, a materially expressed suffix is ​​used, in the second case ( sunrise-Ø, incision-Ø, prowess-Ø) - zero suffixation.

Note!

In modern Russian there are a large number of words formed by zero suffixation:

1) Verbal nouns of the masculine gender of the 2nd declension with the meaning of an abstract action or its result.

Login ← enter, departure ← fly out, twitter ← twitter.

2) Verbal nouns of the feminine gender of the 1st declension with the meaning of an abstract action or its result.

Retribution ← to pay, merit ← to deserve.

3) Verbal nouns of the feminine gender of the 3rd declension with the meaning of an abstract action or state.

Scold ← scold, tremble ← tremble.

4) Verbal nouns of the general gender in -a, -ya, denoting a person by his characteristic action.

Bully ← bully, roar ← roar.

5) Masculine nouns of the 2nd declension, formed from adjectives, with the meaning of an abstract feature or the name of a person based on a distinctive feature.

Primitive ← primitive, original ← original.

6) Feminine nouns of the 1st declension, formed from adjectives, with the meaning of the subject according to the attribute.

Thick ← thick, steep ← steep.

7) Feminine nouns of the 3rd declension, formed from adjectives, with the meaning of an abstract feature.

Blue ← blue, wilderness ← deaf.

When forming verbal nouns using zero suffixation, the productive stem is usually truncation (the verbal suffix is ​​cut off).

For example: merit -Ø- A← merit - t; story -Ø□ ← story/a - t; twitter -Ø□ ← twitter/a - t.

5. Prefix-suffix method- the formation of new words by simultaneously attaching a prefix and suffix to the base of the word that produces the word.

Nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs are formed in the prefix-suffix way.

For example: under -glass-nick□ ← glass □ ; under -chef-th← chief □ ; de-weapons← weapons- j-e; in his own way← its - th.

Note!

1) The meaning of a derivative word formed by the prefix-suffix method is often derived from the combination of a noun in the indirect case with a preposition, and the derivative word uses a prefix homonymous to the preposition.

Wed: windowsill□ (“under the window”) ← window - O; under -glass-nick□ (“under the glass”) ← glass □ ; without -lun-ij-e(“without moon”) ← moons - A.

2) Do not forget that the suffix -j- may not be expressed in a word by a special graphic sign:

without-people- [ j ]-e← people - And.

3) Adverbs that are written with a hyphen are formed in the prefix-suffix way:

a) from adjectives - with the prefix po- and the suffixes -oom, -em, -i:

like an adult wow← adult th; in a good way to him← good th; comradely← comradely th; wolf-like[j ]-And← wolf th;

b) from ordinal numbers - with the prefix v-, vo- and the suffix -y, -i:

firstly ← first th; in-third-their ← tert th.

4) Their meaning is usually motivated by the combination of a noun with a preposition, and the derived adjective uses a prefix homonymous to the preposition:

without legs-Ø- th(“without legs”) ← legs - A; without -horn-Ø- th(“without horns”) ← horn □ .

Compare the formation of similar adjectives, where, along with the prefix, not a zero, but a materially expressed suffix is ​​used:

without -ticket-n-th(“without a ticket”) ← ticket □ ; without -harm-th(“without harm”) ← harm □ .

6. Since in this manual -sya is considered not as a type of suffix, but as a postfix, we can distinguish several mixed ways of word formation of verbs with the postfix -sya:

prefix-postfixal method- the formation of new words by simultaneously attaching a prefix and a postfix to the base of the word that produces the word;

You are crying-t-Xia← plaka - t; in -chita-t-Xia← read - t.

suffixal-postfixal method- formation of new words by simultaneously attaching a suffix and a postfix to the base of the word that produces the word;

A prefix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes before
root and serves to form words:
A suffix is ​​a significant part of a word that comes after the root
and usually serves to form words:


Let's remember the meanings of some suffixes.

Diminutive meanings are indicated using the suffixes: -ik, -chik, -onk-, enk-, -ok, -yok, -k-, -ushk-:



Chick, -schik, -ist, -tel, -nick - form the names of persons by occupation,
by profession:


Ets, -anin, -yanin, -in, -ich - form the names of a person at the place of residence:


Onok, -yonok - form the names of young animals (cubs):


Alternation of sounds. Fluent vowels. Rules

When words are formed and changed, some may be replaced
sounds by different sounds in the same part of the word. This replacement is called
alternating sounds.

Vowels alternate with vowels, consonants with consonants.

Sometimes there are no vowels in the same morpheme, then
appear, i.e. alternate with zero sound. Such vowels are called
fluent:

dream - sleep, town - town.

Spelling of vowels and consonants in prefixes. Rules

Immutable prefixes

o-under-on-

about- (about-) pro- over- (need-)

from- (oto-) to- great-

The choice of vowel in the prefixes pro-, pra- depends on the semantic
prefix meanings. The prefix right- is rarely used,
it denotes antiquity, the degree of relationship through a generation:
ancestor, great-grandmother, great-grandfather, great-grandson.

Vowels in unchangeable prefixes are written unstressed
position the same as in the shock:



The prefixes in-, ob-, over-, under-, pre-, are written the same way
in all words.

There is no prefix z- in Russian.

The letters z and s are at the end of the prefixes. Rules

In the prefixes once- (ras-), from- (is-), voz- (res-), vz- (vs-), without- (bes-),
niz- (nis-), through- (through-) before the voiced consonants of the root it is written z,
and before the deaf - with:


Remember a phrase that will help you learn all voiceless consonants
sounds:
Foka, do you want to eat some soup?