Every year, about one hundred billion tons of resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the Earth, ninety billion of which are subsequently turned into waste. Therefore, the issue of resource conservation has become very relevant these days. If at the beginning of the last century only twenty chemical elements of the periodic table were used, then in our time - more than ninety. Over the past four decades, resource consumption has increased twenty-five times, and the amount of production waste has increased one hundred times.

Rational use of natural resources is the most important problem of modern society. The development of progress in science and technology is accompanied by a negative impact on nature. Natural conditions are something that humans cannot influence; climate is an example. Natural resources are natural phenomena or objects that are used to satisfy the material needs of society or for production, contributing to the creation and maintenance of conditions necessary for the existence of humanity, as well as to improve the standard of living.

The rational use of natural resources is a consequence of their reasonable study, which prevents the possibility of harmful consequences of human activity, increases and maintains the productivity of natural objects. Natural resources can be divided into several main types: practically inexhaustible (atmospheric air, solar energy, intraterrestrial heat, and so on), renewable (vegetable, soil), non-renewable (habitat space, river energy, and so on).

Rational renewable type should be based on balanced expenditure, as well as renewal, providing for their reproduction. Their reserves are usually restored faster than they are used. The rational use of natural resources should be based on their economical and comprehensive extraction and consumption, as well as on the disposal of all kinds of waste. Natural resources can also be divided into potential and real. Potential resources are involved in economic turnover, and real resources are actively used. Unfortunately, today there is a problem of depletion of natural resources. Their level decreases to the point where it becomes insufficient for a person. Due to the depletion of natural resources, their further development becomes more economical and environmentally unfeasible. If used uncontrolled, some may disappear, and their self-renewal process will stop. The restoration period for some of them is several hundred or even thousands of years.

Any human intervention entails the destruction of the unity between nature itself and man. The continued existence of life on Earth will directly depend on the growth of production, which in turn depends on the depletion of natural resources. Therefore, natural resources and their rational use must be under strict control of all humanity as a whole. It is necessary to rationally use natural resources, prevent possible harmful consequences of human activity, maintain and increase the productivity of both individual natural objects and natural complexes as a whole.

The correct use of natural resources is the choice of a more suitable option to achieve economic, social, and environmental effects in the use of natural resources. Their integrated use, which implies the use of low-waste and re-use of secondary resources, is of particular relevance. This saves raw materials and prevents environmental pollution by production products.

The Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” states that “...reproduction and rational use of natural resources... are necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety...”

Environmental management (use of natural resources) is the totality of all forms of human impact on nature and its resources. The main forms of influence are: exploration and extraction (development) of natural resources, their involvement in economic circulation (transportation, sale, processing, etc.), as well as the protection of natural resources. In possible cases - resumption (reproduction).

Based on environmental consequences, environmental management is divided into rational and irrational. Rational environmental management is a consciously regulated, purposeful activity carried out taking into account the laws of nature and ensuring:

Society's need for natural resources while maintaining a balance between economic development and sustainability of the natural environment;

An environmentally friendly natural environment for human health and life;

Preservation of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people.

Rational use of natural resources ensures a regime of economical and efficient exploitation of natural resources with maximum extraction of useful products from them. Rational environmental management does not lead to drastic changes in natural resource potential and does not cause profound changes in the natural environment. At the same time, the norms of permissible impact on nature are observed, based on the requirements of its protection and causing the least harm to it.

A prerequisite is legislative support for environmental management at the state level, regulation, implementation of measures aimed at solving environmental problems and monitoring the state of the natural environment.

Irrational environmental management is an activity associated with a high intensity of use of natural resources, which does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource complex, and violates the laws of nature. As a result of such activities, the quality of the natural environment deteriorates, its degradation occurs, natural resources are depleted, the natural basis of people’s livelihoods is undermined, and their health is harmed. Such use of natural resources violates environmental safety and can lead to environmental crises and even disasters.

An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.

Ecological disaster - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or natural disaster, leading to unfavorable changes in the natural environment and accompanied by massive loss of life or damage to the health of the population of the region, death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values ​​and natural resources.

The reasons for irrational environmental management include:

An unbalanced and unsafe system of environmental management that developed spontaneously in the last century;

The population has the idea that many natural resources are given to people for nothing (cutting down a tree to build a house, getting water from a well, picking berries in the forest); the entrenched concept of a “free” resource, which does not stimulate frugality and encourages wastefulness;

Social conditions that caused a sharp increase in population, an increase in productive forces on the planet and, accordingly, the impact of human society on nature and its resources (life expectancy increased, mortality decreased, production of food, consumer goods, housing, and other goods increased).

Changing social conditions have caused a high rate of depletion of natural resources. In industrialized countries, the capacity of modern industry now doubles approximately every 15 years, constantly causing deterioration of the natural environment.

After humanity realized what was happening and began to compare economic benefits with the opportunities and environmental losses of nature, environmental quality began to be considered as an economic category (good). The consumer of this product is, first of all, the population living in a certain territory, and then industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the economy.

Many advanced countries, starting with Japan, in the middle of the 20th century embarked on the path of resource conservation, while the economy of our country continued extensive (cost-consuming) development, in which the growth of production volumes increased mainly due to the involvement of new natural resources in economic circulation. And at present, an unreasonably large volume of natural resource use remains.

The extraction of natural resources is constantly growing. For example, water consumption in Russia (for the needs of the population, industry, agriculture) has increased 7 times over 100 years. The consumption of energy resources has increased manifold.

Another problem is the fact that only about 2% of extracted minerals are converted into finished products. The remaining amount is stored in dumps, dissipated during transportation and overloading, lost during ineffective technological processes, and replenishes waste. In this case, pollutants enter the natural environment (soil and vegetation, water sources, atmosphere). Large losses of raw materials are also due to the lack of economic interest in the rational and complete extraction of all useful components from them.

Economic activity has destroyed entire populations of animals and plants, many species of insects, led to a progressive decrease in water resources, to the filling of underground workings with fresh water, due to which the aquifers of groundwater that feed rivers and are sources of drinking water supply are dehydrated.

The result of irrational environmental management was an intensive decrease in soil fertility. Acid rain, the culprit of soil acidification, is formed when industrial emissions, flue gases and vehicle exhausts dissolve in atmospheric moisture. As a result, the reserves of nutrients in the soil are reduced, which leads to damage to soil organisms and a decrease in soil fertility. The main sources and causes of soil pollution with heavy metals (soil pollution with lead and cadmium is especially dangerous) are car exhaust gases and emissions from large enterprises.

From the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and oil shale, soils are contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene, dioxins, and heavy metals. Sources of soil pollution are urban wastewater, industrial and household waste dumps, from which rain and melt water carry unpredictable sets of components, including hazardous ones, into the soil and groundwater. Harmful substances entering the soil, plants, and living organisms can accumulate there to high, life-threatening concentrations. Radioactive contamination of soils is caused by nuclear power plants, uranium and enrichment mines, and radioactive waste storage facilities.

When agricultural cultivation of the land is carried out in violation of the scientific principles of agriculture, soil erosion inevitably occurs - the process of destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers under the influence of wind or water. Water erosion is the washing away of soil by melt or storm water.

Atmospheric pollution as a result of irrational environmental management is a change in its composition due to the arrival of impurities of technogenic (from industrial sources) or natural (from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) origin. Emissions from enterprises (chemicals, dusts, gases) travel through the air over considerable distances.

As a result of their deposition, vegetation is damaged, the productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries decreases, and the chemical composition of surface and groundwater changes. All this affects not only natural systems, but also the social environment.

Motor transport is the largest air polluter of all other vehicles. Road transport accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It has been established that road transport also leads in the range of harmful components in exhaust gases, which contain about 200 different hydrocarbons, as well as other harmful substances, many of which are carcinogens, i.e. substances that promote the development of cancer cells in living organisms.

A pronounced impact on humans from vehicle emissions is recorded in large cities. In houses located near highways (closer than 10 m from them), residents suffer from cancer 3...4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road.

Water pollution as a result of irrational environmental management occurs mainly due to oil spills during tanker accidents, nuclear waste disposal, and discharges of domestic and industrial sewage systems. This is a big threat to the natural processes of water circulation in nature in its most critical link - evaporation from the surface of the ocean.

When petroleum products enter water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation and wildlife, as their habitat conditions are disrupted. The surface oil film prevents the penetration of sunlight necessary for the life of vegetation and animal organisms.

Fresh water pollution poses a serious problem for humanity. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. About half of the Russian population is already forced to use water for drinking purposes that does not meet hygienic regulatory requirements.

One of the main properties of fresh water as a component of the environment is its irreplaceability. The environmental load on rivers has increased especially sharply due to insufficient quality of wastewater treatment. Petroleum products remain the most common pollutants for surface waters. The number of rivers with high levels of pollution is constantly growing. The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive blooming of water bodies.

The condition of groundwater is assessed as pre-critical and tends to further deteriorate. Pollution enters them with runoff from industrial and urban areas, landfills, and fields treated with chemicals. Of the substances polluting surface and groundwater, in addition to petroleum products, the most common are phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds, with lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury being highly toxic metals.

An example of an irrational attitude towards the most valuable natural resource - clean drinking water - is the depletion of the natural resources of Lake Baikal. Depletion is associated with the intensity of development of the lake’s riches, the use of environmentally dirty technologies and outdated equipment at enterprises that discharge their sewage (with insufficient treatment) into the waters of Lake Baikal and the rivers flowing into it.

Further deterioration of the environment poses a serious threat to the population and future generations of Russia. It is possible to restore almost any kind of destruction, but it is impossible to revive damaged nature in the foreseeable future, even for a lot of money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and delay the approach of an environmental catastrophe in the world.

Residents of industrialized cities experience an increased level of morbidity, since they are forced to constantly be in a polluted environment (the concentration of harmful substances in which can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 10 or more times). To the greatest extent, air pollution manifests itself in an increase in respiratory diseases and a decrease in immunity, especially in children, and in the growth of cancer among the population. Control samples of agricultural food products unacceptably often show non-compliance with state standards.

The deterioration of environmental quality in Russia may cause disruption of the human gene pool. This is manifested in an increase in the number of diseases, including congenital ones, and a decrease in average life expectancy. The negative genetic consequences of environmental pollution on the state of nature can be expressed in the appearance of mutants, previously unknown diseases of animals and plants, a reduction in population sizes, as well as the depletion of traditional biological resources.

Types of resource classification; fundamentals of organizing rational environmental management; about the limits of resource sustainability and the state of the resource base today

Ensuring sustainable development of society is inextricably linked with rational environmental management. Currently Environmental management is understood as the totality of all forms of human influence on the geographical envelope of the Earth. For a more accurate qualitative and quantitative characterization of environmental management, N. F. Reims developed the concept of natural resource potential, i.e. that part of the natural resources of the Earth and near space that can actually be involved in economic activity given the given technical and socio-economic capabilities with the condition , which is very important, preserving the human living environment.

Classification of resources.

The Earth's natural resources are objects and conditions used in the process of material production to satisfy the various needs of society. Natural resources can be classified as follows:

on their use:

• 1) industrial,
• 2) agricultural,
• 3) recreational, etc.;

by belonging to a component of nature:

• 1) space,
• 2) air,
• 3) aquatic,
• 4) soil,
• 5) biological,
• 6) geological;

by the nature of the impact:

• 1) exhaustible,
• 2) inexhaustible,
• 3) renewable.

Exhaustible resources, in turn, are divided into non-renewable and renewable. TO non-renewable include geological resources such as oil, coal and others, the reserves of which are not restored; To renewable include soils, vegetation, and fauna.

To the inexhaustible although rather conditionally, they belong space(solar radiation, tides); climatic(heat, moisture, wind energy) and aquatic resources. The conventionality of such a definition is associated, firstly, with the limited existence of the Solar system and, secondly, with their degradation and, ultimately, exhaustion due to contamination by the products of human economic activity and unsuitability for further use.

At the same time, human nature management activities are often based on the principle of remoteness of events. Thus, it is believed that with the development of scientific and technological progress, environmental problems will be solved much easier than now.

Rational environmental management contributes to the preservation of natural resource potential and human health, the economical use of natural resources and ensuring an effective regime for their reproduction. However, both past and modern production technologies do not make it possible to fully preserve natural resource potential; in some cases they only approach this optimum. Such a discrepancy throughout human history contributes to the depletion of certain types of natural resources of the Earth as a whole, causing the development of an environmental crisis.

There are three simple rules to determine the limits of sustainability in resource consumption.

Rule 1. For renewable resources, the rate of consumption should not exceed the rate of restoration.

Rule 2. The rate of consumption of non-renewable resources should not exceed the rate of their replacement with renewable ones. For example, when exploiting oil fields, part of the proceeds should be invested in the development and production of alternative energy sources, such as solar panels, tidal power plants, etc.

Rule 3. The intensity of the release of pollutants should not exceed the rate of their processing by the natural environment.

Currently these rules are not being followed. However, there are significant differences between environmentally developed and developing countries. For developed countries, violation of the third rule is more typical. The amount of industrial waste has increased so much in recent decades that it has become a threat to human life. In 2000, the amount of waste reached 100 billion tons per year. The leaders in the amount of solid waste per capita are industrialized countries - the USA, Russia and Japan. The leader in terms of household waste per capita is the United States - 500-600 kg of garbage per year.

A significant amount of waste contributes to the pollution of the environment and its components - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, soil.

Every year, 60 million solid particles are emitted into the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the formation of the greenhouse effect, acid precipitation, atmospheric turbidity and the formation of smog. The quality of the air environment, from the point of view of human health, is constantly declining, which is especially typical for large metropolitan areas in developing countries, such as Mexico City with its 20 million population.

The total volume of wastewater reached 1800 km 3 by the 90s of the 20th century, with Europe, North America and Asia accounting for 90% of the discharge. Most of the discharged water is untreated or insufficiently treated, as a result of which more than 1.3 billion people use contaminated water at home, which serves as a source of many diseases.

Developing countries generally do not follow the first rule and therefore suffer from the depletion of renewable resources. Depletion is associated mainly with rapid population growth due to the demographic explosion and only partly with an increase in production intensity.

Every year, due to the development of erosion processes, developing countries lose 4-5 million hectares of agricultural land. The situation is especially difficult in Africa, where 17% of the entire continent is severely degraded, and the area of ​​deserts has increased significantly. The pace of development of new lands and reclamation of disturbed ones lags significantly behind the rate of degradation.

Developing countries have "/2 of the world's forest resources. Unsystematic deforestation has led to the fact that while in developed countries, including Russia, the forest area has stabilized, then in these countries there is an annual decrease in their area by 11 million hectares.

Rational environmental management is the use of natural ecosystems or their elements in which there is no destruction of resources and does not deteriorate the habitat and, accordingly, human health. At the same time, the biological diversity of ecosystems is preserved. The deterioration of natural resources and their depletion can and should be prevented. The main ways to solve this problem are:

• 1) increasing waste-free production;
• 2) development of fundamentally new sources and methods of obtaining energy;
• 3) solving the demographic problem in developing countries, etc.;
• 4) development of resource-saving technologies.

QUESTIONS

Explain the meaning of the concept environmental management.

Comment on how the Earth's resources can be classified.

Explain what is considered an exhaustible resource and what resources are considered inexhaustible.

Analyze why environmental management should be rational.

Name the rules by which you can determine the limits of sustainability of resource consumption.

Give examples of anthropogenic impacts on atmospheric resources, water environment, and land resources.

Comment on ways to prevent depletion of natural resources.

The Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” states that “...reproduction and rational use of natural resources...necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety...”
Environmental management (use of natural resources) is the totality of all forms of human impact on nature and its resources. The main forms of influence are: exploration and extraction (development) of natural resources, their involvement in economic circulation (transportation, sale, processing, etc.), as well as the protection of natural resources. In possible cases - resumption (reproduction).
Based on environmental consequences, environmental management is divided into rational and irrational. Rational environmental management is a consciously regulated, purposeful activity carried out taking into account the laws of nature and ensuring:

• society's need for natural resources while maintaining a balance between economic development and sustainability of the natural environment;
• an environmentally friendly natural environment for human health and life;
• conservation of natural resources in the interests of present and future generations of people.

Rational use of natural resources ensures a regime of economical and efficient exploitation of natural resources with maximum extraction of useful products from them. Rational environmental management does not lead to drastic changes in natural resource potential and does not cause profound changes in the natural environment. At the same time, the norms of permissible impact on nature are observed, based on the requirements of its protection and causing the least harm to it.
A prerequisite is legislative support for environmental management at the state level, regulation, implementation of measures aimed at solving environmental problems and monitoring the state of the natural environment.
Irrational environmental management is an activity associated with a high intensity of use of natural resources, which does not ensure the conservation of the natural resource complex, and violates the laws of nature. As a result of such activities, the quality of the natural environment deteriorates, its degradation occurs, natural resources are depleted, the natural basis of people’s livelihoods is undermined, and their health is harmed. Such use of natural resources violates environmental safety and can lead to environmental crises and even disasters.
An ecological crisis is a critical state of the environment that threatens human existence.
Ecological disaster - changes in the natural environment, often caused by the impact of human economic activity, a man-made accident or natural disaster, leading to unfavorable changes in the natural environment and accompanied by massive loss of life or damage to the health of the population of the region, death of living organisms, vegetation, large losses of material values ​​and natural resources.
The reasons for irrational environmental management include:

• the unbalanced and unsafe system of environmental management that spontaneously developed in the last century;
• the population has the idea that many natural resources come to people for nothing (cutting down a tree to build a house, getting water from a well, picking berries in the forest); the entrenched concept of a “free” resource, which does not stimulate frugality and encourages wastefulness;
• social conditions that caused a sharp increase in population, an increase in productive forces on the planet and, accordingly, the impact of human society on nature and its resources (life expectancy increased, mortality decreased, production of food, consumer goods, housing, and other goods increased).

Changing social conditions have caused a high rate of depletion of natural resources. In industrialized countries, the capacity of modern industry now doubles approximately every 15 years, constantly causing deterioration of the natural environment.
After humanity realized what was happening and began to compare economic benefits with the opportunities and environmental losses of nature, environmental quality began to be considered as an economic category (good). The consumer of this product is, first of all, the population living in a certain territory, and then industry, construction, transport and other sectors of the economy.
Many advanced countries, starting with Japan, in the middle of the 20th century embarked on the path of resource conservation, while the economy of our country continued extensive (cost-consuming) development, in which the growth of production volumes increased mainly due to the involvement of new natural resources in economic circulation. And at present, an unreasonably large volume of natural resource use remains. The extraction of natural resources is constantly growing. For example, water consumption in Russia (for the needs of the population, industry, agriculture) has increased 7 times over 100 years. The consumption of energy resources has increased manifold.
Another problem is the fact that only about 2% of extracted minerals are converted into finished products. The remaining amount is stored in dumps, dissipated during transportation and overloading, lost during ineffective technological processes, and replenishes waste. In this case, pollutants enter the natural environment (soil and vegetation, water sources, atmosphere). Large losses of raw materials are also due to the lack of economic interest in the rational and complete extraction of all useful components from them.
Economic activity has destroyed entire populations of animals and plants, many species of insects, led to a progressive decrease in water resources, to the filling of underground workings with fresh water, due to which the aquifers of groundwater that feed rivers and are sources of drinking water supply are dehydrated.
The result of irrational environmental management was an intensive decrease in soil fertility. Acid rain - the culprit of soil acidification - is formed when industrial emissions, flue gases and vehicle exhausts are dissolved in atmospheric moisture. As a result, the reserves of nutrients in the soil are reduced, which leads to damage to soil organisms and a decrease in soil fertility. The main sources and causes of soil pollution with heavy metals (soil pollution with lead and cadmium is especially dangerous) are car exhaust gases and emissions from large enterprises. From the combustion of coal, fuel oil, and oil shale, soils are contaminated with benzo(a)pyrene, dioxins, and heavy metals. Sources of soil pollution are urban wastewater, industrial and household waste dumps, from which rain and melt water carry unpredictable sets of components, including hazardous ones, into the soil and groundwater. Harmful substances entering the soil, plants, and living organisms can accumulate there to high, life-threatening concentrations. Radioactive contamination of soils is caused by nuclear power plants, uranium and enrichment mines, and radioactive waste storage facilities.
When agricultural cultivation of the land is carried out in violation of the scientific principles of agriculture, soil erosion inevitably occurs - the process of destruction of the upper, most fertile soil layers under the influence of wind or water. Water erosion is the washing away of soil by melt or storm water.
Atmospheric pollution as a result of irrational environmental management is a change in its composition due to the arrival of impurities of technogenic (from industrial sources) or natural (from forest fires, volcanic eruptions, etc.) origin. Emissions from enterprises (chemicals, dusts, gases) travel through the air over considerable distances. As a result of their deposition, vegetation is damaged, the productivity of agricultural land, livestock and fisheries decreases, and the chemical composition of surface and groundwater changes. All this affects not only natural systems, but also the social environment.
Motor transport is the largest air polluter of all other vehicles. Road transport accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the atmosphere. It has been established that road transport also leads in the range of harmful components in exhaust gases, which contain about 200 different hydrocarbons, as well as other harmful substances, many of which are carcinogens, i.e. substances that promote the development of cancer cells in living organisms.
A pronounced impact on humans from vehicle emissions is recorded in large cities. In houses located near highways (closer than 10 m from them), residents suffer from cancer 3...4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road.
Water pollution as a result of irrational environmental management occurs mainly due to oil spills during tanker accidents, nuclear waste disposal, and discharges of domestic and industrial sewage systems. This is a big threat to the natural processes of water circulation in nature in its most critical link - evaporation from the surface of the ocean. When petroleum products enter water bodies with wastewater, they cause profound changes in the composition of aquatic vegetation and wildlife, as their habitat conditions are disrupted. The surface oil film prevents the penetration of sunlight necessary for the life of vegetation and animal organisms.
Fresh water pollution poses a serious problem for humanity. The water quality of most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. About half of the Russian population is already forced to use water for drinking purposes that does not meet hygienic regulatory requirements. One of the main properties of fresh water as a component of the environment is its irreplaceability. The environmental load on rivers has increased especially sharply due to insufficient quality of wastewater treatment. Petroleum products remain the most common pollutants for surface waters. The number of rivers with high levels of pollution is constantly growing. The current level of wastewater treatment is such that even in waters that have undergone biological treatment, the content of nitrates and phosphates is sufficient for intensive blooming of water bodies.
The condition of groundwater is assessed as pre-critical and tends to further deteriorate. Pollution enters them with runoff from industrial and urban areas, landfills, and fields treated with chemicals. Of the substances polluting surface and groundwater, in addition to petroleum products, the most common are phenols, heavy metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury), sulfates, chlorides, nitrogen compounds, with lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury being highly toxic metals.
An example of an irrational attitude towards the most valuable natural resource - clean drinking water - is the depletion of the natural resources of Lake Baikal. Depletion is associated with the intensity of development of the lake’s riches, the use of environmentally dirty technologies and outdated equipment at enterprises that discharge their sewage (with insufficient treatment) into the waters of Lake Baikal and the rivers flowing into it.
Further deterioration of the environment poses a serious threat to the population and future generations of Russia. It is possible to restore almost any kind of destruction, but it is impossible to revive damaged nature in the foreseeable future, even for a lot of money. It will take centuries to stop its further destruction and delay the approach of an environmental catastrophe in the world.
Residents of industrialized cities experience an increased level of morbidity, since they are forced to constantly be in a polluted environment (the concentration of harmful substances in which can exceed the maximum permissible concentration by 10 or more times). To the greatest extent, air pollution manifests itself in an increase in respiratory diseases and a decrease in immunity, especially in children, and in the growth of cancer among the population. Control samples of agricultural food products unacceptably often show non-compliance with state standards.
The deterioration of environmental quality in Russia may cause disruption of the human gene pool. This is manifested in an increase in the number of diseases, including congenital ones, and a decrease in average life expectancy. The negative genetic consequences of environmental pollution on the state of nature can be expressed in the appearance of mutants, previously unknown diseases of animals and plants, a reduction in population sizes, as well as the depletion of traditional biological resources.

Nature management— ϶ᴛᴏ activity of human society aimed at satisfying ϲʙᴏ their needs through the use of natural resources.

There are rational and irrational use of natural resources.

Irrational environmental management

Irrational use of natural resources -϶ᴛᴏ system of environmental management, in which readily available natural resources can be used in large quantities and incompletely, which leads to rapid depletion of resources. In this case, a large amount of waste is produced and the environment is heavily polluted.

Irrational use of natural resources is typical for an economy developing through new construction, acquiring new lands, using natural resources, and increasing the number of workers. Such an economy initially brings good results at a relatively low scientific and technical level of production, but quickly leads to a decrease in natural and labor resources.

Rational environmental management

Rational environmental management— ϶ᴛᴏ system of environmental management, in which extracted natural resources can be used quite fully, the restoration of renewable natural resources is ensured, production waste can be fully and repeatedly used (i.e. waste-free production is organized), which can significantly reduce environmental pollution.

Rational use of natural resources is characteristic of intensive farming, which develops on the basis of scientific and technological progress and good organization of labor with high labor productivity. An example of rational environmental management can be waste-free production, in which waste can be completely used, resulting in reduced consumption of raw materials and minimized environmental pollution.

It is important to note that one of the types of waste-free production will be the repeated use in the technological process of water taken from rivers, lakes, boreholes, etc. The used water is purified and re-entered into the production process.

Terms of use:
Intellectual rights to the material - Nature management belong to its author. This manual/book is posted solely for informational purposes without involvement in commercial circulation. All information (including “Rational and irrational environmental management”) is collected from open sources or added by users free of charge.
To make full use of the posted information, the project administration of the site strongly recommends purchasing the book / manual Nature Management in any online store.

Tag block: Environmental management, 2015. Rational and irrational environmental management.

(C) Legal repository website 2011-2016