Fertilizer application rate is regulated by changing the size of the gap above the conveyor using a flap on the rear wall of the body. The slot size for different types of fertilizers and application rates is taken from the table in the instructions for the machine and placed on a metal plate on the rear side of the spreader body.

The fertilizer application rate is also regulated by changing the gear ratio of the feed conveyor drive mechanism by rearranging the drive chain to the corresponding pairs of sprockets.

Uniform distribution of fertilizers The working width is adjusted by moving the fertilizer guide along its guides and changing the position of the movable dividing walls.

Moving the fertilizer guide forward along the spreader leads to a change in the location of fertilizer supply closer to the periphery of the discs. This causes a decrease in the initial speed of fertilizer particles coming off the disks, which makes it possible to increase their concentration in the middle part of the sowed strip.

Moving the fertilizer guide in the opposite direction leads to a shift in the location of fertilizer supply closer to the centers of the disks, therefore, to an increase in the initial speed of particle collection, which makes it possible to increase the concentration of fertilizers along the edges of the sowed strip.

The same effect can be obtained by turning the movable dividing walls towards the centers of the spreading discs, and the reverse - in the opposite direction.

Feed conveyor belt tension it is regulated by moving its driven shaft using special screws. In this case, the conveyor bars must be adjacent to the floor of the body, and at the bottom have a deflection of up to 10 mm. Before adjustment, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the streams of the body floor from fertilizers. When making adjustments, you must ensure that the tension of the branches is the same. Particular care must be taken to monitor the correct adjustment of the conveyor in the first 30...50 hours of operation, when it is intensively stretched and run-in

The spreading width of the spreader is 6-14 m, depending on the applied fertilizer and weather conditions. With the wind protection device the working width is 6m. The spreader is combined with tractors of the 14 kN class, equipped with hydraulic hooks and plug connectors for connecting electrical equipment.

When preparing a tractor for operation with an MVU-5 spreader, a track of 1800 mm is installed. Check the pressure in the tires of the spreader wheels and, if necessary, bring it to the nominal level - 0.35 MPa.

Connect the spreader to the hydraulic hook of the tractor, raise the drawbar and fix it in the upper position. Install safety chains and electrical equipment of the tractor and spreader.

Before testing the machine in motion, the metering flap is raised so that the conveyor passes freely under the flap, and the bottom of the body is cleared of fertilizers. After this, the tension of the conveyor is adjusted by moving the driven shaft with tension screws. The tension is considered normal if its lower branch barely touches the guides. Excessive tension on the conveyor leads to intense wear. Conveyor skew and bent links are not allowed.

For the application of solid mineral fertilizers, in addition to the MVU-5 spreader, the industry produces machines similar in design and technological process 1-RMG-4, MVU-8 and MVU-16 with a lifting capacity of 4, 10 and 6 tons, respectively. They are aggregated with MTZ-80 tractors , T-150K these spreaders differ in design from MVU-5 in that their feed conveyors are driven by running wheels.

Spreader MVU-8

The MVU-8 spreader differs from the MVU-5 spreader in its greater load capacity and chassis design. The chassis is single-axle with a pair of right and left wheels connected in a “tandem” pattern. This design ensures smooth operation of the spreader on uneven fields.

The spreader feed conveyor is driven from the rear right wheel through a cardan shaft and chain drives. During operation of the spreader, the cardan shaft is connected to the axis of the running wheel by a coupling driven by the tractor hydraulic system. At the ends of the tracks this drive is switched off.

The drive of the MVU-8 spreading discs is carried out from the power take-off shaft (PTO) of the tractor through the cardan shaft, V-belt drives and bevel gearboxes, on the driven shafts of which they are attached.

The mechanisms for setting a given application rate and adjusting the uniformity of fertilizer distribution over the field surface are fundamentally no different from the design of the corresponding units on the 1-RMG-4 spreader, and the procedure for setting them is the same.

In the case of using MVU type spreaders for the transportation of bulk materials, the spreading discs are removed, the feed conveyor is driven from the tractor PTO, which allows the delivered material to be unloaded when the unit is stopped.

Undoubtedly, the advent of technology in agricultural processes greatly simplifies many activities. Using machines allows you to save time and sometimes money. Modern industry produces various fertilizer spreaders, which are worth considering in more detail.

Feasibility of application

During the cultivation of any agricultural product, fertilization is an important but very labor-intensive process. Without regular fertilizing it will not be possible to get a good harvest.

It is even more difficult to fertilize large areas; it takes a lot of time and effort. To make the task easier, special fertilizer spreaders have been created. Their purpose is to minimize human participation in this exhausting type of work activity. These complex units manage to take on the bulk of the work, making life easier for farmers.

Varieties

Fertilizer spreaders are classified according to several parameters. First of all, by the type of elements added to the soil. That is, they can be intended to introduce mineral or organic components.

Fertilizer machines are divided according to their functions. They can help:

• mix;
• grind;
• transport fertilizers.

Fertilizer spreaders apply fertilizer to the soil in the following forms:

• dusty;
• in granules;
• manure compounds;
• liquid solutions.

Depending on the mounting features, such machines are:

1. Self-propelled. This technique works autonomously and does not require connection to other machines.
2. Trailed - they are attached to the tractor.
3. Semi-trailer vehicles. They can be attached to machines or work independently.
4. Mounted. They are attached to other agricultural machines.
5. Manual type. These spreaders are suitable for small areas.

Farmers often make manual fertilizer spreaders themselves. They are based on a cart or wheelbarrow. And the technology works using a centrifugal, pneumatic or pendulum type.

Advantages and disadvantages

Any technology has its pros and cons. The advantages of such units include:

• fast pace of delivery of nutritional compounds;
• ability to process large areas;
• saving time when applying fertilizers;
• uniform coverage of the area with large volumes of nutrient mixtures;
• applying compounds only while the unit is moving;
• some models have a function for adjusting the applied fertilizers;
• the ability to be used for other agricultural purposes - for example, for scattering seeds.

The disadvantages include the high cost of the units. Farmers with small plots of land prefer to create spreaders with their own hands.

To process large areas, it is worth purchasing professional equipment from a specialized store. A variety of models allows you to choose the option necessary for processing a specific area. The cost of such equipment will pay off in a few years.

Let's look at the most popular manufacturers.

Rauch

This German company produces trailed and self-propelled spreaders. They are easy to use and reliable in operation.

The manufacturer uses only high-quality resources to produce its equipment. The units are characterized by uninterrupted operation and allow precise application of the required dosages of fertilizers, which prevents overdoses when using fertilizers.

Kuhn

This is a French company that offers different models of spreaders. Among them: Easypread, Protwin Slinger, Prospread. All models are equipped with a function for side and rear spreading of nutrient mixtures.

Experts consider the advantages of this French technique to be uniform application of the compositions and accuracy in dosing.

The manufacturer is developing incentives for its regular customers. If the operating rules of the equipment are not violated, the service time will increase. Some samples have a hydraulic piston-pusher and no unnecessary elements such as chains.

Bogballe

Danish manufacturer offering simple and convenient units. All devices have a minimum number of adjustments. The operator can set the desired parameters with one handle.

The discs of the unit rotate towards each other, so the field is evenly treated with fertilizers. The blades of the device have an original shape.

With the help of units from this company, nutrients can be applied both in the center and along the edges of the field. Filter meshes do not allow large nutritious pieces to scatter.

Gustrower

Manufacturer from Germany, producing spreader models with a working surface of considerable width. It can reach 40 meters. The models have a function for adjusting the fertilizer spreader according to the applied compositions. Allows the use of various fertilizers:

• crumbly;
• compost;
• liquid;
• humus;
• in the form of lumps;
• bird droppings.

The equipment of this company can work in areas with grown plants, since the flight path of the spilled substances is quite high.

The spreaders have an on-board computer that allows you to configure the fertilizer spreader, as well as a hydraulic system.

Unia

A Polish company that produces RSW units for applying various types of fertilizers. The brand has proven itself well on Russian soils.

The load capacity of the units is from 5.5 to 10 tons. Some models have wheels that are wide enough to handle slippery conditions. Thanks to the sieve, the hopper with nutrient mixtures is protected from foreign objects. The discs are made of high quality steel. The limiter ensures the accuracy of application of compounds.

Amazone

A very popular technique in Russia. The company has 140 years of experience.

The working width of the units is from 10 to 52 meters. The volume of working tanks is from 1000 to 4200 liters. All spreaders are quite simple in design. They are centrifugal type and have extraction hoppers without seams or corners, which helps fertilizers slide quickly and simplifies the process of cleaning equipment.

Some models have the ability to weigh mixtures and calculate the optimal amount for a specific area. The on-board computer allows you to make work comfortable. All equipment is made of corrosion-resistant metals. A special paint application technique makes the top coating extremely resistant to any impact.

A large number of dealers makes it easier to find spare parts for equipment from this company.

Let's also consider specific models of units used in Russian fields.

L-116

This is a mineral fertilizer spreader used for distributing solid as well as bulk mixtures. The design is made in such a way that the device covers an area 20-24 meters wide. In an hour, the device can process from 8 to 16 hectares of area.

L-116 is used for sowing green manure. It is attached to tractors of class 0.6 and more.

PRT-10

An organic fertilizer spreader, which is used for applying fertilizers and for transporting them. Liquid and dry compositions can be used as raw materials.

It looks like a trailer. When turned on, fertilizers fall on the spreading device, the conveyor transfers them to the spreading parts. As soon as the dump section is free, the hydraulic system is turned off.

The dosage of applied fertilizers is regulated by the speed of the conveyor.

Fertilizers are applied to a width of 5 to 8 meters. The machine is served by one tractor driver.

ROU

This is basically a trailed vehicle, which can be used as a trolley when the tractor shaft is disconnected. Models from this company are distinguished by high performance characteristics and are suitable for covering large areas.

The equipment has a high operating speed, the most convenient spreading width - 8 meters, and a comfortable conveyor for unloading trains.

The disadvantage of the units is that they cannot work independently and require aggregation with tractors.

"Farmer-950"

This technique combines price and quality. The dimensions of the unit are not very impressive, but the useful volume is 940 liters.

Can distribute fertilizer over a width of 14 to 21 meters.

The design of "Farmer-950" is durable and reliable. The added hydraulic damper provides the most convenient loading level and comfortable fertilizer feeding process.

It is possible to adjust the working width and dosage of applied fertilizers. The gearbox does not require maintenance. The grille protects against the entry of unnecessary objects.

This domestic unit is not inferior to many expensive imported designs.

RUM

These spreaders, produced in Neftekamsk, allow you to apply fertilizers at any stage of agricultural activity. The equipment is of the semi-trailer type. They are used to add and transport mineral compounds. Using RUM units, fertilizers are applied in the form of powder, crystals and granules. Fertilizers are added to the soil in spring and autumn.

There is a function for regulating the volume and density of nutritional compositions.

RUN-15B

This mounted fertilizer spreader is used for applying manure or compost mixtures. It is aggregated with tractors. The tractor driver controls the structure. The machine applies fertilizer over a width of 35 meters.

MVU-900

This is a mounted mineral fertilizer spreader. The design is used for fertilizing plants and for sowing crops. It allows you to scatter fertilizer granules on the surface. After this, they must be embedded in the soil with special tools. Such machines are used in various areas, except mountainous areas. The soil slope should not exceed 8 degrees. The machine is considered accurate, reliable and easy to use.

As already mentioned, according to the type of device and operating principle, the units can be trailed or mounted. It all depends on the needs of the farmer and the characteristics of his agricultural activities. Trailed models include the following: PRT-7, ROU-6, MTT-9, MTU, LMR PTU-17 and others. Mounted units are: RUN-800, RUM, RSN 800 and others.

Trailed ones are more convenient than mounted ones in that after emptying one trailer, the operator attaches the next one and continues his work.

Self-production

An experienced farmer can make a simple fertilizer spreader with his own hands. This will be a miniature model. The basis is a garden wheelbarrow. You need to make 11 holes in its body and close each one with a rotating plate. Two ejectors are located above each plate. While moving, the wheels will transmit rotation to the plates and the camshaft.

These labor safety instructions have been developed specifically for working on a mineral fertilizer spreader.

1. GENERAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

1.1. These instructions are intended for machine operators working on a tractor with a mounted agricultural machine (mineral fertilizer spreader).
1.2. Only males over 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination and have no contraindications for health reasons, have been trained to operate this type of equipment, have completed all types of labor safety training, on-the-job training, and have tested their knowledge of labor safety requirements are allowed to work on a mineral fertilizer spreader.
1.3. High production discipline, knowledge and exact fulfillment of the requirements of instructions ensure the safety of the worker and the safety of machines and equipment.
1.4. Perform only the work assigned by the work manager, do not allow unauthorized persons into the workplace and do not delegate your work to other persons.
1.5. Showing up at work while intoxicated and consuming alcoholic beverages and other drug-containing substances at work is prohibited, as this is a gross violation of internal regulations and leads to accidents and injuries.
1.6. When working in the field, it is necessary to rest and eat in field trailers, and in their absence, in places specially designated for this purpose, which must be equipped with a canopy.
1.7. Do not rest under vehicles or agricultural machinery, in tall grass, bushes or other places where vehicle traffic may occur.
1.8. During a thunderstorm, stop all types of field work and take shelter in an equipped place for rest.
1.9. Do not take shelter from thunderstorms in car cabins, under cars, in haystacks, stacks and stacks, under single trees and other objects towering above the surrounding area.
1.10. When working in groups (two or more workers), a senior worker is appointed as the work manager from among the workers. Compliance with the orders of the elder is mandatory for other workers and service personnel.
1.11. During production activities, workers are exposed to hazardous and harmful production factors; special attention should be paid to the following components of the spreader and situations during operation of the unit:
— rotating cardan shaft;
— rotating spreader discs;
— rotating drive elements;
— dangers associated with loss of stability;
— hazards resulting from contact with mineral fertilizers used during spreading;
— dangers associated with improper use of personal protective equipment.
1.12. Dangerous and harmful production factors result in injuries or illnesses when machines, equipment, tools, and the environment are in a dangerous state and when workers perform dangerous actions.
1.13. Risks arising from improper maintenance of the spreader:
— danger of injury from protruding elements of the spreader when loading the hopper and during operation. Before performing the steps described above, you must make sure that there are no unauthorized persons nearby;
— danger of damage when raising and lowering the spreader. Take special care when performing these actions if there are people near the unit;
— danger of being drawn in or caught by rotating drive elements. Be especially careful when rotating elements are in motion. The operator and strangers should not approach the unit while it is operating;
— danger of injury from spreading fertilizers during work. Take special care when operating the spreader. The operator and strangers should not approach the unit while it is operating. Maintain a safe distance from the operating spreader;
— danger of loss of stability. The spreader must be connected to the tractor while filling the hopper. During breaks in operation, it should be installed on a solid horizontal base. Mount the spreader with recommended tractors;
— dangers caused by contact with harmful substances or their inhalation. When operating the spreader, use recommended personal protective equipment. The operator and strangers should not approach the unit while it is operating.
1.14. Work in personal protective equipment: a suit, if necessary, use protective gloves and safety glasses.
1.15. Study the rules for using fire extinguishing equipment and ensure free access to them. Do not use fire equipment for other purposes.
1.16. If an accident occurs, provide first aid to the victim (if there are no people at the scene, self-help) and inform the work manager about the accident.
1.17. Inform the work manager about machine malfunctions that arose during the work, the independent elimination of which can lead to breakdowns and accidents. Eliminate such malfunctions and dangers with the obligatory participation of the work manager with the involvement of auxiliary workers, using tools and devices that guarantee the safe execution of this operation.
1.18. Persons who violate the requirements of the instructions are held accountable in accordance with the internal regulations of the organization, with the exception of cases where violation of the requirements includes criminal liability.

2. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS BEFORE STARTING WORK

2.1. Before starting work, you need to put your work clothes in order: fasten the sleeve cuffs, tuck in the clothes so that there are no loose ends, tuck your hair under a tight-fitting headdress. It is not allowed to work in light shoes (flip-flops, sandals, sandals).
2.2. A machine operator working with a fertilizer spreader must strictly adhere to the following safety rules:
— operation of the mineral fertilizer spreader is entrusted to a person who has the appropriate qualifications to work with agricultural machines and is familiar with the operating instructions;
— before using the spreader, you should pay attention to its technical condition, the method of fastening individual mechanisms, especially drive elements and working units;
- you cannot operate a machine that is not in full working order;
— loose fasteners must be tightened, and damaged parts must be immediately replaced with new ones;
- all fences must be installed and undamaged;
— before starting work, you should make sure that the elements and adjustments work correctly;
— during the first start-up, check the operation of the machine, and also perform preliminary adjustments before filling the bunker with fertilizers.
— the spreader can only be started in the working position after you have made sure that there are no people or animals within a radius of 50 m;
— the spreader can only be operated at a nominal tractor PTO rotation speed of 540 rpm. Do not exceed 600 rpm.
2.3. It is not allowed to transport people, animals, or objects not related to the operation of the unit in the spreader.

3. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS DURING WORK

3.1. Only the work assigned by the work supervisor should be performed.
3.2. Do not spread materials other than those for which the spreader is intended.
3.3. Do not work with a damaged cardan shaft.
3.4. The unit must not be moved in reverse gear when the drive of the working parts is engaged.
3.5. While the spreader is operating, loading compacted fertilizers into the bunker is prohibited.
3.6. During transport moves, turn off the drive of the spreader working parts.
3.7. When carrying out any adjustment and repair work, it is necessary to turn off the engine on the tractor, make sure that no elements are rotating, and turn off the PTO drive.
3.8. During operation, you should ensure that the propeller shaft casing always maintains its integrity; a damaged casing must be replaced immediately.
3.9. The operator must not leave the machine unattended with the drive turned on.

4. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN EMERGENCIES

4.1. If a malfunction of the spreader or any accident is detected, it is necessary to immediately disconnect the tractor PTO drive from the spreader.
4.2. If self-remediation is not possible, inform the work manager about this.
4.3. Eliminate such malfunctions and dangers with the obligatory participation of the work manager with the involvement of auxiliary workers, using tools and devices that guarantee the safe execution of this operation.
4.4. Exceeding the permissible load capacity threatens an accident.
4.5. In case of fire or fire:
— take measures to extinguish the fire using available fire extinguishing means;
— call the fire department by calling 101;
— notify management;
- provide first aid to victims.
4.6. In case of an accident at work you must:
- quickly take measures to prevent the impact of traumatic factors on the victim, provide first aid to the victim, call emergency medical services to the scene by calling 103;
- report the incident to management, ensure the safety of the situation before the investigation begins, if this does not pose a danger to the life and health of people.

5. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS AFTER WORK COMPLETION

5.1. Clean the unit, car from dirt, dust and plant debris, wash them with water if necessary and install them in their parking place. Lower the working parts, brake, turn off the engine and disconnect the battery from the mass of the unit or machine. Remove the oily cleaning material to the designated area.
5.2. Wash your hands and face with warm water and soap.
5.3. Take off the overalls, inspect them, put them in order, and hang them in a locker specially designed for this purpose. If necessary, return for washing and/or repair.
5.4. When working in one shift, inform the work manager about the work performed, any problems with the work, the measures taken and their elimination.
5.5. When working in two shifts, inform the shift worker about the technical condition of the machine or equipment and tell them about the features of the work.

We thank Yaroslav for the instructions provided! =)

Achieving maximum crop yields and efficient land use is impossible without proper soil fertilization. Fertilizer application technologies involve the use of various types of spreaders. Thus, in small areas, at a distance of no more than 3 km from the fertilizer warehouse, mounted body spreaders with a lifting capacity of 0.5 tons are used. An additional trailer can be attached to them, from which fertilizers are loaded into the spreader. When applying fertilizers to areas of more than 5 hectares and a distance from the warehouse of more than 3 km, removable body spreaders installed on a truck are used.

The uniform distribution of fertilizers over the surface, provided for by agrotechnical standards (± 25%), is achieved by installing various working bodies in spreaders - either centrifugal type in mounted units, or auger type in trailed or body-mounted units. .

Hopper mounted spreaders (NRU-0.5, RU-0.8, MVU-0.5) are intended for continuous sifting of mineral fertilizers and green manure seeds over the soil surface. The machine is mounted on tractors of traction classes 0.6, 0.9 and 1.4. I use the machine mainly on small-sized areas.

The spreader (Fig. 2.5.) consists of a frame 5, a hopper 1, a dosing device 3, spreading discs 4 and a transmission mechanism 6. The frame is welded from metal pipes, on which all machine components are mounted. In the front part of the frame there is a mechanism 7 for attaching the machine to the tractor. The bunker has a cone shape. Arch breakers 2 are installed on the back and front walls inside the bunker. To prevent foreign objects from entering the bunker, a metal mesh 8 with cell sizes of 35x35 mm is reinforced in its upper part. In rainy weather, the bunker is covered with an awning.

The dosing device consists of two rotary valves, with the help of which the height of the sowing gap changes and thereby the seeding rate changes. The spreading device consists of two spreading discs with radially arranged blades, symmetrically located under the bottom of the hopper. Disks can have either flat or cone-shaped shapes.

When the sowing bar oscillates, fertilizers are pushed into the sowing slot, lowered and onto two disks rotating in opposite directions. Under the influence of centrifugal force, fertilizers are thrown off the discs and dispersed throughout the field. The seeding dose is adjusted by changing the width of the seeding slots and the amplitude value. The drive of the working parts of the machine is carried out from the tractor PTO through a gear system installed on the spreader. During operation, the unit (with the PTO engaged) moves across the field. The lowering of fertilizers is facilitated by arch breakers.

The approximate seeding dose is determined using graphs or tables.

Trailed body type spreaders (RUM, MVU) are intended for surface application of mineral fertilizers, as well as lime and gypsum.

Rod conveyor 3 (Fig. 2.5.1, a) removes fertilizers from body 2 through the outlet slot, adjustable by damper 4, and they enter the fertilizer guide and flow divider 5 and 7, respectively. Fertilizers reach the spreading device through two channels. The spreading discs 6 of this device with vertical axes of rotation are equipped with flat blades located radially or with a deviation from the radial direction by an angle of ±10...15.

The working process of such a device consists of two phases:

relative movement of granules along the disk and free flight of granules under the influence of the kinetic energy imparted to them and the acting force of gravity. The discs scatter fertilizer over the surface, covering a strip 6...14 m wide.

The uniformity of distribution across the working width is regulated by moving the fertilizer guide 5 (Fig. 2.5.1. b) along the guides along the body and turning the internal movable walls of the dividers 7. When feeding fertilizers closer to the centers of the disks, the concentration increases along the edges of the dispersion strip, when feeding further from centers, the concentration of fertilizers increases in the middle part of the strip (Fig. 2.5.1. c). The dose of fertilizer 100...6000 kg/ha is regulated by changing the speed of the conveyor and the thickness of the layer of fertilizers carried out by the damper. The operating speed of the spreader is 6...12 km/h.

Coil-pin devices used for pre-sowing row seeding of granular fertilizers. They are installed on row and narrow-row combined seeders.

Coil 4 (Fig. 2.5.2.) is equipped with pins arranged in two rows with a shift of 0.5 steps relative to each other. The gap between the coil 4 and the bottom 5 is set depending on the size of the granules by turning the bolt 8 using the handle attached to it. The feed is regulated by changing the rotation speed of the coils and the valve. The working process is similar to that of the reel-groove machine.

The working process of a seeder with a bobbin-and-pin seeder:

Seeds and fertilizers located in hopper 1 (Fig. 2.5.3.) are mixed with tedder 2 and supplied to the sowing units.

The sowing devices 3 form a flow, which is directed through the fertilizer pipes 4 (or directly) into the coulters 6, which form a groove in the soil. Pressure rods 5 act on the openers. Fertilizers are placed in the furrow, and the closing working bodies 7 (hatchers) moving behind the coulters cover the fertilizers with soil. Thus, the sowing process consists of the following operations: outflow from the hopper, dosing, furrow formation, furrow distribution and soil filling.

The required supply of material is located in bins, which ensure the flow of grain through the outlet openings to the sowing units. The coil, secured with a pin on the roller, is inserted into a housing that is attached to the bottom of the hopper opposite the outlet. The holes in the sides of the case are closed on the left with a socket and on the right with a coupling.

In the upper part the bunkers have a rectangular cross-section, in the lower part they have a trapezoidal cross-section. In order for the material to flow by gravity, the walls in the lower part are inclined at an angle exceeding the angle of friction of the material on the surface of the wall (in accordance with the angle of repose).

Disc fertilizer sowing devices (ATD type) are used for wide-row application of granular and powder fertilizers. They belong to friction-action devices. They are installed on sowing and planting machines, cultivators and plant feeders.

Disc 7 (Fig. 2.5.4.) and agitator 3, located in hopper 1, are driven into rotation by the running wheels. The disk and agitator carry the bottom layer of fertilizer and bring it to the fixed scraper guides 8. Moving along the scrapers from the center to the periphery of the disk, the layer of fertilizer approaches the sowing windows and falls into the receiving funnels 4. The agitator, with 3 spring fingers, cleans the scrapers and canopies from adhering fertilizers . As the amount of fertilizer decreases, the scraper - level indicator 2 lowers and moves them from the center of the jar to the periphery, which ensures a uniform supply.

The dose of fertilizer is regulated by changing the size of the entry of the scrapers - guides into the jar and the rotation speed of the disk.

The working process of disk devices includes two phases: supplying a layer of fertilizer to the guide scrapers and their movement along these scrapers to the seeding windows. The fertilizer layer is brought to the guide scrapers due to frictional forces sufficient to impart a rotational movement to the granules along with the disk. Spontaneous movement of fertilizers in the radial direction is not allowed.

Fertilizers are discharged as a result of their movement along fixed scraper guides (passive dischargers). Since each device is designed for sowing fertilizers in two rows, two ejectors are installed above each disc. The basic requirements for their work are as follows: fertilizers should not be loaded or compacted, the left and right scraper-guides should discharge the same amount. Fertilizer will not discharge in front of the passive ejector if it is continuously moving (sliding) along it towards the outlet.

Pneumatic spreaders ensure uneven distribution of fertilizers not exceeding ± 25%. They can be single-channel or multi-channel. The former are most often used for applying mineral fertilizers, lime and pesticides in forest belts, as well as for liming the soil on slopes. The advantage of multi-channel systems is that the quality of distribution does not depend on weather conditions, since it is delivered through closed pneumatic conveyor pipelines.

There are multi-channel systems with centralized and individual dosing, with vertical and horizontal distribution of material flow. The material can be introduced into the suction or discharge air flow created by the fan. In the first case, upon collision with the blades, the granules are destroyed, and at high humidity they stick to the blades and casing. Such systems include a system with centralized dosing (Fig. 2.5.5. a), suitable for surface and subsoil application of granular fertilizers.

Granules from the hopper 5 through the dosing device 6 arrive at the bottom of the cone rotor 2 of the distribution device. Under the action of centrifugal force, the granules move in the inner surface of the rotor 2 along the guide blades 8 and, having reached the edge of the rotor, enter the channels of the distribution head 7. The air flow created by the fan blades 1 is also supplied there. By air flow, granules are transported through fertilizer ducts to diffusers and deflectors (for surface application) or to coulters and feeding knives (for subsoil application).

Systems with material introduction into the discharge cavity can be with vertical or horizontal distribution.

With vertical distribution, the material supplied by the central dosing device is introduced into the air flow emerging from the fan, the pneumatic mixture enters the vertical channel, where it is aligned along the cross-section of the flow and centered relative to the axis of the pipeline, and then sent to the distribution head, where it is divided into several streams. Depending on the working width of the machine, the distribution of the pneumatic mixture can be one- or two-stage. At the end of the pipeline, the jet of pneumatic mixture hits the conical divider located in the distribution head 9 (Fig. 2.5.5. b), and through its radial holes along the pipelines moves to the distribution head 11 of the second stage, and from them to the working bodies located more often just in the bars. Coming out of the tips at high speed, the granules hit the reflective plates and are fanned out over the field surface. The required sieving sectors and overlap between them are ensured by adjusting the position of the plates. The uneven distribution in such a system does not exceed 5%.

In systems with horizontal distribution, the air coming out of the fan discharge pipe enters a multi-channel distribution head, which distributes it among the hoses. The material enters the air jets moving through the pipelines. By individual dosing for each pipeline, the material from hopper 12 (Fig. 2.5.5. b) is supplied by a spool-pin dispenser 13 into the guide funnel 15. Air from the high-pressure fan, passing the distributing head, enters the ejector 16, where it is mixed with fertilizers. Next, the pneumatic mixture is transported through horizontal plastic pipelines 17, rigidly mounted on rods, to reflective plates that provide the necessary spray pattern and uniform distribution over the field surface.

There are pneumatic spreaders with vertical and horizontal distribution (Figure 2.5.6.).

The unevenness of sieving across the working width of machines with vertical distribution (Fig. 2.5.6.a) does not exceed 5%, with horizontal distribution (Fig. 2.5.1.b) -10%. However, the former crush the fertilizers and distribute them unevenly on sloping fields. A machine with horizontal distribution does not have these disadvantages. Unlike a unit with vertical distribution, which has a centralized dosing device 8 (Fig. 2.5.6. a), a machine with horizontal distribution has individual dosing, i.e. the number of dispensers is equal to the number of channels of the distribution device. During operation, fertilizers from the hopper 1 enter the spool-pin dosing devices 11, which direct them to the ejectors 12. At the same time

fan 7 forces air into the distributing heads 10, from where it flows to the ejectors, where it is mixed with the fertilizers arriving there. The resulting mixture is directed through polyethylene pipelines to spray tips and reflective plates, which distribute the granules over the soil surface. The dose of fertilizer is adjusted smoothly within the range of 0...1500 kg/ha. In machines with a rod distribution device, a rod conveyor is used as a dispenser, which allows you to change the dose of fertilizer within 100...1000 kg/ha.

To increase the uniformity of fertilizer application during adjacent passes of units, machines with rod distribution devices are equipped with foam or color markers.