Sections: Foreign languages

Dear colleagues, English teachers!

I start by deciphering each word in the title of the lesson topic “The system of aspectual and tense forms of the English verb of the active voice,” comparing grammatical phenomena in the Russian and English languages.

Active voice:

Any statement we make is a sentence that includes: subject + predicate (action)

The subject in a sentence can act as the subject and object of an action, depending on this they distinguish:

Verb type and tense:

IN Russian language The tense forms of the verb are represented by 3 tenses: present, past and future. This can be visually represented in the form of three segments on a straight line (Fig. 1), that is, verb tense in Russian is the concept one-dimensional.

The type of verb is determined by the auxiliary question:

imperfect - what to do? (paint)

perfect – what With do? ( on paint)

<Figure 1>

IN English language the number of tense forms of the active voice is much larger - 12. This is explained by the fact that to express the tense of a verb it is not enough to answer only the question “when?”; it is necessary to add a second characteristic “how?”, which determines the type. Thus, the English verb has not just a temporary, but an aspectual and tense form and represents the concept two-dimensional. To explain this, you will no longer need a straight line, but a coordinate system. Like any point in space, the aspect-temporal form of an English verb consists of two coordinates: time ( When action occurs) - Past, Present, Future and view ( How action is performed) (Fig. 2).

<Figure 2>

Depending on the nature of the action in the English language, it is customary to distinguish 4 groups of tenses:

Simple (Indefinite) Tenses - simple indefinite tenses, denote a regular, frequently repeated action (FACT).

Continuous (Progressive) Tenses – long times, indicate the course of an action V moment of speech (PROCESS). They are always translated into Russian using an imperfect verb.

Perfect Tenses – completed tenses indicate the completion of an action To at a certain moment of speech (RESULT). They are always translated into Russian using a perfect verb.

Perfect-Continuous (Perfect-Progressive) Tenses – completed-continuous tenses, denote actions that began in the past and are continuing at the time of speech for some time now(DURATION and COMPLETENESS). They are always translated into Russian using an imperfect verb.

Thus, a verb in English can denote an action performed in each tense (past, present or future) in 4 different ways. For example:

I do my homework every day(FACT in the present) – dot in Fig. 2 B

I do my homework Now(PROCESS in the present).

I do my homework it's been half an hour already(DURATION and COMPLETENESS in the present).

I already With did homework (RESULT to present).

Please note that when translated into Russian, a verb in the present tense is used in combination with various adverbs.

A few more examples:

I do my homework At the moment(PROCESS in the present).

I did my homework yesterday at 2 o'clock in the afternoon(PROCESS in the past).

I'm going to do homework tomorrow at noon(PROCESS in the future).

The combination of these 4 groups (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect-Continuous) in 3 tenses (Past, Present, Future) form a SYSTEM of 12 aspect-tense forms of the English verb in the active voice (Table 1).

After this explanation, I invite students to put the information into practice in the form of the following tasks:

1. Using Fig. 2, determine which point has the following coordinates:

1. fact in the future; 2. process in the present; 3. result in the past; 4. duration and completeness in the present; 5. fact in the past; 6. process in the past; 7. duration and completion in the future.

2. Date names of aspect-temporal forms 1-7 from Exercise 1 in English.

3. Correlate species and time forms A-G with Russian translation of the following sentences (the task is performed with visual support):

4. Based on the nature of the action, determine the aspectual and tense form of the verb in the following sentences (the task is performed by ear without relying on sentences). If the guys find it difficult to immediately name the aspect-temporal form, you can start with a description of the action (fact, process, result, etc.):

1. Katya hasn't arrived yet.
2. Vasya has been studying English for 10 years.
3. We are now carefully performing the exercise.
4. Students love vacations.

When students have learned to determine the tense of a verb “according to English standards” in the tasks described above, we proceed directly to the formation of English verb forms, using Table 1. The task at this stage, I see, is for the children to recognize aspectual forms (especially complex analytical constructions) in English text, knew the features of their translation in accordance with the nature of the action.

Conventions used in the table:

V – dictionary form of the semantic verb (infinitive without the particle to)

Auxiliary ( changeable part of the predicate, participates in the formation of interrogative and negative forms; not translated into Russian; expresses TIME).

V-ing, V-ed, V 2 , V 3- forms of the semantic verb ( immutable part of the predicate, expresses VIEW).

yesterday, just, etc. – guiding adverbs

<Таблица 1>

While working with Table 1, I give the concept of regular and irregular verbs, introduce the rules for reading the ending –ed (Table 2), teach them to use a list of irregular verbs with transcription, and draw students’ attention to the reference adverbs typical for each tense.

<Таблица 2>

After the deaf consonants (except t) and after sh, ch, ce	After voiced consonants (except d) and vowels	After t, te, d, de
V+ed =[ t ]	V+ed =[d]	V+ed =
hell ped as ked wi shed dan c e d	li ved pla yed answe red	visi ted crea t e d nee ded divi d e d
Remember! stop – sto pped, ad – a dded, stir-sti rred

There may be different ways to work with a table. Here are just a few sample tasks:

1. Name the proposed verb forms in English; determine the changeable and unchangeable parts of the predicate (use the conventions of table 1):

1. was doing 2. will learn 3. have finished 4. had been writing 5. will be reading

6. is translating 7. will have returned

2. Form the forms V 2, V 3 of the following verbs:

regular verbs (V-ed): to advise, to explain, to report, to invite, to dress

irregular verbs: to bring, to get, to know, to put, to speak, to understand.

Read them correctly.

3. Determine the correspondence between verb forms and their names:

5. Match Russian and English sentences:

Used Books:

1. Levitskaya E.G., Vasilenko M.V. English grammar in tables. – M.: Publishing school 2000. – 80 p.
2. Klementieva T.B. We repeat the tenses of the English verb. – M.: Bustard, 2000. – 208 p.

It is often difficult for students to understand what verb tenses exist in English. This system seems too complex and confusing, but it can be easily understood.

Main types of temporary forms

To report different actions related to the present, past or future, 4 groups of verb tenses are used:

• Simple or Simple Tenses necessary to confirm any fact. At the same time, they do not indicate duration, completion, attachment to another action or a specific moment.

Jane usually has music lessons in the morning. Jane usually attends music class in the morning.

She had a music lesson yesterday. – She had a music lesson yesterday.

She will have a music lesson tomorrow. – She will have a music lesson tomorrow.

• Continuous Tenses or Continuous Tenses are intended to report any process occurring at a precise moment in the present, past, future. The action is considered unfinished.

John is drinking coffee at the moment. – John is drinking coffee at the moment.

He was drinking coffee at 5 o’clock yesterday. – He was drinking coffee at 5 yesterday.

He will be drinking coffee at 5 o’clock tomorrow. – He will have coffee at 5 tomorrow.

English verbs that mean feeling, perception, mental activity or state are not used in a long tense. These include: to love, to hate, to think, to wish, to feel, to rememeber, to forget, to consist ) and many others.

• Completed Tenses or Perfect Tenses used to talk about what has been done up to a certain point in the present, past or future.

I have just received a parcel. – I just received a parcel.

I had received the parcel by 5 p.m. yesterday. – I received the parcel at 5 o’clock yesterday.

I will have received the parcel by 5 p.m. tomorrow. – I will receive this parcel by 5 pm tomorrow.

• Completed continuous tenses or Perfect Continuous Tenses express processes that began before a certain moment in the past and were still occurring when that moment arrived.

Sam has been reading this novel for 2 hours. Sam has been reading this novel for 2 hours.

He had been reading the novel for 2 hours when his mum came back from work. – He had been reading the novel for 2 hours when his mother returned from work.

He will have been reading the novel for 2 hours when his mum comes back from work. – He will read the novel for 2 hours when his mother returns from work.

Thus, there are 12 tenses of verbs in the English language in the indicative mood of the active voice. Each of the 4 listed groups corresponds to 3 forms - present, past and future.

The English use another group of tenses - the future in the past or Future-in-the-Past. It is required when talking about an action that was future in relation to the moment when the phrase was uttered.

She said that she would visit granny. – She said that she would go to visit her grandmother.

She said that she would be visiting granny at 5 p.m. – She said that she would be visiting her grandmother at 5 o’clock.

She said that she would have finished the test by 3 p.m. She said that she would finish writing the test by 3 o’clock.

She said that she would have been sleeping for 3 hours when her friend called her. She said that she would sleep for 3 hours when her friend called her.

Most often, Future-in-the-Past is necessary in indirect speech.

English verb tense table

Introduce existing system of the 16 tenses of the active voice can be simply and clearly presented in the form of a generalized diagram with examples.

TOP 1 articlewho are reading along with this

	Present (present)	Past	Future	Future-in-the-Past (future in the past)
Simple	Regular actions in the present: Mary eats an apple every day. – Maria eats an apple every day.	One-time or regular actions in the past: Mary ate an apple yesterday. – Maria ate an apple yesterday.	A one-time or regular action that will occur: Mary will eat an apple tomorrow. – Maria will eat an apple tomorrow.	One-time or regular actions in the future according to someone who talked about it in the past: Her mum said that she would eat apples every day. Her mother said that she would eat apples every day.
Continuous	Continuous action occurring at the moment of speech: She is eating an apple now. – She is eating an apple now.	A process that took place at a certain point in the past: She was eating an apple when the phone rang. She was eating an apple when the phone rang.	A process that will take place at some point in the future: She will be eating an apple at 5 o’clock tomorrow. – She will eat an apple at 5 o’clock tomorrow.	A process at a specific time in the future that was reported in the past: Sam said that Mary would be eating an apple at 5 o’clock. Sam said that Maria will eat an apple at 5 o’clock.
Perfect (curtained)	An action completed by now, when the result is important: She has just eaten an apple. - She just ate an apple.	An action that was completed at a certain point in the past or occurred before another action in the past: She had eaten an apple before it started to rain. She finished the apple before it started to rain.	An action that will be completed by a certain point in the future: She will have eaten her apple before going to bed. - She will finish her apple before going to bed.	A message in the past about an action that will be completed in the future: She said that she would have eaten her apple before going to bed. – She said that she would finish the apple before going to bed.
Perfect Continuous (suspended continuous)	An action that began in the past and is still ongoing in the present: She has been eating an apple for an hour. She has been eating an apple for an hour now.	A continuous action that began before another event in the past and was still continuing: She had been eating her apple for 10 minutes when the phone rang. She had been eating an apple for 10 minutes when the phone rang.	A continuous action in the future that will begin before another event and will still occur: She will have been eating her apple for 5 minutes when the football match begins. She will have been eating the apple for 5 minutes when the football match starts.	A message in the past about a continuous action in the future that will begin before another event and will still take place: She said that she would have been eating her apple for 5 minutes when the footbal match begins. She said that she will have been eating the apple for 5 minutes when the football match starts.

What have we learned?

In English there is a complex system verb tenses in the indicative mood of the active voice. These times differ in the duration of the action, the moment of its commission and other characteristics.

Test on the topic

Article rating

Average rating: 4.7. Total ratings received: 140.

It is known that when learning English, many people have difficulties with the complex system of verb tenses. In English grammar, there are 26 types of verb tenses in both voices (active and passive). Many people can’t even remember them, let alone use them correctly. How can you remember all these tenses in English?

To begin with, I compiled a table of English tenses with examples, which reflected absolutely all their types. It is important that this table contains examples, so you can see how and what exactly is changing.

It should be taken into account that in English there are four groups of tenses.

Tenses in English

indefinite

long (Continuous)

perfect

Perfect-Continuous.

In each of these tense groups there are four tenses:

present

past

future

future in the past (Future-in-the-past).

In addition, there are five verb forms in English.

English verb forms

infinitive (indefinite form, which is given in dictionaries)

verb in the third person and singular (always ends in -s or -es)

simple past tense (regular verbs have the ending -ed or -d, and irregular ones must be looked at in a special table of irregular verbs)

past participle (regular verbs again have the ending -ed or -d, and irregular verbs must also be looked at in a special table of irregular verbs)

present participle (always ends in -ing).

All this seems terribly complicated, although it is not. In Russian we say: I’m walking, he’s walking, we’re walking, you’re walking, you’re walking, they’re walking, it’s walking. Here are seven forms of the verb "to go" in the present tense. And there is also the future and the past. And each has its own endings and prefixes. English has few endings. This is compensated by the presence of complex and varied prepositions and a large number of tense forms of the verb.

Table of English tenses with examples

To prevent the table from being cumbersome, the following conventions are used here:

V – infinitive.

V-es is a verb in the third person, singular, present tense.

V-ed is the simple past tense. It is a verb ending in –ed or –d. For irregular verbs, this is the second column of the table of irregular verbs.

V3 – past participle. Regular verbs typically end in –ed or –d. For irregular verbs, this is the third column of the table of irregular verbs.

V-ing is the present participle.

To illustrate the translation of each form of the verb, an example phrase is given - a sentence in English with this form and its translation. The form of the verb and its translation are underlined in the sentences.

Comments are provided where required.

Please note that there are six fewer forms of the English verb in the passive voice (Passive) than in the active voice (Active).

Active(active voice)	Passive(passive voice)
Indefinite (uncertain times)
Present (present time)
I write letters every day. I writing letters every day.	The letter is written. This letter write.
Past (past tense)
I wrote a letter yesterday. Yesterday I wrote letter.	The letter was written yesterday. This letter was written yesterday.
Future (future tense)
I will write a letter tomorrow. I I'll write letter tomorrow.	The letter will be written tomorrow. This letter will be written Tomorrow.
Future-in-the-past (future in the past)
I said that I should write a letter to him. I said that I I'll write a letter to him.	would, should be V3 He said that the letter would be written tomorrow. He said that the letter will be written Tomorrow.
Continuous (long times)
Present
I am writing a letter (at the present moment). I writing letter (currently).	The letter is being written. This letter write(At the moment).
Past
I was writing a letter at five o’clock. I wrote letter at five o'clock.	was, were being V3 The letter was being written at five o'clock. This letter wrote at five o'clock.
Future
I will be writing a letter at five o’clock. I I will write letter at five o'clock.	——-
Future-in-the-past
would, should be V-ing I said that I should be writing a letter at five o’clock. I said that I I will write letter at five o'clock.	——-
Perfect (perfect tenses)
Present
I have written the letter. I have already wrote letter (to date).	have, has been V3 The letter has been written. This letter is already written(to date).
Past
I had written the letter by five o'clock. I have already wrote letter by five o'clock.	The letter had been written by five o'clock. By five o'clock the letter is already wrote.
Future
I will have written the letter by five o'clock. I have already I'll write letter by five o'clock.	will have been V3 The letter will have been written by five o'clock. By five o'clock the letter is already will be written.
Future-in-the-past
would, should have V3 I said that I should have written the letter by five o'clock. I said I already I'll write letter by five o'clock.	would, should have been V3 He said that the letter would have been written by five o'clock. He said that by five o'clock the letter had already arrived. will write.
Perfect-Continuous (perfect-long tenses)
Present
I have been writing the letter for an hour. I writing the letter is already an hour old.	——-
Past
I had been writing I wrote the letter was already an hour old when he arrived.	——-
Future
will have been V-ing I will have been writing the letter for an hour when he comes. I I will write the letter is already an hour when he arrives.	——-
Future-in-the-past
would, should have been V-ing I said that I should have been writing the letter for an hour when he came. I said that I I will write This letter is already an hour away when it arrives.	——-

How to use the tense table in English?

Print the table and carry it with you. But it’s even better to rewrite the table by hand. This way she will be better remembered. At every opportunity, just look through it. Try to grasp in detail how the translations of different tense forms differ.

It's even better if you try to make your sentences with different verbs for each tense. This is not always easy, but very rewarding work.

After about a week, you will realize that you have learned the table of English tenses by heart. Check this by restoring it on paper from memory. Now it will be much easier for you to translate from English, since you will immediately notice these forms in the texts and they will not confuse you. All other words can be looked up in dictionaries, and knowledge of tense forms will allow you to connect these words without losing the meaning and idea of ​​the author.

All! Congratulations on mastering a large part of English grammar!!! Now you won't be scared at times in English!

TYPE OF A SENTENCE	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (we, you, they) ask. He (she, it) ask s.	I am asked. He (she, it) is asked. You (we, they) are asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Do I (we, you, they) ask? Does he (she, it) ask?	Am I asked? Is he (she, it) asked? Are you (we, they) asked?
NEGATIVE	I (we, you, they) don't ask. He (she, it) does not ask.	I am not asked. He (she, it) is not asked. You (we, they) are not asked.

	CASE OF USE
	A habitual, regularly repeated action in the present (often with words every day every day, usually usually, often often, never never and so on.)	I often write letters to my sister. I often write letters to my sister.
	Well-known facts, irrefutable truth	Water freezes at zero. Water freezes at 0° WITH.
	A series of sequential actions in the present (often with words at first at first, then then, then, after after and so on.)	I come to the office, look through the mail and then write letters. I come to work, check my email, and then write letters.
	In subordinate clauses, time and conditions after conjunctions: if If, when When,as soon as as soon as, before before etc. instead Future Indefinite	As soon as I write the letter, I’ll post it immediately. As soon as I write a letter, I will send it immediately.
	A single, specific action in the future (usually intended to be done, planned, with a time in the future, often with verbs indicating movement)	He comes tomorrow. He's coming tomorrow. When does the ceremony take place? When will the ceremony take place?
	An action taking place at the moment of speech, with not used in group tenses Continuous (to see, to hear, to recognize, to want, to understand and etc.)	I see a ship in the distance. I see a ship in the distance.

TYPE OF A SENTENCE

VALID

PLEDGE

PASSIVE

PLEDGE

Affirmative

Ask ed.

I (he, she, it) was asked.

You (we, they) were asked.

INTERROGATIVE

Did

Was I (he, she, it) asked?

Were you (we, they) asked?

NEGATIVE

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) did not ask.

I (he, she, it) was not asked.

You (we, they) were not asked.

	CASE OF USE
	An action in the past that happened at any specified moment	Yesterday I wrote a letter to my sister. Yesterday I wrote a letter to my sister.
	A regularly repeated action in the past (often with words every day every day, often often, at first at first etc.)	He wrote letters to his parents every day. He wrote letters to his parents every day.
	In this case, often instead turnover is used used to +, which can also indicate the length of the action period in the past	He used to play football. He used to play football.
	Consistent actions in the past	He came home, had his dinner and went to bed at once. He came home, had dinner and immediately went to bed.

RULE

EXAMPLE

Unreadable final -e discarded

to plac eplace -

placed posted

If the word ends in-y, and there is one consonant before it, then-y changes to -i-

to cr ycry-cr i ed cried

If before -ythere is a vowel, then-y does not change

to pla yplay- pla y ed played

If a word ends with one consonant and is preceded by a short stressed syllable (usually one stressed vowel), then the final consonant is doubled

to sto pstop -sto pp ed has stopped

Disyllabic or polysyllabic verbs ending on a single consonant preceded by a short vowel sound double the final consonant only if the stress falls on the final syllable

to permi tallow-permi ttedallowed;

But:to limit tlimit- limi t ed limited(last syllable unstressed)

OFFERS

VALID

PLEDGE

PASSIVE VOICE

Affirmative

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will ask.

(I(we) shall ask.)

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will be asked.

(I(we) shall be asked.)

INTERROGATIVE

Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) ask?

(Shall I (we) ask?)

Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) be asked.

(Shall I (we) be asked.)

NEGATIVE

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not ask.

(I(we) shall not ask.)

I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not be asked.

(I(we) shall not be asked.)

Auxiliary verb form shall is obsolete and is not used in colloquial speech (an auxiliary verb is always used will): I will answer your question. I will answer your question. Use shall as an auxiliary verb for the formation of the future tense can be found in official and outdated texts, old textbooks. However shall used in interrogative sentences when it is necessary to find out the interlocutor’s opinion about the advisability of performing an action: Shall I open the window? Should I open the window? remember, that shall can be not only auxiliary, but also with the meaning of ought (“should”). This case is characterized by the use of the 3rd person singular: He shall do it! He must do it! Short form for will And shall the same - apostrophe and double "l" - "ll: I"ll be back! I'll come back! Short negative forms: will not = won't (shall not = shan"t- practically not used): That won't do any good! This won't do any good!

	CASE OF USE
	An action that has taken place or will take place in the future. This tense can denote either a one-time or repeated action (often with tense adverbials such as tomorrowTomorrow, in a week a week later, nextmonth next month etc.)	He will return to Moscow in a few days. He will return to Moscow in a few days.
	Expresses a series of sequential actions in the future	They will come home, have their dinner and then go to the cinema. They will come home, have dinner and then go to the cinema.
	Well-known facts that are irrefutable truths that indicate what will always be true, under all conditions, at any time in the future	Water will boil at 100°C. Water (over) boils at 100° WITH. Winter will follow autumn. Autumn is followed by winter.

Modal meaning expressions of will("want"), sometimes assigned to an auxiliary verb will, most likely, is associated with the modal essence of the future tense itself: when talking about the future, we express our assumptions, intentions, plans, predictions, etc. The same modal meanings are preserved when using tenses of the Present group. Compare: I will go to London this summer. This summer I By going to London. I go to London this summer. I'm going to London this summer. The only difference between these sentences is the degree of certainty, but in both cases there is a modal meaning of intention, prediction.

Presentation on "Future Simple":

Presentation on the topic "Continuous tenses in English":

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I am asking. He (she, it) is asking. You (we, they) are asking.	I am being asked. He (she, it) is being asked. You (we, they) are being asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Am Am I asking? Is he (she, it) asking? Are are you (we, they) asking?	Am I being asked? Is he (she, it) being asked? Are you (we, they) being asked?
NEGATIVE	I am not asking. He (she, it) is not asking. You (we, they) are not asking.	I am not being asked. He (she, it) is not being asked. You (we, they) are not being asked.

	CASE OF USE
	Action in development, unfinished, occurring at the moment of speech	I am writing a letter to my sister now, don’t bother me. I'm writing a letter to my sister now, don't bother me.
	Action in the near future (usually with a time adverbial)	My wife is coming in a minute. My wife will come in a minute.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it) was asking. You (we, they) were asking.	I (he, she, it) was being asked. You (we, they) were being asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Was I (he, she, it) asking? Were you (we, they) asking?	Was I (he, she, it) being asked? Were you (we, they) being asked?
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it) was not asking. You (we, they) were not asking.	I (he, she, it) was not being asked. You (we, they) were not being asked.

	CASE OF USE
	Action in development, unfinished, occurring at a certain moment in the past	Yesterday at 6 o’clock I was writing a letter. Yesterday at 6 o'clock I was writing a letter.
	An action occurring at the moment when some other action, expressed in terms of (in subordinate clauses, usually starting with the word when When)	He was reading a book when I entered the room. He was reading a book when I entered the room.
	Parallel actions in the past (in subordinate clauses of time, usually beginning with the word whilebye, while)	I was watching TV while he was looking through the newspapers. I watched TV while he looked through the newspapers.
	An action that took place over a limited period (when the sentence emphasizes the duration of the process), often with words all day long all day, the whole month whole month etc.	I was talking to him from 7 till 8 o’clock last night. I talked to him last night from 7 to 8 o'clock.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will be asking. (I(we) shall be asking.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) be asking? (Shall I (we) be asking?)	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not be asking. (I(we) shall not be asking.)

	CASE OF USE
	Action in progress, unfinished, occurring either at a certain point in the future or during a whole period in the future	I" I'll be waiting for you at 5 o"clock. I'll be waiting for you at 5 o'clock. I " ll be translating this article all day long tomorrow. Tomorrow I will be translating this article all day.
	An action that will be performed occurs at the moment when another action occurs, expressed in the form (in subordinate clauses of time starting with the word when When)	I" will be working when you come. I'll be working when you come.
	Parallel actions in the future, i.e. occurring at the same time (in subordinate clauses of time beginning with the word while bye, while)	He will be reading while the children will be swimming. He will read while the children take a bath.
	An action in the future that will result from the natural course of events, and the exact time of its occurrence may not be specified	I" ll soon be starting my studies at King's College. Soon I will be studying at King's College.

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (we, you, they) have asked. He (she, it) has asked.	I (we, you, they) have been asked. He (she, it) has been asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Have I (we, you, they) asked? Has he (she, it) asked?	Have I (we, you, they) been asked? Has he (she, it) been asked?
NEGATIVE	I (we, you, they) have not asked. He (she, it) has not asked.	I (we, you, they) have not been asked. He (she, it) has not been asked.

CASES OF USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
	CASE OF USE
	An action that took place in the past, but has a direct connection with the present moment. No time specified	I have written this letter. I wrote this letter.
	An action that took place in the past period in the present (with words such as today Today, this week this week, this month this month etc.)	This week I have called her twice. I called her twice this week. I have visited him today. Today I visited him.
	With adverbs of indefinite tense: never never, ever ever, yet more, alreadyalready, lately recently(in recent days or months), recently recently(in recent months or years); with the word since since, since then	I haven't seen him since spring. I haven't seen him since spring.
	In subordinate clauses of time and conditions after conjunctions afterafter, ifIf, when When, as soon as as soon as, beforebefore instead of Future Perfect	I'll go to the Crimea after I have taken my exams. I will go to Crimea after I pass my exams.
	An action or state that was not completed at the time of speech (translated into the present tense)	I have known him for many years. I've known him for many years.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had asked.	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had been asked.
INTERROGATIVE	Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) asked?	Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) been asked.
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not asked.	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not been asked.

OFFERS	VALID PLEDGE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will have asked. (I(we) shall have asked.)	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will have been asked. (I(we) shall have been asked.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) have asked? (Shall I (we) have asked?)	Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) have been asked? (Shall I (we) have been asked?)
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not have asked. (I(we) shall not have asked.)	I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not have been asked. (I(we) shall not have been asked.)

	CASE OF USE
	An action that will be completed before a certain point in the future, which is determined by the circumstance of time from by to, to	I" ll have translated this text by 2 o"clock tomorrow. I will translate this text tomorrow before 2 o'clock.
	An action that will be completed before another action in the future, expressed in (c by to, to)	I" ll have written my composition by the time you ring me up. I'll write the essay before you call me.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (you, we, they) have been ask ing. He (she, it) has been ask ing.
INTERROGATIVE	Have I (you, we, they) been ask ing? Has he (she, it) been ask ing?	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (you, we, they) have not been ask ing. He (she, it) has not been ask ing.

CASE OF USE
An action or state that began before the present moment, lasted for a period of time and continues at the moment of speech or ended immediately before the moment of speech. In this case, either the entire validity period is indicated (usually with for during, already since since, since)	I have been watching TV for 2 hours. I've been watching TV for 2 hours already. I have been waiting since yesterday morning. I've been waiting since yesterday morning.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	had been ask ing.
INTERROGATIVE	Had I (he, she, it, you, we, they) been ask ing?	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) had not been ask ing.

CASE OF USE
Expresses a prolonged action or state that began earlier than another action or state, usually expressed by the form , and when this action or state occurred, it still continued for some time or was interrupted. In this case, either the entire period of action or state is indicated (usually with for during, already), or the initial moment (usually with since With)	I had been writing a letter for 2 hours when he came. I had been writing the letter for 2 hours when he arrived. I had been reading this book since 3 o"clock when he came. I had been reading this book since 3 o'clock when he arrived.

OFFERS	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Affirmative	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) will have been ask ing. (I(we) shall have been ask ing.)
INTERROGATIVE	Will I (he, she, it, you, we, they) have been ask ing? (Shall I (we) have been ask ing?)	DOES NOT EXIST
NEGATIVE	I (he, she, it, you, we, they) will not have been ask ing. (I(we) shall not have been ask ing.)

CASE OF USE
An action or state that begins before a certain point in the future and continues up to that point (or continues at that point), indicating the entire period of the action or state (usually with for during) or indicating the initial moment of action (usually with since With)	By the time my alarm-clock rings I" ll have been sleeping for 8 hours. When my alarm rings, I will have already slept for 8 hours. By the end of September she will have been living here for 7 years. By the end of September she will have lived here for 7 years.

In addition to the twelve verb tenses, four more forms are often distinguished for expressing the present, past and future tenses in the indicative mood Future in the Past (future in the past), which are formed similarly to the corresponding forms Future with replacement will (shall) forms would (should).

FUTURE INDEFINITE IN THE PAST		would (should) +

The action or state expressed by this construction is on the way to implementation, is only outlined and in most cases has the meaning of intention. The infinitive can be used in any form except the perfect. If the verb to be used in the present tense ( am, is, are), then the construction expresses an action or state related to the future. If the verb to be is in the past tense form ( was, were), then it expresses a past intention to perform some action.

№ p/p	CASE OF USE	EXAMPLE
	The intention to perform an action in the future, the proximity of which depends on how far the speaker's plans go.	I am going to leave. I'm about to leave.
	A person's personal opinion about another person's intentions or upcoming events	She" s going to be showing some of the latest things, I think. I think he's going to show some new stuff.
	An inevitable action or condition (fate, fate, etc.)	Ain't fun to know that you" re gonna die young. Isn't it funny to know that you are dying young?

NOTES
№ p/p	NOTE	EXAMPLE
		I" m gonna tell you're a secret. I will tell you a secret.
	IN complex sentences the design can mean Future Indefinite both in main and subordinate clauses	If you don"t shut your mouth, you" are gonna feel the floor. If you don't close your mouth, you will feel the floor. I forgot something else we"ll need if you" re going to be here a few days. I forgot something else that we'll need if you're going to be here for a few days.

Perhaps the worst thing for anyone starting to learn English is the times. And this fear is completely understandable. Indeed, in the Russian language, to express your thoughts, it is enough to use 3 tenses: simple, present and past. Therefore, having learned that in English there are as many as 12 tenses, panic and a number of questions may arise: “So how is it 12? Is there really something we don’t know about time?!” No, you know as much about time as your English-speaking comrades. English sentences also express only the simple, present and future. Where do the well-known 12 times come from? The fact is that in addition to the above-mentioned tenses, in English there are also types of these tenses that differ in the form of the verb. Let's take a closer look at this issue and study the topic “Tense forms of verbs in English table”.

The aspectual system of the English verb is expressed in 4 ways. Let's look at the table:

All these forms can be expressed in the past, present and future. Accordingly, it turns out that there can be 12 options for expressing your thought from the point of view of time. A sentence in any of the 12 forms can contain the same subjects and even minor members. The only thing that changes is the predicate. With the help of English verbs, which play the role of a predicate, one or another tense form is formed. Thus, verbs can change their tense form using an ending or a combination with an auxiliary verb. To understand how the verb changes for a particular tense, let’s turn to the table.

Tense forms of the verb in English table:

Simple
Time
		Active voice	Passive voice
Present	+	V1 (for the 3rd person the ending –s (–es) is added)	to be (in the present) + V3, where to be – am / is / are; V3 for regular verbs – verb ending –ed, V3 for irregular – 3rd form in the table of irregular verbs
	—	do + not + V1 (for 3rd person: does + not + V1)	to be (in the present) + not + V3
	?	do(does)…V1	to be (in the present) ... V3
Past	+	V2 for regular verbs – ending –ed for irregular ones – 2nd form in the table of irregular verbs	to be (in the past) + V3, where to be – was / were
	—	did + not + V1	to be (in the past) + not + V3
	?	did...V1	to be (in the past) ... V3
Future	+	will + V1	will + be + V3
	—	will + not + V1	will + not + be + V3
	?	will...V1	will...be + V3
Continuous
Time		Differences between types of tense forms
		Active voice	Passive voice
Present	+	to be (in the present) + V-ing	to be (in the present) + being + V3
	—	to be (in the present) +not + V-ing	to be (in the present) + not + being + V3
	?	to be (in the present) ... V-ing	to be (in the present) ... being + V3
Past	+	to be (past) + V-ing	to be (past) + being + V3
	—	to be (in the past) + not + V-ing	to be (in the past) + not + being + V3
	?	to be (past) ... V-ing	to be (in the past) … being + V3
Future	+	will + be + V-ing	—
	—	will + not + be + V-ing	—
	?	will... be + V-ing	—
Perfect
Time		Differences between types of tense forms
		Active voice	Passive voice
Present	+	have + V3 (for 3rd person: has + V3)	have (has) + been + V3
	—	have + not + V3 (for 3rd person: has + not + V3)	have (has) + not + been + V3
	?	have...V3 (for 3rd person: has... V3)	have (has) … been + V3
Past	+	had + V3	had + been + V3
	—	had + not + V3	had + not + been + V3
	?	had...V3	had... been + V3
Future	+	will + have + V3	will + have + been + V3
	—	will + not + have + V3	will + not + have + been + V3
	?	will...have + V3	will...have + been + V3
Perfect Continuous
Time		Differences between types of tense forms
		Active voice	Passive voice
Present	+	have + been + V-ing (for 3rd person: has + been + V-ing)	—
	—	have + not + been + V-ing (for 3rd person: has + not + been + V-ing)	—
	?	have... been + V-ing (for 3rd person: has... been + V-ing)	—
Past	+	had + been + V-ing	—
	—	had + not + been + V-ing	—
	?	had... been + V-ing	—
Future	+	will + have + been + V-ing	—
	—	will + not + have + been + V-ing	—
	?	will...have + been + V-ing	—

Tense forms of an English verb in the active voice are always acceptable, which cannot be said about the passive voice. Thus, Perfect Continuous tenses and Future Continuous tenses can only be used in active voice forms. Predicates in the passive voice for these tenses are not characteristic of the English language, because there will be too many verbs that will relate to this predicate in one sentence. And everything that looks complicated is usually simplified in English.

Tense forms of the verb in English: examples of use

After the theory, study several examples using different tense forms of the verb to reinforce the material:

Simple (Indefinite) Tenses / Simple (indefinite) tenses
I know what you mean.	I know what you mean.
I'm not afraid of ghosts.	I'm not afraid of ghosts.
I didn't like that idea from very beginning.	I didn't like this idea from the very beginning.
Did she go to school yesterday?	Did she go to school yesterday?
I won’t make it tomorrow because I have other tasks.	I won't do this tomorrow because I have other tasks.
Will the house be built?	Will the house be built?
Continuous (Progressive) Tenses / Long (long) times
She is riding a horse at the moment.	At the moment she is riding a horse.
I’m not working on the project now.	I'm not working on a project right now.
She was not cooking when I came home.	When I got home, she wasn't cooking.
I was typing while he was reading the text to me.	I typed while he read the text to me.
I can one hundred percent guarantee you she’ll be sleeping when you call her.	I can absolutely guarantee you that she will be asleep when you call her.
Will we be listening to music this time tomorrow?	Will we be listening to music at this time tomorrow?
Perfect Tenses / Perfect Tenses
They have known each other for ages.	They've known each other forever.
I haven’t understood the concept yet.	I haven't understood the concept yet.
Tom was tired as he had studied all day.	Tom was tired because he had been studying all day.
We will have written the books by spring.	We will write books by spring.
John will not have been in Monaco at 5 in the evening.	John won't be in Monaco at 5 pm.
Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tenses
We have been living there since childhood.	We have lived there since childhood.
These two famous people have been cooperating for many years.	These two famous people have been collaborating for many years.
There were a lot of puddles because it had been raining all night.	There were a lot of puddles because it rained all night.
She had not been sleeping well for a week when she decided to buy medicines.	She had not slept well for a week when she decided to buy medicine.
We will have been learning English for 2 years next year.	TO next year It will be 2 years since we have been learning English.
How long will he have been living there by the time you move?	How long will he live there by the time you move in?

It is worth noting that among all tense forms, the tenses of the Simple group are most common. In speech you can also find the Present Continuous and Present Perfect tenses. The rest meet less often if the situation forces it. The least used tenses are the Perfect Continuous tenses. Firstly, because this group can be used in very rare cases. Secondly, it is very often replaced by the Perfect group.

As you can see, understanding the time system of the language is quite easy. The main thing you need is to remember the tense forms of the verb in English according to the tables above, because depending on what form you give to the verb, the meaning of your sentence depends. If at first you have difficulty distinguishing between all these forms, re-read this article, study the tables about the type-time system and make up various examples with each individual form.

Views: 1,039