Astronomy [gr. Astron (astron) - star, nomos (nomos) - law] - the science of the Universe, studies the movement of celestial bodies (section of celestial mechanics), their nature (section of astrophysics), origin and development (section of cosmogony) [Astronomy is the science of structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems = that is, the science of nature]. Astronomy is the only science that has received its patron muse - Urania. The allegory of Jan Haveliy (Poland) depicts the muse Urania, who holds the Sun and the Moon in her hands, and on her head a crown in the form of a star sparkles. Urania is surrounded by nymphs depicting five bright planets, Venus and Mercury (inner planets) on the left, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn on the right.
Astronomy is one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences of nature. The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by a vital necessity: The need for counting time, keeping a calendar. Find your way by the stars, especially for sailors. Curiosity - to understand what is happening. Concern for one's destiny, which gave rise to astrology. Associating his dreams and desires with the sky, man observed various phenomena. The magnificent tail of comet MacNote, 2007 The fall of the fireball, 2003
Tree of Astronomical Knowledge Classical Astronomy Astrometry: Spherical Astronomy Fundamental Astrometry Practical Astronomy Celestial Mechanics Modern Astronomy Astrophysics Cosmogony Cosmology (before spectroscopy, years) IV-th Spectroscopic (before photography, years) V-th Modern (1900-present) Ancient (before 1610) Classical () Modern (present)
Space systems Solar system - the Sun and moving around (planets, comets, satellites of planets, asteroids). The stars visible in the sky, including the Milky Way, are an insignificant fraction of the stars that make up the Galaxy (or our galaxy is called the Milky Way) - a system of stars, their clusters and the interstellar medium. Galaxies are combined into groups and clusters. All bodies are in constant motion, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have their own history, often calculated in billions of years. 1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km 1 pc (parsec) = AU = 3, 26 St. years 1 light year (St. year) is the distance that a beam of light at a speed of almost km / s flies in 1 year and is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
Communication with other sciences 1 - heliobiology 2 - xenobiology 3 - space biology and medicine 4 - mathematical geography 5 - cosmochemistry A - spherical astronomy B - astrometry C - celestial mechanics D - astrophysics E - cosmology E - cosmogony G - cosmophysics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography and geophysics History and social science Literature Philosophy
Telescopes Reflector (reflecto-reflect) Mr. Isaac Newton (England). The largest telescope in the world W. Keka with a 10 m mirror (not monolithic, of 36 mirrors) was installed in 1996 at the Maun Kea Observatory (California, USA). The largest in the world was made by Alvan Clark (40 inches = 102 cm), installed in 1897 at the Yera Observatory (Wisconsin, USA) Mirror-lens - 1930, Barnhard Schmidt (Estonia). In 1941 D.D. Maksutov (USSR) made a meniscus with a short pipe. Resolution α= 14"/D or α= λ/D Aperture E=~S=(D/d xp) 2 Magnification W=F/f=β/α
The main mirror of the 10-meter Keck telescope. Consists of 36 hexagonal 1.8 m hexagonal mirrors Since the Kek I and Kek II telescopes are about 85 m apart, they have a resolution equivalent to a telescope with an 85 m mirror, i.e. about 0.005 arc seconds.
Space objects emit the entire spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, a significant part of the invisible radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. Therefore, specialized space observatories are launched into space for research in the infrared, x-ray and gamma ranges. Hubble Telescope (HST), working from the city. Length - 15.1 m, weight 11.6 tons, mirror 2.4 m
- about distant cosmic bodies and imagine the vast scale of the universe in which we live;
- where is our planet in the universe and determine our cosmic address.
Astronomy subject
The name astronomy is borrowed from the Greek language (astron - star, nomos - law), that is, it is a science that studies the laws of stars. It is now known that in the Universe, in addition to stars (Fig. 1.1), there are many other cosmic bodies and their complexes - planets, asteroids, comets, galaxies, nebulae. Therefore, astronomers study all objects outside the Earth, and their interaction with each other. The word cosmos in Greek means order, as opposed to chaos, where disorder reigns. That is, the ancient Greek scientists understood that laws operate in the Universe, so there is a certain order in the sky. In our time, under the word space, we imagine the Universe. In modern astronomy, various methods of studying the Universe are used. Astronomers not only collect information about distant worlds by studying the radiation coming from space to the Earth's surface, but also conduct experiments in near and far outer space.
Rice. 1.1. A star is a massive hot cosmic body that emits light and has an energy source inside. (Photograph of the Sun)
Brief history of astronomy
Since ancient times, the sky has amazed the imagination of people with its mystery, but for many centuries it remained inaccessible to them and therefore sacred. The fantasy of people populated the sky with gods that rule the world and decide the fate of each person. At night, the ghostly radiance of the stars fascinated people, so the ancient astronomers combined individual stars into figures of people and animals - this is how the names of the constellations appeared. Then the luminaries were seen moving among the stars - they were called planets (from Greek - wandering; Fig. 1.2).
Rice. 1.2. The planet is a cosmic body that is cold compared to the star, which revolves around the star and glows with its reflected rays.
The first attempts to explain the mysterious celestial phenomena were made in ancient Egypt more than 4000 years ago and in ancient Greece even before the beginning of our era. Egyptian priests compiled the first maps of the starry sky (Fig. 1.3), gave names to the planets.
Rice. 1.3. Part of an ancient map of the starry sky. Princess Andromeda was sacrificed to the monster Whale. Saved the beautiful Perseus by cutting off the head of Medusa the Gorgon, from the look of which all Amenels
The great ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras in the VI century. BC e. put forward the idea that the Earth has the shape of a ball and "hangs" in space, not relying on anything. Astronomer Hipparchus in the II century. BC e. determined the distance from the Earth to the Moon and discovered the phenomenon of precession of the Earth's axis of revolution.
Rice. 1.4. Ptolemy (90-160)
The ancient Greek philosopher Claudius Ptolemy (Fig. 1.4) in the II century. n. e. created the geocentric system of the world, in which the Earth is in the center. The Earth in space is surrounded by 8 spheres, on which the Moon, the Sun and five planets known at that time are located: Mercury, Venepa, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (Fig. 1.5).
Rice. 1.5. The geocentric system of the world: the Earth is in the center, and all other celestial bodies revolve around it. (Ancient engraving of the 17th century)
On the 8th sphere are the stars that are interconnected and revolve around the Earth as a whole. In the XVI century. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (Fig. 1.6) proposed a heliocentric system of the world, in which the Sun is in the center, and the planet Earth and other planets revolve around it in circular orbits (Fig. 1.7).
Rice. 1.6. N. Copernicus (1473-1543)
The genius of the discovery of the heliocentric system of the world by Copernicus was that, having destroyed the boundary between heaven and Earth, he put forward the hypothesis that the same laws operate in the Universe, which are valid both on Earth and in space.
Rice. 1.7. Heliocentric system of the world: in the center is the Sun. The earth, along with the planets, revolves around it. (Engraving)
In 1609, the Italian physicist Galileo Galilei (Fig. 1.8) first used a telescope to observe celestial bodies, discovered the satellites of Jupiter and saw the stars of the Milky Way.
Rice. 1.8. G. Galileo (1564-1642)
18th century in the history of astronomy is associated with the name of the English scientist Isaac Newton (Fig. 1.9), who discovered the law of universal gravitation. Newton's merit lies in the fact that he proved the universality of the force of gravity, that is, the same force that acts on an apple during its fall to the Earth also attracts the Moon revolving around the Earth. The force of gravity controls the movement of stars and galaxies, and also affects the evolution of the entire universe.
Rice. 1.9. I. Newton (1643-1727)
In the 19th century a new stage began in the study of space, when the German physicist Josef Fraunhofer in 1814 discovered absorption lines in the spectrum of the Sun - Fraunhofer lines (Fig. 1.10), then absorption lines were discovered in the spectra of other stars. With the help of spectra, astronomers determine the chemical composition, temperature, and even the speed of movement of space bodies.
Rice. 1.10. Spectrum of the Sun. Dark absorption lines form in the atmospheres of the Earth and the Sun
In the XX century. the creation of the general theory of relativity by the eminent German physicist Albert Einstein helped astronomers understand the strange redshift of absorption lines in the spectra of distant galaxies, which was discovered by the American astronomer Edwin Hubble in 1929. Hubble proved that galaxies fly apart, and later scientists created a theory of the evolution of the universe from its birth up to the present. This was the impetus for the creation of a new science - cosmology.
On October 4, 1957, the era of astronautics began. On this day, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched into space in the Soviet Union (Fig. 1.11), in the creation of which Ukrainian scientists also took part. Today, hundreds of automatic stations fly in space, which explore not only near-Earth space, but also other planets of the solar system.
Rice. 1.11. The world's first artificial Earth satellite (USSR)
Our space address
We live on Earth - one of the planets of the solar system. These planets move in their orbits around the Sun. Most planets (except Venus and Mercury) have satellites that revolve around their planet. In addition to the Sun and planets with satellites, the solar system also includes hundreds of thousands of asteroids, or minor planets, millions of cometary nuclei and meteor matter. With respect to the Sun, the planets are arranged in the following order: the nearest is Mercury, followed by Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune (Fig. 1.12).
Rice. 1.12. Relative sizes of the Sun and the planets of the solar system. The average radius of the Earth is 6370 km
Neptune is followed by thousands of small planets around the Sun, which are almost not illuminated by its rays.
Distances in outer space are so large that it is inconvenient to measure them in our usual kilometers, so astronomers have chosen units of measurement astronomical unit and light year.
Outside the solar system, at a distance of more than 100,000 AU. That is, the zone of attraction of other stars begins. With the naked eye, about 6,000 stars can be seen in the sky, which form 88 constellations. In fact, there are many more stars, but so little light comes from distant luminaries that they can only be observed through a telescope. Large clusters of stars held together by gravity are called galaxies. There are billions of galaxies in the Universe, among them is our Galaxy (written with a capital letter), which is called the Chumatsky Way or the Milky Way. In the night sky, we see it as a silvery band (Fig. 1.13). Our Galaxy (from the Greek - the Milky Way) is a huge system in which 400 billion stars revolve around the center. Hot stars are arranged in the form of a disk with spiral arms.
Rice. 1.13. The Milky Way galaxy. The diameter of the main part of the disc is 100,000 sv. years, the distance from the Sun to the center of the Galaxy is 25,000 sv. years
Of the other galaxies visible to the naked eye, the Andromeda Nebula stands out. This star system is similar in size and shape to our Galaxy, and the light from it reaches the Earth in 2.3 million years, that is, the distance to it is 2.3 million light years. years. Galaxies are located in clusters and form the cellular structure of the Universe. H
The most distant space objects that can still be seen with modern telescopes are quasars (see § 15). They are at a distance of 10 billion sv. years from Earth.
If in the future earthlings want to exchange information with other worlds, then our cosmic address can be written as follows: planet Earth, solar system, galaxy, universe (Fig. 1.14).
Rice. 1.14. Our space address
For the curious
- There are about 10 billion galaxies in the Universe. If each galaxy has an average of 1011 stars, then the total number of stars in the universe reaches a fantastic figure of 1021. This astronomical number with 21 zeros is difficult to imagine, so the following comparison can be advised. If we divide all the stars in the Universe by the number of people on Earth, then each of us would be the owner of one galaxy, that is, approximately 200 billion stars.
Main sections of astronomy
Modern astronomy is an extremely branched science, the development of which is directly related to the scientific and technological progress of mankind. Astronomy is divided into separate areas in which the methods and means of research inherent only to them are used.
Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Perhaps in the future cosmology will unite all natural sciences: physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, philosophy - in order to give an answer to the main problems of our existence (see § 15, 16, 17):
- How did the world we live in come about, and why is it the way we see it now?
- How did life originate on Earth and is there life in the Universe?
- What awaits our Universe in the future?
For the curious
Sometimes astronomy is identified with astrology, as their names are similar. In fact, there is a significant difference between astronomy and astrology: astronomy is a science that studies the origin and evolution of cosmic bodies, and astrology has nothing to do with science, since it assumes that the future can be predicted with the help of stars. Astrologers draw various layouts of stars and planets, make horoscopes (from Greek - look into the future), with the help of which they predict the fate of a person.
conclusions
Astronomy is a science that studies various cosmic bodies and their systems, as well as the processes that occur when these bodies interact with each other. During the last millennium, people's ideas about the Universe have changed significantly - from the geocentric system of the world of Ptolemy with crystal spheres around the Earth to the modern majestic picture of the boundless cosmos. Astronomy is closely connected with other natural sciences - physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, philosophy, because the same laws of nature operate on Earth and in space. There is nothing eternal in our Universe - stars and planets form and explode, civilizations are born and die... Only one question remains eternal: “Why does the Universe exist and why do we live in this strange world?”
Tests
- What body is at the center of the geocentric system of the world?
- A. Sun.
B. Jupiter.
V. Saturn.
G. Earth.
D. Venus. - What planet did Copernicus discover?
- A. Mars.
B. Saturn.
V. Uranus.
G. Earth.
D. Jupiter. - What is measured in light years?
- A. Time.
B. Distance to planets.
B. Period of circulation.
D. Distance to the stars.
E. Distance to Earth. - How is the word planet translated from Greek?
- A. Hairy star.
B. Tailed star.
B. Wandering star.
G. Nebula.
D. Cold body. - What is the structure of our galaxy?
- A. Elliptical.
B. Spiral.
B. Wrong.
G. Spherical.
D. Cylindrical. - What is the difference between geocentric and heliocentric systems of the world?
- In what order are the planets in the solar system relative to the sun?
- Can bodies exist outside the orbit of Neptune?
- What is measured in astronomical units?
- Calculate the value (up to the third digit) 1 St. years in kilometers.
- Calculate how long it takes for light to travel from the Sun to the Earth; Neptune; the boundaries of the solar system. Consider the speed of light equal to 300,000 km/s.
Disputes on the proposed topics
- What is astrology? In your opinion, can astrology be considered a science?
Observation tasks
- Find bright stars in the sky on your own, which are indicated on the starry sky map. Draw bright stars above your head. Compare your drawings with a sky map. What constellations do these stars belong to?
- Find among the bright stars one that is not indicated on the star map. It could be some kind of planet or maybe you have discovered a new star!
Key concepts and terms:
Astronomical unit, astrophysics, Galaxy, heliocentric system of the world, geocentric system of the world, star, celestial mechanics, planet, light year.
Heavenly vault, burning with glory,
Mysteriously looks from the depths,
And we are sailing, a flaming abyss
Surrounded on all sides.
F. Tyutchev
Lesson 1/1
Topic: Subject of astronomy.
Target: Give an idea of astronomy - as a science, connections with other sciences; get acquainted with the history, development of astronomy; instruments for observations, features of observations. Give an idea of the structure and scale of the universe. Consider solving problems for finding the resolution, magnification and luminosity of the telescope. Profession of an astronomer, importance for the national economy. observatories. Tasks :1. educational: introduce the concepts of astronomy as a science and the main sections of astronomy, objects of knowledge of astronomy: space objects, processes and phenomena; methods of astronomical research and their features; observatory, telescope and its various types. History of astronomy and connections with other sciences. Roles and features of observations. Practical application of astronomical knowledge and means of astronautics.
2. nurturing: the historical role of astronomy in shaping a person's idea of the world around us and the development of other sciences, the formation of a scientific worldview of students in the course of acquaintance with some philosophical and general scientific ideas and concepts (materiality, unity and cognizability of the world, spatio-temporal scales and properties of the Universe, the universality of the action of physical laws in the universe). Patriotic education while getting acquainted with the role of Russian science and technology in the development of astronomy and cosmonautics. Polytechnic education and labor education in the presentation of information on the practical application of astronomy and astronautics.
3. Educational: development of cognitive interests in the subject. To show that human thought always strives for knowledge of the unknown. Formation of skills to analyze information, make classification schemes. Know: 1st level (standard)- the concept of astronomy, its main sections and stages of development, the place of astronomy among other sciences and the practical application of astronomical knowledge; have an initial understanding of the methods and tools of astronomical research; the scale of the Universe, space objects, phenomena and processes, the properties of the telescope and its types, the importance of astronomy for the national economy and the practical needs of mankind. 2nd level- the concept of astronomy, systems, the role and features of observations, the properties of the telescope and its types, connection with other objects, the advantages of photographic observations, the importance of astronomy for the national economy and the practical needs of mankind. Be able to: 1st level (standard)- use a textbook and reference material, build diagrams of the simplest telescopes of various types, point the telescope at a given object, search the Internet for information on a chosen astronomical topic. 2nd level- use a textbook and reference material, build diagrams of the simplest telescopes of various types, calculate the resolution, luminosity and magnification of telescopes, conduct observations with a telescope of a given object, search the Internet for information on a chosen astronomical topic.
Equipment: F. Yu. Siegel “Astronomy in its development”, Theodolite, Telescope, posters “telescopes”, “Radio astronomy”, f/f. “What astronomy studies”, “Largest astronomical observatories”, film “Astronomy and worldview”, “astrophysical methods of observation”. Earth globe, transparencies: photographs of the Sun, Moon and planets, galaxies. CD- "Red Shift 5.1" or photographs and illustrations of astronomical objects from the multimedia disk "Astronomy Multimedia Library". Show the Observer's Calendar for September (taken from the Astronet site), an example of an astronomical journal (electronic, for example, the Sky). you can show an excerpt from the film Astronomy (part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science).
Interdisciplinary communication: Rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction of light. Construction of images given by a thin lens. Camera (Physics, Grade VII). Electromagnetic waves and the speed of their propagation. Radio waves. Chemical action of light (physics, X class).
During the classes:
Introductory talk (2 min)
- Textbook by E. P. Levitan; general notebook - 48 sheets; optional exams.
- Astronomy is a new discipline in the course of the school, although you are familiar with some of the issues in a nutshell.
- How to work with the textbook.
- work through (rather than read) a paragraph
- to delve into the essence, to deal with each phenomenon and process
- work through all the questions and tasks after the paragraph, briefly in notebooks
- check your knowledge on the list of questions at the end of the topic
- see additional material on the Internet
Lecture (new material) (30 min) The beginning is a demonstration of a video clip from the CD (or my presentation).
Astronomy [gr. Astron (astron) - star, nomos (nomos) - law] - the science of the Universe, completing the natural-mathematical cycle of school disciplines. Astronomy studies the motion of celestial bodies (section “celestial mechanics”), their nature (section “astrophysics”), origin and development (section “cosmogony”) [ Astronomy - the science of the structure, origin and development of celestial bodies and their systems
=, that is, the science of nature]. Astronomy is the only science that has received its patron muse - Urania.
Systems (space):
- all bodies in the Universe form systems of varying complexity.
All bodies are in constant motion, change, development. Planets, stars, galaxies have their own history, often calculated in billions of years. The diagram shows the system and distances: |
History of astronomy
(a fragment of the film Astronomy (part 1, fr. 2 The most ancient science) is possible))
Astronomy - one of the most fascinating and ancient sciences of nature - explores not only the present, but also the distant past of the macroworld around us, as well as draw a scientific picture of the future of the Universe.
The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:
Stages of development of astronomy
1st
ancient world(BC). Philosophy →astronomy → elements of mathematics (geometry).
Ancient Egypt, Ancient Assyria, Ancient Maya, Ancient China, Sumerians, Babylonia, Ancient Greece. Scientists who have made a significant contribution to the development of astronomy: Thales of Miletus(625-547, Dr. Greece), Eudox of Knidos(408-355, Other Greece), ARISTOTLE(384-322, Macedonia, Other Greece), Aristarchus of Samos(310-230, Alexandria, Egypt), ERATOSPHENES(276-194, Egypt), Hipparchus of Rhodes(190-125, Ancient Greece).
II
Pre-telescopic period. (our era before 1610). The decline of science and astronomy. The collapse of the Roman Empire, the raids of the barbarians, the birth of Christianity. The rapid development of Arabic science. The revival of science in Europe. Modern heliocentric system of world structure. Scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of astronomy in this period: Claudius Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolomeus)(87-165, Dr. Rome), BIROUNI, Abu Reyhan Mohammed ibn Ahmed al-Biruni(973-1048, modern Uzbekistan), Mirza Mohammed ibn Shahrukh ibn Timur (Taragay) ULUGBEK(1394 -1449, modern Uzbekistan), Nicolaus COPERNICK(1473-1543, Poland), Quiet(Tige) BRAGE(1546-1601, Denmark).
III
Telescopic before the advent of spectroscopy (1610-1814). The invention of the telescope and observation with it. The laws of planetary motion. Discovery of the planet Uranus. The first theories of the formation of the solar system. Scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of astronomy in this period: Galileo Galilei(1564-1642, Italy), Johannes KEPLER(1571-1630, Germany), Jan GAVEL (GAVELIUS) (1611-1687, Poland), Hans Christian HUYGENS(1629-1695, Netherlands), Giovanni Domenico (Jean Dominic) CASINI>(1625-1712, Italy-France), Isaac Newton(1643-1727, England), Edmund GALLEY (HALLEY, 1656-1742, England), William (William) Wilhelm Friedrich HERSHEL(1738-1822, England), Pierre Simon Laplace(1749-1827, France).
IV
Spectroscopy. Before photography. (1814-1900). Spectroscopic observations. The first determination of the distance to the stars. Discovery of the planet Neptune. Scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of astronomy in this period: Joseph von Fraunhofer(1787-1826, Germany), Vasily Yakovlevich (Friedrich Wilhelm Georg) STRUVE(1793-1864, Germany-Russia), George Biddell ERI (AIRIE, 1801-1892, England), Friedrich Wilhelm BESSEL(1784-1846, Germany), Johann Gottfried HALLE(1812-1910, Germany), William HEGGINS (Huggins, 1824-1910, England), Angelo SECCHI(1818-1878, Italy), Fedor Alexandrovich BREDIKHIN(1831-1904, Russia), Edward Charles Pickering(1846-1919, USA).
V-th
Modern period (1900-present). Development of the application of photography and spectroscopic observations in astronomy. Solving the problem of the energy source of stars. Discovery of galaxies. The emergence and development of radio astronomy. Space research. See more.
Relationship with other subjects.
PSS t 20 F. Engels - “First of all, astronomy, which, already because of the seasons, is absolutely necessary for pastoral and agricultural work. Astronomy can only be developed with the help of mathematics. Therefore, I had to study mathematics. Further, at a certain stage in the development of agriculture in certain countries (raising water for irrigation in Egypt), and especially with the emergence of cities, large buildings and the development of crafts, mechanics also developed. Soon it becomes indispensable for shipping and military affairs. It is also transferred to help mathematics and thus contributes to its development.
Astronomy has played such a leading role in the history of science that many scientists consider - "astronomy the most significant factor in the development from its inception - up to Laplace, Lagrange and Gauss" - they drew tasks from it and created methods for solving these problems. Astronomy, mathematics and physics have never lost their relationship, which is reflected in the activities of many scientists.
 |
The interaction of astronomy and physics continues to influence the development of other sciences, technology, energy and various sectors of the national economy. An example is the creation and development of astronautics. Methods are being developed for confining plasma in a limited volume, the concept of "collisionless" plasma, MHD generators, quantum radiation amplifiers (masers), etc. | |
 |
1 - heliobiology 2 - xenobiology 3 - space biology and medicine 4 - mathematical geography 5 - cosmochemistry A - spherical astronomy B - astrometry B - celestial mechanics G - astrophysics D - cosmology E - cosmogony G - space physics |
Astronomy and chemistry connect questions of research of an origin and prevalence of chemical elements and their isotopes in space, chemical evolution of the Universe. The science of cosmochemistry, which arose at the intersection of astronomy, physics and chemistry, is closely related to astrophysics, cosmogony and cosmology, studies the chemical composition and differentiated internal structure of cosmic bodies, the influence of cosmic phenomena and processes on the course of chemical reactions, the laws of the prevalence and distribution of chemical elements in the Universe, the combination and the migration of atoms during the formation of matter in space, the evolution of the isotopic composition of elements. Of great interest to chemists are studies of chemical processes that, because of their scale or complexity, are difficult or completely unreproducible in terrestrial laboratories (substance in the interior of planets, synthesis of complex chemical compounds in dark nebulae, etc.). Astronomy, geography and geophysics connects the study of the Earth as one of the planets of the solar system, its main physical characteristics (shape, rotation, size, mass, etc.) and the influence of cosmic factors on the geography of the Earth: the structure and composition of the earth's interior and surface, relief and climate, periodic, seasonal and long-term, local and global changes in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere of the Earth - magnetic storms, tides, change of seasons, drift of magnetic fields, warming and ice ages, etc., resulting from the impact of cosmic phenomena and processes (solar activity , rotation of the Moon around the Earth, rotation of the Earth around the Sun, etc.); as well as astronomical methods of orientation in space and determining the coordinates of the terrain that have not lost their significance. One of the new sciences was space geography - a set of instrumental studies of the Earth from space for the purposes of scientific and practical activities. Connection astronomy and biology determined by their evolutionary nature. Astronomy studies the evolution of space objects and their systems at all levels of organization of inanimate matter in the same way that biology studies the evolution of living matter. Astronomy and biology are connected by the problems of the emergence and existence of life and intelligence on Earth and in the Universe, the problems of terrestrial and space ecology and the impact of cosmic processes and phenomena on the Earth's biosphere. Connection astronomy With history and social science, studying the development of the material world at a qualitatively higher level of organization of matter, is due to the influence of astronomical knowledge on the worldview of people and the development of science, technology, agriculture, economics and culture; the question of the influence of cosmic processes on the social development of mankind remains open. The beauty of the starry sky awakened thoughts about the greatness of the universe and inspired writers and poets. Astronomical observations carry a powerful emotional charge, demonstrate the power of the human mind and its ability to cognize the world, instill a sense of beauty, and contribute to the development of scientific thinking. The connection of astronomy with the "science of sciences" - philosophy- is determined by the fact that astronomy as a science has not only a special, but also a universal, humanitarian aspect, makes the greatest contribution to clarifying the place of man and mankind in the Universe, to studying the relationship "man - the Universe". In every cosmic phenomenon and process, manifestations of the basic, fundamental laws of nature are visible. Based on astronomical research, the principles of cognition of matter and the Universe, the most important philosophical generalizations, are formed. Astronomy has influenced the development of all philosophical teachings. It is impossible to form a physical picture of the world bypassing modern ideas about the Universe - it will inevitably lose its ideological significance. |
Modern astronomy is a fundamental physical and mathematical science, the development of which is directly related to scientific and technical progress. To study and explain processes, the entire modern arsenal of various, newly emerged branches of mathematics and physics is used. There is also .
The main sections of astronomy:
|
classical astronomy |
combines a number of sections of astronomy, the foundations of which were developed before the beginning of the twentieth century: | ||
| Astrometry: | Spherical astronomy |
studies the position, visible and proper motion of cosmic bodies and solves problems related to determining the positions of the stars in the celestial sphere, compiling star catalogs and maps, and the theoretical foundations of time counting. | |
| fundamental astrometry | conducts work on the determination of fundamental astronomical constants and the theoretical substantiation of the compilation of fundamental astronomical catalogs. | ||
| Practical astronomy | deals with the determination of time and geographical coordinates, provides the Time Service, calculation and compilation of calendars, geographical and topographic maps; astronomical orientation methods are widely used in navigation, aviation and astronautics. | ||
| Celestial mechanics | explores the motion of cosmic bodies under the influence of gravitational forces (in space and time). Based on the data of astrometry, the laws of classical mechanics and mathematical methods of research, celestial mechanics determines the trajectories and characteristics of the movement of cosmic bodies and their systems, and serves as the theoretical basis of astronautics. | ||
|
Modern astronomy |
Astrophysics | studies the main physical characteristics and properties of space objects (motion, structure, composition, etc.), space processes and space phenomena, subdivided into numerous sections: theoretical astrophysics; practical astrophysics; physics of planets and their satellites (planetology and planetography); physics of the sun; physics of stars; extragalactic astrophysics, etc. | |
| Cosmogony | studies the origin and development of space objects and their systems (in particular, the solar system). | ||
| Cosmology | explores the origin, basic physical characteristics, properties and evolution of the universe. Its theoretical basis is modern physical theories and data from astrophysics and extragalactic astronomy. | ||
Observations in astronomy.
Observations are the main source of information about celestial bodies, processes, phenomena occurring in the Universe, since it is impossible to touch them and conduct experiments with celestial bodies (the possibility of conducting experiments outside the Earth arose only thanks to astronautics). They also have features in that in order to study any phenomenon, it is necessary:
- long periods of time and simultaneous observation of related objects (an example is the evolution of stars)
- the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates), since all the luminaries seem far from us (in ancient times, the concept of the celestial sphere arose, which as a whole revolves around the Earth)
Example:
Ancient Egypt, observing the star Sothis (Sirius), determined the beginning of the Nile flood, set the length of the year at 4240 BC. in 365 days. For the accuracy of observations, we needed appliances.
one). It is known that Thales of Miletus (624-547, Dr. Greece) in 595 BC. for the first time he used a gnomon (a vertical rod, it is attributed that his student Anaximander created it) - he allowed not only to be a sundial, but also to determine the moments of the equinox, solstice, the length of the year, the latitude of observation, etc.
2). Already Hipparchus (180-125, Ancient Greece) used an astrolabe, which allowed him to measure the parallax of the Moon, in 129 BC, set the length of the year at 365.25 days, determine the procession and compile in 130 BC. star catalog for 1008 stars, etc.
There was an astronomical staff, an astrolabon (the first kind of theodolite), a quadrant, and so on. Observations are carried out in specialized institutions - ,
that arose at the first stage of the development of astronomy before the NE. But real astronomical research began with the invention telescope in 1609
Telescope
- increases the angle of view at which celestial bodies are visible ( resolution
), and collects many times more light than the observer's eye ( penetrating power
). Therefore, through a telescope, one can examine the surfaces of the celestial bodies closest to the Earth, invisible to the naked eye, and see many faint stars. It all depends on the diameter of its lens.Types of telescopes: and radio(Display of the telescope, poster "Telescopes", diagrams). Telescopes: from history
= optical
1. Optical telescopes ()
 |
Refractor(refracto-refract) - the refraction of light in the lens (refractive) is used. “Spotting scope” made in Holland [H. Lippershey]. According to a rough description, Galileo Galilei made it in 1609 and first sent it to the sky in November 1609, and in January 1610 discovered 4 satellites of Jupiter. The world's largest refractor was made by Alvan Clark (optician from the USA) 102 cm (40 inches) and installed in 1897 at the Yera Observatory (near Chicago). He also made a 30-inch one and installed it in 1885 at the Pulkovo Observatory (destroyed during the Second World War). |
.gif) |
Reflector(reflecto-reflect) - a concave mirror is used to focus the rays. In 1667 the first mirror telescope was invented by I. Newton (1643-1727, England) the diameter of the mirror is 2.5 cm at 41 X increase. In those days, mirrors were made from metal alloys and quickly dimmed. The largest telescope in the world W. Keka installed in 1996 a mirror diameter of 10 m (the first of two, but the mirror is not monolithic, but consists of 36 hexagonal mirrors) at the Maun Kea Observatory (California, USA). In 1995, the first of four telescopes (mirror diameter 8m) was put into operation (ESO observatory, Chile). Prior to this, the largest was in the USSR, the mirror diameter was 6m, installed in the Stavropol Territory (Mount Pastukhov, h = 2070m) at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the USSR Academy of Sciences (monolithic mirror 42t, 600t telescope, you can see stars 24 m). |
 |
Mirror lens. B.V. SCHMIDT(1879-1935, Estonia) built in 1930 (Schmidt camera) with a lens diameter of 44 cm. Large aperture, free from coma and a large field of view, placing a corrective glass plate in front of a spherical mirror. In 1941 D.D. Maksutov(USSR) made meniscus, advantageous with a short pipe. Used by amateur astronomers. In 1995, for an optical interferometer, the first telescope with an 8-m mirror (out of 4) with a base of 100m was put into operation (ATACAMA desert, Chile; ESO). In 1996, the first telescope with a diameter of 10 m (out of two with a base of 85 m) named after. W. Keka introduced at the Maun Kea Observatory (California, Hawaii, USA) amateur telescopes |
- direct observations
- take pictures (astrograph)
- photovoltaic - sensor, energy fluctuation, radiation
- spectral - give information about temperature, chemical composition, magnetic fields, movements of celestial bodies.
- Documentary - the ability to record the ongoing phenomenon and processes and for a long time to save the information received.
- Momentality - the ability to register short-term events.
- Panoramic - the ability to capture several objects at the same time.
- Integrity - the ability to accumulate light from weak sources.
- Detail - the ability to see the details of an object in an image.
- With a telescope, we can see to the limit :( resolution) α= 14 "/D or α= 206265 λ/D[where λ is the wavelength of the light, and D- telescope lens diameter] .
- The amount of light collected by the lens is called luminosity. Aperture E=~S (or D 2) lens. E=(D/d xp ) 2 , where d xp - the diameter of a human pupil under normal conditions is 5 mm (maximum in the dark is 8 mm).
- Increase telescope = Focal length of the lens / Focal length of the eyepiece. W=F/f=β/α.
Task (on your own - 3 min): For a 6m reflecting telescope at the Special Astrophysical Observatory (in the North Caucasus), determine the resolution, luminosity and magnification if an eyepiece with a focal length of 5cm (F=24m) is used. [ Evaluation by the speed and correctness of the solution] Solution: α= 14 "/600 ≈ 0.023"[at α= 1" a matchbox is visible at a distance of 10 km]. E \u003d (D / d xp) 2 \u003d (6000/5) 2 \u003d 120 2 \u003d 14400[collects so many times more light than the observer's eye] W=F/f=2400/5=480 2. Radio telescopes - Benefits: in any weather and time of day, you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical ones. They are a bowl (like a locator. Poster "Radio Telescopes"). Radio astronomy developed after the war. The largest radio telescopes now are the fixed RATAN-600, Russia (commissioned in 1967, 40 km from the optical telescope, consists of 895 separate mirrors 2.1x7.4m in size and has a closed ring with a diameter of 588m), Arecibo (Puerto Rico, 305m- concrete bowl of an extinct volcano, introduced in 1963). Of the mobile ones, they have two radio telescopes with a 100 m bowl.
Celestial bodies emit radiation: light, infrared, ultraviolet, radio waves, x-rays, gamma radiation. Since the atmosphere prevents the penetration of rays to the ground c λ< λ света (ультрафиолетовые, рентгеновские, γ - излучения), то последнее время на орбиту Земли выводятся телескопы и целые орбитальные обсерватории : (т.е развиваются внеатмосферные наблюдения).
l. Fixing the material
.
Questions:
- What astronomical information did you study in courses of other subjects? (natural science, physics, history, etc.)
- What is the specificity of astronomy compared to other natural sciences?
- What types of celestial bodies do you know?
- Planets. How many, what are they called, the order of location, the largest, etc.
- What is the importance of astronomy in the national economy today?
values in the national economy:
- Orientation by stars to determine the sides of the horizon
- Navigation (navigation, aviation, astronautics) - the art of navigating the stars
- Exploration of the universe to understand the past and predict the future
- Astronautics:
- Exploration of the Earth in order to preserve its unique nature
- Obtaining materials that are impossible to obtain in terrestrial conditions
- Weather forecast and natural disaster prediction
- Rescue of ships in distress
- Exploration of other planets to predict the development of the Earth
Outcome:
- What's new learned. What is astronomy, the purpose of the telescope and its types. Features of astronomy, etc.
- It is necessary to show the use of the CD- "Red Shift 5.1", the Observer's Calendar, an example of an astronomical journal (electronic, for example the Sky). Online show, Astrotop, portal: Astronomy v Wikipedia, - using which you can get information on the issue of interest or find it.
- Estimates.
Homework:
Introduction, §1; questions and tasks for self-control (page 11), No. 6 and 7 to draw up diagrams, preferably in the lesson; pp. 29-30 (p. 1-6) - the main thoughts.
With a detailed study of the material on astronomical instruments, students can be asked questions and tasks:
1. Determine the main characteristics of the G. Galileo telescope.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the optical system of the Galileo refractor compared to the optical scheme of the Kepler refractor?
3. Determine the main characteristics of the BTA. How many times more powerful is BTA than MSHR?
4. What are the advantages of telescopes installed on board spacecraft?
5. What conditions must satisfy the place for the construction of an astronomical observatory?
The lesson was designed by members of the “Internet Technologies” circle in 2002: Prytkov Denis (10th class) and Dissenova Anna (9th grade). Changed 09/01/2007
| "Planetarium" 410.05 mb | The resource allows you to install the full version of the innovative educational and methodological complex "Planetarium" on the computer of a teacher or student. "Planetarium" - a selection of thematic articles - are intended for use by teachers and students in the lessons of physics, astronomy or natural science in grades 10-11. When installing the complex, it is recommended to use only English letters in folder names. | ||
| Demo materials 13.08 mb | The resource is a demonstration materials of the innovative educational and methodological complex "Planetarium". | ||
| Planetarium 2.67 mb | This resource is an interactive model "Planetarium", which allows you to study the starry sky by working with this model. To fully use the resource, you must install the Java Plug-in | ||
| Lesson | Lesson topic | Development of lessons in the collection of DER | Statistical graphics from the DER |
| Lesson 1 | Astronomy subject | Topic 1. The subject of astronomy. constellations. Orientation in the starry sky 784.5 kb 127.8 kb 450.7 kb Scale of electromagnetic waves with radiation receivers 149.2 kb |
|
- The need for a time account (calendar). (Ancient Egypt - a relationship with astronomical phenomena was noticed)
- Find the way by the stars, especially for sailors (the first sailing ships appeared 3 thousand years BC)
- Curiosity - to understand the ongoing phenomena and put them at your service.
- Concern for one's destiny, which gave birth to astrology.
Methodical development of a lesson on astronomy on the topic "Observations - the basis of astronomy"
Lesson Objectives:
Personal:
interact in a group of peers when performing independent work; organize your learning activities.
Metasubject:
formulate conclusions about the features of astronomy as a science; approximately estimate the angular distances in the sky; classify telescopes using various bases (design features, type of spectrum under study, etc.); work with information of scientific content.
Subject:
find the main circles, lines and points of the celestial sphere (true (mathematical) horizon, zenith, nadir, plumb line, azimuth, height); formulate the concept of "celestial sphere"; use the previously acquired knowledge from the section "Optical phenomena" to explain the device and the principle of operation of the telescope.
Lesson script
Organizing time.
Greetings. Checking students' readiness for the lesson. Creating an atmosphere of psychological comfort in the classroom.
Updating of basic knowledge.
What does the science of astronomy study?
A) It studies the origin, development, properties of objects observed in the sky, as well as the processes associated with them -
right.B) It studies the entire cosmos in general, its structure and possibilities.
C) Studies the development and placement of stars.
According to the subjects and methods of research, astronomy is divided into:
A) only three main groups: astrometry, astrophysics and stellar astronomy.
B) into two groups and subgroups: astrophysics (astrometry, celestial mechanics) and stellar astronomy (physical cosmology)
C) into five groups: astrometry, celestial mechanics, astrophysics, stellar astronomy, physical cosmology.-right
What science is astronomy closely related to?
Which country is the father of astronomy?
Comment on the statement of J. Bernal from the book “Science in the History of Society”, using knowledge of astronomy: “... The Greeks did not create a civilization and did not even inherit it. They discovered it... Faced with the mighty influence of the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, they selected from the cultures of other countries... any useful technical achievement, and in the field of ideas... an explanation of the functioning of the Universe.
The Pythagoreans were the first to express the idea that the Earth is a sphere, based on the following proof: the sphere is an ideal geometric figure, the gods could only create the ideal. What is the difference between the ideas of the Pythagoreans about the forms of the Earth and modern ideas?
Draw a diagram of the relationship and interpenetration of astronomy and other sciences.
Primary assimilation of new knowledge
What features do they have?
What do you think is the main scientific method for studying astronomy?(Observations)
Observations in astronomy are the main source of information. They have features:
the duration in time of the course of many astronomical processes and phenomena (an example is the evolution of stars)
the need to indicate the position of celestial bodies in space (coordinates)
For solving many practical problems, distances to celestial bodies do not play a role, only their apparent location in the sky is important. Angular measurements are independent of the radius of the sphere. Therefore, although the celestial sphere does not exist in nature, astronomers, in order to study the visible location of the stars and phenomena that can be observed in the sky during the day or many months, use the concept of the celestial sphere - an imaginary sphere of arbitrary radius (arbitrarily large), in the center which is the observer's eye. Stars, the Sun, the Moon, planets, etc. are projected onto such a sphere, abstracting from the actual distances to the luminaries and considering only the angular distances between them.
(EFS page 10 pic 1.1 Celestial sphere)
So:
What is the center of the celestial sphere?(eye of the observer).
What is the radius of the celestial sphere?(Arbitrary, but large enough).
What is the difference between the celestial spheres of two neighbors on the desk?(Center position).
The observed daily movement of the celestial sphere is an apparent movement reflecting the actual rotation of the globe around its axis.
To find the light in the sky. it is necessary to indicate in which side of the horizon and how high it is. for this purpose, a system of horizontal coordinates is used - azimuth and height.
(EFS page 11 fig Horizontal coordinate system)
For an observer located anywhere on the Earth, it is not difficult to determine the vertical and horizontal directions. The first of them is determined using a plumb line and is depicted in the drawing by a plumb lineZZpassing through the center of the sphere (point O). DotZdirectly above the observer's head is called the zenith. A plane that passes through the center of the sphere perpendicular to the plumb line forms a circle when it intersects with the sphere - true. or mathematical, the horizon. The height of the luminary is measured through the zenith and the luminary M, and is expressed by the length of the arc of this circle from the horizon to the luminary. This arc and the angle corresponding to it are usually denoted by the letterh. The position of the luminary relative to the sides of the horizon is indicated by its second coordinate - the azimuth, denoted by the letter A. The azimuth is measured from the south point in the clockwise direction.
In practice, in geodesy, azimuth and height are measured with special goniometric optical instruments - theodolites.
The distance between stars on the celestial sphere can only be expressed in angular measure.
Estimation of angular distances in the sky. (EFS page 10 fig. 1.2 Estimation of angular distances)
Initial check of understanding
(EFS page 11 Task "Lines and points of the celestial sphere")
Students complete the task and check the correctness of the execution.
Preparation for the group task:
For accurate observations, instruments are needed.
What is the name of the main device that is used to observe celestial bodies, receive and analyze the radiation coming from them?(telescope)
Observations are carried out in specialized institutions -observatories .
setting a cognitive task;
instruction on the sequence of work;
distribution of didactic material in groups.
The class is divided into four groups.
Each group performs its own block of tasks, uses a textbook, Internet tools as a source of information. Each group defends its work.
In the process of protection, the other participants fill in the tables according to the task.
1 group:
Telescope Specifications
2 group
Classification of optical telescopes
3 group
Classification of telescopes according to the wave range of observation
4 group
The evolution of telescopes
Group work:
familiarization with the material, planning work in a group;
distribution of tasks within the group;
individual performance of the task;
discussion of individual results of work in a group;
discussion of the general task of the group;
summarizing the results of the group task.
Reflection (summarizing the lesson).
report on the results of work in groups;
analysis of the cognitive task, reflection;
general conclusion about group work and achievement of the set task .
The defense of the work will continue in the next lesson.
Homework paragraph 2.1
1 .Describe from the point of view of physics the features of astronomical systems of active optics.
2. A point source of light is located at a double focal length from a converging lens with an optical power of 10 diopters. The lens is inserted into an opaque frame with a radius of 5 cm. What is the diameter of the bright spot on the screen located at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? Make a drawing showing the path of the rays.
3. Optionally, choose the topic of the project and bring it to life:
The first star catalogs of the Ancient World.
The largest observatories of the East.
Pre-telescopic observational astronomy Tycho Brahe.
Creation of the first public observatories in Europe.
Device, principle of operation and application of theodolites.
Goniometric instruments of the ancient Babylonians - sextants and octants.
Modern space observatories.
Modern ground observatories.
slide 2
1. What does astronomy study. The emergence of astronomy. Astronomy [gr. astron-star, luminary, nomos-law] - the science of the structure, movement, origin and development of celestial bodies, their systems and the entire Universe as a whole. The Universe is the largest region of space that includes all celestial bodies and their systems available for study .
slide 3
The allegory of Jan Hevelius (1611-1687, Poland) depicts the muse Urania, the patroness of astronomy, who holds the Sun and the Moon in her hands, and on her head a crown in the form of a star sparkles. Urania is surrounded by nymphs depicting five bright planets, Venus and Mercury (inner planets) on the left, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn on the right.
slide 4
The need for astronomical knowledge was dictated by vital necessity:
The need for time tracking, calendar keeping. Orientation on the ground, find the way by the stars, especially for sailors. Curiosity - to understand what is happening. Concern for one's destiny, which gave rise to astrology. The magnificent tail of Comet McNaught, 2007 Fireball crash, 2003
slide 5
Systematic astronomical observations were made thousands of years ago
Sunstone of the ancient Aztecs Solar Observatory in Delhi, India Sundial at the Observatory in Jaipur
slide 6
The ancient observatory of Stonehenge, England, built in the 19th-15th centuries BC.
Stonehenge is a World Heritage listed stone megalithic structure (cromlech) on the Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England. It is located about 130 km southwest of London.
Slide 7
38 pairs of vertical stones, at least 7 meters high and weighing at least 50 tons each. The diameter of the circle occupied by the colossi is 100 meters.
There are still disputes about the purpose of the gigantic structure, the following hypotheses seem to be the most popular: 1. The place of ritual ceremonies and burials (sacrifices). 2. Temple of the Sun. 3. A symbol of the power of prehistoric priests. 4. City of the Dead. 5. A pagan cathedral or sacred retreat in God's blessed land. 6. Unfinished nuclear power plant (fragment of the cylinder of the reactor compartment). 7. Astronomical observatory of ancient scientists. 8. Place of landing of UFO spaceships. 9. The prototype of the modern computer. 10. Just like that, for no reason.
Slide 8
The main axis of the complex, running along the alley through the heel stone, indicates the point of sunrise on the day of the summer solstice. The sunrise at this point occurs only on a certain day of the year - June 22.
Slide 9
Periods of development of astronomy: The most ancient I-th Antique world (before CE) II-nd Pre-telescopic (A.D. before 1610) Classical (1610 - 1900) III-th Telescopic (before spectroscopy, 1610-1814) IV-th Spectroscopic (before photographs, 1814-1900) V-th Modern (1900-present) Sections of astronomy: 1. Practical astronomy 2. Celestial mechanics 3. Comparative planetology 4. Astrophysics 5. Stellar astronomy 6. Cosmology 7. Cosmogony 2. Sections of astronomy. Connection with other sciences.
Slide 10
Tree of astronomical knowledge
slide 11
slide 12
The connection of astronomy with other sciences
1 - heliobiology2 - xenobiology3 - space biology and medicine4 - mathematical geography5 - cosmochemistryA - spherical astronomyB - astrometryC - celestial mechanicsD - astrophysicsD - cosmologyE - cosmogonyJ - cosmophysics Physics Chemistry Biology Geography and geophysics History and social science Literature Philosophy
slide 13
3. General ideas about the scale and structure of the Universe The Universe is the largest region of space, which includes all celestial bodies and their systems available for study. The real world is probably arranged in such a way that other universes with different laws of nature can exist, and physical constants can have different values. The Universe is a unique comprehensive system that embraces the entire existing material world, boundless in space and infinite in variety of forms.
1 astronomical unit = 149.6 million km ~ 150 million km 1pc (parsec) = 206265 AU = 3.26 St. years 1 light year (St. year) is the distance that a ray of light with a speed of almost 300,000 km / s flies in 1 year and is equal to 9.46 million million kilometers!
Slide 14
Space systems
Solar system - the Sun and those moving around the body (planets, comets, satellites of planets, asteroids). The Sun is a self-luminous body, other bodies, like the Earth, shine by reflected light. The age of the SS is ~5 billion years. There are a huge number of such star systems with planets and other bodies in the Universe. Neptune is at a distance of 30 AU.
slide 15
The sun is like a star
View of the Sun in different ranges of electromagnetic waves
slide 16
One of the most remarkable objects in the starry sky is the Milky Way, part of our Galaxy. The ancient Greeks called it the "milky circle". Galileo's first telescope observations showed that the Milky Way is a cluster of very distant and faint stars. The stars visible in the sky are an insignificant fraction of the stars that make up the galaxies.
Slide 17
This is what our Galaxy looks like from the side
Slide 18
This is what our Galaxy looks like from above with a diameter of about 30 kpc
Slide 19
Galaxies are systems of stars, their clusters and the interstellar medium. The age of galaxies is 10-15 billion years
Slide 20
4. Astronomical observations and their features. Observations are the main source of knowledge about celestial bodies, processes and phenomena occurring in the Universe
slide 21
The first astronomical instrument can be considered a gnomon - a vertical pole, fixed on a horizontal platform, which made it possible to determine the height of the Sun. Knowing the length of the gnomon and the shadow, it is possible to determine not only the height of the Sun above the horizon, but also the direction of the meridian, to set the days of the onset of the spring and autumn equinoxes and the winter and summer solstices.
slide 22
Other ancient astronomical instruments: astrolabe, armillary sphere, quadrant, parallax ruler
slide 23
Optical telescopes
Refractor (lens) - 1609 Galileo Galilei discovered 4 moons of Jupiter in January 1610. The largest refractor in the world was made by Alvan Clark (diameter 102 cm), installed in 1897 at the Yera Observatory (USA). Since then, professionals have not built giant refractors.
slide 24
Refractors
Slide 25
Reflector (using a concave mirror) - invented by Isaac Newton in 1667
slide 26
Large Canary TelescopeJuly 2007 - The first light was seen by the Gran Telescopio Canarias telescope in the Canary Islands with a mirror diameter of 10.4 m, which is the largest optical telescope in the world as of 2009.
Slide 27
The largest reflecting telescopes are the two Keck telescopes located in Hawaii, the Mauna Kea Observatory (California, USA). Keck-I and Keck-II entered service in 1993 and 1996 respectively and have an effective mirror diameter of 9.8 m. The telescopes are located on the same platform and can be used together as an interferometer, giving a resolution corresponding to a mirror diameter of 85 m.
Slide 28
SALT - The Southern African Large Telescope is an optical telescope with a main mirror diameter of 11 meters, located at the South African Astronomical Observatory, South Africa. It is the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. Opening date 2005
Slide 29
The Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), 2005) is one of the most technologically advanced and highest resolution optical telescopes in the world, located on the 3.3-kilometer Mount Graham in southeastern Arizona (USA). ). The telescope has two mirrors with a diameter of 8.4 m, the resolution is equivalent to a telescope with a single mirror with a diameter of 22.8 m.
slide 30
VLT telescope (very large telescope) Paranal Observatory, Chile - a telescope created by agreement of eight countries. Four telescopes of the same type, the diameter of the main mirror is 8.2 m. The light collected by the telescopes is equivalent to a single mirror 16 meters in diameter.
Slide 31
GEMINI North and GEMINI South Twin telescopes Gemini North and Gemini South have mirrors with a diameter of 8.1m - an international project. They are installed in the northern and southern hemispheres of the Earth in order to cover the entire celestial sphere with observations. Gemini N is built on Mauna Kea (Hawaii) at an altitude of 4100m above sea level, and Gemini S is built in Ciero Pachon (Chile), 2737m.
slide 32
The largest BTA telescope in Eurasia - the Large Azimuthal Telescope - is located on the territory of Russia, in the mountains of the North Caucasus and has a main mirror diameter of 6 m (monolithic mirror 42t, 600t telescope, you can see stars of the 24th magnitude). It has been in operation since 1976 and has long been the largest telescope in the world.
Slide 33
30-meter telescope (Thirty Meter Telescope - TMT): main mirror diameter 30 m (492 segments, each 1.4 m in size). -Kea (Mauna Kea) in Hawaii, in the immediate vicinity of which several observatories (Mauna Kea Observatories) are already operating.
slide 34
Observatories - The research facilities of Mauna Kea in Hawaii are one of the finest observation sites in the world. From a height of 4,200 meters, telescopes can measure in the optical, infrared, and have a wavelength of half a millimeter.
Mauna Kea Observatory Telescopes, Hawaii
Slide 35
Mirror lens - 1930, Barnhard Schmidt (Estonia). In 1941 D.D. Maksutov (USSR) created a meniscus with a short pipe. Used by amateur astronomers.
slide 36
Slide 37
A radio telescope is an astronomical instrument for receiving radio emission from celestial objects (in the Solar System, Galaxy and Metagalaxy) and studying its characteristics. Consists of: antenna and sensitive receiver with amplifier. It collects radio emission, focuses it on a detector tuned to a selected wavelength, and converts this signal. A large concave bowl or a parabolic mirror is used as an antenna. advantages: in any weather and time of day, you can observe objects that are inaccessible to optical telescopes.
Slide 38
Jansky's radio antenna. The first cosmic radio emission was registered by Karl Jansky in 1931. His radio telescope was a rotating wooden structure mounted on car wheels to study radiotelephone interference at wavelengths λ = 4,000 m and λ = 14.6 m. By 1932, it became clear that radio interference was coming from the Milky Way, where the center of the Galaxy is located. . And in 1942, the radio emission of the Sun was discovered
Slide 39
Arecibo (Island of Puerto Rico, 305m-concrete bowl of an extinct volcano, introduced in 1963). The largest radio antenna in the world
Slide 40
The RATAN-600 radio telescope, Russia (Northern Caucasus), was commissioned in 1967, consists of 895 separate mirrors 2.1x7.4m in size and has a closed ring with a diameter of 588m
Slide 41
European Southern Observatory 15m Telescope
Slide 42
The VLA Very Large Array radio telescope system in New Mexico (USA) consists of 27 dishes, each with a diameter of 25 meters. They establish communication between radio telescopes located in different countries and even on different continents. Such systems are called very long baseline radio interferometers (VLBI). They give the highest possible angular resolution, several thousand times better than any optical telescope.
slide 43
LOFAR is the first digital radio telescope that does not require any moving parts or motors. Opened in 2010 June. Lots of simple antennas, gigantic amounts of data and computer power. LOFAR is a gigantic array of 25,000 small antennas (from 50 cm to 2 m across). The diameter of LOFAR is approximately 1000 km. The array antennas are located on the territory of several countries: Germany, France, Great Britain, Sweden.
Slide 44
space telescopes
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is an entire observatory in Earth orbit, the joint brainchild of NASA and the European Space Agency. It has been operating since 1990. The largest optical telescope, which makes observations in the infrared, ultraviolet range. For 15 years of work, Hubble has received 700,000 images of 22,000 all kinds of celestial objects - stars, nebulae, galaxies, planets. Length - 15.1 m, weight 11.6 tons, mirror 2.4 m
Slide 45
The Chandra X-ray Observatory went into space on July 23, 1999. Its task is to observe X-rays coming from regions where there is very high energy, such as in regions of stellar explosions.
Slide 46
The Spitzer telescope was launched by NASA on August 25, 2003. It observes space in the infrared. In this range, there is a maximum of radiation from the faintly luminous matter of the Universe - dim cooled stars, giant molecular clouds.
Slide 47
The Kepler telescope was launched on March 6, 2009. This is the first telescope specifically designed to search for exoplanets. It will observe the change in brightness of more than 100,000 stars within 3.5 years. During this time, he must determine how many planets, like the Earth, are located at a distance suitable for the development of life from their stars, draw up a description of these planets and the shape of their orbits, study the properties of stars, and much more. When Hubble retires, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) should take its place. It will have a huge mirror 6.5 meters in diameter. Its task is to find the light of the first stars and galaxies that appeared immediately after the Big Bang. Its launch is scheduled for 2013. And who knows what he will see in the sky and how our lives will change.
