In the practice of psychodiagnostics, the study of thinking plays one of the main roles. Diagnosis of this mental process is applicable in the most different cases- at work school psychologist, during professional selection, in medical, judicial practice and many others. They are divided according to their focus (what characteristic of thinking is being studied) and according to the age of the subjects for which they are suitable. Methodology " Complex analogies" - one of the most used in the arsenal practical psychologists, since not only the test results are informative, but also the research process itself.
What is the technique used for?
The “Complex Analogies” technique is intended for diagnosing thinking and its verbal and logical component. It reveals the extent to which a person has the ability to understand complex logical relationships and identify abstract connections. This verbal test designed to work with teenagers, young men and adults, i.e. persons over 14 years of age.
The “Complex Analogies” technique is capable of identifying such things as diffuseness, slippage of conclusions, illogicality, and spreadability. It is also effective for working not only with healthy people, but also with those suffering from reasoning - a thinking disorder, which manifests itself in a tendency to empty, superficial reasoning, verbosity, and the absence of a coherent thought in a statement.
Description of stimulus material
The “Complex Analogies” technique has in its arsenal a stimulus material consisting of twenty pairs of words, united by a certain logical connection. The test subject will have to determine it and solve the problems. There are six types in total; they are presented in a cipher-table with examples of logical connections. The person's job is to determine the encrypted connection in the patterns and correlate the proposed 20 pairs of words with them. For example, in the pair “vigorous-sluggish” there is a contrast; these words are antonyms. In the cipher table, you need to find the same pair with contrasting concepts and mark the corresponding letter of the cipher in the answer form. In this case, the pair corresponds to the “Light-dark” code.
“Complex analogies”, technique: its form consists of two columns: on the left are all 20 pairs of words, on the right are the letters A, B, C, D, D, E, corresponding to one of the codes. To show the connection between the words in the first column, you need to circle the letter of the code.
- Cipher A denotes the logical connection “one-many” or “one-a set of units”, for example, “chapter-novel”.
- In cipher B, the second word shows which class of phenomena or objects the first one belongs to. For example, "singing is an art."
- Cipher B indicates 2 words belonging to the same class, but the second is larger in scale than the first. For example, "Sea-ocean".
- Cipher G is represented by opposite concepts, for example, “praise-scold”.
- In cipher D, the second word is a consequence of the first, for example, “fright-flight.”
- Code E - synonyms, for example, “cry-roar.”
Study procedure
The “Complex analogies” technique involves instructing the test subject before starting testing: “You have in front of you a table with 20 pairs of words that are logically connected. They are in the left column. In the right column there are 6 letters that correspond to the type of logical connection. You need to determine which a connection has been established between the pair, and in the “Cipher” table, find the one most suitable for it. After this, you should circle the letter from the right column, which corresponds to the type of connection you have chosen from the “Cipher” table. You have 3 minutes for all the work.
During the testing process, it is important to pay attention to how the subject reacts to the task, what reasoning he says out loud. If necessary, you can prompt the completion of 1 task in order to monitor whether the instructions were understood correctly and in what direction the person is thinking. Then he does everything on his own.
Methodology "Complex analogies": interpretation of results
After the test taker has completed the test, he must first count the number of correct answers and assign a grade. If less than 6 correct answers were given - 0, 5 correct answers - 12-14, 9 hits - 19-20 points.
If a person has given the majority of correct answers, we can conclude that he can understand logical connections and can operate abstract concepts.
If the subject experiences difficulties at the instruction stage, has difficulty reasoning out loud about how pairs of words are connected, and completes most tasks only with the help of a specialist, we can draw conclusions about a low level of development logical thinking, about the difficulty in understanding analogies between abstract concepts, about the illogicality of reasoning.
It is worth noting that even adults can find it difficult to cope with some pairs of words. The “Complex Analogies” technique is not entirely simple. Therefore, you should be especially careful when explaining the instructions, make sure that the person understands the task correctly, and only then begin to complete it.
Scales: level of development of thinking
Purpose of the test
The technique is used to determine how accessible the subject is to understanding complex logical relationships and identifying abstract connections. Intended for test subjects adolescence and adults.
Test Description
The technique consists of 20 pairs of word-logical problems that the subject is asked to solve. His task is to determine which of the six types of logical connections is contained in each pair of words. A “cipher” will help him with this - a table that provides examples of the types of communication used and their letter designation: A B C D E F.
The test subject must determine the relationship between the words in a pair, then find an “analogue”, that is, select a pair of words with the same logical connection in the “cipher” table, and then mark in a row of letters (A, B, C, D, D, E ) the one that corresponds to the found analogue from the “cipher” table. The task completion time is limited to three minutes.
Test instructions
“On the form in front of you there are 20 pairs consisting of words that are in a logical connection with each other. Opposite each pair are 6 letters that indicate 6 types of logical connections. Examples of all 6 types and their corresponding letters are given in the “cipher” table.
You must first determine the relationship between the words in the pair. Then select the pair of words closest to them by analogy (association) from the “cipher” table. And after that, in the letter row, circle the letter that corresponds to the analogue found in the “cipher” table. The task completion time is 3 minutes.”
Test
Cipher
A. Sheep - flock
B. Raspberry - berry
B. Sea - ocean
G. Light - darkness
D. Poisoning - death
E. Enemy - enemy
Pairs of words
1. Fright - flight
2. Physics - science
3. Right - right
4. Garden bed
5. Pair - two
6. Word - phrase
7. Cheerful - sluggish
8. Freedom - will
9. City - country
10. Praise - scolding
11. Revenge - arson
12. Ten is a number
13. Cry - roar
14. Chapter - novel
15. Rest - movement
16. Courage is heroism
17. Cool - frost
18. Deception - mistrust
19. Singing is an art
20. Bedside table - wardrobe
Processing and interpretation of test results
Key to the test
Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer D B E A E A G E V D
Question 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer D B E A G E V D B V
Processing and interpretation of test results
The results are assessed using the table:
Score in points Number of correct answers
9 19
8 18
7 17
6 15
5 12-14
4 10-11
3 8-9
2 7
1 6
If the subject correctly, without much difficulty, solved all the tasks and logically explained all the comparisons, this gives the right to conclude that he can understand abstractions and complex logical connections.
If the subject has difficulty understanding the instructions and makes mistakes when making comparisons, only after a thorough analysis of errors and reasoning can one draw a conclusion about the slippage of conclusions, the spread of thinking, the arbitrariness, illogicality of reasoning, the diffuseness, vagueness of thought against the background of an understanding of logical connections, and the false understanding of analogy logical connections.
The subject's reasoning has the greatest informative value. Usually the greatest difficulty is caused by the relationship between the concepts “thrift - stinginess”, “coolness - frost”.
Sources
Complex analogies / Almanac psychological tests. M., 1995, pp. 131-133.Methodology “Complex Analogies”
Target: the technique is used to determine how accessible the subject is to understanding complex logical relationships and identifying abstract connections. Intended for adolescents and adults.
Description. The technique consists of 20 pairs of words - logical problems that the subject is asked to solve. His task is to determine which of the six types of logical connections is contained in each pair of words. The “Cipher” will help him with this - a table that shows examples of the types of communication used and their letter designation: A, B, C, D, D, E.
The test subject must determine the relationship between the words in a pair, then find an “analogue”, that is, select in the “Cipher” table - a pair of words with the same logical connection, and then mark in a row of letters (A, B, C, D, D, E) the one that corresponds to the found analogue from the “Cipher” table. The task completion time is limited to three minutes.
Material. Methodology form, response registration form.
Instructions. “On the form in front of you there are 20 pairs consisting of words that are in a logical connection with each other. Opposite each pair are 6 letters that indicate 6 types of logical connections. Examples of all 6 types and their corresponding letters are given in the “Code” table.
You must first determine the relationship between the words in the pair. Then select the pair of words closest to them by analogy (association) from the “Cipher” table. And after that, in the letter row, circle the letter that corresponds to the analogue found in the “Cipher” table. The task completion time is 3 minutes.”
Material for the method
Cipher
A. Sheep - flock
B. Raspberry - berry
B. Sea - ocean
D. Light - darkness
D. Poisoning - death
E. Enemy - enemy
1. Fright - flight A B C D E E
2. Physics - science A B C D E E
3. Correct - correct A B C D E E
4. Bed - vegetable garden A B C D E E
5. Pair - two A B C D E E
6. Word - phrase A B C D E E
7. Cheerful - sluggish A B C D E E
8. Freedom - will A B C D E E
9. Country - city A B C D E E
10. Praise - scolding A B C D E E
11. Revenge - arson A B C D E E
12. Ten is the number A B C D E E
13. Cry - roar A B C D E E
14. Chapter - novel A B C D E E
15. Rest - movement A B C D E E
16. Courage - heroism A B C D E E
17. Cool - frost A B C D E E
18. Deception - mistrust A B C D E E
19. Singing is an art A B C D E E
20. Bedside table - wardrobe A B C D E E
Key
| 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
| D |
B |
E |
A |
E |
A |
G |
E |
IN |
G |
D |
B |
E |
A |
G |
E |
IN |
D |
B |
IN |
Grade
Analysis of results
If the subject correctly, without much difficulty, solved all the tasks and logically explained all the comparisons, this gives the right to conclude that he can understand abstractions and complex logical connections.
If the subject has difficulty understanding the instructions and makes mistakes when making comparisons (only after a thorough analysis of errors and reasoning), we can draw a conclusion about the slipping of conclusions, the spread of thinking, the arbitrariness, illogicality of reasoning, diffuseness, vagueness of thought against the background of an understanding of logical connections, and a false understanding of the analogy logical connections.
The most informative value is the reasoning of the subject. Usually the greatest difficulty is caused by the relationship between the concepts of “coolness and frost”.
In the practice of psychodiagnostics, the study of thinking plays one of the main roles. Diagnosis of this mental process is applicable in a variety of cases - in the work of a school psychologist, in professional selection, in medical, judicial practice and many others. Research methods are divided according to their focus (what characteristic of thinking is being studied) and according to the age of the subjects for which they are suitable. The “Complex analogies” technique is one of the most used in the arsenal of practical psychologists, since not only the test results are informative, but also the research process itself.
What is the technique used for?
The “Complex Analogies” technique is intended for diagnosing thinking and its verbal and logical component. It reveals the extent to which a person has the ability to understand complex logical relationships and identify abstract connections. This verbal test is designed to work with teenagers, young men and adults, i.e. persons over 14 years of age.
The “Complex Analogies” technique is capable of identifying such thinking disorders as diffuseness, slippage of conclusions, illogicality, and spreading. It is also effective for working not only with healthy people, but also with those suffering from reasoning - a thinking disorder, which manifests itself in a tendency to empty, superficial reasoning, verbosity, and the absence of a coherent thought in a statement.
Description of stimulus material
The “Complex Analogies” technique has in its arsenal a stimulus material consisting of twenty pairs of words, united by a certain logical connection. The test subject will have to determine it and solve the problems. There are six types in total; they are presented in a cipher-table with examples of logical connections. The person's job is to determine the encrypted connection in the patterns and correlate the proposed 20 pairs of words with them. For example, in the pair “vigorous-sluggish” there is a contrast; these words are antonyms. In the cipher table, you need to find the same pair with contrasting concepts and mark the corresponding letter of the cipher in the answer form. In this case, the pair corresponds to the “Light-dark” code.
“Complex analogies”, technique: its form consists of two columns: on the left are all 20 pairs of words, on the right are the letters A, B, C, D, D, E, corresponding to one of the codes. To show the connection between the words in the first column, you need to circle the letter of the code.
- Cipher A denotes the logical connection “one-many” or “one-a set of units”, for example, “chapter-novel”.
- In cipher B, the second word shows which class of phenomena or objects the first one belongs to. For example, "singing is an art."
- Cipher B indicates 2 words belonging to the same class, but the second is larger in scale than the first. For example, "Sea-ocean".
- Cipher G is represented by opposite concepts, for example, “praise-scold”.
- In cipher D, the second word is a consequence of the first, for example, “fright-flight.”
- Code E - synonyms, for example, “cry-roar.”
Study procedure
The “Complex analogies” technique involves instructing the test subject before starting testing: “You have in front of you a table with 20 pairs of words that are logically connected. They are in the left column. In the right column there are 6 letters that correspond to the type of logical connection. You need to determine which a connection has been established between the pair, and in the “Cipher” table, find the one most suitable for it. After this, you should circle the letter from the right column, which corresponds to the type of connection you have chosen from the “Cipher” table. You have 3 minutes for all the work.
During the testing process, it is important to pay attention to how the subject reacts to the task, what reasoning he says out loud. If necessary, you can prompt the completion of 1 task in order to monitor whether the instructions were understood correctly and in what direction the person is thinking. Then he does everything on his own.
Methodology "Complex analogies": interpretation of results
After the test taker has completed the test, he must first count the number of correct answers and assign a grade. If less than 6 correct answers were given - 0, 5 correct answers - 12-14, 9 hits - 19-20 points.
If a person has given the majority of correct answers, we can conclude that he has an understanding of logical connections and can operate with abstract concepts.
If the subject experiences difficulties at the instruction stage, has difficulty reasoning out loud about how pairs of words are related to each other, performs most tasks only with the help of a specialist, one can draw conclusions about the low level of development of logical thinking, difficulties in understanding analogies between abstract concepts, illogical reasoning.
It is worth noting that even adults can find it difficult to cope with some pairs of words. The “Complex Analogies” technique is not entirely simple. Therefore, you should be especially careful when explaining the instructions, make sure that the person understands the task correctly, and only then begin to complete it.
Target
The technique is used to determine how accessible the subject is to understanding complex logical relationships and identifying abstract connections. Intended for adolescents and adults.
Description
The technique consists of 20 pairs of words - logical problems that the subject is asked to solve. His task is to determine which of the six types of logical connections is contained in each pair of words. A “cipher” will help him with this - a table that shows examples of the types of communication used and their letter designation: A, B, C, D, D, E.
The test subject must determine the relationship between the words in a pair, then find an “analogue”, that is, select a pair of words with the same logical connection in the “cipher” table, and then answer in a series of letters (A, B, C, D, D, E ) that, | which corresponds to the found analogue from the "cipher" table. The task completion time is limited to three minutes.
Material
Methodology form, response registration form.
Instructions
“On the form in front of you there are 20 pairs consisting of words that are in a logical connection with each other. Opposite each pair there are 6 letters that indicate 6 types of logical connection. Examples of all 6 types and the corresponding letters are given in the “cipher” table.
You must first determine the relationship between the words in the pair. Then select the pair of words closest to them by analogy (association) from the “cipher” table. And after that, in the letter row, circle the letter that corresponds to the analogue found in the “cipher” table. The task completion time is 3 minutes."
Material
Cipher
A. Sheep - flock
B. Raspberry - berry
V. Sea - ocean
G. Light - darkness
D. Poisoning - death
E. Enemy - enemy
Fright - flightA B C D E E
2.Physics - scienceA B C D E E
3.Correct - trueA B C D E E
4. Garden bed A B C D E E
5. Pair - twoA B C D E E
6. Word - phraseA B C D E E
7. Vigorous - lethargicA B C D E E
8.Freedom - willA B C D E E
9.Country - citiesA B C D E E
10. Praise - scoldingA B C D E E
11. Revenge - arson B C D E E
12.Ten is a numberA B C D E E
13. Cry - roarA B C D E E
14.Chapter - novelA B C D E E
15. Rest - movementA B C D E E
16. Courage is heroismA B C D E E
17. Cool - frostA B C D E E
18. Deception - mistrustA B C D E E
19.Singing is an artA B C D E E
20. Bedside table - cabinet A B C D E E
Key
Grade
|
Score in points |
|||||||||
|
Number of correct answers |
12-14 |
10-11 |
8-9 |
Analysis of results
If the subject correctly, without much difficulty, solved all the tasks and logically explained all the comparisons, this gives the right to conclude that he can understand abstractions and complex logical connections.
If the subject has difficulty understanding the instructions and makes mistakes when making comparisons, only after a thorough analysis of errors and reasoning can one draw a conclusion about the slippage of conclusions, the spread of thinking, the arbitrariness, illogicality of reasoning, the diffuseness, vagueness of thought against the background of an understanding of logical connections, and the false understanding of analogy logical connections.
The subject's reasoning has the greatest informative value. Usually the greatest difficulty is caused by the relationship between the concepts “thrift - stinginess”, “coolness - frost”.
