The main elements of any drawing are lines. To make the drawing more expressive and easier to read, it is performed different lines, the outline and purpose of which for all industries and construction are established state standard.
The images of objects in the drawing are a combination various types lines.
It is recommended to first draw each drawing using solid thin lines. After checking the correctness of the shape, dimensions, as well as the layout of the resulting image and removing all auxiliary lines, the drawing is outlined with lines of various styles and thicknesses according to GOST 3456 - 59. Each of these lines has its own purpose.
Solid thick main line accepted for the original. Its thickness S should be selected in the range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. It is selected depending on the size and complexity of the image, format and purpose of the drawing. Based on the thickness of the solid thick main line, the thickness of the remaining lines is selected, provided that for each type of line within one drawing in all images it will be the same.
Solid thin line used to display dimension and extension lines, hatching sections, contour lines of an overlaid section, and leader lines. The thickness of solid thin lines is taken to be 2-3 times thinner than the main lines.
Dashed line used to depict an invisible outline. The length of the strokes should be the same, from 2 to 8 mm. The distance between the strokes is taken from 1 to 2 mm. The thickness of the dashed line is 2-3 times thinner than the main one.
Dot-dash thin line used to depict axial and center lines, section lines, which are axes of symmetry for superimposed or offset sections. The length of the strokes must be the same and is selected depending on the size of the image from 5 to 30 mm. The distance between strokes is from 2 to 3 mm. The thickness of the dash-dotted line is from S/3 to S/2. The axial and center lines should protrude beyond the contour of the image by 2-5 mm and end with a stroke, not a dot.
Dot-dash with two dots thin line used to depict the fold line on developments. The length of the strokes is from 5 to 30 mm, and the distance between the strokes is from 4 to 6 mm. The thickness of this line is the same as that of a thin dash-dotted line, that is, from S/3 to S/2 mm.
Open line used to indicate a section line. Its thickness can be selected from S to 11/2S, and the length of strokes from 8 to 20 mm.
Solid wavy line It is used mainly as a break line in cases where the image is not completely shown in the drawing. The thickness of such a line is from S/3 to S/2.
The quality of the drawing depends largely on the right choice type of lines, maintaining the same stroke thickness, length of strokes and distance between them, accuracy of their execution.
In contact with
When choosing a processor from Intel, the question arises: which chip from this corporation to choose? Processors have many characteristics and parameters that affect their performance. And in accordance with it and some features of the microarchitecture, the manufacturer gives the appropriate name. Our task is to highlight this issue. In this article you will find out what exactly the names mean Intel processors, and also learn about the microarchitecture of chips from this company.
Note
It should be noted in advance that solutions before 2012 will not be considered here, since technology is moving at a fast pace and these chips have too little performance with high power consumption, and are also difficult to buy in new condition. Also, server solutions will not be considered here, since they have a specific scope and are not intended for the consumer market.
Attention, the nomenclature set out below may not be valid for processors older than the period indicated above.
And if you encounter any difficulties, you can visit the website. And read this article, which talks about. And if you want to know about integrated graphics from Intel, then you should.
Tick-Tock
Intel has a special strategy for releasing its “stones”, called Tick-Tock. It consists of annual consistent improvements.
- A tick means a change in microarchitecture, which leads to a change in socket, improved performance and optimized power consumption.
- This means that it leads to a reduction in energy consumption, location possibilities more transistors on a chip, a possible increase in frequencies and an increase in cost.
This is what this strategy looks like for desktop and laptop models:
| MICROARCHITECTURE | STAGE | EXIT | TECHNICAL PROCESS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nehalem | So | 2009 | 45 nm |
| Westmere | Teak | 2010 | 32 nm |
| Sandy Bridge | So | 2011 | 32 nm |
| Ivy Bridge | Teak | 2012 | 22 nm |
| Haswell | So | 2013 | 22 nm |
| Broadwell | Teak | 2014 | 14 nm |
| Skylake | So | 2015 | 14 nm |
| Kaby Lake | So+ | 2016 | 14 nm |
But for low-power solutions (smartphones, tablets, netbooks, nettops), the platforms look like this:
| CATEGORY | PLATFORM | CORE | TECHNICAL PROCESS |
|---|---|---|---|
| Netbooks/Nettops/Notebooks | Braswell | Airmont | 14 nm |
| Bay Trail-D/M | Silvermont | 22 nm | |
| Top tablets | Willow Trail | Goldmont | 14 nm |
| Cherry Trail | Airmont | 14 nm | |
| Bay Tral-T | Silvermont | 22 nm | |
| Clower Trail | Satwell | 32 nm | |
| Top/mid-range smartphones/tablets | Morganfield | Goldmont | 14 nm |
| Moorefield | Silvermont | 22 nm | |
| Merrifield | Silvermont | 22 nm | |
| Clower Trail+ | Satwell | 32 nm | |
| Medfield | Satwell | 32 nm | |
| Mid-range/budget smartphones/tablets | Binghamton | Airmont | 14 nm |
| Riverton | Airmont | 14 nm | |
| Slayton | Silvermont | 22 nm |
It should be noted that Bay Trail-D is made for desktops: Pentium and Celeron with the index J. And Bay Trail-M for is a mobile solution and will also be designated among Pentium and Celeron by its letter - N.
Judging by latest trends companies, productivity itself is progressing quite slowly, while energy efficiency (performance per unit of energy consumed) is growing year by year, and soon laptops will have the same powerful processors as those on large PCs (although such representatives still exist) .
Drawings are made in accordance with GOST 2.303 - 68
HTML table code, examples
| Name | Typeface | Thickness lines, mm | main purpose |
| Solid thick (main) | s = 0.5...1.4 | Visible contour lines; visible transition lines; section contour lines; (outgoing and incoming; included in the section) |
|
| Solid thin |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Extension and dimension lines; Contour lines of the superimposed section; hatch lines; leader lines, leader line shelves; imaginary transition lines; lines to depict borders details (furnishings); extension limit lines elements. |
| Solid wavy |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Image break line species demarcation lines and cut. |
| Line |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Invisible contour line invisible contour transition lines. |
| Dash-dotted thin |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Centerlines and lines of symmetry |
| Dot-dash with two dots |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Fold lines on flat patterns lines to depict parts products in extreme or intermediate positions; lines for the scan image, combined with the view. |
| Solid thin with kinks |  |
from S/3 to s/2 | Long break lines. |
| Dash-dotted thickened | |
from S/2 to (2/3)S | Lines indicating surfaces subject to heat treatment or coating; lines to depict elements, located in front of the secant plane (“superimposed projection”). |
It is necessary to strive to ensure that the outline drawing lines of the same type was the same for all drawing images
Line strokes drawing lines must touch the visible contour lines.
When there is a sudden change in the direction of the line drawing lines the strokes must touch each other.
Dash-dotted drawing lines should intersect with long strokes. GOST 2.303 - 68* establishes the outlines and main purposes of lines in drawings of all industries and construction (table) The thickness of a solid thick main line S should be 0.5...1.4 mm, depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as on the format of the drawing. The chosen line thicknesses should be the same for all images in a given drawing.
When making training drawings, it is necessary to take into account that from correct application lines according to their purpose, the correct choice of their thickness, high-quality execution of dashed and dash-dotted lines largely depend on the ease of use of the drawing.
The strokes of the dash-dotted line must be the same length. The spaces between strokes are also left the same. Dashed and dotted lines end with dashes. The center of the circle is in all cases determined by the intersection of the strokes.
Line is the main element of the drawing. To prepare drawing and graphic documentation, depending on the main purpose of the lines (GOST 2.303-68), their corresponding styles and thickness are established (Table 5).
The thickness of all types of lines is set in relation to the thickness of the solid main line s, which, in turn, depending on the size and complexity of the image, as well as on the format of the drawing, should be in the range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. The recommended thickness of the solid main line is about 1 mm.
The thickness of solid thin, wavy, dashed and dash-dotted lines is equal to s/3 to s/2. The length of the strokes in a dashed line is assumed to be 2-8 mm, the distance between them is 1-2 mm. The length of the strokes in the dash-dotted line should be from 5 to 30 mm, the distance between them 3-5 mm and in the middle a dot (or a short stroke no more than 1 mm long). The size of strokes in dashed and dash-dotted lines is selected from the size of the image: the longer the line length, the longer the stroke.
Note that the dash-dotted lines used as center lines must intersect each other with long strokes (Fig. 7). It is recommended to replace the dash-dotted line used as the center line of a circle with a diameter of less than 12 mm with a solid thin line. The strokes (also the spaces between them) should be approximately the same length. The axial and center lines should extend beyond the contours of the part by 2-5 mm. An example of using lines in a drawing is shown in Fig. 8.
Table 5
Types of lines and their purpose
|
Name |
Typeface |
Line thickness |
Main purpose |
|
Solid main |
Visible contour lines; visible transition lines; contour lines of the section taken out and included in the section |
||
|
Solid thin |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Contour lines of the superimposed section; dimension and extension lines; hatch lines; |
|
|
leader lines; leader line shelves and label underlining |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Solid wavy |
|
|
Break lines; demarcation lines between view and section |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Line |
|
|
Invisible contour lines; invisible transition lines |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Dash-dotted thin |
|
|
Axial and center lines; lines of sections that are axes of symmetry for superimposed or offset sections |
from s Dash-dotted thickened s/3 |
/2 to 2 |
|
|
Lines indicating surfaces to be heat treated; lines to depict elements located in front of the cutting plane |
from s Open s/2 |
until 3 |
|
|
Section lines |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Solid thin with a break |
|
|
Long break lines |
from s/3 to s/2 |
Dash-dotted thin with two dots |
Fold lines on developments; lines for depicting products in extreme or intermediate positions; lines for the scan image combined with the view
Fig.8 Example of using lines in a drawing
The main elements of any drawing are lines. To make the drawing more expressive and easier to read, it is made using different lines, the outline and purpose of which for all branches of industry and construction are established by the state standard.
It is recommended to first draw each drawing using solid thin lines. After checking the correctness of the shape, dimensions, as well as the layout of the resulting image and removing all auxiliary lines, the drawing is outlined with lines of various styles and thicknesses according to GOST 3456 - 59 The images of objects in the drawing are a combination of different types of lines.
Solid thick main line accepted for the original. Its thickness S should be selected in the range from 0.6 to 1.5 mm. It is selected depending on the size and complexity of the image, format and purpose of the drawing. Based on the thickness of the solid thick main line, the thickness of the remaining lines is selected, provided that for each type of line within one drawing in all images it will be the same.
. Each of these lines has its own purpose.
RULES FOR DESIGNING A DRAWING
(FORMAT, FRAME, BASIC LETTER ON DRAWINGS)
Drawings are made on sheets of certain sizes established by GOST. This makes them easier to store and creates other conveniences.
Sheet formats are determined by the dimensions of the outer frame (made with a thin line). Each drawing has a frame that limits the drawing area. The frame is drawn using solid main lines: with three sides
A format with side dimensions of 841x1189 mm, the area of which is 1 m 2, and other formats obtained by sequentially dividing them into two equal parts parallel to the smaller side of the corresponding format are taken as the main ones. The smaller format is usually A4 (Fig. 1), its dimensions are 210x297 mm. Most often you will use the A4 format in educational practice. If necessary, it is allowed to use A5 format with side dimensions of 148x210 mm.
Each designation corresponds to a specific size of the main format. For example, the format. A3 corresponds to sheet size 297x420 mm.
Below are the designations and sizes of the main formats.
Format designation Format side size” mm
In addition to the main ones, the use of additional formats is allowed. They are obtained by enlarging the short sides of the main formats by an amount that is a multiple of the dimensions of the A4 format.
The main inscription containing information about the depicted product is placed on the drawings.
In the drawings, in the lower right corner there is a main inscription containing information about the depicted product. Its shape, dimensions and content are established by the standard. On educational school drawings, the main inscription is made in the form of a rectangle with sides 22x145 mm (Fig. 2a). A sample of the completed title block is shown in Fig. 2b.
Production drawings made on A4 sheets are placed only vertically, and the main inscription on them is only along the short side. On drawings of other formats, the title block can be placed along both the long and short sides.
As an exception, on training drawings in A4 format, the main inscription is allowed to be placed either along long side, and along the short one (Fig. 3).
Fig.3
Location of sections
Depending on the location, the sections are divided into extended and superimposed. Extended sections are called those that are located outside the contour of the images
Overlaid sections are called those that are located directly on the views
Exposed sections should be given preference over superimposed ones, since the latter darken the drawing and are inconvenient for drawing dimensions.
The contour of the extended section is outlined by a solid main line of the same thickness S as the visible contour of the image. The contour of the superimposed section is outlined with a solid thin line (from S/3 to S/2).
The superimposed section is placed in the place where the cutting plane passed, directly on the view itself to which it belongs, that is, as if superimposed on the image.
The extended section can be placed anywhere in the drawing field. It can be placed directly on the extension of the section line (Fig. 15).
Or away from this line. The extended section can be placed in a place intended for one of the types (see Fig. 13), as well as in the gap between parts of the same type (Fig. 16). For asymmetrical superimposed sections, the section line is drawn with arrows, but not with letters denote (Fig. 14).
Designation of sections
turned O, that is, A-AO.
TICKET No. 4
1. Tell us about the features of the drawing font
2. What is called a cut? How is it different from a section? List the types of cuts
Capital letters
Lower case
TICKET No. 5
1. Tell us about the features of the use and designation of scale in mechanical engineering and construction drawings
2. Define local species, tell us about its purpose
3. Based on the two given views, construct a third view using the necessary cuts. Complete a technical drawing of the part
TICKET No. 6
1. Show the division of a circle into 3, 6, 12 equal parts using compass, ruler and squares
2. Types of section designations in the drawing
3. Based on the two given views, construct a third view using the necessary cuts. Complete a technical drawing of the part
Extended section.
The contour of the extended section is outlined with a solid thick line of the same thickness as the line adopted for the visible contour of the image. If the section is extended, then, as a rule, an open line, two thick strokes, and arrows indicating the direction of view are drawn. WITH outside The arrows are marked with identical capital letters. Above the section the same letters are written through a dash with a thin line below. If the section is a symmetrical figure and is located on a continuation of the section line (dash-dotted), then no designations are applied.
Superimposed section.
The contour of the superimposed section is a solid thin line (S/2 – S/3), and the contour of the view at the location of the superimposed section is not interrupted. The superimposed section is usually not indicated. But if the section is not a symmetrical figure, open strokes and arrows are drawn, but letters are not applied.
Designation of sections
The position of the cutting plane is indicated in the drawing by a section line - an open line, which is drawn in the form of separate strokes that do not intersect the contour of the corresponding image. The thickness of the strokes is taken in the range from $ to 1 1/2 S, and their length from 8 to 20 mm. On the initial and final strokes, arrows are placed perpendicular to them, at a distance of 2-3 mm from the end of the stroke, indicating the direction of view. The same capital letter of the Russian alphabet is placed at the beginning and end of the section line. The letters are placed near the arrows indicating the direction of view from the outside, Fig. 12. An inscription of type AA is made above the section. If the section is in a gap between parts of the same type, then with a symmetrical figure the section line is not drawn4. The section can be positioned with a rotation, then the symbol should be added to the inscription A-A
turned O, that is, A-AO.
TICKET No. 7
1. Show techniques for constructing a pentagon and a decagon
2. Name the features of identifying a cut in an axonometric image
3. Based on the two given views, construct a third view using the necessary cuts. Complete a technical drawing of the part
TICKET No. 8
1. Conjugate obtuse, right and acute angles
2. What are detachable and permanent connections? Types of detachable connections
3. Based on the two given views, construct a third view using the necessary cuts. Complete a technical drawing of the part
TICKET No. 9
1. Name the main methods of projection. Give examples of central and rectangular projection in real life practice
2. List the rules for depicting threads in drawings (on the rod and in the hole)
1. Name the main methods of projection. Give examples of central and rectangular projection from life practice.
The image of objects in the drawings is obtained by projection.
Projection is the process of constructing an image of an object on a plane. The resulting image is called a projection of the object. The word “projection” itself is Latin and means “throwing forward, into the distance.” Something similar to a projection can be observed by examining the shadow cast by an object on the surface of a wall or floor when illuminated by a light source.
Let us take an arbitrary point A in space and some plane H at some point a, then:
Point A – the projected point of the object – is designated in capital letters
Point a - projection of point A onto the rear plane H - is indicated in lowercase letters
H – projection plane
Straight A is the projected beam.
The projection center is the point from which the projection is made.
The object of projection is the object being depicted.
There are central and parallel projection.
With central projection, all projecting rays come from one point - the projection center, located at a certain distance from the projection plane.
The central projection is often called perspective. Examples of central projection are photographs, film frames, shadows cast by the rays of an electric light bulb, etc. Central projections are used when drawing from life, in construction drawing. In mechanical engineering drawings, central projections are not used.
With parallel projection, all projecting rays are parallel to each other. An example of a parallel projection can be considered the conditionally solar shadows of objects.
It is easier to construct an image of objects in a parallel projection than in a central one. In drawing, such projections are used as visual images. With parallel projection, all rays fall on the projection plane at the same angle. If this angle is acute, then the projection is called oblique; if the angle is 90°, the projection is called rectangular.
Rectangular projection is basic. Drawings in the rectangular projection system have a number of advantages. They provide more complete information about the shape and size of an object.
TICKET No. 10
1. Name the types of drawing and their corresponding projections
2. Tell us about the similarities and differences between assembly and working drawings
3. Using two given views, construct a third view or draw the missing lines in the drawing. Complete a technical drawing of the part
ANSWER:
TICKET No. 11
1. What is axonometric projection? What types axonometric projection used to visually depict an object?
2. Identify the difference between a mechanical engineering drawing and a construction drawing
TICKET No. 12
1. Tell us about the features of technical drawing. How does it differ from an axonometric image?
2. List the basic requirements for choosing methods for depicting parts in the drawing. Selecting the main view. Determining what is needed and sufficient quantity images to identify structural form details
3. Complete the front view with missing lines. Perform an isometric view of the part
Ticket No. 1
1. List the main lines of the drawing. Indicate the features of their outline in accordance with the state standard
2. Execute axonometric images flat figures(optionally)
3. Based on two given views, construct a third view using the necessary cuts. Complete a technical drawing of the part
ANSWER:
BASIC LINES OF THE DRAWING, FEATURES OF THEIR DRAWING IN
