Biography of Hitler. Adolf Hitler: biography, features of activities, life history, personal life and interesting facts

short biography Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler is the founder of National Socialism and the totalitarian dictatorship of the Third Reich, Reich Chancellor and Fuhrer of Germany, and Supreme Commander of the German Armed Forces during World War II. Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in the village of Ranshofen, which is now part of the Austrian town of Braunau am Inn in the family of an Austrian customs official. The Fuhrer's first name was Schicklgruber, however, when he was five years old, his mother remarried the poor miller Gidler. Almost all of the Fuhrer's ancestors came from peasants. Since 1921, Hitler began to deliberately hide and obscure his origins and family ties, so there are still a number of ambiguities about his origins.

Adolf changed schools several times due to his family moving first to Fischelgam, then to Havefeld near Lambach, and then to Leonding near Linz. In elementary school, he studied well, however, as he grew up, he began to choose only what he liked - history, geography, and especially drawing. Since childhood, he had developed a critical attitude towards the church, but became interested in the swastika, which he saw on the coat of arms of one abbot. When he was 13 years old, his father died unexpectedly. At his mother's request, he continued to study at school in the hope of becoming an artist, and not an official, as his father dreamed of. Hitler was actually a very good painter, and also composed plays, wrote poetry, and even composed the libretto for a Wagner opera. At the age of 18, he tried to enter art school in Vienna, but failed the 2nd round of exams. At this time, Adolf's mother was hopelessly ill and soon died.

With the outbreak of World War I, Hitler voluntarily went to the front. It was during this period that he began to show himself as a nationalist and militarist. In 1919, he joined the German Workers' Party, which he later led and transformed into the National Socialist Party. In the early 1920s, Hitler was already a force to be reckoned with, especially in Bavaria, where he organized the Beer Hall Putsch. For this armed assault in 1924, Hitler was convicted and sentenced to 5 years in prison. During his stay in prison, he wrote his most significant work, “Mein Kampf,” translated from German as “My Struggle.”

Hitler's rise as a politician began in 1929 along with the crisis in the country. In 1930, he was already appointed Supreme Fuehrer of the Storm Troops, and in 1933 - Reich Chancellor. After that, he banned all parties in the country except the Nazi one and became a dictator for 4 years. The next step was the post of leader of the Third Reich. With the receipt of unlimited power, Hitler introduced SS units, armed the army and founded concentration camps. In 1938, Austria and Czechoslovakia were captured by Germany, and in 1941 the USSR was attacked. This war ended in defeat for Germany. Hitler died on April 30, 1945 after Soviet troops surrounded Berlin. He and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide. An important part of his domestic policy throughout his life was anti-Semitism.

Statesman. Founder of the totalitarian Third Reich.
Reich Chancellor and Fuhrer of Germany. War criminal of all times and peoples.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary. He was born into the family of a shoemaker. From childhood, Adolf showed an ability to draw, and in his youth he made a living from it. His parents, Alois and Klara Hitler, were ordinary peasants, but his father managed to break into the public eye and become a government official-customs officer, which allowed the family to live in decent conditions.

Adolf's childhood years were spent constantly moving, caused by the peculiarities of his father's work, and changing schools, where he did not show any special talents, but was still able to complete four classes of a real school in Steyr and received a certificate of education, in which good grades were only in drawing and physical education . During this period, his mother Clara Hitler died of cancer, which dealt a serious blow to the young man’s psyche, but he did not break down, and, having drawn up the necessary documents to receive a pension for himself and his sister Paula, moved to Vienna and set out on the path to adulthood.

At first I tried to enter the Art Academy, since I had extraordinary talent and a passion for fine arts, but failed the entrance exams. The next few years, the biography of Adolf Hitler is filled with poverty, vagrancy, odd jobs, constant moving from place to place, sleeping under city bridges. All this time, Adolf did not inform either his family or friends about his location, because he was afraid of being drafted into the army, where he would have to serve together with the Jews.

At the age of 24, Hitler moved to Munich, where he encountered the First World War, which made him very happy. He immediately volunteered for the Bavarian Army, in whose ranks he took part in many battles. He took the defeat of Germany in the First World War very painfully and categorically blamed politicians for it. Against this background, he began large-scale propaganda work, which allowed him to get into the political movement of the People's Workers' Party, which he skillfully turned into a Nazi one.

Having become the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler gradually began to make his way deeper and deeper to the political heights and in 1923 he organized the Beer Hall Putsch. Having enlisted the support of 5 thousand stormtroopers, he burst into a beer bar where a meeting of the leaders of the General Staff was taking place, and announced the overthrow of traitors in the Berlin government. On November 9, 1923, the Nazi putsch headed towards the ministry to seize power, but was intercepted by police units who used firearms to disperse the Nazis.

In March 1924, Adolf Hitler, as the organizer of the putsch, was convicted of high treason and sentenced to 5 years in prison. But the Nazi dictator spent only 9 months in prison. In December 1924, for unknown reasons, he was released.

Immediately after his liberation, Hitler revived the Nazi party NSDAP and transformed it, with the help of Gregor Strasser, into a national political force. During that period, he managed to establish close ties with the German generals, as well as establish contact with large industrial magnates. At the same time, Adolf Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle,” in which he outlined his autobiography and the idea of National Socialism.

In 1930, the political leader of the Nazis became the Supreme Commander of the Storm Troops, and in 1932 he tried to gain the post of Reich Chancellor. To do this, he had to renounce his Austrian citizenship and become a German citizen, and also enlist the support of the Allies. The first time, Hitler failed to win the elections, in which Kurt von Schleicher was ahead of him. A year later, German President Paul von Hindenburg, under Nazi pressure, dismissed the victorious von Schleicher and appointed Hitler in his place.

This appointment did not cover all the hopes of the Nazi leader, since power over Germany continued to remain in the hands of the Reichstag, and its powers included only the leadership of the Cabinet of Ministers, which had yet to be created. In just 1.5 years, Adolf Hitler managed to remove all obstacles in the form of the President of Germany and the Reichstag from his path and become an unlimited dictator. From that moment on, oppression of Jews and Gypsies began in the country, trade unions were closed and the “Hitler era” began, which during the 10 years of his rule was completely saturated with human blood.

In 1934, Hitler gained power over Germany, where the total Nazi regime immediately began, the ideology of which was the only true one. Having become the ruler of Germany, the Nazi leader immediately revealed his true face and began major foreign policy actions. Rapidly creates the Wehrmacht and restores aviation and tank troops, as well as long-range artillery. Contrary to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany seizes the Rhineland, and then Czechoslovakia and Austria.

Then he carried out a purge in his ranks. The dictator organized the so-called “Night of the Long Knives,” when all prominent Nazis who posed a threat to Hitler’s absolute power were destroyed. Having given himself the title of supreme leader of the Third Reich, the Fuhrer created the Gestapo police and a system of concentration camps where he imprisoned all “undesirable elements,” namely Jews, gypsies, political opponents, and later Soviet prisoners of war.

The basis of Adolf Hitler's domestic policy was the ideology of racial discrimination and the superiority of indigenous Aryans over other peoples. His goal was to become the only leader of the whole world, in which the Slavs should become “elite” slaves, and the lower races, to which he included Jews and Gypsies, would be completely destroyed.

Along with massive crimes against humanity, the ruler of Germany developed a similar foreign policy, deciding to take over the entire world.

In April 1939, Hitler approved a plan to attack Poland, which was defeated in September of the same year. Next, the Germans occupied Norway, Holland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and broke through the French front. In the spring of 1941, Hitler captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR, then led by Joseph Stalin.

In 1943, the Red Army launched a large-scale offensive against the Germans, thanks to which in 1945 World War II entered the territory of the Reich, which completely drove the Fuhrer crazy. He sent pensioners, teenagers and disabled people into battle, ordering the soldiers to stand to death, while he himself hid in the “bunker” and watched what was happening from the side.

There are several versions of why Adolf Hitler hated the Jews so much, whom he tried to “wipe off the face of the earth.” Historians who have studied the personality of the “bloody” dictator put forward several theories, each of which could be true. The first and most plausible version is considered to be the “racial policy” of the German dictator, who considered only native Germans as people. In this regard, he divided all nations into three parts - the Aryans, who were supposed to rule the world, the Slavs, who in his ideology were assigned the role of slaves, and the Jews, whom Hitler planned to completely destroy.

Economic motives for the Holocaust cannot be ruled out either, since at that time Germany was in a critical state economically, and the Jews had profitable enterprises and banking institutions, which Hitler took from them after being sent to concentration camps.

There is also a version that Hitler exterminated the Jewish nation in order to maintain the morale of his army. He assigned Jews and Gypsies the role of victims, whom he handed over to be torn to pieces so that the Nazis could enjoy human blood, which, in the opinion of the leader of the Third Reich, should have set them up for victory.

Fuhrer and Imperial Chancellor (dictator) of Germany (1933-1945).
Fuhrer (leader) of the National Socialist Party (since 1921), head of the German fascist state (in 1933 he became Reich Chancellor, in 1934 he combined this post and the post of president). He established a regime of fascist terror in the country.

Direct initiator of the outbreak of World War II. With the advance of Soviet troops, he committed suicide. Hitler was born on April 20, 1889. Hitler was born from his father's third marriage. In 1895, at the age of 6, Adolf entered a public school in the town of Fischlham, near Linz. Two years later, being a very religious woman, his mother sent him to Lambach, to the parish school of a Benedictine monastery, after which, she hoped, his son would eventually become a priest. But he was expelled from school after being caught smoking in the monastery garden. The family then moved to Leonding, a suburb of Linz, where young Adolf immediately excelled in his studies. He stood out among his comrades for his tenacity, proving to be a leader in all children's games. In 1900-1904 he attended a real school in Linz, and in 1904-1905 in Steyr. IN high school his successes were very ordinary. At the age of 16, Adolf left school. For two years he did nothing, wandering the streets or spending time in the library reading books on German history and mythology. At the age of 18 he went to Vienna to enter the Academy there fine arts. I entered twice - once I did not pass the exam, the second time I was not even allowed to take it. He was advised to enter the architectural institute, but for this he had to have a matriculation certificate. In December 1908, his mother died, which was a huge shock in his life. For the next five years, he did odd jobs, begged, or sold his sketches. In February 1914, Adolf Hitler was summoned to Austria to undergo a medical examination to determine his fitness for duty. military service . But, as “too weak and unfit for military service,” he was released. When the war began in August 1914, he turned to the King of Bavaria with a request to enlist in his army. He was assigned to the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, recruited mainly from student volunteers. After only a few weeks of training, he was sent to the front. At first he was a medical orderly, and then for almost the entire war he served as a messenger, delivering reports and orders from regimental headquarters to the front line. During the four years of the war, he took part in 47 battles, often finding himself in the thick of it. Was wounded twice. On October 7, 1916, after being wounded in the leg, he was admitted to the Hermis hospital near Berlin. Two years later, 4 weeks before the end of the war, he was struck by gases and spent three difficult months in the infirmary. He received his first award - the Iron Cross II class - in December 1914, and on August 4, 1918 he was awarded the Iron Cross I class, which was a rare award for a common soldier in the Imperial German Army. Hitler received this last award by capturing an enemy officer and 15 soldiers. On June 12, 1919, he was sent to short-term “political education” courses that operated in Munich. After completing the course, he became an agent in the service of a certain group of reactionary officers who fought leftist elements among the soldiers and non-commissioned officers. He compiled lists of soldiers and officers involved in the April uprising of workers and soldiers in Munich. He collected information about all kinds of dwarf organizations and parties regarding their worldview, programs and goals. And he reported all this to management. On September 12, 1919, Hitler was sent to a meeting at the Sterneckerbräu beer hall. At the meeting, a brochure by engineer Feder was discussed. Feder’s ideas about “productive” and “unproductive” capital, the need to fight “interest slavery”, with loan banks and “department stores” flavored with chauvinism, hatred of the Versailles Treaty, and most importantly, anti-Semitism, seemed to Hitler a completely suitable platform. He spoke, was a success. And party leader Anton Drexler invited him to join the DAP. After consulting with his superiors, Hitler accepted this offer. Hitler with all his oratory passionately rushed to gain popularity for Drexler's party, at least within Munich. In the fall of 1919, he spoke three times at crowded meetings. In February 1920, he rented the so-called main hall in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall and gathered 2,000 listeners. Convinced of his success, the party function

ioner, in April 1920, Hitler gave up his salary as a spy. In January 1921, Hitler had already rented the Krone Circus, where he performed in front of an audience of 6,500 people. Gradually, Hitler got rid of the party founders. Apparently, at the same time he renamed it the National Socialist German Workers' Party, abbreviated NSDAP. Hitler received the post of first chairman with dictatorial powers, expelling Drexler and Scharer. Instead of collegial leadership, the principle of the Fuhrer was officially introduced in the party. By the end of 1923, Hitler was convinced that Weimar Republic is on the verge of collapse, and that right now he could carry out his promised “march on Berlin” and overthrow the government of “Jewish-Marxist traitors.” With the support of the army, he intended to bring Germany under Nazi control. Hitler dedicated General Erich Ludendorff, a veteran of the 1st World War, an extreme reactionary and militarist, to his plans, known among the people and the army. Hitler and Ludendorff tried to take advantage of the uncertainty of the political situation and organized a coup attempt in Munich on November 8, 1923. Two days after the unsuccessful “march on Berlin,” Hitler was arrested by the police. On April 1, 1924, he and two accomplices were sentenced to five years in prison with credit for the time they had already spent in prison. Ludendorff and other participants in the bloody events were generally acquitted. Hitler spent only 9 months in Landsberg prison. He was given a comfortable cell where he could reflect on his mistakes. He ate breakfast in bed, spoke to his cellmates and walked in the garden - all this was more reminiscent of a sanatorium than a prison. Here he dictated the first volume of Mein Kampf to Rudolf Hess, which became the political bible of the Nazi movement. By 1939, this book had been translated into 11 languages, and the total circulation was more than 5.2 million copies. The fee made Hitler a rich man. Hitler left the Landsberg fortress on December 20, 1924. The pinnacle of Hitler's success during this period was the first party congress in August 1927 in Nuremberg. In 1927-1928, that is, five or six years before coming to power, heading a still relatively weak party, Hitler created a “shadow government” in the NSDAP - Political Department II. Goebbels was the head of the propaganda department from 1928. An equally important “invention” of Hitler were local Gauleiters, that is, local Nazi bosses in individual lands. In the 1928 Reichstag elections, the Nazis won only 12 seats, while the Communists received 54. In 1929, with the onset of an economic depression, Hitler formed an alliance with the nationalist Alfred Hugenberg to oppose the reparations "Jung Plan". Through Hugenberg-controlled newspapers, Hitler was able to reach a wide national audience from the very beginning. In addition, he had the opportunity to communicate with a huge number of industrialists and bankers, who easily provided his party with a solid financial foundation. In the elections of 1930, the NSDAP won more than 6 million votes and received 107 seats in the Reichstag, thereby becoming the second largest party in the country. The number of communist representatives increased to 77. Hitler's scandalous tactics could not help but attract the attention of German voters to him. After Brunswick joined Germany on February 25, 1932, Hitler decided to test the strength of his party in the fight for the presidency. The elderly Paul von Hindenburg had support among socialists, Catholics and Labor members. There were two other candidates: army officer Theodor Duisterberg and communist leader Ernst Thälmann. Hitler conducted a powerful election campaign and won over 30% of the vote, thereby depriving Hindenburg of his absolute majority. At the final stage of the elections, April 10, 1932, the popular war veteran still managed to regain victory with 53% of the votes (Hindenburg - 19359650; Hitler - 13418011; Thälmann - 3706655). In the Reichstag elections in July 1932, the Nazis won 230 seats and became the largest political party Germany. Hitler suffered a brief setback in November when the number of Nazi deputies dropped to 196, while

how the number of communists in the Reichstag increased to 100. It was at this time that the bloody clashes in the streets between the Brown Shirts and the Rot Front reached their peak. On January 30, 1933, 86-year-old President Hindenburg appointed the head of the NSDAP, Adolf Hitler, Reich Chancellor of Germany. That same day, the superbly organized stormtroopers concentrated on their assembly points. In the evening, with lighted torches, they walked past the presidential palace, in one window of which stood Hindenburg, and in the other, Hitler. Already at the first meeting on January 30, a discussion took place of measures directed against the Communist Party of Germany. The next day, Hitler spoke on the radio. "Give us a four-year sentence. Our task is to fight against communism." Hitler fully took into account the effect of surprise. He not only did not allow the anti-Nazi forces to unite and consolidate, he literally stunned them, took them by surprise and very soon completely defeated them. This was the Nazis' first blitzkrieg on their own territory. From a rule-of-law state, Germany has turned into a country of total lawlessness. During the same 1933, Hitler gradually prepared to subjugate both industry and finance and make them an appendage of his military-political authoritarian state. Already in 1935, Hitler concluded the notorious “fleet agreement” with England, which gave the Nazis the opportunity to openly create warships. That same year, universal conscription was introduced in Germany. On March 7, 1936, Hitler gave the order to occupy the demilitarized Rhineland. The West was silent, although it could not help but see that the dictator’s appetites were growing. In 1936, the Nazis intervened in the Spanish Civil War - Franco was their protege. On March 11, 1938, Nazi troops marched victoriously into Austria. On March 15, 1939, the Nazis captured. On August 23, 1939, Hitler concluded a non-aggression pact with Soviet Union and thereby ensured freedom of hands in Poland. The German people, according to Hitler's theory, were humiliated by the victors in the First World War and, in the conditions that arose after the war, could not successfully develop and fulfill the mission prescribed for them by history. To develop national culture and increase sources of power, he needed to acquire additional permanent space. And since there were no more free lands, they should have been taken where the population density was low and the land was used irrationally. This opportunity for German nation existed only in the East, due to territories inhabited by peoples less valuable in racial terms than the Germans, primarily the Slavs. The first major defeat of the Wehrmacht in the winter of 1941/1942 near Moscow had a strong impact on Hitler. Since 1943, all of Hitler's activities were virtually limited to current military problems. He no longer made far-reaching political decisions. Almost all the time he was at his headquarters, surrounded only by his closest military advisers. In the summer of 1944, he considered it possible, by staunchly holding positions on the Soviet-German front, to thwart the invasion of Europe being prepared by the Western Allies, and then use the created situation favorable to Germany to reach an agreement with them. But this plan was not destined to come true. The Germans failed to throw the Anglo-American troops that had landed in Normandy into the sea. The failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, committed by a group of opposition-minded German officers, was used by the Fuhrer as a pretext for an all-encompassing mobilization of human and material resources to continue the war. By the fall of 1944, Hitler managed to stabilize the front that had begun to fall apart in the east and west, restore many destroyed formations and form a number of new ones. He again thinks about how to cause a crisis among his opponents. In the West, he believed, this would be easier to do. The idea he came up with was embodied in the plan for the German action in the Ardennes. However, all calculations did not come true. The Western allies, although they experienced some shock from the unexpected German offensive, didn't want to have th

about anything in common with Hitler and the regime he led. They continued to work closely with the Soviet Union, which helped them overcome the crisis caused by the Wehrmacht's Ardennes operation by launching an offensive from the Vistula line ahead of schedule. By mid-spring 1945, Hitler no longer had any hope for a miracle. On April 22, 1945, he decided not to leave the capital, stay in his bunker and commit suicide. The fate of the German people no longer interested him. The Germans, Hitler believed, turned out to be unworthy of such a “brilliant leader” like him, so they had to die and give way to stronger and more viable peoples. In the last days of April, Hitler was concerned only with the question of his own fate. He feared the judgment of nations for his crimes. He received with horror the news about the execution of Mussolini along with his mistress and the mockery of their corpses in Milan. This ending scared him. Just before his death, on the night of April 29, he arranged a wedding with his long-term mistress Eva Braun. On April 30, both of them committed suicide, and their corpses, on Hitler's orders, were burned in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, next to the bunker where the Fuhrer spent the last months of his life.

To the largest group of researchers, Hitler appears to be a morally devoid, diabolical genius who led Western civilization to the brink of the abyss, almost destroying it in the process. Only he, they argue, bears full responsibility for the horrors and barbarism of the Third Reich. Being a person with a disturbed psyche, he discovered in the exhausted state of mind of the German people, who had experienced the shock of defeat in the 1st World War, a reflection of his own unhealthy psyche, extreme frustration and hostility. All his life, as an Austrian, he stubbornly identified himself with the German people and, exciting them with his hypnotic oratorical abilities and malicious propaganda, found in this an outlet for his own hatred and ambition. His intuitive understanding of the German spirit was extraordinary. Hitler achieved astonishing success - something no one before or since had achieved - in introducing a monstrous tyranny into a people who had made such a huge contribution to European culture in the past. A confluence of circumstances elevated him from a street speaker to the pinnacle of power in Germany. To overthrow him, it took the unification of all the forces of the world.

70 years have passed since the suicide of the bloody Fuhrer of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler, and secrets and facts that remained unclear still excite the public today. At the beginning of the new millennium, several researchers decided to find out more details and turn history on its head and understand who Hitler was. despotism remains one of the burning topics of discussion among intellectuals today.

Parents and ancestors of the future Fuhrer

The official biography, which, as many of his contemporaries testify, Hitler often suppressed and rewrote in his own way, states that his ancestors were Austrians. According to unbiased historians, Hitler, whose nationality is no longer a secret to anyone today, was not a representative of the Aryan purebred race, but first things first.

The official history, adopted back in the Soviet period, told only about the mother and father of the future dictator. It is not surprising that this man's ancestry remains a mystery today. Hitler's life, like his death, is shrouded in many myths and rumors that have no documentary evidence.

It is only known for certain that Adolf’s father was Alois Hitler (1837-1903), and his mother was Clara Pölzl (1860-1907). If everything is clear about the pedigree of Adolf’s mother (it is recorded in documents of that era), then the origin and relatives of his father remain a mystery today. Russian researchers make the assumption that the father of the future leader of Nazism in Germany was born as a result of incest between relatives of the same clan.

European historiographers associate the name of Hitler, or rather his origin, with Jewish roots, claiming that Alois was born after the abuse of his grandmother Maria Anna Schicklgruber, committed by the son of a Jewish banker (presumably Rothschild), in whose house she worked as a maid. The last guess is not confirmed by historical facts.

The "secret" of the name Hitler

A group of researchers claims that Hitler's name, or rather the surname of his ancestors and even brothers, was written incorrectly for a long time. And only Adolf’s father Alois, being a customs officer, decided to change his family name Schicklgruber to Hitler. According to some researchers, the reason for this was the dark past of the Schicklgruber clan, which may have been involved in smuggling and robbery in the border areas with Germany. And in order to completely renounce his past and have the opportunity to make a career for himself, Alois took such a step. This version also has only indirect evidence.

Childhood and youth

But Hitler’s birthday, as well as the place of his birth, are an indisputable fact. In the border town of Braunau am Inn, on April 20, 1889, in one of the hotels, a boy was born, two days later he was baptized by Adolf.

My father managed to get out of poverty - he became a minor official. Due to the owner's occupation, the family constantly moved. Hitler recalled his childhood years with special trepidation, considering them the start on the path to his greatness. Parents paid a lot of attention to the child, and before birth younger brother Edmund was generally for a mother who had previously lost three children. In 1896, his sister Paula was born, and Adolf was attached to her all his life.

At school, the boy excelled academically and drew well, but, as modern historians testify, he never received a high school diploma, which is why his attempts to enter the Art Academy failed several times.

Adolf Hitler spent the years of the First World War mainly at headquarters. As his colleagues testify, he was distinguished by frail health and sycophancy towards his superiors. He was not respected among ordinary soldiers.

Climbing the career ladder

Adolf Hitler was an addicted person, which is why he could sit for hours in a cafe over a cup of coffee, reading literature that interested him. But, fortunately (or unfortunately), all his knowledge was superficial. But the future leader of the nation could not be denied the art of oratory. He owes his career advancement to this gift.

After the defeat in World War I, there were a lot of dissatisfied Germans in the state. Secret groups and societies were formed on a massive scale and organized coups and riots in Munich. At this time, Adolf was sent to political education courses and for some time worked as a “spy,” exposing left-wing gatherings and communists. The time of Hitler and the heyday of his Nazi ideology was just around the corner. At one of the meetings of a group that called itself the German Workers' Party, Hitler became imbued with the ideas of the people he was following, and, by decision of the top leadership, was introduced into its ranks. Thanks to his skills and oratory, he soon gathered numerous fans and attracted like-minded people into the ranks of the party. As a result, this group decided to remove the government in Berlin. After this clash with the capital's police, 14 Nazis were killed, Hitler broke his collarbone, was arrested and sent to prison. He spent 13 months in prison, where he published his work “My Struggle,” which made him a wealthy man.

It was in this work that he described the basic principles of Nazism and identified the main enemy of the Germans - the Jew. It was from this moment that Hitler, whose nationality at that time was of little interest to anyone, began to keep silent about his father and grandmother, and the surname Schicklgruber, which could compromise the new “Messiah of Germany,” was not mentioned at all.

Adolf Hitler and racial purity

Being a very intelligent man, Hitler correctly decided that the image of a single enemy in the form of the Jews would rally all the offended and offended around him. And so it happened. In 1923, an unsuccessful attempt to seize power led him to prison, but not behind bars in the literal sense of the word, but to a sanatorium with a garden and soft beds, where Adolf was able to reflect on the purity of the nation.

The main tenets of Nazi ideology were the accusation of Jews in everything about Germany and the desire of this race to weaken the Germans and drive them out of their own territories through assimilation and

The Aryans - the legendary fair-haired people with blue eyes - became objects of adoration and imitation. German scientists worked on issues of reproduction of this race. Thousands of Jews, blind, deaf, blacks and gypsies were deprived of the right and opportunity to bear children through sterilization.

Surprisingly, according to modern historians, Hitler, whose nationality was henceforth interpreted as Aryan, was friendly with a Jew as a child, and, according to historians, came to power relying on Jewish capital. Those closest to Hitler, whose nationality should have worried him, were Jews. Just look at Himmler, Goering, Goebbels...

"It's up to me to decide who is Jewish"

The fact that Hitler was a Jew was known even during his ascension to the “throne” by Churchill and Roosevelt, who were also representatives of Jewish nationality. Perhaps the Jews were targeted as bait for the uneducated poor population. Although today the facts are known that in the army of Nazi Germany, people who did not hide their Jewish past served in senior positions. It’s just that at that time it was not customary to shout about it at all corners. The facts were suppressed, and hordes of Jews were killed on the orders of this tyrant.

Himmler's catchphrase, "It's up to me to decide who is a Jew," masks politics for the undesirable. As practice shows, any undesirable person could become a Jew at that time, and it did not matter what nationality he was.

As recently declassified documents say, only European Jews were exterminated. Perhaps Hitler, with his anti-Semitic theory, did not fight for the purity of the Aryan race, but for the purity of the Jewish nation? There is evidence that German Jews, undergoing certain training, were sent to Palestine to protect the new future state.

Is Adolf Hitler a descendant of Jews and African Americans?

Thus, we can conclude that Hitler, whose nationality was kept silent for a long time, was a cog in a huge machine that was trying to create an ideal Jewish nation. Who knows, perhaps in the words of a theory about big Jewish conspiracy it makes sense?

Be that as it may, Hitler’s birthday in the projection of history became a tragic day for all European Jews, Slavs, Gypsies and African Americans. Perhaps the top of the Zionist organizations saw in him precisely the murder weapon to which millions obeyed.

Journalist for the German publication Knack Jean-Paul Mulders spent a long time trying to find out who Hitler was. The nationality of the Fuhrer worried him especially. In order to collect the necessary material, the activist took a saliva sample from several relatives of the dictator, as a result of which a haplogroup was isolated that is found only in Jews and African Americans. So, most likely, Hitler was just a pawn in the bloody games of the powers that be.

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Biography, life story of Adolf Hitler

Etymology of the surname

According to the famous German philologist and onomastics specialist Max Gottschald (1882-1952), the surname “Hitler” (Hittlaer, Hiedler) was identical to the surname Hütler (“keeper”, probably “forester”, Waldhütter)

Pedigree

Father - Alois Hitler (1837-1903). Mother - Clara Hitler (1860-1907), née Pölzl.

Alois, being illegitimate, until 1876 bore the surname of his mother Maria Anna Schicklgruber (German: Schicklgruber). Five years after the birth of Alois, Maria Schicklgruber married miller Johann Georg Hiedler, who spent his entire life in poverty and did not have his own home. In 1876, three witnesses certified that Gidler, who died in 1857, was the father of Alois, which allowed the latter to change his surname. The change in the spelling of the surname to “Hitler” was allegedly caused by a mistake by the priest when recording in the “Birth Registration Book”. Modern researchers consider the probable father of Alois not Gidler, but his brother Johann Nepomuk Güttler, who took Alois into his house and raised him.

Adolf Hitler himself, contrary to the statement widespread since the 1920s and even included in the 3rd edition of the TSB, never bore the surname Schicklgruber.

On January 7, 1885, Alois married his relative (granddaughter of Johann Nepomuk Güttler) Clara Pölzl. This was his third marriage. By this time he had a son, Alois, and a daughter, Angela, who later became the mother of Geli Raubal, Hitler's alleged mistress. Due to family ties, Alois had to obtain permission from the Vatican to marry Clara. Clara gave birth to six children from Alois, of whom Adolf was the third.

Hitler knew about the incest in his family and therefore always spoke very briefly and vaguely about his parents, although he demanded from others documentary evidence of their ancestors. Since the end of 1921, he began to constantly reassess and obscure his origins. He wrote only a few sentences about his father and maternal grandfather. On the contrary, he mentioned his mother very often in conversations. Because of this, he did not tell anyone that he was related (in a direct line from Johann Nepomuk) to the Austrian historian Rudolf Koppensteiner and the Austrian poet Robert Hamerling.

CONTINUED BELOW

Adolf's direct ancestors, both through the Schicklgruber and Hitler lines, were peasants. Only the father made a career and became a government official.

Hitler had an attachment to the places of his childhood only to Leonding, where his parents were buried, Spital, where his maternal relatives lived, and Linz. He visited them even after coming to power.

Childhood

Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, in the city of Braunau am Inn near the border with Germany on April 20, 1889 at 18:30 at the Pomeranz Hotel. Two days later he was baptized with the name Adolf. Hitler was very similar to his mother. The eyes, shape of the eyebrows, mouth and ears were exactly like hers. His mother, who gave birth to him at the age of 29, loved him very much. Before that, she lost three children.

Until 1892, the family lived in Branau in the Pomeranz Hotel, the most representative house in the suburb. In addition to Adolf, his half-brother Alois and sister Angela lived in the family. In August 1892, the father received a promotion and the family moved to Passau.

On March 24, his brother Edmund (1894-1900) was born and Adolf for some time ceased to be the center of attention of the family. On April 1, my father received a new appointment in Linz. But the family remained in Passau for another year so as not to move with the newborn baby.

In April 1895, the family gathers in Linz. On May 1, Adolf, at the age of six, entered a one-year public school in Fischlgam near Lambach. And on June 25, my father unexpectedly retired early due to health reasons. In July 1895, the family moved to Gafeld near Lambach am Traun, where the father bought a house with a plot of land of 38 thousand square meters.

In elementary school, Adolf studied well and received only excellent grades. In 1939 he visited a school in Fischlgam, where he learned to read and write, and bought it. After the purchase, he ordered the construction of a new school building nearby.

On January 21, 1896, Adolf's sister Paula was born. He was especially attached to her all his life and always took care of her.

In 1896, Hitler entered the second grade of the Lambach school of the old Catholic Benedictine monastery, which he attended until the spring of 1898. Here he also received only good grades. He sang in the boys' choir and was an assistant priest during mass. Here he first saw a swastika on the coat of arms of Abbot Hagen. Later he ordered the same one to be carved out of wood in his office.

In the same year, due to his father’s constant nagging, his half-brother Alois left home. After this, Adolf became the central figure of his father's worries and constant pressure, since his father was afraid that Adolf would grow up to be the same slacker as his brother.

In November 1897, the father purchased a house in the village of Leonding near Linz, where the whole family moved in February 1898. The house was located near the cemetery.

Adolf changed schools for the third time and went to fourth grade here. He attended the public school in Leonding until September 1900.

After the death of his brother Edmund on February 2, 1900, Adolf remained the only son of Klara Hitler.

It was in Leonding that his critical attitude towards the church arose under the influence of his father’s statements.

In September 1900, Adolf entered the first grade of the state real school in Linz. Adolf did not like the change from a rural school to a large and alien real school in the city. He only liked to walk the 6 km distance from home to school.

From that time on, Adolf began to learn only what he liked - history, geography and especially drawing. I ignored everything else. As a result of this attitude towards his studies, he stayed for the second year in the first grade of a real school.

Youth

At the age of 13, when Adolf was in the second grade of a real school in Linz, his father unexpectedly died on January 3, 1903. Despite the continuous disputes and strained relationships, Adolf still loved his father and sobbed uncontrollably at the grave.

At his mother’s request, he continued to go to school, but finally decided for himself that he would be an artist, and not an official, as his father wanted. In the spring of 1903 he moved to a school dormitory in Linz. I began to attend classes at school irregularly.

Angela got married on September 14, 1903, and now only Adolf, his sister Paula and his mother’s sister Johanna Pölzl remained in the house with her mother.

When Adolf was 15 years old and finishing the third grade of a real school, on May 22, 1904, his confirmation took place in Linz. During this period, he composed a play, wrote poetry and short stories, and also composed a libretto for Wagner's opera based on Wieland's legend and an overture.

He still went to school with disgust, and most of all he disliked French. In the fall of 1904, he passed the exam in this subject the second time, but they made him promise that he would go to another school in the fourth grade. Gemer, who at that time taught Adolf French and other subjects, said at Hitler’s trial in 1924: “Hitler was undoubtedly gifted, albeit one-sidedly. He almost did not know how to control himself, he was stubborn, self-willed, wayward and hot-tempered. Wasn't diligent." Based on numerous evidence, we can conclude that already in his youth Hitler showed pronounced psychopathic traits.

In September 1904, Hitler, while performing given promise, entered the state real school in Steyr in the fourth grade and studied there until September 1905. In Steyr he lived in the house of the merchant Ignaz Kammerhofer at Grünmarket 19. Subsequently, this place was renamed Adolf Hitlerplatz.

On February 11, 1905, Adolf received a certificate of completion of the fourth grade of a real school. The “excellent” grade was given only in drawing and physical education; in German, French, mathematics, shorthand - unsatisfactory, in the rest - satisfactory.

On June 21, 1905, the mother sold the house in Leonding and moved with the children to Linz at 31 Humboldt Street.

In the autumn of 1905, Hitler, at the request of his mother, reluctantly began to attend school in Steyr again and retake the exams to obtain a certificate for the fourth grade.

At this time, he was diagnosed with a serious lung disease, and the doctor advised his mother to postpone his schooling for at least a year and recommended that he never work in an office in the future. Adolf's mother picked him up from school and took him to Spital to see his relatives.

On January 18, 1907, the mother underwent a complex operation (breast cancer). In September, when his mother's health improved, 18-year-old Hitler went to Vienna to take the entrance exam to a general art school, but failed the second round of exams. After the exams, Hitler managed to get a meeting with the rector. At this meeting, the rector advised him to take up architecture, since it was obvious from his drawings that he had an aptitude for it.

In November 1907, Hitler returned to Linz and took charge of caring for his hopelessly ill mother. On December 21, 1907, his mother died, and on December 23, Adolf buried her next to his father.

In February 1908, after settling matters related to the inheritance and obtaining pensions for himself and his sister Paula as orphans, Hitler left for Vienna.

A friend of his youth, Kubizek, and other comrades of Hitler testify that he was constantly at odds with everyone and felt hatred for everything that surrounded him. Therefore, his biographer Joachim Fest admits that Hitler's anti-Semitism was a focused form of hatred that had previously raged in the dark and finally found its object in the Jew.

In September 1908, Hitler made a second attempt to enter the Vienna Academy of Art, but failed in the first round. After the failure, Hitler changed his place of residence several times, without telling anyone new addresses. He avoided serving in the Austrian army. He does not want to serve in the same army with the Czechs and Jews, to fight “for the Habsburg state,” but at the same time he was ready to die for the German Reich. He got a job as an “academic artist”, and from 1909 as a writer.

In 1909, Hitler met Reinhold Hanisch, who began to successfully sell his paintings. Until mid-1910, Hitler painted a lot of small-format paintings in Vienna. These were mostly copies of postcards and old engravings, depicting all sorts of historical buildings in Vienna. In addition, he drew all kinds of advertisements. In August 1910, Hitler told the Vienna police station that Hanisch had hidden part of the proceeds from him and stolen one painting. Ganish was sent to prison for seven days. From that time on, he sold his paintings himself. His work brought him such a large income that in May 1911 he refused the monthly pension due to him as an orphan in favor of his sister Paula. In addition, in the same year he received most of the inheritance of his aunt Johanna Peltz.

During this period, Hitler began to intensively educate himself. Subsequently, he was free to communicate and read literature and newspapers in the original French and English. During the war, he liked to watch French and English films without translation. He was very well versed in the armaments of the armies of the world, history, etc. At the same time, he developed an interest in politics.

In May 1913, Hitler, at the age of 24, moved from Vienna to Munich and settled in the apartment of tailor and shop owner Joseph Popp on Schleisheimer Street. Here he lived until the outbreak of the First World War, working as an artist.

On December 29, 1913, the Austrian police asked the Munich police to establish the address of the hiding Hitler. On January 19, 1914, the Munich criminal police brought Hitler to the Austrian consulate. On February 5, 1914, Hitler went to Salzburg for an examination, where he was declared unfit for military service.

Participation in the First World War

On August 1, 1914, the First World War began. Hitler was delighted by the news of the war. He immediately applied to Ludwig III for permission to serve in the Bavarian army. The very next day he was asked to report to any Bavarian regiment. He chose the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment ("List's Regiment", after the commander's surname). On 16 August he was enlisted in the 6th Reserve Battalion of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment No. 16, an all-volunteer unit. On September 1, he was transferred to the 1st company of the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 16. On October 8, he swore allegiance to the King of Bavaria and Emperor Franz Joseph.

In October 1914 he was sent to the Western Front and on October 29 participated in the Battle of Ysère, and from October 30 to November 24 at Ypres.

On November 1, 1914, he was awarded the rank of corporal. On November 9, he was transferred as a liaison officer to regiment headquarters. From November 25 to December 13, he took part in trench warfare in Flanders. On December 2, 1914 he was awarded the Iron Cross, second degree. From December 14 to 24 he participated in the battle in French Flanders, and from December 25, 1914 to March 9, 1915 - in positional battles in French Flanders.

In 1915 he took part in the battles of Nave Chapelle, La Bassé and Arras. In 1916, he participated in reconnaissance and demonstration battles of the 6th Army in connection with the Battle of the Somme, as well as in the battle of Fromelles and the Battle of the Somme itself. In April 1916 he met Charlotte Lobjoie. Wounded in the left thigh by a grenade fragment near Le Bargur in the first Battle of the Somme. I ended up in the Red Cross hospital in Beelitsa. Upon leaving the hospital (March 1917), he returned to the regiment in the 2nd company of the 1st reserve battalion.

In 1917 - the spring battle of Arras. Participated in battles in Artois, Flanders, and Upper Alsace. On September 17, 1917 he was awarded the Cross with Swords for military merit, III degree.

In 1918 he participated in great battle in France, in the battles of Evreux and Montdidier. On May 9, 1918, he was awarded a regimental diploma for outstanding bravery at Fontane. On May 18, he received the wounded insignia (black). From May 27 to June 13 - battles near Soissons and Reims. From June 14 to July 14 - positional battles between Oise, Marne and Aisne. In the period from July 15 to 17 - participation in offensive battles on the Marne and in Champagne, and from July 18 to 29 - participation in defensive battles on Soissonne, Reims and Marne. He was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class, for delivering reports to artillery positions in particularly difficult conditions, which saved the German infantry from being shelled by their own artillery.

On August 25, 1918, Hitler received a service award, III class. According to numerous testimonies, he was careful, very brave and an excellent soldier.

15 October 1918 gassing near La Montaigne as a result of a chemical shell exploding nearby. Eye damage. Temporary loss of vision. Treatment in the Bavarian field hospital in Udenard, then in the Prussian rear hospital in Pasewalk. While being treated in the hospital, he learned about the surrender of Germany and the overthrow of the Kaiser, which became a great shock for him.

Creation of the NSDAP

Hitler considered the defeat in the war of the German Empire and the November Revolution of 1918 to be the product of traitors who “stabbed in the back” the victorious German army.

In early February 1919, Hitler volunteered to serve as a guard at a prisoner of war camp located near Traunstein, not far from the Austrian border. About a month later, the prisoners of war - several hundred French and Russian soldiers - were released, and the camp and its guards were disbanded.

On March 7, 1919, Hitler returned to Munich, to the 7th Company of the 1st Reserve Battalion of the 2nd Bavarian Infantry Regiment.

At this time, he had not yet decided whether he would be an architect or a politician. In Munich, during the stormy days, he did not bind himself to any obligations, he simply observed and took care of his own safety. He remained in Max Barracks in Munich-Oberwiesenfeld until the day the troops of von Epp and Noske drove the communist Soviets out of Munich. At the same time, he gave his works to the prominent artist Max Zeper for evaluation. He handed over the paintings to Ferdinand Steger for imprisonment. Steger wrote: “...an absolutely extraordinary talent.”

From June 5 to June 12, 1919, his superiors sent him to an agitator course (Vertrauensmann). The courses were intended to train agitators who would conduct explanatory conversations against the Bolsheviks among soldiers returning from the front. Far-right views prevailed among the lecturers; among others, lectures were given by Gottfried Feder, the future economic theorist of the NSDAP.

During one of the discussions, Hitler made a very strong impression with his anti-Semitic monologue on the head of the propaganda department of the 4th Bavarian Reichswehr Command, and he invited him to take over political functions on an army scale. A few days later he was appointed education officer (confidant). Hitler turned out to be a bright and temperamental speaker and attracted the attention of listeners.

The decisive moment in Hitler's life was the moment of his unshakable recognition by supporters of anti-Semitism. Between 1919 and 1921, Hitler intensively read books from Friedrich Kohn's library. This library was clearly anti-Semitic, which left a deep mark on Hitler's beliefs.

On September 12, 1919, Adolf Hitler, on instructions from the military, came to the Sterneckerbräu beer hall for a meeting of the German Workers' Party (DAP), founded in early 1919 by mechanic Anton Drexler and numbering about 40 people. During the debate, Hitler, speaking from a pan-German position, won a landslide victory over the supporter of Bavarian independence and accepted the offer of the impressed Drexler to join the party. Hitler immediately made himself responsible for party propaganda and soon began to determine the activities of the entire party.

Until April 1, 1920, Hitler continued to serve in the Reichswehr. On February 24, 1920, Hitler organized the first of many large public events for the Nazi Party in the Hofbräuhaus beer hall. During his speech, he proclaimed the twenty-five points drawn up by him, Drexler and Feder, which became the program of the Nazi Party. The “Twenty-Five Points” combined pan-Germanism, demands for the abolition of the Treaty of Versailles, anti-Semitism, demands for socialist reforms and a strong central government.

At Hitler's initiative, the party adopted a new name - the German National Socialist Workers' Party (in German transcription NSDAP). In political journalism they began to be called Nazis, by analogy with the socialists - Soci. In July, a conflict arose in the leadership of the NSDAP: Hitler, who wanted dictatorial powers in the party, was outraged by the negotiations with other groups that took place while Hitler was in Berlin, without his participation. On July 11, he announced his withdrawal from the NSDAP. Since Hitler was at that time the most active public politician and the most successful speaker of the party, other leaders were forced to ask him to return. Hitler returned to the party and on July 29 was elected its chairman with unlimited power. Drexler was left the post of honorary chairman without real powers, but his role in the NSDAP from that moment sharply declined.

For disrupting the speech of the Bavarian separatist politician Otto Ballerstedt, Hitler was sentenced to three months in prison, but he served only a month in Munich's Stadelheim prison - from June 26 to July 27, 1922. On January 27, 1923, Hitler held the first NSDAP congress; 5,000 stormtroopers marched through Munich.

"Beer putsch"

By the beginning of the 1920s. The NSDAP became one of the most prominent organizations in Bavaria. Ernst Röhm stood at the head of the assault troops (German abbreviation SA). Hitler quickly became a force to be reckoned with, at least within Bavaria.

In 1923, a crisis broke out in Germany, caused by the French occupation of the Ruhr. The Social Democratic government, which first called on the Germans to resist and plunged the country into an economic crisis, and then accepted all the demands of France, was attacked by both the right and the communists. Under these conditions, the Nazis entered into an alliance with the right-wing conservative separatists who were in power in Bavaria, jointly preparing an attack against the Social Democratic government in Berlin. However, the strategic goals of the Allies differed sharply: the former sought to restore the pre-revolutionary Wittelsbach monarchy, while the Nazis sought to create a strong Reich. The leader of the Bavarian right, Gustav von Kahr, proclaimed a state commissar with dictatorial powers, refused to carry out a number of orders from Berlin and, in particular, to disband the Nazi units and close the Völkischer Beobachter. However, faced with the firm position of the Berlin General Staff, the leaders of Bavaria (Kahr, Lossow and Seiser) hesitated and told Hitler that they did not intend to openly oppose Berlin for the time being. Hitler took this as a signal that he should take the initiative into his own hands.

On November 8, 1923, at about 9 o'clock in the evening, Hitler and Erich Ludendorff, at the head of armed stormtroopers, appeared at the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbräukeller", where a meeting was taking place with the participation of Kahr, Lossow and Seiser. Upon entering, Hitler announced the “overthrow of the government of traitors in Berlin.” However, the Bavarian leaders soon managed to leave the beer hall, after which Carr issued a proclamation dissolving the NSDAP and the storm troopers. For their part, the stormtroopers under the command of Röhm occupied the ground forces headquarters building at the War Ministry; there they, in turn, were surrounded by Reichswehr soldiers.

On the morning of November 9, Hitler and Ludendorff, at the head of a 3,000-strong column of attack aircraft, moved towards the Ministry of Defense, however, on Residenzstrasse, their path was blocked by a police detachment that opened fire. Carrying away the dead and wounded, the Nazis and their supporters fled the streets. This episode went down in German history under the name “Beer Hall Putsch.”

In February - March 1924, the trial of the leaders of the coup took place. Only Hitler and several of his associates were in the dock. The court sentenced Hitler for high treason to 5 years in prison and a fine of 200 gold marks. Hitler served his sentence in Landsberg prison. However, after 9 months, in December 1924, he was released.

During his 9 months in prison, Hitler’s work Mein Kampf (My Struggle) was written. In this work, he outlined his position regarding racial purity, declaring war on Jews, communists, and stated that Germany should dominate the world.

On the way to power

During the absence of the leader, the party disintegrated. Hitler had to practically start everything from scratch. Rem provided him with great help, beginning the restoration of the assault troops. However, a decisive role in the revival of the NSDAP was played by Gregor Strasser, the leader of right-wing extremist movements in North and North-West Germany. By bringing them into the ranks of the NSDAP, he helped transform the party from a regional (Bavarian) into a national political force.

In April 1925, Hitler renounced his Austrian citizenship and was stateless until February 1932.

In 1926, the Hitler Youth was founded, the top leadership of the SA was established, and the conquest of “red Berlin” by Goebbels began. Meanwhile, Hitler was looking for support at the all-German level. He managed to win the trust of some of the generals, as well as establish contacts with industrial magnates. At the same time, Hitler wrote his work “My Struggle”.

In 1930-1945 he was Supreme Fuhrer of the SA.

When parliamentary elections in 1930 and 1932 brought the Nazis a significant increase in parliamentary mandates, the ruling circles of the country began to seriously consider the NSDAP as a possible participant in government combinations. An attempt was made to remove Hitler from the leadership of the party and rely on Strasser. However, Hitler managed to quickly isolate his associate and deprive him of all influence in the party. In the end, the German leadership decided to give Hitler the main administrative and political post, surrounding him (just in case) with guardians from traditional conservative parties.

In February 1932, Hitler decided to put forward his candidacy for the election of Reich President of Germany. On February 25, the Minister of the Interior of Braunschweig appointed him to the post of attaché at the Braunschweig representative office in Berlin. This did not impose any job responsibilities, but automatically gave German citizenship and allowed to participate in elections. Hitler took lessons in public speaking and acting from the opera singer Paul Devrient, the Nazis organized a huge propaganda campaign, in particular, Hitler became the first German politician to make campaign trips by plane. In the first round on March 13, Paul von Hindenburg received 49.6% of the votes, and Hitler came in second with 30.1%. On April 10, in a repeat vote, Hindenburg won 53%, and Hitler - 36.8%. Third place was taken both times by the communist Thälmann.

On June 4, 1932, the Reichstag was dissolved. In the elections held the following month, the NSDAP won a landslide victory, gaining 37.8% of the vote and gaining 230 seats in the Reichstag, instead of the previous 143. The Social Democrats received second place with 21.9% and 133 seats in the Reichstag.

On November 6, 1932, early elections to the Reichstag were held. The NSDAP received only 196 seats, instead of the previous 230.

Reich Chancellor and Head of State

Domestic policy

On January 30, 1933, President Hindenburg appointed Hitler Reich Chancellor (head of government). As Reich Chancellor, Hitler was the head of the Reich Cabinet. Less than a month later, on February 27, there was a fire in the parliament building - the Reichstag. The official version of what happened was that the Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe, who was captured while putting out the fire, was to blame. It is now considered proven that the arson was planned by the Nazis and directly carried out by stormtroopers under the command of Karl Ernst. Hitler announced a plot by the Communist Party to seize power and the very next day after the fire presented Hindenburg with a decree suspending seven articles of the constitution and granting emergency powers to the government, which he signed. At the end of 1933, a trial was held in Leipzig of van der Lubbe, the head of the KPD Ernst Torgler and three Bulgarian communists, including Georgi Dimitrov, who were accused of arson. The process ended in failure for the Nazis, because thanks to effective defense Dimitrov, all the accused, with the exception of van der Lubbe, were acquitted.

However, by taking advantage of the burning of the parliament building, the Nazis strengthened their control over the state. First the communist and then the social democratic parties were banned. A number of parties were forced to declare self-dissolution. Trade unions were liquidated, the property of which was transferred to the Nazi labor front. Opponents of the new government were sent to concentration camps without trial or investigation. Anti-Semitism was an important part of Hitler's domestic policy. Mass persecution of Jews and Gypsies began. On September 15, 1935, the Nuremberg Racial Laws were adopted, depriving Jews civil rights; in the fall of 1938, an all-German Jewish pogrom (Kristallnacht) was organized. The development of this policy a few years later was Operation Endlözung (Final Solution), aimed at the physical extermination of the entire Jewish population. This policy, which Hitler first declared back in 1919, culminated in the genocide of the Jewish population, a decision about which was made already during the war.

On August 2, 1934, President Hindenburg died. As a result of a plebiscite held in mid-August, the presidency was abolished, and the presidential powers of the head of state were transferred to Hitler as the “Führer and Reichskanzler” (Führer und Reichskanzler). These actions were approved by 84.6% of the electorate. Thus, Hitler also became the Supreme Commander of the armed forces, whose soldiers and officers now swore allegiance to him personally.

Thus, in 1934, he took the title of leader of the “Third Reich”. Having arrogated even more power to himself, he introduced SS security detachments, founded concentration camps, modernized and equipped the army with weapons.

Under Hitler's leadership, unemployment was sharply reduced and then eliminated. Large-scale humanitarian aid campaigns have been launched for people in need. Mass cultural and sports celebrations were encouraged. Policy framework Hitler's regime was preparation for revenge for the lost First world war. For this purpose, industry was reconstructed, large-scale construction began, and strategic reserves were created. In the spirit of revanchism, propaganda indoctrination of the population was carried out.

The beginning of territorial expansion

Shortly after coming to power, Hitler announced Germany's withdrawal from the military clauses of the Treaty of Versailles, which limited Germany's war effort. The hundred-thousand-strong Reichswehr was transformed into a million-strong Wehrmacht, tank troops were created and military aviation was restored. The status of the demilitarized Rhine Zone was abolished.

In 1936-1939, Germany under the leadership of Hitler provided significant assistance to the Francoists during Civil War in Spain.

At this time, Hitler believed that he was seriously ill and would soon die. He began to rush to implement his plans. On November 5, 1937, he wrote a political will, and on May 2, 1938, a personal will.

In March 1938, Austria was annexed.

In the fall of 1938, in accordance with the Munich Agreement, part of Czechoslovakia - the Sudetenland (Reichsgau) - was annexed.

Time magazine, in its January 2, 1939 issue, called Hitler "the man of 1938." The article dedicated to the “Man of the Year” began with Hitler’s title, which, according to the magazine, reads as follows: “Führer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich, Herr Hitler." The final sentence of the rather lengthy article proclaimed:

To those following the final events of the year, it seemed more than likely that the Man of 1938 could make 1939 an unforgettable year.

In March 1939, the remaining part of Czechoslovakia was occupied, transformed into a satellite state of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, and part of the territory of Lithuania near Klaipeda (Memel region) was annexed. After this, Hitler made territorial claims to Poland (first - about the provision of an extraterritorial road to East Prussia, and then - about holding a referendum on the ownership of the “Polish Corridor”, in which people living in this territory as of 1918 would have to take part ). The latter demand was clearly unacceptable for Poland's allies - Great Britain and France - which could serve as the basis for the brewing of a conflict.

The Second World War

These claims are met with sharp rebuff. On April 3, 1939, Hitler approved a plan for an armed attack on Poland (Operation Weiss).

August 23, 1939. Hitler concludes a Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet Union, a secret annex to which contained a plan for dividing spheres of influence in Europe. On September 1, the Gleiwitz incident occurred, which served as the pretext for the attack on Poland (September 1), which marked the beginning of World War II. Having defeated Poland during September, Germany occupied Norway, Denmark, Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium in April-May 1940 and broke through the front in France. In June, Wehrmacht forces occupied Paris and France capitulated. In the spring of 1941, Germany, under the leadership of Hitler, captured Greece and Yugoslavia, and on June 22 attacked the USSR. The defeats of the Soviet troops at the first stage of the Soviet-German war led to the occupation of the Baltic republics, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and the western part of the RSFSR by German and allied troops. A brutal occupation regime was established in the occupied territories, which killed many millions of people.

However, from the end of 1942, the German armies began to suffer major defeats both in the USSR (Stalingrad) and in Egypt (El Alamein). The following year, the Red Army launched a broad offensive, while the Anglo-Americans landed in Italy and took it out of the war. In 1944, Soviet territory was liberated from occupation and the Red Army advanced into Poland and the Balkans; at the same time, Anglo-American troops landed in Normandy and liberated most of France. With the beginning of 1945, the fighting was transferred to the territory of the Reich.

Attempts on Hitler

The first unsuccessful attempt on Hitler's life occurred on November 8, 1939 in the Munich beer hall "Bürgerbräu", where he spoke every year to veterans of the National Socialist Workers' Party of Germany. Carpenter Johann Georg Elser built a homemade explosive device with a clock mechanism into the column in front of which the leader's platform was usually installed. As a result of the explosion, 8 people were killed and 63 injured. However, Hitler was not among the victims. The Fuhrer, this time limiting himself to a brief greeting to those gathered, left the hall seven minutes before the explosion, as he had to return to Berlin.

That same evening, Elser was captured at the Swiss border and, after several interrogations, confessed to everything. As a “special prisoner” he was placed in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then transferred to Dachau. On April 9, 1945, when the Allies were already close to the concentration camp, Elser was shot by order of Himmler.

In 1944, the July 20 plot was organized against Hitler, the purpose of which was his physical elimination and the conclusion of peace with the advancing Allied forces.

The bomb explosion killed 4 people. Hitler remained alive. After the assassination attempt, he was unable to stand on his feet all day, as more than 100 fragments were removed from his legs. In addition, his right arm was dislocated, the hair on the back of his head was singed and his eardrums were damaged. I became temporarily deaf in my right ear.

He ordered the execution of the conspirators to be turned into humiliating torture, filmed and photographed. Subsequently, I personally watched this film.

Death of Hitler

According to the testimony of witnesses interrogated by both Soviet counterintelligence agencies and the corresponding Allied services, on April 30, 1945, in Berlin surrounded by Soviet troops, Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide, having previously killed their beloved dog Blondie. In Soviet historiography, the point of view has been established that Hitler took poison (potassium cyanide, like most Nazis who committed suicide), however, according to eyewitnesses, he shot himself. There is also a version according to which Hitler, having taken an ampoule of poison into his mouth and bit into it, simultaneously shot himself with a pistol (thus using both instruments of death).

According to witnesses from among service personnel, even the day before, Hitler gave the order to deliver cans of gasoline from the garage (to destroy the bodies). On April 30, after lunch, Hitler said goodbye to people from his inner circle and, shaking their hands, together with Eva Braun, retired to his apartment, from where the sound of a shot was soon heard. Shortly after 15:15, Hitler's servant Heinz Linge, accompanied by his adjutant Otto Günsche, Goebbels, Bormann and Axmann, entered the Fuhrer's apartment. Dead Hitler sat on the sofa; a blood stain was spreading on his temple. Eva Braun lay nearby, with no visible external injuries. Günsche and Linge wrapped Hitler's body in a soldier's blanket and carried it out into the garden of the Reich Chancellery; after him they carried out Eve’s body. The corpses were placed near the entrance to the bunker, doused with gasoline and burned.

On May 5, the bodies were found by a piece of blanket sticking out of the ground and fell into the hands of the Soviet SMERSH. The body was identified, in particular, with the help of Käthe Heusermann (Ketty Goiserman), Hitler's dental assistant, who confirmed the similarity of the dentures presented to her at the identification with Hitler's dentures. However, after leaving the Soviet camps, she retracted her testimony. In February 1946, the remains, identified by investigators as the bodies of Hitler, Eva Braun, the Goebbels couple - Joseph, Magda and their six children, as well as two dogs, were buried at one of the NKVD bases in Magdeburg. In 1970, when the territory of this base was to be transferred to the GDR, at the proposal of Yu. V. Andropov, approved by the Politburo, these remains were dug up, cremated to ashes and then thrown into the Elbe (according to other sources, the remains were burned in a vacant lot in the area town of Schönebeck, 11 km from Magdeburg and thrown into the Biederitz River). Only dentures and part of the skull with a bullet entry hole (found separately from the corpse) were preserved. They are kept in Russian archives, as are the side arms of the sofa with traces of blood on which Hitler shot himself. In an interview, the head of the FSB Archive said that the authenticity of the jaw was proven by a number of international examinations. However, Hitler's biographer Werner Maser doubts that the discovered corpse and part of the skull actually belonged to Hitler. In September 2009, researchers from the University of Connecticut, based on the results of their DNA analysis, stated that the skull belonged to a woman less than 40 years old. FSB representatives denied this.

However, there is a popular urban legend in the world that the corpses of Hitler and his wife’s doubles were found in the bunker, and the Fuhrer himself and his wife allegedly fled to Argentina, where they lived peacefully until the end of their days. Similar versions are put forward and proven even by some historians, including the British Gerard Williams and Simon Dunstan. However, official science rejects such theories.

Video of Adolf Hitler

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