Basic test Chelnistnogiye Unified State Examination

Option 1 A. Select all correct answers.

1. Representatives of the phylum arthropods are characterized by:

a) chitinous body cover

b) closed circulatory system

c) segmented body

d) the presence of articulated limbs

2. Habitat of crustaceans:

a) ground-air

b) water

c) soil

d) organismic

3. The antennae of crustaceans are organs:

a) sightb) touch

b) smell d) hearing

4. The segmented body of insects is divided:

a) on the cephalothorax and abdomen

b) head and abdomen

c) head, chest and abdomen

5. Representatives of the arachnid class have:

a) simple eyes

b) compound eyes

c) 4 pairs of limbs

d) 3 pairs of limbs

6. Crustaceans molt periodically because:

a) seasons change

b) the shell does not have a cellular structure

c) a hard shell prevents growth evenly

d) live in water

7. Insects, like crustaceans, have:

a) chitinous cover

b) 2 pairs of antennae

c) wings

d) compound eyes

8. Arachnids, unlike insects, are characterized by:

a) extraintestinal digestion

b) location of the heart on the dorsal side

c) the presence of pulmonary sacs

d) ventral nerve cord

9. K social insects relate:

b) ants

10. Dioecious animals with internal fertilization:

a) mosquito squeaker

b) crayfish

c) cross spider

d) bovine tapeworm

11. The basis for the classification of insects are the following characteristics:

a) the number and structural features of the wings

b) structure of the oral apparatus

c) type of development

d) structure of limbs

B. Establish the correct sequence.

12. Establish the correct sequence of insect development with complete transformation:

a) larva

c) adult insect
d) doll

13. Determine the correspondence between the phylum classes of arthropods and their representatives.

a) crustaceans

b) arachnids

c) insects

Generic names 1) dragonfly 2) lobster, 3) tick 4) cockroach 5) woodlice 6) lice 7) scorpion 8) bee 9) daphnia

10) ant11) crab12) tarantula

C. Give a reasoned answer.

14. At what stage of development do insects grow? Is gluttony significant for them at this stage of development and why?

Option 2 A. Select all correct answers.

1. Representatives of arthropods:

a) varied and numerous

b) the integument of their body performs the function of an exoskeleton

c) characterized by articulated limbs

d) move by bending the body

2. Habitat of arachnids: a) aquatic

b) ground-air

c) organismic

d) soil

3. Cancer body segments:

a) head and chest

b) cephalothorax and abdomen

c) head, chest, abdomen

4. Respiratory organs of crayfish: a) gills

b) trachea

c) lung sacs

d) lungs

5. The limbs and wings of insects are located:

a) on the headb) abdomen

b) sternum) cephalothorax

6.Insects are characterized by:

a) the presence of wings

b) three pairs of limbs

c) complex and simple eyes

d) two pairs of antennae

7. Cancer’s eyes are on stalks because:

a) body mobility is insignificant

b) compound eyes

c) vision is the only sense organ

d) the head and chest form a single section

8. Arachnids, like crustaceans, have:

a) 4 pairs of walking legs

b) similar body segments

c) open circulatory system

d) ventral nerve cord

9. In insects, hemolymph is not involved in oxygen transfer, since this function is performed by:

a) spiracles

b) trachea

c) Malpighian vessels

d) digestive system

10. Establish the sequence of stages of development of insects with incomplete transformation:

a) an adult insect

b) larva

11. Domesticated insects:

a) muhav) bee

b) silkworm d) cricket

12. Ticks, unlike other arachnids, are characterized by:

a) the presence of four pairs of limbs

b) small in size

c) unsegmented body

d) the ability to eat solid food
B. Match.

13. Establish a correspondence between orders of insects and their representatives.

Orders, insects

a) dipterans

b) Hymenoptera

d) Coleoptera

c) Lepidoptera

Analysis of the results of diagnostic work on the topic “Type Arthropods”

Vari- Ant

Tasks

a, c, d

a, b,

b, V,

a, b,

b, a,

a: 2, 5,9,11 b: 3, 7,12 c: 1, 4, 6, 8, 10

on the larval stage, growth

a B C

b, d

a, b,

b, c, d

a B C

b, c

a: 5, 7.11 6: 1,3,12 c: 4, 6.9 d: 2,8,10

diversity of insect environment

Indicators for structural analysis of results

indicator	1 option	Option 2
Knowledge characteristic features:
arthropods	1,10	1,14
crustaceans	2,3,6	3, 4, 7
arachnids		2,8,12
insects	4, 7,9,11,12,14	5,6,9,10,11,
classification
Skills:
characterize	1,2,3,4,5	1,2,3,4,56
systematize	9,10,11,13	11,13
compare		8,12
explain
simulate
draw conclusions

ClassInsects

- the most numerous and diverse group of animals, numbering more than 1 million species.

Insects are the most highly organized arthropods; they have the most advanced nervous system and sense organs. They have mastered all habitats and are found everywhere (with the exception of seas and oceans).

The body of insects consists of three sections - head, thorax and abdomen:

• is on the head one pair of antennae,one pair of compound eyes;
• on the chest there are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings (in most insects);
• there are no legs on the abdomen.

The head contains eyes, one pair of antennae, and mouthparts (which are modified limbs).

Insect eyes complex faceted, and some also have simple ocelli.

Cockroaches and beetles have gnawing type mouthparts. In other insects they change depending on the food consumed. Bees have mouthparts gnawing-licking (gnawing-sucking) type, in a mosquito and a bug - piercing-sucking, in a butterfly - sucking, in a fly - licking (filtering).

The structure of the antennae of insects is very diverse.

On the chest there are three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings (in most insects).

Features of the wings are an important systematic feature (their structure, number and characteristics of the wings determine the belonging of insects to orders).

In most insects running legs(like, for example, a cockroach) they serve only for walking and running, but their structure can change depending on lifestyle. In a grasshopper, locust, and flea, the last pair of legs is very long and powerful ( jumping legs). The mole cricket's front pair of legs is powerful, flat and short ( digging legs). In the swimming beetle and the smooth water bug, the back pair of legs are covered with long hairs, forming wide surface- a kind of oar ( swimming legs). The praying mantis's front legs are armed with spines, which help this predator hold its prey ( grasping legs).

Pay attention!

Insects breathe using tracheas.

The body cavity is mixed.

The circulatory system is not closed.

The nervous system consists of the peripharyngeal ring and the ventral nerve cord.

Digestive system

Between the stomach and midgut there are special blind outgrowths in which food is absorbed.

Respiratory system

The respiratory system of most insects is represented by many highly branching tracheas that penetrate the entire body and open outward with the help of spiracles (stigmas) located on the sides of the abdomen. Spiracles regulate the flow of air to internal organs(to cells). Carbon dioxide is removed through the trachea.

Circulatory system

The circulatory system is not closed.

On the dorsal side of insects there is a heart, which looks like a long muscular tube with holes on the sides. Hemolymph (“blood”) enters the heart through these openings and flows through it from the posterior to the anterior end. From the heart, hemalymph enters the body cavity (the circulatory system is not closed).

Hemolymph flows not only through the vessels, but also in the cavities of the body, washing various organs and transmitting to them nutrients, while being saturated with waste products.

Hemolymph does not participate in gas exchange- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, since this function is performed by the trachea.

Excretory system

The excretory system, like that of arachnids, is represented by Malpighian vessels- bundles of tubes blindly closed from the side of the body cavity, which open into the intestine. Metabolic products are filtered by the walls of the Malpighian vessels from the body cavity.

Nervous system

The nervous system is represented by a large suprapharyngeal ganglion(often called the brain), subpharyngeal node And ventral nerve cord. Nerves extend from the cephalic ganglion to the eyes and other sensory organs.

The sense organs are well developed.

The organs of vision are two large complex compound eyes and simple eyes.

Located on the antennae organs of touch and smell And heat sensitive organs(catching temperature changes).

The taste organs are located on the mouth parts.

Reproduction

Insects are dioecious. Fertilization is internal.

The male (♂) has two testes, two vas deferens and ejaculatory duct.

Among insects, there are groups that develop with incomplete transformation (the larva emerging from the egg looks like an adult insect) and with complete transformation (the worm-like larva turns into a pupa, from which an adult insect emerges).

Insect with incomplete transformation (with direct development) goes through three stages in its development: egg - larva - adult insect (imago).

Pay attention!

Orders of insects with incomplete transformation: Orthoptera, Homoptera, bugs (hemiptera), dragonflies, cockroaches, mantises, mayflies, stoneflies, earwigs, lice.

The larvae are very similar to their parents and differ from adult insects only in their smaller size, lack of wings and underdeveloped reproductive system.

The larvae molt several times, grow with each molt and become more and more like adult insects. Over time, their wings are fully formed and they become sexually mature.

Dragonfly Squad

Dragonflies are well-known insects with a long, slender body and two pairs of strong, transparent wings.

Dragonflies (especially large ones) are distinguished by very fast and maneuverable flight. They are predators, catching insects (flies, mosquitoes, small butterflies) on the fly. Dragonflies have large compound eyes that provide nearly all-round vision and long legs lined with coarse hairs.

Dragonfly larvae are inactive, live in ponds, lakes, ditches with water, slowly flowing rivers. They are also predators and grab passing crustaceans, larvae of other insects, tadpoles and fish fry with the help of a lower lip capable of being thrown forward, which is called a mask.

Order Orthoptera

This group includes locusts, grasshoppers, crickets and mole crickets. They have two pairs of wings (the front ones are denser than the hind ones), many have jumping hind limbs, and a gnawing mouthparts. Some types of locusts fly well. Locusts feed on plants, among grasshoppers there are both herbivorous species and predators, and crickets are omnivores.

Order Homoptera

Homoptera include cicadas and aphids. Their mouthparts are of the piercing-sucking type, and their wings are usually folded into a roof (“house”). Homoptera feed on plant sap.

Cicadas are large (up to 7 cm long) diurnal insects and are known for their ability to produce very loud sounds with the help of special organs located below at the base of the abdomen.

Aphids are small insects 0.5-6 mm long. Among them there are both winged and wingless forms. Many harm crop plants.

Order Bedbugs, or Hemiptera

Representatives of this group are called so because their front wings (elytra) are dense in front and soft in back. The second pair of wings lies under the first. It is with the help of the second pair of wings that bedbugs can fly. Some, for example bed bug, wings are missing. The mouthparts of bedbugs are piercing-sucking. Among bugs there are species that feed on plant juices, there are predators and bloodsuckers (bed bugs).

Insect with complete transformation (with metamorphosis) goes through four stages in its development: egg - larva - pupa - adult insect (imago).

Pay attention!

Orders of insects with complete transformation: butterflies (Lepidoptera), beetles (Coleoptera), Diptera, Hymenoptera, fleas.

Most species of insects are characterized by development with complete transformation. In insects with complete metamorphosis (butterflies, beetles, flies, wasps, ants), the larvae are completely different from the adults. They have no compound eyes (there are only simple eyes, or no visual organs at all), often no antennae, no wings; the body is most often worm-shaped (for example, butterfly caterpillars).

Insect larvae with complete metamorphosis molt several times, grow and, having reached size limits, turns into a chrysalis. The pupa is usually motionless.

In insects with complete metamorphosis, the larvae often live in completely different places and feed on different foods than adult insects. This eliminates competition between different stages of the same species.

Order Butterflies, or Lepidoptera

Butterflies differ from other insects mainly in two ways: scaly covering of wings and sucking mouthparts, rolled up in a spiral.

Butterflies are called Lepidoptera because they have small chitinous scales on their wings. They refract the incident light, creating a bizarre play of colors.

The coloring of the wings of butterflies helps them recognize each other, camouflages them in the grass and on the bark of trees, or warns enemies that the butterfly is inedible.

The sucking mouthparts of butterflies are a proboscis coiled into a spiral. Butterflies feed on the nectar of flowers.

Butterfly larvae (caterpillars) have gnawing mouthparts and feed on plant tissue (most often).

When pupating, the caterpillars of some butterflies secrete silk threads. The silk thread is secreted by a special silk gland located on the lower lip of the caterpillar.

Order Beetles, or Coleoptera

Representatives of this group have dense, hard elytra covering the second pair of leathery wings, with which they fly. The mouthparts are gnawing.

Among the beetles there are many herbivores, there are predators and carrion eaters.

Beetles live in the ground-air environment (on plants, the surface of the earth, in the soil) and in water.

Beetle larvae are both very mobile predators, living openly, and sedentary, worm-like, living in shelters and feeding on plants, fungi, and sometimes decomposing remains of organisms.

Order Diptera

These insects have only one pair of wings. The second pair is greatly reduced and serves to stabilize the flight. This group includes mosquitoes and flies. They have piercing-sucking or licking mouthparts. Some dipterans feed on pollen and nectar of flowers (syrphid flies), there are predators (quackers) and bloodsuckers (mosquitoes, midges, midges, horseflies). Their larvae live in the decaying remains of cesspools, composts (house flies), in water (mosquitoes and midges) or lead a wandering lifestyle and prey on small insects.

Order Hymenoptera

The group includes such well-known insects as bumblebees, wasps, bees, ants, sawflies, and wasps. They have two pairs of membranous wings (some have no wings).

Flea Squad

Each order of insects contains pests of agricultural plants.

Order Orthoptera (locusts and mole crickets)

Particularly dangerous Asian or migratory locust . Its invasion leaves bare soil with eaten plants in the fields. The main breeding grounds for locusts are reed beds of large southern rivers. The larvae hatch from the eggs in the spring, molt 4-5 times, at which time the larvae develop wings, and the locusts fly away from their nests over vast distances.

Widely distributed among mole crickets mole cricket. She lives in the soil. To lay eggs, the female makes a nest at a depth of 10-20 cm. When constructing nests and numerous passages, it gnaws through roots and underground parts of stems, eats up tubers, root crops, and seeds.

Order Homoptera (aphids)

Among homoptera there are many insect pests: aphids, whiteflies, scale insects, scale insects, psyllids, and gall midges. Aphids are especially harmful to human agricultural activities.

Aphids (cabbage, melon, beet, pea) suck juices from young shoots and leaves. Plants are severely stunted or dry out.

Aphids reproduce quickly. They have several generations over the summer.

Order Hemiptera (Bedbugs)

Both adults and bedbug larvae harmful turtle damages cereals, especially wheat. By piercing the not yet ripened grains, the bug injects saliva into them and sucks the dissolved contents.

Order Coleoptera (Beetles)

Of the Coleoptera, the greatest damage to agriculture is caused by the beet weevil, Colorado potato beetle, and click beetles.

Beet weevil per day can destroy up to 10 young plants. It causes the greatest harm during the period of beet growth. At this time, the female weevil lays eggs in the soil near the beet seedlings. Worm-like larvae feed on beet roots.

Dangerous potato pest - Colorado potato beetle - brought to Europe from America along with potatoes. During the summer, two or three generations of beetles develop. Both adult beetles and their larvae feed on potato leaves.

The larvae of click beetles - wireworms - damage potato tubers, carrots and beets.

Order Lepidoptera (Butterflies)

Caterpillars cabbage butterflies feed on the leaves of cabbage and other cruciferous plants, leaving only the largest veins. They are kept open: birds do not eat them because of the toxic liquid they secrete.

Caterpillars of the winter armyworm live in the soil, where they destroy sown seeds and emerging seedlings, gnaw plant stems at the soil level, and, crawling to the surface, eat leaves.

Order Diptera

Females onion fly lay eggs on lumps of soil near onions or garlic. The larvae emerging from the eggs bore into the bulbs and leaves and eat away the tunnels in them.

Cabbage and carrot flies cause similar harm.

Insects - garden pests

The apple blossom beetle, strawberry weevil, raspberry beetle, apple codling moth, gooseberry moth, and aphid cause great harm to garden plants.

in spring apple blossom beetle feeds on the buds of apple trees and female beetles lay eggs (one at a time) in the buds. In almost every unopened and already dried bud you can find either a yellowish legless larva or a pupa. By mid-summer, the beetles crawl into cracks in the bark, and in the fall - under fallen leaves and overwinter there.

Strawberry weevil damages strawberries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries. Shortly before these plants bloom, the females gnaw a hole in the side of the bud and lay an egg inside. The hole is sealed with a plug of excrement and the peduncle is gnawed. In this case, the peduncle breaks, the bud hangs and dries out. The larvae develop by feeding on the contents of the bud and pupate here. One female damages about 50 buds when laying eggs.

In the spring, the raspberry beetle eats holes on raspberry leaves, buds and nectaries of its flowers. Females lay single eggs in flowers. The worm-like larvae that emerge from them bite into the fruit stalk and eat away the fruit drupes. Damaged fruits (“wormy berries”) wither and rot. Pupation of beetle larvae occurs in the soil.

Butterflies gooseberry moth lay eggs in the buds and flowers of currants and gooseberries. The hatched caterpillars bite into the resulting berries and eat away their contents. During the period of its development, one caterpillar damages about eight berries, which turn red prematurely, and berry bush becomes as if engulfed in fire (hence “fire”).

Butterfly is common in gardens codling moth, whose caterpillars develop in apples. The last instar caterpillars overwinter in cocoons under loose tree bark, in cracks in supports. Pupation occurs in the spring. The flight of butterflies usually coincides with the end of the flowering of apple trees. Their females lay eggs at the base of the fruits that set.

1 - adult insect;

2 - eggs on leaves and fruits;

3 - caterpillar;

4 - pupa;

5 - cocoons under dead bark;

6 - damaged fruits.

Insects - forest pests

One of the most dangerous pests of gardens and forests is gypsy moth. Clutches of eggs of this butterfly, similar to pieces of felt, can be found on the lower part of tree trunks and stumps. In autumn, larvae develop inside the eggs and remain in them until spring. In spring, caterpillars crawl out and eat leaves various trees, shrubs and herbs. During years of mass reproduction of this pest, trees in gardens and forests may completely lose their leaves.

1 - female laying eggs;

3 - oviposition on the bark (“sponge”)

IN coniferous forests causes significant harm pine silkworm. During the development period, one caterpillar of this butterfly eats up to 900 needles. The caterpillars damage mainly pine, less often spruce and larch.

1 - eggs on a branch;

2 - caterpillar;

3 - damage;

4 - pupa in a cocoon.

On deciduous trees(oak, birch, maple) leaves are damaged by cockchafers, and their larvae, which develop in the soil for 3-4 years, gnaw off the roots of young trees.

Weakened trees are attacked by bark beetles, which damage the bark.

The wood of trees is destroyed by longhorned beetles and their larvae.

Predatory insects

Some insects feed on plant pests, reducing their numbers. Such predatory insects include ladybugs, ground beetles, ants, and lacewings.

ladybugs- small beetles with bright elytra with dots. The two-spot, five-spot and seven-spot ladybugs provide the greatest benefit. They are red with black dots. These beetles and their larvae are common in the aphid colonies on which they feed. Ladybugs overwinter under tree bark, fallen leaves and other shelters.

Ground beetles are large and medium-sized beetles of black, bronze or Green colour With metallic sheen. Most ground beetles are polyphagous predators. The ground beetle is especially useful - fragrant krasotel. She eats caterpillars on trees.

They bring great benefits red forest ants. Red forest ants from one anthill, eating about 18 thousand insects per day, protect the forest from insect pests over an area of ​​0.2 hectares.

Lacewings are delicate insects with bulging golden eyes and transparent mesh wings. Their larvae feed mainly on aphids.

Females of many ichneumon species lay eggs in the body of young caterpillars, in which their larvae hatch and develop until pupation.

Females white-tailed ichneumon lay eggs in the body of cabbage butterfly caterpillars.

Some species of ichneumon ichneumon lay eggs in the body of the pupae.

Egg eaters are very small hymenopteran insects that lay their eggs in the eggs of other insects, where they develop. The most famous egg eaters include telenomus (females lay eggs in the eggs of bugs of harmful turtles) and Trichogramma (lay eggs in the eggs of more than 80 species of butterflies). Trichogramma are bred in special laboratories on the eggs of grain moths, and then released into gardens, fields and orchards.

The body of insects consists of a head, thorax and abdomen. The only group of invertebrate animals that has acquired the ability to fly.

The top and sides of the head are covered with a head capsule. On the sides of the head there are two compound eyes, between which there are usually simple ocelli. There is a pair of segmented antennae on the head. The antennae contain tactile and olfactory receptors.

The mouth is located on the ventral side of the head and is surrounded by modified limbs that form the oral apparatus. Beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers, butterfly caterpillars, etc. have gnawing mouthparts. It is formed by the upper lip, upper jaw, lower jaw and lower lip. The oral apparatus includes the tongue.

The chest is formed by three segments. Three pairs of walking legs are attached to the thorax segments.

On the dorsal side of the second and third segments of the chest there are wings - two-layer folds of the body integument. The trachea and nerves pass through the wing. Their occurrences form thickenings - veins. In beetles and cockroaches, the first pair of wings turns into hard elytra. In dipterans (flies, mosquitoes) only the first pair of wings is developed, and the second is transformed into halteres - stabilization organs during flight. Among insects there are primarily wingless species that belong to ancient, primitive groups. There are secondary wingless insects that have lost their wings due to their lifestyle, for example fleas, lice, etc.

The abdomen consists of a different number of segments. There are no limbs on the abdomen, but their rudiments may be present: styli, cerci, ovipositors.

The mouth leads into the oral cavity, into which the ducts of several pairs of salivary glands flow. Oral cavity passes into the pharynx, behind which is the esophagus, sometimes expanding into a goiter. The stomach is muscular, the intestines end with the anus. Insects do not have a liver.

Excretory organs- Malpighian vessels. The fat body takes part in the secretion. Modified areas fat body Some insects (fireflies) form luminescent organs.

The nervous system is formed by the brain, the peripharyngeal nerve ring and the ventral nerve cord. Most developed ganglia thoracic segments, since they innervate the legs and wings. The sense organs are complex and diverse; there are organs of touch, smell, taste, vision and, in some species, hearing.

Breath tracheal only. The tracheae begin with paired respiratory openings. Inside the insect's body, the trachea branches and entwines the internal organs.

Circulatory system relatively poorly developed. The heart is tubular and located on the dorsal side of the abdomen.

Insects are dioecious, sexual dimorphism is pronounced. The gonads are paired and located in the abdomen. Fertilization is internal.

The development of primitive insects proceeds without metamorphosis. In highly organized insects, development involves metamorphosis (or transformation). In the latter case, development can be with incomplete transformation and with complete transformation.

During development with incomplete transformation, the organism goes through the following stages: egg - larva - adult insect. The larva hatched from the egg is similar to the adult insect in a number of important characteristics. Larvae and adult insects have a common body plan, the same type of mouthparts, and therefore a similar nutritional spectrum, and usually live in the same conditions external environment. Larvae differ from adult insects in the underdevelopment of their wings, an incomplete number of abdominal segments, and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics. Insects of the orders Orthoptera (grasshoppers), Cockroaches, Hemiptera (bugs), Homoptera (aphids), lice, etc. develop with incomplete transformation. In insects with complete metamorphosis, development proceeds according to the following scheme: egg - larva - pupa - adult insect. Larvae are fundamentally different from adult insects in their general body plan; as a rule, they have a different type of organization of the oral apparatus and a different range of nutrition, and live in different environments (for example, a mosquito and its aquatic larva). After the last molt, the larva goes into a resting state - pupates. With complete transformation, orders of insects develop.