Joinery joints. The pieces of joinery are connected to each other by a tenon joint, consisting of two elements - a tenon and a socket or eye. Tenon connection of parts. How to make a high-quality tenon joint in wooden furniture yourself Technologist

Joining wood with a tenon into a socket is one of the most important carpentry joints. It is used everywhere: in the manufacture of furniture, frames, large-scale frame structures. This type The tenon joint has many varieties. One of them is a spike-eye.

An eyelet is a through socket open at the top into which a groove is inserted. The advantages of such a connection are strength, versatility and ease of manufacture. The tenon and eye are easy to create by hand using a disc or band saw or a milling cutter. Simplicity of marking reduces the likelihood of errors when filing, which guarantees an accurate and tight fit. For better understanding features of this useful carpentry joint, we will consider the technique of creating it manually.

Marking and making eyelets

Mark the edge of the eyelet cut-in at the end.
Set the thicknesser to a third of the thickness of the part and make markings on the ends along which the groove will be cut.

Make two cuts, carefully following the marking lines of the surface planer. Saw without strong pressure or jerking. Start working at an angle, gradually leveling the saw to a horizontal position.

Remove the waste and trim the groove with a chisel.

Marking and making a tenon

Set aside the length of the tenon according to the dimensions of the counter part and apply markings.
Using a thickness gauge set to a third of the thickness of the part, mark the waste parts.

Make two cuts, carefully following the markings. Trim off the excess on both sides flush with the shoulder line.

Trim the shoulders and tenon edges with a wide chisel. The spike should fit into the eye as easily as possible, with minimal effort. The fit of the parts must be extremely precise: the tenon should not push the eye apart, nor should it play when sitting in the socket.

The carpentry joints in the eye are fixed using gluing. While drying, the structure is clamped with clamps, carefully checking the joints for a tight fit. You can read about the principles in our previous articles.

The pieces of joinery are connected to each other by a tenon joint, consisting of two elements - a tenon and a socket or eye. A tenon is a protrusion at the end of a bar that fits into the corresponding socket or eye of another bar. The spikes are single (Fig. 54, A), double (Fig. 54, b), multiple (Fig. 54, V), those. more than two.

A solid tenon is a tenon that is integral with the bar. An insert tenon is a tenon made separately from the bar. A tenon with a cross-section in the form of a circle is called round (Fig. 54, G).

Dovetail spike (Fig. 54, d) has a profile in the form of an equilateral trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon, a one-sided dovetail tenon is in the form of a rectangular trapezoid with a large base on the end face of the tenon.

The toothed tenon has a profile in the form of a triangle or trapezoid, the smaller base of which is the end face of the tenon (Fig. 54, h), double-oblique serrated tenon (Fig. 54, and) - isosceles triangle.

Single and double tenons are used in the manufacture of windows, frame doors, and furniture; dovetail spike - in the manufacture of drawers and boxes; jagged tenons - for adhesive joining of parts (splicing) along the length.

Rice. 54. Types of spikes:

A - single; b – double; V - multiple; G– round;

d- "dovetail"; e – one-sided dovetail;

g, h – toothed; And - nest; k, l – lugs; m- dull thorn;

n – thorn in the dark; O- thorn in semi-darkness

In addition, round insert tenons are used when connecting plots (blanks) across the width. Thorns in the dark (Fig. 54, n) and semi-darkness (Fig. 54, O) used in the manufacture of frames, furniture, etc.

A tenon in the dark is made not only at the end connection, but also in cases where it is required that the edges of the nest are invisible, since it is not always possible to obtain smooth edges of the nest. To hide this defect, darkness is cut out from the tenon, i.e. remove part of the tenon along the width from one or both sides.

In order to form a tenon, an eye, processed bars, planed on four sides to the required size, are pre-marked.

2.2.1. Structural parts and elements of joinery. Joinery products have the following main structural parts and elements: block - simplest detail; It happens different sizes, sections and shapes (Fig. 55, To). The narrow longitudinal side of the bar is called edge 5, and the wide longitudinal side is called face 7, the line of intersection of the face with the edge is called edge. The end transverse side of the bar, formed by trimming at a right angle, is called the end b.

Rice. 55. Shape of processed bars:

A– chamfer, b– headquarters (headquarters); V - rounded ribs; G– fillet;

d– quarter fold; e – mold; and - thorn; h – eye; And - edge with profile processing; To - bar; l – nest; m – layout; n – platik;

O– overhang; 1 – shoulders; 2 – side edge of the spike; 3 – end face of the tenon; 4– panel; 5 – edge; 6– end; 7 – face; l-length; b – tenon width; s – tenon thickness.

In the manufacture of window and door blocks, bars of small sections (vertical, horizontal sash sockets) are made from solid wood, and bars of large sections (frames) are made of laminated veneers.

Layouts are called bars intended for fastening glass in sashes, doors or panels in door leaves frame design.

The panels represent a shield rectangular shape, made from wood, particleboard or fibreboard. The shape of the panels is flat, with beveled edges and with profiled edge processing. The panel within the doors is installed in a groove, rebate and secured with layouts or placed on bars and secured with screws.

A rebate is a rectangular recess in a block. If the notch has equal sides angle, then it forms a quarter.

Platik - a ledge formed to hide the gap; it is used in cases where it is difficult to fit the part flush.

The use of plate simplifies the assembly of products. It is used in the manufacture of furniture.

Overhang is a protrusion beyond the base. It is used in the manufacture of furniture.

A fillet is a semicircular recess on the edge or face of a part.

The frame consists of four bars forming a square or rectangle. Separate frames also have internal bars - mullions (frame doors, window sashes with slabs).

The frames are assembled using a tenon joint. Small-sized frames are assembled onto a single open through tenon, a tenon with semi-darkness or darkness. In the manufacture of carpentry, mostly rectangular frames are used, very rarely (for unique products) - polygonal or round. Casement, window, transom, box - all these are frames.

All connections in window blocks performed on spikes. The strength of a tenon joint is determined by its size and the area of the bonded surfaces. To increase strength, the studs are made double (in windows).

Shields are made massive (plank) or with voids. To avoid warping, massive panels should be assembled from narrow slats (parts) with a width of no more than 1.5 times the thickness, with a selection of fibers, and a moisture content of up to (10 ± 2)%.

When gluing parts along the width, the like (sapwood) faces of the joined slats should face in opposite directions, and the like edges should face each other.

Joining slats along the length is allowed if the joints are spaced apart and the distance between them in adjacent slats is at least 150 mm. In shields intended for load-bearing structures, the slats do not meet in length. Wall panels, vestibules, etc. are made from panels.

To avoid warping, the panels are made with dowels (Fig. 56, A), with tips (Fig. 56, b), with glued (Fig. 56, c, d) and glued with slats (Fig. 56, d). The keys in the panels are made flush with the plane or protruding. At least two dowels are placed on each shield. Panels with keys are intended for doors of temporary buildings, etc.

In addition to planks, multilayer boards are made, glued together from three or five single-layer boards with mutually perpendicular fiber directions (Fig. 56, e).

Rice. 56. Types of shields:

a with dowels; b–c tips in the groove (tongue) and tongue;

V– with a strip glued into the end; G - with glued triangular

lath; d– with a glued triangular strip; e– multilayer

Massive panels are glued onto a smooth fugue (Fig. 57, A), onto the rail (Fig. 57, b), in a quarter (Fig. 57, V), into the groove and tongue (Fig. 57, G , d) and in the “dovetail” (Fig. 57, e).

Rice. 57. Methods of connecting shields:

A– for a smooth fugue; b – on the rail; V - a quarter; G - in tongue and groove;

d– in the groove and triangular ridge; e – in dovetail

2.2.2. Connecting wood parts. The splicing of segments along the length can be end-to-end, miter splicing, jagged, stepped.

End adhesive connection (Fig. 58, a) – This is an adhesive connection with end gluing surfaces. Under the end adhesive connection on the “mustache” (Fig. 58, b) understand the adhesive connection by flat gluing surfaces located at an acute angle to the longitudinal axis of the workpieces.

Rice. 58. Adhesive joints of bars, boards along the length:

A– end; b- on the “mustache”; V– on a stepped “whisker”; G– a stepped “mustache” with bluntness; d – toothed; e – vertical gear: and - horizontal gear; uh– jagged on the “mustache”; And– stepped; α – bevel angle; L – spine length; t– connection step; S – gap; IN - workpiece thickness; i– tenon angle

Adhesive connection on a stepped “mustache” (Fig. 58, V) - this is a connection in which the bonding surfaces have a protrusion that prevents the workpieces from moving in longitudinal direction when stretched. A connection in which the beveled ends of the workpieces have a bluntness that prevents the workpieces from moving in the longitudinal direction during tension and compression is called a stepped “muscle” connection with bluntness (Fig. 58, G).

Serrated adhesive joint (Fig. 58, d) – this is a connection with profiled surfaces in the form of jagged tenons, a vertical adhesive connection (Fig. 58, e) – connection with the tenon profile exiting the workpiece face.

In a horizontal gear connection (Fig. 58, and) the profile of the tenons extends beyond the edge of the workpiece.

Serrated adhesive joint on the “mustache” (Fig. 58, h) – connection on the “mustache” with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of jagged spikes.

Stepped adhesive connection (Fig. 58, And) - end connection with profiled gluing surfaces in the form of a step, the height of which is equal to half the thickness of the workpiece.

The most durable is the adhesive connection on the toothed tenon. This type of connection is used for splicing bars of sashes, transoms, window and door frames and others building elements. Serrated adhesive joint (see Fig. 58, d) manufactured in accordance with GOST 19414-90. The glued workpieces should not differ in humidity by more than 6%. Knots larger than 5 mm are not allowed in the workpiece joining area. Roughness parameter of the bonding surface of toothed tenons Rm tah according to GOST 7016-82 should not exceed 200 microns.

Tenon joints

The dimensions of the tenon joints are given in table. 1.

The simplest carpentry connection can be thought of as connecting a spike to a socket or eye (Fig. 1). The tenon is a protrusion at the end of the bar (Fig. 2), the socket is the hole into which the tenon goes. Tenon joints are divided into corner end joints, corner middle joints and corner box joints.

In the practice of amateur carpenters, corner end connections are very common. To calculate the elements of such connections, use Fig. 3 and table.

Suppose it is necessary to calculate a miter connection with an insertable through flat tenon (UK-11). The thickness of the joined bar is known (let s0 = 25 mm). Then, taking this size as a basis, we determine the size s1. According to the table, s1 = 0.4 mm, s0 = 10 mm.

Let's take the UK-8 connection. Let the dowel diameter be 6 mm, then l (choose the average value - 4d) is 24 mm, and l1 = 27 mm. Connections with dowels are made symmetrically to each other and with respect to the plane of the part, therefore, according to Fig. 3 h, the distance from the center of the hole for the lower dowel to the center of the hole for the upper dowel will be at least 2d, or 12 mm; the same distance is from the center of the dowel hole to the end of the part being connected.

In Fig. 4 shown diagrams of corner middle (T) connections , for which the following basic dimensions of spikes and other elements must be observed when calculating: in connections US-1 and US-2, the use of double spike, with s1 = 0.2s0, l1 = (0.3...0.8) B, l2 = (0.2...0.3) B1; in connection US-3 s1 = 0.4s0, s2 = 0.5 (s0 - s1); in the US-4 connection s1 = s3 = 0.2s0, s2 = 0.5 X [s0 - (2s1 + s3)]; in the US-5 connection s1 = (0.4...0.5)s0, l = (0.3...0.8)s0, s2 = 0.5 (s0-s1), b ≥ 2 mm; in connection US-6 l = (0.3... 0.5)s0, b ≥ 1 mm; in the US-7 connection d = 0.4 at l1 > l by 2... 3 mm; in connection US-8 l = (0.3…0.5) B1, s1 = 0.85s0.

Dimensions of tenons and other elements of corner end connections

Connections	s 1	s 2	s 3	l	l 1	h	b	d
UK-1	0.4s 0	0.5 (s 0 - s 1)	-	-	-	-	-	-
UK-2	0.2s 0	0,5	0.2s 0	-	-	-	-	-
UK-3	0.1s 0	0,5	0.14s 0	-	-	-	-	-
UK-4	0.4s 0	0.5 (s 0 - s 1)	-	(0.5...0.8)V	(0.6…0.3)l	0.7B 1	≥ 2 mm	-
UK-5	0.4s 0	0.5 (s 0 - s 1)	-	0.5V	-	0.6B 1	-	-
UK-6	0.4s 0	0.5 (s 0 - s 1)	-	(0.5…0.8)B	-	0.7B 1	≥ 2 mm	-
UK-7	-	0.5 (s 0 - s 1)	-	-	-	0.6B 1	-	-
UK-8	-	-	-	(2.5...6)d	l 1 > l by 2…3 mm	-	-	-
UK-9	-	-	-	(2.5...6)d	l 1 > l by 2…3 mm	-	-	-
UK-10	0.4s 0	-	-	(1…1.2)B	-	-	0.75B	-
UK-11	0.4s 0	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Note. Dimensions s0, B and B1, are known in each specific case.

Rice. 1. : a - into the nest; b - into the eye; 1 - spike; 2 - socket, eyelet.

In corner box joints, tenons are repeated many times. Basically, three types of such connections are used: straight open tenon (see Fig. 3, a); on the spike there is an open “dovetail” (see Fig. 2, d); on an open round insert tenon - dowel (see Fig. 3, h).

The dowel (dowel) connection method is often used. A dowel is a cylindrical stick made of birch, oak, etc. It is evenly turned and hammered into drilled holes- channels pre-lubricated with glue. Holes for dowels are made in both parts at once. The dowel should fit tightly into the hole using a mallet. The drill for preparing the holes must match the dimensions of the dowel. To reduce the diameter of the dowel, sanding with sandpaper or a hog file is used (marks are made not across, but along the dowel).

When choosing a connection, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the nature and magnitude of the load, as well as how the connection will resist the load. For example, when connecting a cabinet shelf end-to-end with a wall, the entire load will fall on the screws or dowels. The force with which the product (shelf) presses on them makes them resist cross-cutting and fracture. Therefore, the load here is small. In this case, it is more expedient to install under the shelf wooden slats, screwing it tightly to the cabinet wall. The load will increase, but the resistance to it will also increase due to not only the screws, but also the friction between the rail and the cabinet wall. A significantly greater load can be tolerated if the shelf is embedded at least to a small depth into the wall mass; in this case, the load will be taken by the furniture wall itself.

Rice. 3. : a - open through single tenon - UK-1; b - open through double tenon - UK-2; c - open through triple tenon - UK-3; g - on a spike with semi-darkness not through - UK-4; d - on a spike with semi-darkness through UK-5; e - on a spike with non-through darkness - UK-6; g - on a spike with through darkness - UK-7; h - for round, plug-in, non-through and through tenons - UK-8; and - on a “mustache” with an inserted blind round tenon - UK-9; k - on the “mustache” with an inserted blind flat tenon - UK-10; l - on the “mustache” with an inserted through flat tenon - UK-11.

Rice. 4. : a - on a single non-through tenon - US-1; b - sewed a single non-through sewing into the groove - US-2; c - on a single through tenon - US-3; g - on a double through tenon - US-4; d - into the groove and tongue, not through - US-5; c - into a non-through groove - US-6; g - for round, plug-in, non-through tenons - US-7; h - non-through dovetail tenon - US-8.

From a comparison of the resistances of two connections (half a tree with a screw and a dovetail), it can be seen that a dovetail connection can withstand a load three times greater than a half tree connection with a screw. Based on this and a number of other examples, the following conclusions can be drawn about the advisability of using certain connections: joinery should be selected in accordance with the magnitude and direction of the load on the connection; the load must be absorbed directly by the product design itself ( additional fastenings may be a screw, metal square, dowel, etc.); knitting with gaps is not allowed.

Gluing should be done only with prepared surfaces: the rougher, for example, the surface of the dowel, the more reliably it will glue to the array.

From time immemorial, humanity has used wood for construction purposes. Advanced technologies can significantly simplify labor operations. This is also greatly facilitated by various options connection of parts. Most of them are known to many masters, and some are known only to a few. For example, tenoning wood parts is a fairly common method, but not every professional uses the half-wood connection option. We propose to consider these and other methods of joining wood in more detail.

Tenon joints wooden parts.

Connection using the “end-to-end” method

This type of connection is used very often today, due to the ease of technology. In the process of joining parts using the “end-to-end” method, the ends of the elements are adjusted to each other with maximum density, and they are fastened with fasteners (mostly screws or ordinary nails are used).

Features of the method:

The fastening elements must be of sufficient length. One that would allow one part to completely pass through the thickness of the wood and enter the second by at least one third of its size.
The thickness of the nail must be selected correctly. Otherwise the tree is just will crack. When technology requires fastening with nails large thickness, then initially, before attaching the two parts, holes are drilled on the surface of the wood using a drill. To more effectively fix wooden elements to each other, the diameter of the hole is made somewhat narrower than the diameter of the fastener.
Additionally, it is recommended to glue the elements together. Whenever possible, try to glue the surfaces of the wood together before hammering in nails. It is better to choose a composition that is harmless and free of toxins.
The fastening elements are not arranged in one line. For best quality connections of elements, nails are driven in with some offset.

Socket-spike connection

Tenon joint elements.

Tenon joints are well known to every craftsman. As a result of using this method, there is a guarantee that the parts will receive the most rigid and durable adhesion. Carrying out the steps here requires attentiveness and a little experience. That is why beginning craftsmen do not resort to this method so often.

To fasten wood in this way, one element is equipped with a tenon, the other with a groove. It’s great when the parts of wood being fastened are of equal thickness. If this is not the case, then it is recommended to make a groove (or socket) on the thickened part. To facilitate the process of screwing in screws, drilling is done in advance. Take into account that the holes made must have a diameter of 2/3 of the circumference of the screw. The depth of the holes is made slightly smaller (about 0.5 cm) than the length of the screw.

Wood on both components must have the same degree of humidity. This fact should not be discounted, since as the tree shrinks, the tenon may become smaller in size, which will negatively affect the strength of the fastening.

Overhead connection

Types of connections.

This method is not as popular as those discussed earlier. Although all the procedures are quite simple: the parts are applied and fastened, for which nails, bolts or screws are selected. The peculiarities of this method lie in the preparation of a large number of fasteners and the observance of accuracy and attentiveness to the technology.

The tree parts are placed in a single line or slightly offset. The main thing is not to offset them by too large a degree relative to each other.
The components are secured using at least 4 nails, which are placed in 2 rows (at least 2 pieces in 1 row).
Fastening with a pair of screws is performed exclusively in the diagonal direction. Although it is recommended not to take risks and add the number of fasteners.
To increase the strength of the wood fastening, choose fasteners with the greatest length, which will allow it to go through both parts. After which the ends are bent.

Half-tree connection

The use of this method requires a highly qualified specialist.

In each part of the tree, a selection is made that corresponds to the width of the parts being fastened. The depth is equal to half of their thickness. Any sampling angle can be provided, but such that it coincides on each workpiece.

Only if all the rules are followed, a tight connection of the elements with each other will be guaranteed.

To fasten parts in this way, glue is first used, and then nails or screws.

If necessary, the connection is made partially: the end of one wood element is cut off, and a sample is made on the other. Each of the tenons is cut at 45 degrees.

So you've looked at the main connection methods wooden elements. Choose the one that is acceptable and get to work.

From time immemorial, humanity has used wood for construction purposes. Advanced technologies can significantly simplify labor operations. This is also greatly facilitated by various options for connecting parts. Most of them are known to many masters, and some are known only to a few. For example, tenoning wood parts is a fairly common method, but not every professional uses the half-wood connection option. We propose to consider these and other methods of joining wood in more detail.

Tenon joints of wooden parts.