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SAINT PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF SERVICE AND ECONOMICS

Tikhvin branch

ESSAY

By discipline: "National History"

On the topic: "Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky"

Completed by: 1st year student

Petrova L.

Tikhvin, 2011

Introduction

1. Dmitry Pozharsky

2. Kulma Minin

3. The role of Minin and Pozharsky in the liberation of Russia from the Poles

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

By the end of the 16th century, the Moscow state was going through a difficult time..

1. Constant raids of the Crimean Tatars and the defeat of Moscow in 1571;

2. The protracted Levonian War, which exhausted the country's forces and ended in defeat (it lasted 25 years from 1558 to 1583)

3. The so-called oprichnina "busts" and robberies under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, which shook and shook the old way of life and habitual relationships, intensifying the general discord and demoralization.

All this eventually led the state to a serious crisis.

1. Dmitry Pozharsky

Prince, Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky - one of the outstanding leaders of the liberation movement of the early 17th century. According to contemporaries and according to historical documents, he was distinguished by justice and generosity, modesty and decency, courage and the ability to sacrifice himself. The main thing in his life was the activity to protect the Motherland from enemy invasions. This is a military duty, and he performed it conscientiously and honestly.

Dmitry Pozharsky was born in November 1578, in the family of Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky. Since 1593, Prince Dmitry began serving at the court of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. At the beginning of the reign of Boris Godunov, Prince Pozharsky was transferred to the stewardship. He received an estate near Moscow, and then was sent from the capital to the army on the Lithuanian border. After the death of Godunov, Pozharsky swore allegiance to Tsarevich Dmitry.

Under Vasily Shuisky, Pozharsky was appointed governor. For good service, the tsar granted him the village of Nizhny Landekh with twenty villages in the Suzdal district. In 1610, the tsar appointed Pozharsky as governor in Zaraysk. There he learned about the deposition of Shuisky by the conspirators led by Zakhary Lyapunov and involuntarily swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav.

Soon there was a rumor that King Sigismund did not send his son to Russia, but wanted to reign over Russia himself and laid siege to Smolensk. Then excitement and indignation began to rise in all Russian cities. The general mood was expressed by the Ryazan nobleman Prokopy Lyapunov, who in his appeals called for an uprising against the Poles. Pozharsky went to Moscow, captured by the Poles, where he began to prepare a popular uprising. It began spontaneously on March 19, 1611. To stop the rebellion, the Poles set fire to several streets. By evening, the flames engulfed the entire city. Pozharsky had to fight the Poles, having only a handful of people loyal to him under his command. On the second day, the Poles crushed the uprising throughout the city. Unable to take Pozharsky Ostrozhets by storm, the Poles set fire to the surrounding houses. In the ensuing battle, Pozharsky was seriously wounded. He was taken from Moscow to the Trinity-Sergius Convent.

Pre-revolutionary and Soviet historians significantly distorted the image of Dmitry Pozharsky. This was done for different purposes, but the result was the same. From Pozharsky they made a nobleman, a brave and talented governor, but a weak politician, completely devoid of ambition. A person who: accomplished a feat, bowed and stepped aside. The real Prince Pozharsky had nothing to do with such a character.

By the beginning of the 16th century, the Pozharsky princes were significantly inferior in wealth to the Romanovs, but in terms of the nobility of the family, neither the Romanovs nor the Godunovs could match them. The pedigree of the Pozharskys goes down the male line from the Grand Duke "Vsevolod the Big Nest". And not a single historian had even a shadow of a doubt about its truth.

In 1238, the Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich gave his brother Ivan Vsevolodovich the inheritance of the city of Starodub on the Klyazma with the region. The Starodub principality bordered on the Nizhny Novgorod, Vladimir and Moscow principalities. The princes Pozharsky held on to their inheritance until 1566, and then fell into disgrace and disappeared from the political arena for 35 years.

2. Kuzma Minin

Kuzma Minin was born between 1562 and 1568 (the exact date of birth is not known) in Balakhna, the son of a salt merchant Mina Ankudinov. Having married Tatyana Semyonovna, Minin moved permanently to Nizhny Novgorod, where he engaged in the meat trade. Honest, wise, able to clearly and understandably explain the events to ordinary people, Minin quickly won the respect of his neighbors - the parishioners of the Verkhneposadskaya Church of the Praise of the Virgin.

In September 1611, Kuzma was elected zemstvo headman. Soon Minin appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod with a call for a nationwide uprising against the Polish interventionists who were in charge at that time on Russian soil. Kuzma set an example for his fellow citizens by donating all his savings to the cause of the militia. Possessing outstanding organizational skills, he managed to raise significant funds for the purpose of the militia. On the advice of Minin, Prince Pozharsky was chosen as the military leader of the militia. In addition to organizational and economic functions, Kuzma Minin at that time was also engaged in diplomatic activities, negotiated unity of action with the leaders of the Cossacks and the South Russian nobility.

In the early spring of 1612, the Nizhny Novgorod militia, led by Minin and Pozharsky, marched towards Yaroslavl. The militia proceeded: past Gordeevka, Soromov, Kozino, Balakhna, Yuryevets, Kineshma, Reshma, Kostroma. In Yaroslavl, a provisional zemstvo government was created - the "Council of the whole earth," which included Kuzma Minin.

In August 1612, the militias approached Moscow, and battles began with the Polish invaders. In the battles for the capital, Minin showed high qualities of a military organizer and personal courage.

After the liberation of Moscow from the Polish invaders, Minin participated in the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, on July 12 he was proclaimed a Duma nobleman and granted the village of Bogorodskoye with five adjacent villages and two wastelands. In subsequent years, he carried out responsible assignments of the king, mainly related to the collection of money.

He died in 1616, "during the search" in the Kazan places on the occasion of the uprising of the Tatars and Cheremis. To his widow and only son, Nefed (solicitor), the king granted new fiefdoms. The ashes of Minin rest in the Nizhny Novgorod Transfiguration Cathedral. In 1815 a monument was erected to him in Nizhny Novgorod, and in 1826 in Moscow. Most historians defend Minin against Kostomarov, who considers him "a subtle and cunning man, with a strong will, a strong temper, who used all means to achieve his goal and played first the role of a theatrical prophet," and then "a dictator with harsh and cruel measures." Undoubtedly, Minin was a richly gifted and even exceptional nature: with a great independent mind, he combined the ability to deeply feel, to be imbued with an idea to the point of forgetting himself and at the same time remain a practical person who knows how to start a business, organize it and inspire the crowd with it.

3. The role of Minin and Pozharsky in the liberation of Russia from the Poles

The role of Minin and Pozharsky in the liberation of Russia from the Poles is the Time of Troubles, which is one of the most confusing periods in Russian history.

The Romanov-Zakharyin clan entered into a power struggle with Boris Godunov and lost it. At the end of 1600, the Romanovs were exiled to distant monasteries. But the Romanovs and their numerous relatives continued to weave intrigues against the tsar. It was the Romanov entourage, together with the monks of the Chudov Monastery, that found and inspired the impostor, who declared himself Tsarevich Dmitry, who died in 1591 in Uglich. The impostor was the monk of the Chudov Monastery Grigory, in the world Yuri Otrepyev, a nobleman who had previously been in the service of the Romanovs.

In 1603, False Dmitry fled to Poland, where he gained numerous supporters among the Polish gentry. King Sigismund III did not want war with Russia and refused to help the impostor. But according to Polish law, or rather, according to the lawlessness that prevailed in Poland from the end of the 16th to the end of the 18th century, he could not prevent the gentry from collecting a "private" army to help the impostor. On April 13, 1605, Tsar Boris died suddenly. His 16-year-old son Theodore failed to hold on to power and was killed by the supporters of the impostor.

On June 20, False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow. But Grigory Otrepiev reigned for less than a year. On the night of May 16-17, the following year, supporters of the boyar Vasily Shuisky staged a coup in Moscow. False Dmitry was killed, his corpse was burned, and a cannon was loaded with ashes, from which they fired to the west, in the direction from which he came.

Just two weeks after the coup, Vasily Shuisky was married to the kingdom. By his origin, he had more rights to the throne than any other Rurikovich. The fact is that the Moscow sovereigns Ivan III, Vasily III and Ivan the Terrible killed all their relatives, without exception, even the most distant ones. And by 1606, not a single direct descendant of Daniel of Moscow, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, was alive. The Shuiskys descended from the eldest son of Alexander Nevsky and formally had more rights to the throne than the Moscow princes.

Shuisky, unlike Godunov, was not elected by the Zemsky Sobor, he was literally shouted out by a crowd of Muscovites. Shuisky was, at that time, over 50 years old, short in stature, his face was ugly, and his mind was also not far off. His candidacy did not suit tens of thousands of people who fought under the banner of False Dmitry I, the Polish gentry hated him, and in Moscow, most of the boyars (Golitsyn, Mstislavsky, Romanov and others) were opposed to Tsar Vasily.

Immediately after the news of Shuisky's accession to the throne, almost all the southwestern and southern cities from Putivl to Krom refused to obey Moscow, Astrakhan rebelled. In autumn, the rebel army moved to Moscow under the leadership of Ivan Bolotnikov. Civil war broke out in most regions of the country. Only on October 10, 1607, Shuisky's troops managed to take Tula, where the remnants of Bolotnikov's troops settled. Bolotnikov himself was exiled to Kargopol and drowned there, and the impostor who was with him, Tsarevich Peter, allegedly the son of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, was hanged. However, while Tsar Vasily was besieging Tula, a new impostor, False Dmitry P., appeared in Starodub-Seversky. The identity of the new impostor still causes controversy among historians. But the most plausible version of the Polish Jesuits, who claimed that this time the name of Dmitry was taken by a Shklovsky Jesuit

Bogdanko. The Romanovs, after coming to power in 1613, in fact

they talked about the Jewish origin of False Dmitry II, and they should have been believed in this matter. In addition, there is evidence that after the assassination of False Dmitry II, Jewish letters and the Talmud were found in his papers.

Like Grishka Otrepiev, the Shklov impostor recruited detachments of Polish bodyguards and Little Russian Cossacks, the inhabitants of the southwestern regions of Russia joined him, and in the spring of 1608 he marched on Moscow. It should be noted that both False Dmitrys did not have a single soldier in the regular army of the Polish king in the troops. Moreover, a significant part of the Polish lords who joined False Dmitry II were participants in the rebellion against the Polish king and they could not return home under pain of death.

In a two-day battle in the Orel region, the forces of False Dmitry defeated the royal army. The main reason for their defeat was the mediocre leadership of the chief governor, Prince Dmitry Shuisky, who was the tsar's brother. Having taken the Volkhov, False Dmitry II moved to Kaluga, and then decided to go around Moscow from the west and captured Mozhaisk, and from there he began an attack on Moscow. Tsar Vasily sent a new army against the impostor under the command of two governors: Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky and Ivan Romanov. But on the Nedlan River, a conspiracy was discovered in the army. Princes Ivan Katyrev, Yuri Trubetskoy, Ivan Troekurov and others decided to go over to the impostor. The conspirators were captured, they were tortured, the nobles were sent to the cities in prisons, the ignoble were executed. But Tsar Vasily was frightened by the news of the conspiracy and ordered the army not to accept the battle, but to return to Moscow.

At the beginning of June 1608, the impostor approached Moscow, but after the battle on the Khodynka field, which ended in a draw, he did not dare to storm the capital, but stopped in Tushino, between the Moscow and Skhodnya rivers. A months-long confrontation began between the tsar's army, located on Presnya and Khodynka, and the troops of the impostor in Tushino. In this regard, in Moscow, the impostor was given the nickname "Tushinsky Thief". Under this name, the Shklovsky tramp went down in history.

While the impostor was mastering the Tushino camp, in Moscow Vasily Shuisky finished negotiations with the Polish ambassadors. On July 25, 1608, a four-year truce was signed between Russia and Poland, according to which both states remained within their former borders. Poland and Moscow should not help each other's enemies. The tsar undertook to release all the Poles captured in May 1606 in Moscow. The king was supposed to recall from Russia all the Poles supporting False Dmitry II and henceforth not to believe or help any impostors. Yuri Mnishek was ordered not to recognize False Dmitry II as his son-in-law, not to extradite his daughter, and Marina not to be called the Moscow Empress.

Shuisky considered this truce his major diplomatic victory. Indeed, if the Poles had fulfilled all the articles of the agreement, the unrest in Russia would have been over in a few weeks. But, alas, here the classic rule has been confirmed - treaties are respected only when they are backed up by real military power. The Poles deceived Shuisky, they achieved the release of the prisoners, among whom there were many noble people, and immediately violated all the articles of the agreement.

After being released from custody, Yuri Mnishek and his daughter Marina went to Tushino instead of Poland. With regard to pride, arrogance and arrogance, Polish aristocrats could give odds to anyone else, but for the pleasure of being a queen, they could give themselves to anyone - both a runaway monk and a Shklov Jew.

False Dmitry II gave a "record" to Yuri Mnishek that, having mastered Moscow, he would give him 300 thousand rubles and give fourteen cities into his possession. Almost simultaneously with Marina, the relatives of the Romanovs in the female line, princes Yuryev, Sitsky and Cherkassky, arrived in Tushino. In October 1608, the troops of False Dmitry II captured and plundered Rostov the Great. Pozharsky Minin Polish intervention

So, Tushino became, as it were, the second capital of the Russian state. They had their own tsar and tsarina, their own patriarch and their own boyar duma, which to a large extent consisted of relatives of the Romanovs. Patriarch Filaret sent letters to towns and villages demanding to obey Tsar Dmitry.

The beginning of the century, as we have already said, was marked by a dynastic crisis in Sweden. Charles IX was crowned only in March 1607. Naturally, the Swedes at first were not at all up to Russian unrest. But as soon as the situation stabilized, the Swedish government turned its eyes to Russia. After analyzing the situation, the Swedes came to the conclusion that the Russian turmoil could have two main scenarios.

In the first case, a firm government will be established in Russia, but vast territories will go to Poland - Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod and others. Let's not forget that at that time Poland owned the entire Baltic, excluding the coast of the Gulf of Finland.

In the second case, all of Russia could become an ally of Poland.

Thus, in any case, Sweden was in serious danger from the strengthened Kingdom of Poland. Meanwhile, throughout the 17th century, Poland for all Swedes, from the king to the commoners, was a much more formidable and hated enemy than Russia.

Therefore, King Charles IX decided to help Tsar Vasily. Back in February 1607, the Vyborg governor wrote to the Karelian governor, Prince Mosalsky, that his king was ready to help the tsar, and the Swedish ambassadors had long been standing on the border, waiting for the Moscow ambassadors for negotiations. But at this time, Shuisky, having managed to drive Bolotnikov away from Moscow, thought that he would quickly put an end to his opponents inside the country and make peace with Poland.

The short-sighted Vasily ordered Prince Mosalsky to write to Vyborg: that the great sovereign did not need anyone's help and could stand up for himself. The Swedes were forbidden to send messengers with letters to Moscow and Novgorod.

But the Swedes did not let up, and during 1607 Charles IX sent four more letters to Tsar Basil offering help. The king answered all letters with a polite refusal. By the end of 1608, however, the situation had changed. Tsar Vasily was locked up in Moscow, as if in a cage, and he had no one to rely on. I had to grasp at the Swedish straw. The tsar's nephew Skopin-Shuisky was sent to Novgorod for negotiations, where he met with the royal secretary Mois Martenson. An agreement with Sweden was concluded in Vyborg on February 23, 1609 by the steward Semyon Golovin and a member of the Rigsdag Yeran Boye. Both sides promised to fight with Poland until the final victory and not to conclude a separate peace. The Swedes were to send a mercenary army to Russia consisting of two thousand cavalry and three thousand infantry.

On the same day, a secret protocol to the treaty was signed in Vyborg - "Record on the transfer of Sweden to the eternal possession of the Russian city of Karela with the district." The handover was not to take place until three weeks after the Swedish mercenary auxiliaries under Delagardie had entered Russia and were on their way to Moscow, or at least to Novgorod. The consent to the transfer of Korela to the Swedes will be personally signed by the tsar and the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops, that is, Vasily Shuisky and Skopin-Shuisky.

The Swedes sent letters to the Russian border cities demanding to be loyal to Tsar Vasily.

In the spring of 1609, the Swedish army approached Novgorod. A detachment of Swedes under the command of Gorn and a detachment of Russians under the command of Choglokov,

On April 25, a large detachment of the Tushino governor Kernozitsky, consisting of the Cossacks, was defeated. Within a few days, Toropets, Torzhok, Porkhov and Oreshek were cleared of the Tushians. Skopin-Shuisky sent a large detachment under the command of Meshchersky near Pskov, but he could not take the city and retreated. On May 10, 1609, Skopin-Shuisky, with a Russian-Swedish army, moved from Novgorod to Moscow. In Torzhok, Skopin joined up with the Smolensk militia.

Near Tver, a battle took place between the army of Skopin and the Polish-Tushino army of Pan Zborovsky. During the battle, the Poles crushed the Russians on both flanks, but the center of the Polish army took flight, and only "having run a few miles, returned back." In the center of the battle, the Swedish infantry did not retreat a single step until dark, and then withdrew in perfect order to the wagon train. At dawn the next day, the Russians and Swedes attacked the enemy and inflicted a crushing defeat on him. Skopin moved forward, but suddenly, 130 miles from Moscow, the Swedish mercenaries refused to go further under the pretext that instead of paying for four months they were given only two, that the Russians were not clearing Korela, although eleven conditional weeks had already passed after the Swedes entered Russia. Skopin, having ceased to persuade Dalagardi to return, crossed the Volga himself near Gorodnya to join the militias of the northern cities, and reached Kalyazin on the field bank, where he stopped.

The Solovetsky Monastery sent the tsar 17,000 silver rubles, the Stroganovs sent an even larger amount from the Urals, small contributions came from Perm and other cities. Tsar Vasily was forced to hasten to fulfill the articles of the Vyborg Treaty and sent an order to Korela to clear this city for the Swedes. Meanwhile, Russian detachments from Skopin's army occupied Pereyaslavl-Zalessky.

Other troops loyal to Shuisky entered Murom without a fight and stormed Kasimov. The entry of Swedish troops into Russian lands gave King Sigismund III a pretext to start a war against Russia. On September 19, 1609, the crown army of the hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Lev Sapieha, approached Smolensk. A few days later, the king himself arrived there.

Having crossed the border, Sigismund sent a folding letter to Moscow, and a station wagon to Smolensk, which said that Sigismund was going to restore order in the Russian state at the request of "many of the big, small and average people of the Moscow state", and that he, Sigismund, most of all, he cares about the preservation of the "Orthodox Russian faith." Of course, the king was not believed either in Smolensk or in Moscow. By the end of 1609, power in Tushino finally passed to a clique of Polish lords under the leadership of a certain Ruzhinsky, who declared himself hetman.

In Tushino, from near Smolensk, the king sent an embassy headed by

Stanislav Stanitsky, with a proposal to the Tushino Poles to join the royal army. At the end of December, Stanitsky's negotiations with Ruzhinsky and Filaret began.

False Dmitry II himself at that time was sitting under guard in his hut, called the "palace". Finally, on December 21, the impostor begged Ruzhinsky to tell him what the negotiations with the royal ambassadors were about. The drunken hetman replied: why do you need to know why the ambassadors came to me? We shed so much blood for you, but we didn’t see any benefit from it!

The conversation ended when Ruzhinsky threatened to kill the Tushinsky thief with a stick. That same night, the impostor fled, he changed into peasant clothes, climbing to the bottom of a cart loaded with firewood.

Despite the resistance of the inhabitants, Korela was surrendered to the Swedes.

The Swedes calmed down and moved forward with Skopin. March 12, 1610 Skopin and Delagardie solemnly entered Moscow. However, on April 23, Prince Skopin-Shuisky, at the christening of Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, fell ill with a nosebleed and died after a two-week illness. There was a general rumor about the poison. Contemporaries suspected the tsar's brother Dmitry Shuisky of poisoning. Tsar Vasily was old and childless, his brother Dmitry considered himself his heir. Lucky Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky could become his competitor.

The death of Skopin was a heavy blow for Tsar Vasily. In addition, the tsar committed an unforgivable, albeit the last stupidity - he appointed the incompetent Dmitry Shuisky to command the army instead of Skopin.

The 40,000th Russian army, together with the 8,000th detachment of Delagardi, moved to the rescue of Smolensk. On the night of June 23-24, 1610, the Polish army under the command of Hetman Zolkiewski attacked Shuisky's army near the village of Klushino. At first, the battle went on with varying success. But in the middle of the day, the Germans, who made up a significant part of the Swedish mercenary troops, went over to the side of the Poles. The Swedish commanders Delagardie and Gorn gathered a smaller part of the mercenaries and went north to their border. The Russian army fled. Dmitry Shuisky returned to Moscow "with shame."

In Moscow itself, a conspiracy arose against Tsar Vasily. Formally, its leaders were the ambitious Gedeminovich, Prince Vasily Golitsyn, who himself was aiming for the king, the boyar Ivan Saltykov, who was in favor of the Poles, and the Ryazan nobleman Zakhar Lyapunov, a tireless participant in all the conspiracies of the Time of Troubles.

On July 17, 1610, the conspirators ousted Vasily Shuisky from the throne. That is, there was no revolution, not even a rebellion. Just a crowd of conspirators came to the Kremlin and drove Shuisky out of the royal palace. Shuisky had to move to his own house. After the overthrow of Shuisky, at least some power was in the hands of several Moscow boyars. But this power extended mainly to Moscow. On August 27, at the instigation of these boyars, the inhabitants of Moscow kissed the cross to Prince Vladislav. On the night of September 20-21, the Polish army, in collusion with the boyars, quietly entered Moscow.

So Moscow was in the power of the Poles, and the Poles also occupied Mozhaisk, Vereya and Borisov to ensure their communications. Anarchy reigned in most regions. On December 11, 1610, Tatar guards killed False Dmitry while hunting.

It is believed that the head of the Tatar guard, Peter Urusov, was bribed by the Poles.

In Nizhny Novgorod, Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky formed a second militia. Unlike the first militia, these were not Cossack "thieves" detachments, but a regular army, consisting of nobles and service people.

The second militia was ready for the campaign in January 1612.

And it came to Moscow only on August 18. Along the Vladimir highway from Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod, 400 km. The army could pass them in two weeks, in extreme cases, in a month. How to explain the eight-month steep path of the second militia?

The fact is that Pozharsky and Minin least of all wanted to connect with the Cossacks of Trubetskoy and Zarutskoy. Having occupied Yaroslavl, Pozharsky and Minin thought to create a temporary capital of the Russian state there, to assemble the Zemsky Sobor and elect a tsar on it. In the meantime, a "zemstvo" government was created in Yaroslavl, which was actually led by Prince Pozharsky. Orders appeared in Yaroslavl - the Local Order, the Monastic Order and others. A money yard was set up in Yaroslavl, and minting of coins began. Zemstvo government entered into negotiations with foreign countries.

The Yaroslavl government also established a new state emblem, which depicted a lion. The large palace seal depicted two lions standing on their hind legs.

Prince Pozharsky was not only an outstanding commander, but also a wise politician. He did not have enough troops to fight simultaneously with the Poles and Swedes. Therefore, with the Swedes, he started a complex diplomatic game. In May 1612, Stepan Tatishchev, the ambassador of the Zemsky government, was sent from Yaroslavl to Novgorod with letters to the Metropolitan of Novgorod Isidore, Prince Odoevsky and the commander of the Swedish troops Delagardie.

The government asked the metropolitan and Odoevsky how they were doing with the Swedes? The government wrote to Delagardie that if the king of Sweden would give his brother to the state and baptize him in the Orthodox Christian faith, then they would be glad to be on the same council with the Novgorodians.

Odoevsky and Delagardie released Tatishchev with the answer that they would soon send their ambassadors to Yaroslavl. Returning to Yaroslavl, Tatishchev announced that "there was nothing good to expect from the Swedes." Negotiations with the Swedes about the candidate Karl-Philip for the Moscow tsars became the reason for Pozharsky and Minin to convene the Zemsky Sobor.

In July, the promised ambassadors arrived in Yaroslavl: hegumen of the Vyazhitsky monastery Gennady, Prince Fyodor Obolensky, and from all the pyatins, from the nobles and from the townspeople - one person at a time.

On July 26, Novgorodians appeared before Pozharsky. They declared that "the prince is now on the road and will soon be in Novgorod." The speech of the ambassadors ended with the proposal "to be with us in love and union under the hand of one sovereign."

Only now Pozharsky decided to show his cards. In a stern speech, he reminded the ambassadors what Novgorod is and what Moscow is. It is dangerous to elect foreign princes as sovereigns. "We have already mastered this, so that the Swedish king does not do the same to us as the Polish one," said Pozharsky. Nevertheless, Pozharsky did not openly break with the Swedes and ordered a new ambassador, Perfilius Sekerin, to be sent to Novgorod. It should be noted that both Pozharsky and Gustav-Adolf were "pulling the rubber" during the negotiations. Both sides believed that time was on their side.

However, the plans of Pozharsky and Minin regarding the Zemsky Sobor and the election of the tsar in Yaroslavl were thwarted by the campaign of Polish troops led by Hetman Khodkevich against Moscow. Having learned about Khodkevich's campaign, many Cossack chieftains from the camp near Moscow wrote tearful letters to Pozharsky asking for help.

The monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery turned to him with a similar request. Avraamy Palitsyn, a cellarer, urgently left for Yaroslavl, who persuaded Pozharsky and Minin for a long time.

I had to choose the lesser of two evils. And Pozharsky's army went to Moscow. On October 24, the Poles in Moscow were forced to capitulate. Together with the Poles, several dozen boyars came out of the Kremlin, sitting with them in the siege. Among them were Fedor Ivanovich Mstislavsky, Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky, Ivan Nikitich Romanov and his nephew Mikhail Fedorovich with his mother Martha. These people brought the Poles to Moscow and kissed the cross of Prince Vladislav, but now they not only did not repent, but, on the contrary, decided to rule the state.

In early November 1612, Minin, Pozharsky and Trubetskoy sent dozens of letters to all parts of the country with the news of the convening of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Boyar Fyodor Mstislavsky began to agitate for the election of the Swedish prince to the throne. But no one wanted a foreigner, neither Pozharsky with the Zemstvo, nor the Cossacks, nor the supporters of the Romanovs. As a result, the boyar Mstislavsky was forced to leave Moscow.

Both pre-revolutionary and Soviet historians claim that Dmitry Pozharsky stood aside from the election campaign of early 1613. Nevertheless, already after the accession of Mikhail, Pozharsky was accused of spending 20 thousand rubles "buying the state." The validity of the accusation can no longer be confirmed or refuted. But it is difficult to imagine that the best Russian commander and serious politician could be indifferent to the nomination of a Swedish prince or a sixteen-year-old boy, and even from that family that since 1600 has participated in all intrigues and supported all impostors. It was not necessary to have seven spans in the forehead to understand that the most optimal way out of the turmoil would be the election of the sovereign of the glorious governor, who liberated Moscow and, in addition, the direct Rurikovich. Could a sixteen-year-old boy compete with him, in whose veins there was not a single drop of the blood of Rurikovich or Gedeminovich.

However, everyone rallied against Pozharsky - both the Moscow boyars, who were holed up in the Kremlin with the Poles, and Trubetskoy, and the Cossacks. Pozharsky's serious mistake was the actual dissolution of the noble regiments of the second militia. Part of the noble rati went west to fight with the king, and most of them went to their own estates. The reason is the famine that reigned in Moscow in the winter of 1612-1613.

There are even cases of death from starvation of noblemen-militias.

But crowds of Cossacks remained in Moscow and the Moscow region, according to various sources, there were from 10 to 40 thousand. Moreover, the Cossacks are not Don, not Zaporozhye, but local - Moscow, Kostroma, Bryansk, etc. These were former simple peasants, serfs, townspeople. They didn't want to go back to their old jobs. During the years of unrest, they lost the habit of working, and lived on robbery and awards from impostors. They fiercely hated Pozharsky and his noble army. The coming to power of Pozharsky or even a Swedish prince would have been a disaster for the local Cossacks. For example, the Don Cossacks could receive a plentiful royal salary and leave for their villages with songs. And where would the local or, as they were called, thieves' Cossacks go? Yes, and they inherited pretty well - there was no city or village where the thieves' Cossacks would not rob, rape, or kill.

Could the thieves' Cossacks remain indifferent to the election of the king?

With the establishment of a strong government, it will no longer be possible to rob, but will have to answer for what they have done. Therefore, the propaganda of the supporters of the Romanovs was truly good news for the Cossacks. After all, these are their own people, with whom the vast majority of Cossacks have repeatedly communicated in Tushino.

Five hundred armed Cossacks, breaking the doors, broke into the Krutitsy Metropolitan Jonah, who at that time was acting as the patriarch's locum tenens, - "Give us, Metropolitan, the king!" The Palace of Pozharsky and Trubetskoy was surrounded by hundreds of Cossacks. In fact, in February 1613, a coup d'etat took place - the thieves' Cossacks by force installed the king, Mikhail Romanov. Of course, in the next 300 years of the Romanovs' rule, any documents about the "February Revolution of 1613" were carefully confiscated and destroyed.

The Time of Troubles was a test of the Muscovite state for vitality. Undermined by internal conflicts, shattered by the onslaught of the interventionists, it almost collapsed, almost fell apart ... However, at this critical moment, the Russian people had the strength and wisdom to "collect the earth", bring it out of the state of general war and chaos, defend its independence and statehood.

As a result of the war, the Muscovite state was destroyed, robbed, lost many of its territories, including Smolensk, but it survived and thus showed its colossal internal strength.

And this was the main guarantee of his brilliant future.

Conclusion

The Time of Troubles was not so much a revolution as a severe shock to the life of the Muscovite state. Its first and most severe consequence was the terrible ruin and desolation of the country; in the descriptions of rural areas under Tsar Michael, many empty villages are mentioned, from which the peasants "escaped" or were beaten by "thieves' people" and "Lithuanian people".

In the social composition of society, the Time of Troubles further weakened the strength and influence of the old well-born boyars, which, in the storms of the Time of Troubles, partly died or were ruined, and partly morally degraded and discredited themselves with their intrigues and their alliance with the enemies of the state.

In relation to the political, the Time of Troubles - when the Earth, having gathered its strength, itself restored the destroyed state - showed with its own eyes that the Moscow state was not the creation and "patrimony" of its sovereign, but was a common cause and common creation of "all cities and all sorts of ranks of people of the whole great Russian Tsardom.

Listliterature

1. Valishevsky K. "Time of Troubles". M.1993.

2. http://www.biografguru.ru/about/minin/?q=5076

3. http://www.bestpeopleofrussia.ru/persona/1900/bio

4. http://a-minin.ru/referats/minin-referats-1.html

5. http://www.ref.by/refs/32/37663/1.html

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Minin (Sukhoruk) Kuzma Zakharovich (third quarter of the 16th century - 1616)

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich (1578-1642)

Russian public figures

Despite the fact that K. Minin and D. Pozharsky acted together for only a few years, their names are inextricably linked. They came to the historical forefront in one of the most tragic periods of Russian history, when enemy invasions, civil strife, epidemics, crop failures devastated the Russian land and turned it into easy prey for enemies. For two years Moscow was occupied by foreign invaders. In Western Europe, it was believed that Russia would never regain its former power. However, the popular movement that arose in the depths of the country saved the Russian statehood. The “Time of Troubles” was overcome, and “citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky” raised the people to fight, as it was written on the monument erected in their honor.

Neither Minin nor Pozharsky left behind any diaries or letters. Only their signatures under some documents are known. The first mention of Minin refers only to the time when the collection of funds for the people's militia began. Nevertheless, historians have established that he came from an old trading family, whose representatives have long been engaged in salt production. They lived in Balakhna, a small town in the vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod. There, at a shallow depth underground, there were layers that contained a natural saline solution. It was lifted through wells, evaporated, and the resulting salt was sold.

The fishery turned out to be so profitable that Minin's ancestor was able to buy a yard and a trading place in Nizhny Novgorod. Here he took up a no less profitable business - local trade.

Curiously, one of the salt wells was jointly owned by the ancestors of Minin and Pozharsky. This is how the two families have been linked for generations.

Kuzma Minin continued the work of his father. After the division of property with the brothers, he started a shop and began his own trade. Apparently, he was lucky, because after a few years he built himself a good house and planted an apple orchard around it. Shortly thereafter, Minin married his neighbor's daughter, Tatyana Semyonova. No one could determine how many children they had. It is only known for certain that Minin's heir was his eldest son, Nefed. Apparently, Minin enjoyed a reputation as a conscientious and decent person, since for many years he was a town headman.

Dmitry Pozharsky was the offspring of an ancient princely family. His ancestors were the owners of the Starodub specific principality, whose lands were located on the Klyazma and Lukha rivers.

However, already at the beginning of the 16th century, the Pozharsky family gradually became impoverished. Dmitry's grandfather Fedor Ivanovich Nemoy served at the court of Ivan the Terrible, but during the years of the oprichnina he fell into disgrace and was exiled to the newly conquered Kazan region. All his lands were confiscated, and in order to feed his family, he received several peasant households in the Sviyazhskaya settlement. True, the disgrace was soon removed, and he was returned to Moscow. But the confiscated lands were never returned.

Fedor had to be content with the modest rank of a noble head. To strengthen his shaky position, he resorted to a tried and tested method: he profitably married his eldest son. Mikhail Pozharsky became the husband of the wealthy Princess Maria Berseneva-Beklemisheva. She was given a good dowry: vast lands and a large sum of money.

Immediately after the wedding, the young people settled in the ancestral village of Pozharsky Mugreev. There, in November 1578, their first-born Dmitry was born. His maternal grandfather was a well-educated man. It is known that Ivan Bersenev was a close friend of the famous writer and humanist M. Grek.

Dmitry's mother, Maria Pozharskaya, was not only a literate, but also a fairly educated woman. Since her husband died when Dmitry was not yet nine years old, she raised her son herself. Together with him, Maria went to Moscow and, after much trouble, ensured that the Local Order issued Dmitry a letter confirming his seniority in the clan. It gave the right to own vast ancestral lands. When Dmitry was fifteen years old, his mother married him to a twelve-year-old girl Praskovya Varfolomeevna. Her name is not reflected in the documents and remains unknown. It is known that Dmitry Pozharsky had several children.

In 1593 he entered the civil service. Initially, he served as a solicitor - one of the tsar's escorts. Pozharsky "was at the dress" - he had to give or receive various items of the royal toilet, and at night - to guard the royal bedroom.

The sons of noble boyars did not wear this rank for long. But Dmitry was not lucky. He was in his twenties and still a lawyer. Only after the coronation of Boris Godunov, Pozharsky's position at court changed. He was appointed steward and thus fell into the circle of people who made up the top of the Moscow nobility.

Perhaps he owed his promotion to his mother, who for many years was a "horse noblewoman", that is, a teacher of the royal children. She supervised the education of Godunov's daughter Xenia.

When Dmitry Pozharsky was granted the rank of steward, the range of his duties expanded. Stolnikov were appointed as assistant governors, sent on diplomatic missions to different states, sent to regiments to present awards on behalf of the tsar or convey the most important orders. They were obliged to attend the receptions of foreign ambassadors, where they held dishes with food in their hands and offered them to the most distinguished guests.

We do not know how Pozharsky served. It is only known that he apparently had certain military abilities. When the Pretender appeared in Lithuania, the prince received an order to go to the Lithuanian border.

Luck did not favor the Russian army at first. In the battles on the Lithuanian border and in further battles, Pozharsky gradually became a seasoned warrior, but his military career was cut short because he was wounded and was forced to go to his estate Mugreevo for treatment.

While Pozharsky was restoring his strength, the interventionist troops entered Russian soil, defeated the Russian troops and occupied Moscow. This was facilitated by the unexpected death of Boris Godunov, who was replaced by Tsar Vasily Shuisky crowned by the boyars. But his crowning the kingdom could not change anything. The troops of the Pretender entered the Kremlin, and False Dmitry I ascended the Russian throne.

Unlike the Moscow boyars, the Russian people stubbornly resisted the invaders. The church in the person of the aged patriarch Hermogenes also acted as an inspirer of resistance. It was he who called on the people to fight, and the first Zemstvo militia was created. However, his attempts to liberate Moscow from the interventionists were unsuccessful.

In the autumn of 1611, Kuzma Minin, a townsman from Nizhny Novgorod, called for the convening of a new militia. Minin said that for several days Sergius of Radonezh appeared to him in a dream, urging him to make an appeal to fellow citizens.

In September 1611, Minin was elected to the zemstvo elders. Having gathered all the village elders in the zemstvo hut, he appealed to them to start raising funds: from all the owners of the city they collected "a fifth of the money" - one fifth of the state.

Gradually, the inhabitants of the lands surrounding Nizhny Novgorod responded to Minin's call. The military side of the movement was led by Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, who received the rank of governor. By the time the campaign began in February 1612, many Russian cities and lands had joined the militia: Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh, Kazan, Kolomna. Military men and convoys with weapons from many regions of the country joined the militia.

In mid-February 1612, the militia went to Yaroslavl. There were formed the governing bodies of the movement - the "Council of All the Earth" and temporary orders.

From Yaroslavl, the zemstvo army moved to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, where the blessing of the patriarch was received, and then went to Moscow. At this time, Pozharsky learned that the Polish army of Hetman Khodkevich was moving towards the capital. Therefore, he urged the militias not to waste time and get to the capital as soon as possible.

They managed to get ahead of the Poles by only a few days. But this was enough to prevent them from connecting with the detachment that had settled in the Kremlin. After the battle near the Donskoy Monastery, Khodkevich decided that the forces of the militia were dwindling, and rushed to pursue them. He did not suspect that he fell into a trap invented by Minin.

On the other side of the Moskva River, detachments of Don Cossacks were waiting for the Poles, ready for battle. They immediately rushed into battle and overturned the battle formations of the Poles. During this time, Minin, together with the noble squad, crossed the river after the Poles and hit them in the rear. Panic broke out among the Poles. Khodkevich preferred to abandon artillery, provisions, carts and began to hastily retreat from the Russian capital.

As soon as the Polish garrison sitting in the Kremlin found out about what had happened, they capitulated without entering the battle. The Russian army with unfolded banners proceeded along the Arbat and, surrounded by a crowd, entered Red Square. The troops entered the Kremlin through the Spassky Gates. Moscow and all Russian land celebrated the victory.

Almost immediately, the Zemsky Sobor began to work in Moscow. At the beginning of 1613, at its meeting, the first representative of the new dynasty, Mikhail Romanov, was elected tsar. On the Cathedral Code, among many signatures, there is Pozharsky's autograph. After the coronation, the tsar granted him the rank of boyar, and Minin - the rank of duma nobleman.

But the war for Pozharsky did not end there. After a short respite, he was appointed commander of the Russian army, who opposed the Polish hetman Lisovsky. Minin was appointed governor in Kazan. True, he did not last long. In 1616, Minin died of an unknown illness.

Pozharsky, on the other hand, continued to fight with the Poles, led the defense of Kaluga, then his squad made a trip to Mozhaisk to rescue the Russian army besieged there. After the complete defeat of the Polish intervention, Pozharsky was present at the conclusion of the Deulinsky truce, and then was appointed governor in Nizhny Novgorod. There he served until the beginning of 1632, until the time when, together with the boyar M. Shein, he was sent to liberate Smolensk from the Poles.

Prince Dmitry could triumph: his services to the fatherland finally received official recognition. But, as often happens, it came too late. At 53, Pozharsky was already a sick man, he was overcome by bouts of "black sickness." Therefore, he rejected the tsar's offer to again lead the Russian army. His successor was one of Pozharsky's associates, the young governor Artemy Izmailov. And Pozharsky remained to serve in Moscow. The king entrusted him first with Yamskaya, and then with the Rogue Order. The duty of the prince was to carry out the trial and reprisals for the most serious crimes: murders, robberies, violence. Then Pozharsky became the head of the Moscow Judgment Order.

In Moscow, he had a luxurious courtyard corresponding to his position. To leave a memory of himself, Pozharsky built several churches. So, in Kitai-Gorod, the Kazan Cathedral was built with his money.

At the age of 57, Pozharsky was widowed, and the patriarch himself buried the princess in the church on Lubyanka. At the end of the mourning, Dmitry married a second time to the boyar Feodora Andreevna Golitsyna, thus becoming related to one of the most noble Russian families. True, Pozharsky had no children in his second marriage. But from the first marriage there were three sons and two daughters. It is known that the eldest daughter Xenia, shortly before her father's death, married Prince V. Kurakin, the ancestor of Peter's associate.

Anticipating his death, according to custom, Pozharsky took tonsure in the Spaso-Evfimevsky monastery, located in Suzdal. There he was soon buried.

But the memory of the feat of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky remained for a long time in people's hearts. At the beginning of the 19th century, a monument was erected to him on Red Square, created by the famous sculptor I. Martos with public donations.

The position of the Muscovite state at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries was very difficult. Crises followed one after another, becoming the prerequisites for foreign Catholic intervention and imposture. Representatives of the Second People's Zemstvo Militia were able to defend national freedom and the Orthodox faith. The history of this feat will forever remain in the memory of the Russian people.

In contact with

First of all, the state experienced the strongest dynastic and as a consequence, political crisis, the reasons for which were:

• end of dynasty Moscow princes: Tsar Fedor Ioannovich, son, died without leaving a male heir, and the question of who would rule after him remained open for a long time;
• power struggle between court factions, which ended with the accession to the Moscow throne of the first elected tsar, Boris Godunov.

Against the backdrop of political instability, a severe socio-economic crisis developed, the manifestations of which were:

• the so-called "porukha" of the 70-80s of the 16th century, which was the result of the oprichnina and defeats in Livonian War;
• strengthening of serfdom and, as a result, the flight of the population from the central regions to the outskirts of the state;
• the strongest famine of 1601-1603, which undermined the already weak authority of Tsar Boris Godunov;
• Cotton revolt.

All this became the basis of those events that entered the history of the Russian State under the name of the Time of Troubles.

Period from 1605 to 1611

Let's talk briefly about Time of Troubles when more than once attempts were made to establish statehood within the country, torn apart from the inside by class contradictions, and from the outside by neighbors seeking to conquer new territories.

1605-1606

After death Tsar Godunov came to power, supported by the Poles and the Vatican, False Dmitry I(presumably his real name is Grigory Otrepiev), a man who pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry, the youngest son of Ivan the Terrible. False Dmitry became a real alternative to boyar rule, but very soon Muscovites realized that a real threat to state independence had arisen. In 1606, an uprising broke out in Moscow, which resulted in the overthrow of False Dmitry and the enthronement of Vasily Shuisky, whose real power was limited by the Kissing Record, which strengthened the position of the Boyar Duma.

1606-1610

Tsar Vasily Shuisky had to go through a number of serious incidents:

• the uprising of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), an associate of False Dmitry I;
• the arrival near Moscow of False Dmitry II - a new impostor, nicknamed the "Tushino thief";
• face open Polish intervention initiated by the Polish king Sigismund.

Shuisky decides internal problems by bringing in foreign troops. In 1609, he concluded a military alliance with Sweden, which would freely enter its troops into the territory of the Russian state. In 1610, Tsar Vasily was poisoned by the Moscow boyars, who sought to strengthen their own power, taking advantage of the difficult domestic political situation.

1610-1611

After the death of Vasily Shuisky, a group of boyars came to power, a period began Seven Boyars. Moscow boyars decided that an end to the Time of Troubles is possible after the election of a strong ruler and agreed on the candidacy of the Polish prince Vladislav, after which they did everything possible to invite him to the throne of Moscow. At the same time, an open Swedish intervention began, the Poles sent their troops to Moscow.

In 1611, after capture of Novgorod by the Swedes, and the Poles - Smolensk, the first militia was formed, the leaders of which set themselves the task of freeing Moscow from the Poles, but due to disagreements between the leaders, the goal was never achieved.

Near Nizhny Novgorod began to form second Zemstvo militia, the inspirers and leaders of which were the Nizhny Novgorod headman Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky - the real Saviors of the Fatherland. Their main goal was to protect Moscow from the invaders. Who were those with whom Minin and Prince Pozharsky fought.

Participation in the Second Militia of Kozma Minin

Kuzma (Kozma) Minin- the ideologist of the Second (Nizhny Novgorod) militia. Inspired by the messages of the Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes, whom the Poles imprisoned and starved to death, the merchant called on the people to arm themselves and protect Moscow lands from the invasion of foreign invaders - Catholics.

Origin and kin

The first mentions of Minin meet only in connection with the creation of the people's militias. There is a version that he comes from Balakhna (the city of Balakhna is a small town near Nizhny Novgorod) an old merchant family of salt workers. There is also an undocumented version that Kuzma was by nationality Tatar, originally from Kazan.

What is known about this person:

• his father's name was Min (Misail; the surname Mininy may have come from his name), who, at the end of his life, may have taken monastic vows;
• his brother Sergei, indeed, was engaged in salt production in Balakhna;
• sister Sophia took monastic vows;
• his wife Taisia ​​outlived her husband by several years and at the end of her life also took monastic vows;
• the only son named Nefed served all his life in Moscow as a steward, died childless.

In 1610 Kuzma worked as a butcher and lived in Nizhny Novgorod. He was elected to the position of zemstvo (posad) elder. Most likely, this election was due to his participation in the First Militia when he, as part of the Nizhny Novgorod regiment, fought against the Tushins. In 1611, the new headman made a fiery speech at the general meeting of the townspeople, which, in the end, inspired the people to organize the Second Militia. Nizhny Novgorod townspeople began to raise funds for the maintenance of service people. He advised the people of Nizhny Novgorod to invite Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to become their military leader. Powers of the leaders of the militia divided as follows:

• Pozharsky was engaged in military planning;
• Minin was in charge of the economic department.

Attention! The “third money” was introduced, that is, all Nizhny Novgorod residents had to give a third of their fortune for the needs of the militia. Funds were spent wisely. The best military specialists of that time were hired for the service. Minin personally managed food and fodder, provided the militia with everything necessary, including weapons and even artillery.

By April 1612 in Yaroslavl was organized "Council of the Whole Earth"- a temporary state body that was supposed to ensure civil order in the liberated lands. A large army gathered near Nizhny Novgorod, ready, under the leadership of Pozharsky, to go to the liberation of Moscow.

In the battles for Moscow in August-September 1613, the merchant also took an active part, led two noble companies, which repulsed the Lithuanian troops of Hetman Khodkevich and were the first to break through to the Donskoy Monastery.

Life after victory

After release Moscow, Kozma Minin, together with the princes Pozharsky and Trubetskoy, actually ruled the state, took part in the discussion of candidates possible rulers of the state, but he flatly refused to become one of the candidates.

Attention! Kuzma Minin was not opposed to considering the candidacy of the Polish prince Vladislav, but argued that he could only be invited to the throne of Moscow if he agreed to accept Orthodoxy.

After being elected to the throne Mikhail Romanov, Minin received the highest service rank of a duma nobleman with a salary of 200 rubles and an estate near Balakhna. He enjoyed great respect among representatives Boyar Duma, was an adviser to the young tsar and his parents, Xenia and Filaret, who, in the end, became the new Moscow patriarch. He died in 1616 and was buried in the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Now the burial is in the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Cathedral.

Leader of the second militia

Dmitry Pozharsky was an outstanding military strategist and politician of the 16th-17th centuries, rallied people and created a strong army that managed to liberate Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian troops.

Origin

Pozharsky are direct descendants Suzdal princes of Starodub, who trace their ancestry from . Born November 1, 1578. The family had several sons and a daughter named Daria, who later married the infamous Nikita Khovansky.

Interesting! Few people know the name of the future hero in the family. At baptism, he was named in honor of St. Demetrius of Thessalonica, and before this event, he bore the name Kuzma. After the church ceremony, the parents continued to call their son by his former name out of habit. This fact can be useful to participants of school Olympiads.

My service at court, Dmitry Mikhailovich began with 15 years in 1593. He was fully supported by his mother, who held a high position supreme noblewoman under the queen Maria Grigoryevna Godunova and gave her son magnificent for that time education, instilled a sense of duty, responsibility for their actions, piety and piety.

After the death of Godunov, the prince swore allegiance to False Dmitry I and Vasily Shuisky. At this time (1606-1609) he served under the command of the commander M. Skopin-Shuisky, distinguished himself in battles with the Poles and Bolotnikov.

In 1610 he refused to take part in calling to the Moscow throne Tsarevich Vladislav and retired to Zaraysk, where he served as governor. In 1611 he joined Prokopy Lyapunov, the head of the First Home Guard. Together with his service people tried "recapture" Moscow from the Poles and was even seriously wounded in one of the many battles. He went to the family estate of Yuryevo, Nizhny Novgorod district, for treatment, where he arrived representatives of the Second Militia to invite Dmitry Mikhailovich to lead a military campaign against Moscow.

Attention! The uprising of Minin and Pozharsky against intervention is a vivid example of a national liberation struggle that forms and cements a nation.

The prince accepted the proposal of the Nizhny Novgorod residents, realizing that of the entire Muscovite state, only Trinity - Sergeyev Lavra under the leadership of Abbot Dionisy and Nizhny Novgorod. The new leader arrived in the city in October 1611, and in March 1612 militia of Minin and Pozharsky marched towards Yaroslavl. On the way, the militia troops liberated Suzdal.

In Yaroslavl, the governor almost died at the hands of the conspirators, the Cossack ataman Ivan Zarutsky sent assassins. The plot was uncovered, the participants were forgiven and exiled to camps near Moscow. In July militia army marched on Moscow, by August they reached the Trinity-Sergeeva Lavra, and in late August - early September - stood near Moscow. The fighting for the city continued until October 22, when Kitay-gorod, besieged by the militia, fell.

The feat of Minin and Pozharsky lies in the fact that they managed to rally the people to fight not only for the Orthodox faith, but also for statehood. That is why on November 4 we celebrate a holiday called "National Unity Day".

Service to Tsar Mikhail Romanov

Together with the boyars Mstislavsky, Prince Trubetskoy and Kuzma Minin, Dmitry Mikhailovich led the country until the convocation of Zemsky Sobor in 1613. He owns the idea of ​​inviting relatives of the last Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich on his mother's side to the Moscow throne. Anastasia Romanova. He became a close friend of the new Moscow ruler. Participated in the ceremony of crowning the kingdom, was a friend at both weddings of Mikhail Romanov, supported the king during the death of his two sons.

After the wedding of Mikhail Romanov to the kingdom, Dmitry Pozharsky was granted rank of boyar, the prince continued to play a prominent political role at court:

1. As a governor, he liberated the cities of Bryansk and Karachev from the Poles, defended Kaluga, Mozhaisk and Borovsk from the troops of the Polish prince Vladislav.
2. He conducted diplomatic negotiations with the British ambassadors, was the king's envoy, concluded the Polyanovsky peace.
3. As a government official, he directed various orders.
4. He was governor and governor in different cities.

Family

Pozharsky was married twice. In his first marriage, he had 3 sons and 3 daughters. The second marriage with Princess Golitsyna was childless. In the male line, the clan was interrupted in 1682, but the descendants of the prince in the female line are still alive. He died in 1642 and was buried in the family tomb. This is a reliable fact, although the tomb has not survived to this day.

The Russian state preserved its independence and faith for the motherland and freedom-loving spirit. They managed to rally the people, to inspire representatives of all nationalities that inhabited the Muscovite state at that time. Contemporaries admired their feat. Descendants, many years after the great events, keep the memory of what the leaders and members of the militia did. Nizhny Novgorod residents erected a monument to the liberators on National Unity Square near the walls of the Kremlin, and a small copy of it is located in Moscow on Red Square.

Prince, one of the high-profile figures of the Time of Troubles, along with the zemstvo man Kuzma Minin. Pozharsky was born in 1578 and descended from the family of the princes Starodubsky, from the Grand Duke of Vladimir Vsevolod III Yuryevich, in the line of Prince Vasily Andreevich, who first began to be called Pozharsky from the town of Pogar, or Pogorely, as old writers say. Pozharsky - a seedy branch; bit books of the 17th century say that the Pozharskys under the former sovereigns, besides the governors and labial elders have not been anywhere. Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich, under Tsar Boris Godunov, is in the position of a lawyer with a key, under Tsar Vasily Shuisky, for the first time, he noticeably acts in the military field. In February 1610, he served as the governor of Zaraysk, who zealously supported the loyalty of the population of Zaraysk to Tsar Vasily.

Only from March 1610 did Prince Dmitry Pozharsky begin to play a major historical role - thanks to the storms of the Time of Troubles. On March 19 and 20, 1610, he repulsed the attacks of the Poles in Moscow, after which, badly wounded, he retired first to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and then to his Suzdal village of Nizhny Landekh, where in the same year an embassy of Nizhny Novgorod citizens, led by Minin, with a request to become the head of a new militia to save Moscow.

The wounded Prince Pozharsky receives ambassadors from the Nizhny Novgorod militia. Painting by V. Kotarbinsky, 1882

The case of the Nizhny Novgorod militia was won: Pozharsky and Minin, after a series of difficulties, cleared Moscow of the Poles, and on February 21, 1613, a new tsar was elected - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.

Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. Painting by M. Scotty, 1850

In the early 30s of the 17th century, it was said in Moscow that Dmitry Pozharsky, along with many others, “bribed” the kingdom, but this news is rather vague, because the process that arose then on this occasion did not harm Pozharsky. On July 11, 1613, Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky was granted a boyar status, and on July 30 he received a granted patrimonial charter for Nizhny Landekh.

Ivan Martos. Monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow

After the Time of Troubles, Prince Pozharsky no longer played any prominent role: his name is found in local disputes, in the fight against foxes and Poles, also as a Novgorod voivode, chief judge of the Razboyny, Moscow Judicial and Local Orders. The final assessment of the personality of Prince Pozharsky is not yet entirely possible: part of the material relating to him has not been studied; this should be especially noted about the writ of office work for short, however, moments of his judicial and administrative activity.

Prince Dmitry Pozharsky was married twice, the second time to Princess Golitsyna. He died in 1642, and his family was cut short in 1684 by the death of his grandson Yuri Ivanovich. The biographer of Prince Pozharsky, Sergei Smirnov (“Biography of Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky”, M., 1852), fairly correctly summarized his work with the words that there are no special features in the character of Prince Pozharsky that would sharply stand out from his contemporaries; he was neither a deep politician nor a military genius, and was only obliged by circumstances for the formation and development in himself of those principles with which he could attract general attention; he had neither huge government talents, nor great willpower, which he possessed, for example, Prokopy Lyapunov.

Minin Kuzma and Pozharsky Dmitry

to the 400th anniversary of the people's militia led by Minin Kuzma and Pozharsky Dmitry (gg.)

Russia met the seventeenth century with turmoil, blood, hunger. Crop failures resulted in famine throughout Russia. There was a seizure of the Russian throne by False Dmitry, there was a rebellion of service people led by Ivan Bolotnikov. Pogroms, robberies, and hunger riots began in the capital. There was no agreement between the boyars and the nobles. Alarms rang out all over Russia, turmoil raged everywhere. Poles, Swedes, Lithuanians advanced on the fragmented Russian state. With the connivance of the boyar elite, Moscow was captured by the army of the Polish king Sigismund.

In this difficult time for Russia, Patriarch Hermogenes called on the Russian people to stand up for Orthodoxy and expel the Polish invaders from Moscow. "It's time to lay down your soul for the House of the Most Holy Theotokos!" - wrote the patriarch. His call was picked up by many, a movement arose that fought for the liberation of the capital from the Poles.

The first zemstvo, people's militia was headed by the Ryazan governor Lyapunov Prokopy, but because of the strife between the Cossacks and the nobles, who, on false charges, killed the governor, the people's militia broke up. The anti-Polish uprising, which began prematurely in Moscow on March 19, 1611, was defeated.

It was then that the Nizhny Novgorod merchant, a native of Balakhna, a patriot revered among the common people, called Minin Kuzma. Listening to the appeals of Minin, the townspeople voluntarily gave the "third money" to the creation of the Zemstvo militia. Convoys with weapons and clothing for soldiers reached Nizhny Novgorod. At the suggestion of Minin, the 30-year-old Novgorod prince Dmitry Pozharsky was invited to the post of chief governor. So at the head of the second Zemsky militia were two people who were elected by the people, and they enjoyed its full confidence.

Under the banner of Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, a huge army for that time gathered. At the end of the winter of 1612, the militia gathered on the road. About six months the militia stood in Yaroslavl, preparing for a campaign against Moscow. Detachments from other cities flocked to this city, replenishing the forces of the militia, and the Zemstvo government was created here. With the miraculous icon of the Kazan Mother of God, revealed in 1579, the Nizhny Novgorod Zemstvo militia managed on November 4, 1612 to storm Kitai-Gorod and drive the Poles out of Moscow.

The Great Zemsky Sobor of 1613 was the final victory over the Time of Troubles, the triumph of Orthodoxy and national unity. By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who ruled from 1645 to 1676, a holiday was established in honor of this great event, which became the Orthodox state holiday of Moscow Russia, which was celebrated until 1917. This day entered the church calendar as the Celebration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in memory of the deliverance of Moscow and Russia from the Poles in 1612.

Monuments were erected to Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin in Moscow, on Red Square, and in Nizhny Novgorod.

Minin Kuzma

Kuzma (Kozma) Minin is a Russian national hero, organizer and one of the leaders of the Zemsky militia of 1611-1612 during the struggle of the Russian people against the Polish and Swedish intervention. Kuzma Minin was born between 1562 and 1568 in the family of a Balakhna salt miner. Kuzma was 12 years old when his father and his family moved to Nizhny Novgorod. Little is known about the early years of Minin Kuzma.

Details about the activities of Kuzma Minin become known only in the autumn of 1611, on this day a letter arrived in Nizhny Novgorod from Patriarch Hermogenes, who called for defending the Motherland, expelling enemies from the borders of his country. The clergy and senior people in the city were present at the city council convened to discuss the charter. Among the participants was Kuzma Minin, who was elected in September as a Zemstvo headman.

On the next day after the meeting, the contents of the letter were announced to the townspeople. Archpriest Savva urged the people to “stand for the faith,” but Minin’s speech turned out to be much more convincing. In September 1611, a petty "trading man", the Nizhny Novgorod Zemsky elder Minin Kuzma appealed to the townspeople with an appeal to create a people's militia. At a city meeting, he delivered his famous speech: “Orthodox people, let us want to help the Moscow state, we will not spare our lives, but not only our stomachs - we will sell our yards, we will lay down our wives, children and we will beat with a forehead so that someone becomes our boss. And what praise will be to all of us from the Russian land that such a great deed will happen from such a small city as ours.

Every day his influence grew, the people of Nizhny Novgorod were carried away by Minin's proposals and finally decided to form a militia, summon service people and collect money. In the period from October 22 to October 26, 1612, the people's militia, supplied with everything necessary, freed Moscow from the interventionists.

Minin Kuzma participated in the Zemsky Sobor of 1613, was proclaimed a duma nobleman, granted an estate in the Nizhny Novgorod district - the villages of Bogorodsky and Vorsma. In December 1615, the Boyar Duma was sent to Kazan to establish peace and harmony between non-Russian peoples.

Having completed his mission, he died in the spring of 1616. He was brought to Nizhny Novgorod, reburied several times. In 1962, it was laid in the Kremlin Mikhailo-Arkhangelsky Cathedral - a church-monument to the people's militia.

Prince Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich(11/1/1578 - 04/30/1642) - Russian national hero, military and political figure, led the People's Regiment that liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders.

Pozharsky Dmitry was born November 1, 1578. He is a descendant of the specific princes of Starodubsky. His homeland was the town of Podgar near Suzdal. At the age of 15, he began the palace service. He was literate and educated.

In 1608 he was sent to defend Kolomna, and in 1609, acting against robber gangs in the vicinity of Moscow, he defeated their ataman Salkov on the Pekhorka River. In 1610 he was appointed governor in Zaraisk, in 1611, participating in an attack on the Poles who had captured Moscow, he was wounded at the Lubyanka and went for treatment to his Nizhny Novgorod Puretskaya volost, where he was invited by Kuzma Minin on behalf of the Nizhny Novgorod people to lead the Nizhny Novgorod militia.

Having liberated the capital from the interventionists on October 22-26, 1612, he actively participated in the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as tsar. The tsar elevated him from the stewards to the boyars. From 1614 to 1619 he participated in the fight against marauders and Poles, from 1628 to 1631 he was a governor in Veliky Novgorod. In 1635 Pozharsky Dmitry he was in charge of the court order, and in 1638 he became governor in Pereyaslavl - Ryazansky.

He died on April 20, 1642, was buried in the family tomb of the Savior-Evfimiev Monastery in the city of Suzdal. In 1885, on the grave of Prince Pozharsky in the Spas-Evfimevsky Monastery in Suzdal, a monument was erected with funds collected by public subscription.

In the grateful memory of the Fatherland

This is one of the most famous monuments of Moscow, located on Red Square next to St. Basil's Cathedral. Author of the monument to Minin and Pozharsky c. The monument to Minin and Pozharsky was the first monument in Moscow erected not in honor of the sovereign, but in honor of the people's heroes. Funds for the monument were collected by public subscription. Martos worked on the monument from 1804 to 1817. This is the best creation of ca, who managed to embody in him the high ideals of civic prowess and patriotism. The sculptor depicted the moment when Kuzma Minin, who points to Moscow with his hand, hands Prince Pozharsky an old sword and urges him to stand at the head of the Russian army. Leaning on a shield, the wounded governor rises from his bed, which symbolizes the awakening of national consciousness at a difficult time for the Fatherland.

Obelisk in honor of Minin and Pozharsky

The monument that immortalized the memory of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod was erected in 1828 in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin instead of the originally planned monument. Designed by an architect, and the bas-reliefs depicting Minin and Pozharsky were created according to sketches.

This oldest stone temple in Nizhny Novgorod has a history dating back to the founding of the city. In 1221, a wooden cathedral was erected, and in 1227, a white stone cathedral. Rebuilt in 1359. On April 23, 1628, under the guidance of architects Lavrenty Semenov and stepson Antipas, the construction of the existing building began. The restoration was carried out in memory of the Nizhny Novgorod militia and was completed in 1631. In 1962, after the restoration, the ashes of Kuzma Minin were transferred to the cathedral. In September 2009, the temple was visited by the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill. The Patriarch of the RPS honored the memory of the patriot Kuzma Minin, whose ashes rest in the cathedral, and performed a memorial service. In memory of the visit, he presented the Cathedral with the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.

Born November 1, 1578 on the land of Suzdal in a princely family, a distant branch of the Rurikovich. But his fate, despite his princely origin, was not easy. Left an orphan at the age of 6, he experienced all the hardships of an orphan's life, but managed to endure and even learned to read and write, which at that time was a rather difficult task. Fate determined Dmitry Mikhailovich a special place in the history of Russia - to become the head of the people's militia and liberate his native land from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. He was buried in the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery in accordance with his will, together with his parents and children. The monument to Dmitry Pozharsky in Suzdal was installed in the square of the same name near the walls of the Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. The monument was opened in 1950. The author of the bust is the People's Artist of the USSR and Belarus Zair Isakovich Azgur. The bas-relief says “To Dmitry Pozharsky. Grateful Motherland. A nearby street is named after Pozharsky.

The highest pride and glory of the city of Balakhna is its native Kuzma Minin, who was named the first citizen of Russia in very ancient years, and this alone allows Balakhna to occupy the brightest of the pages of national history, dedicated to the heroism of our people. On November 7, 1943, a monument to Kuzma Minin was opened in Nizhny Novgorod on Minin Square. The author of the monument was the sculptor Alexander Kolobov. This monument was located on Minin and Pozharsky Square until the end of the 80s. And in 1989 he was transferred to Balakhna, Minin's homeland.

Celebration National Unity Day was established in memory of the events of 1612, when the people's militia led by Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky liberated Moscow from the Polish invaders. Historically, this holiday is associated with the end of the Time of Troubles in Russia in the 17th century.

In December 2004, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a law naming November 4 National Unity Day. For the first time in Russia, this new national holiday has been celebrated since 2005.

Here is what he said in connection with the establishment in Russia of a new holiday associated with the events of 1612, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II: “Let the new holiday serve to unite the people, the realization that Russia is our common Motherland. Worldview, national, social and other differences, inevitable in any modern state, should not interfere with our common work for the sake of the prosperity of the Fatherland and the well-being of the people living in it.

In 2005, a copy of the world-famous monument to Minin and Pozharsky, made by the sculptor Zurab Tsereteli, was installed in Nizhny Novgorod (the monument is 10% smaller in size than in Moscow).

In 1911, the 300th anniversary of the people's militia was celebrated in Russia. The Silver Age poet Boris Sadovsky wrote a hymn in honor of the heroes of the Nizhny Novgorod militia.