The district was formed by separating from the Southern Federal District by Decree of the President of Russia dated January 19, 2010. The district includes seven constituent entities of the Federation, including one region - Stavropol and six republics: the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic Republic of the Republic of North Ossetia - Alania, Chechen Republic (Table 5.9).

Table 5.9

Composition of the North Caucasus Federal District

		Population thousand people	Largest cities
The Republic of Dagestan			Makhachkala, Khasavyort, Derbent, Kaspiysk
The Republic of Ingushetia			Magas, Nazran, Malgobek, Kara-bulakh
Kabardino-Balkarian Republic			Nalchik, Prokhladny, Baksan
Karachay-Cherkess Republic			Cherkessk, Ust-Dzheguta, Kara-chaevsk
Republic of North Ossetia - Alania			Vladikavkaz, Mozdok, Beslan
Chechen Republic			Grozny, Urus-Martan, Shali
Stavropol			Stavropol, Pyatigorsk, Nevin-nomyssk, Kislovodsk

The North Caucasian Federal District is the only federal district in which there is not a single region, and the only one in which ethnic Russians do not have an absolute majority of the district's population. It is considered the most multinational region of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district - the city of Pyatigorsk -V is neither the administrative center of the subject included in the district nor the largest city of the district, but is part of the large Caucasus-Minera-Lovodsk agglomeration.

Geographical location, borders and natural resources of the North Caucasus Federal District.

The district is located in the southern part of European Russia, on the territory of the central and eastern part of the North Caucasus. From the south it is protected by the Main Caucasus Range, in the east it is washed by the Caspian Sea.

The North Caucasus Federal District borders with countries such as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia, Kazakhstan, as well as with such constituent entities of the Russian Federation as the Republic of Kalmykia, the Rostov region and the Krasnodar Territory. The administrative center of the district is the city of Pyatigorsk.

The region has large reserves of natural mineral resources - oil, gas, coal, copper, non-ferrous metals, polymetals, iron ores and building materials.

In addition, it has a unique complex of balneological resources, which includes mineral drinking waters, thermal waters and healing mud. Approximately 1/3 of all Russian mineral water resources and more than 70% of the country's thermal water reserves are concentrated here.

Economic indicators of the development of regions of the North Caucasus Federal District. Since the end of the 20th century. the bulk of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, now part of the North Caucasus Federal District, found themselves in the groups of regions most susceptible to the economic crisis. By the beginning of the 21st century. industrial production volumes in this district decreased to 17-24% (compared to 1990), while the average in Russia was 48%! . In the 2000s. There has been economic growth in some regions of the North Caucasian Federal District, but improvement in their socio-economic situation is being achieved very slowly. At the same time, the main contribution to the creation of VRI is made by such areas as wholesale and retail trade - 21.1%, agriculture - 13.1%, construction - 12.2%, public administration - 11.6%. The share of manufacturing in GRP is 9.1%.

The unemployment rate in the North Caucasus Federal District is characterized as high. In the district as a whole, its value is 13%, and in some republics it reaches 44%. There is hidden unemployment and a significant share of the population working in low-paid sectors of the economy.

In the main part of the economic sectors of the North Caucasus Federal District, labor productivity is below the national average. These circumstances are combined with the low standard of living of the population.

The budgets of the Republic of Dagestan, the Republic of Ingushetia, the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, and the Chechen Republic are characterized as highly subsidized. The share of federal budget funds transferred to provide assistance to the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasus Federal District reaches 70-80% in some regional budgets.

Administrative-territorial composition of the Southern Federal District: Republics of Adygea, Kalmykia. Krasnodar region. Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov regions. The administrative center is Rostov-on-Don.

Administrative and territorial composition of the North Caucasus Federal District: republics: Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Mania, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Chechen. Stavropol region.

Territory— 589.2 thousand km 2

Population— 22.9 million people.

Administrative center- Pyatigorsk.

The North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD) is a new district of the Russian Federation, created on January 19, 2010 by special Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 82 of January 19, 2010 “On amendments to the list of federal districts approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000 No. 849, and in Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 12, 2008 No. 724 “Issues of the system and structure of federal executive bodies.”

In fact, the North Caucasus was separated from the Southern Federal District. The creation of the North Caucasus Federal District should contribute to the accelerated development of the southern territories of Russia and the solution of economic and ethnopolitical problems.

It should be noted that upon its formation, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 849 of May 13, 2000, the district was named North Caucasian, but already on June 21 of the same year, by Decree No. 1149 it was renamed Southern. The renaming was motivated by geographical reasons: the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions and Kalmykia do not belong to the North Caucasus. The Rostov region is classified conditionally.

Currently, the Southern Federal District includes subjects of the Federation belonging to the North Caucasus economic region, as well as the territory of the Lower Volga region (Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions), which, according to the current zoning grid, belongs to the Volga economic region.

The territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is included according to the economic zoning grid into the North Caucasus economic region.

Let us characterize the features of the location and development of the productive forces of these districts in certain territories: the North Caucasus economic region and the Lower Volga region.

Southern Federal District

Southern Federal District (center - Rostov-on-Don) occupies the south of the East European Plain, the Ciscaucasia and the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus, accounting for approximately 3.5% of the country's territory. The landscapes of the territory are varied - semi-desert and steppe plains, mountain ranges, stormy mountain (Terek) and calm lowland (Don, Kuban) rivers, subtropical oases, snow-capped peaks of the Caucasus Mountains.

The Southern Federal District is one of the most densely populated in Russia. It concentrates 15% of the country's population. The district is one of the most multinational. More than 40 peoples live here, belonging mainly to the Slavic, Nakh-Dagestan and Turkic groups. The clash of dissimilar cultures belonging to different civilizations, the administrative-territorial division of the republics, deportation(forced relocation) of many North Caucasian peoples, military operations in the region for two centuries - all this, of course, influenced the severity of interethnic conflicts in the region.

According to natural features, the territory of the district can be divided into four parts: flat steppe, foothill, mountain and lower Volga.

Plain steppe territory extends from the Don River to the valleys of the Kuban and Terek rivers. This is the main agricultural region, the main granary of Russia. There are virtually no natural landscapes preserved in this area. Natural and anthropogenic agricultural landscapes, in which natural vegetation has been largely replaced by crops.

The plowed area of ​​steppe landscapes reaches 90%. Mainly grains and industrial crops are grown here.

Due to the fact that the forest cover of agricultural land is slightly more than 3% instead of 5-6% according to accepted standards, the agricultural landscapes of the steppe zone of the district have become very unstable, i.e., susceptible to active soil erosion (destruction), siltation of small rivers, and pollution of water bodies.

The agro-industrial complex of the Southern District occupies a leading role in the country's economy, determines the specialization of mechanical engineering - the production of agricultural machinery (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Krasnodar), technological equipment for the agro-industrial complex (Krasnodar, Stavropol), as well as the chemical industry - production nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and pesticides (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk).

Food industry has also developed everywhere and specializes in the processing of various agricultural raw materials, vegetables and fruits, the production of meat, butter, flour, cereals (Krasnodar, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Novocherkassk, etc.).

Shipbuilding development in the district is associated with the implementation of the “Revival of the Russian Fleet” program, which provides for the construction of river-sea vessels, tankers, and dry cargo ships (Astrakhan, Volgograd).

Fuel and energy complex specializes in the oil (Dagestan, Grozny, Stavropol, Krasnodar fields), gas (Kubano-Priazovskoye, Stavropol fields, as well as fields in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions) and coal industry (eastern ring of Donbass in the Rostov region) (see atlas map).

Oil refineries are located in Krasnodar, Maikop, Tuapse.

Transport engineering(Novocherkassk) specializes in the production of electric locomotives.

Despite the construction of powerful thermal power plants and the presence of hydroelectric power stations, the region experiences a constant shortage of electricity.

Recreational complex The North Caucasus uses the unique natural conditions and resources of the region.

On Black Sea coast famous resorts are located: Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Sochi. The subtropical climate, abundance of sun, sea bathing, mud and hydrotherapy, and vegetation brought here from all corners of the globe attract many tourists and vacationers.

Caucasian [Mineralnye Vody] region unites the balneological resorts of Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk and is famous for such attractions as the “Castle of Cunning and Love”, “Temple of the Air”, “Blue Lakes”, “Dombay”, “Blue Stones”, the State Museum-Reserve M. Yu. Lermontov.

Environmental problems of the lower Volga. The Volga is the longest river in Europe. Its length from the source to the Caspian Sea is 3530 km.

The modern Volga is actually a chain of huge reservoirs, turning into one another. It is regulated by cascades of eight hydroelectric power stations. Only from Volgograd to the Caspian Sea has the Volga retained its natural flow.

The construction of hydroelectric power stations and the creation of reservoirs hampered the natural processes of self-purification of water in the river. You can find petroleum products, lead salts, and sulfur compounds in it. The way out of this situation - limiting industrial wastewater, installing filters, building treatment facilities - has not yet given the desired results. This problem is especially acute in the lower reaches of the Volga.

Ecological situation in Volga delta is assessed by experts as catastrophic. Harmful substances from the entire river catchment area accumulate in its lower reaches. 8-9 km 3 of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater is discharged into the Volga annually, which is almost equal to the volume of the Tsimlyansk reservoir.

Of all the hydroelectric power stations, only the Volgograd and Saratov hydroelectric power stations have devices for fish passage. However, they are low-power and require reconstruction. Cascades of hydroelectric power stations reduce water flow, which leads to the death of fish. In recent years, control over enterprises discharging harmful substances into the river has become stricter. However, the content of heavy metals, petroleum products, pesticides, and detergents in Volga water still exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC). This is especially alarming because the waters of the lower Volga are rich in fish (sturgeon, perch, herring, smelt, carp, pike).

Caspian Sea- the largest lake in the world (368 thousand km 2). It received its modern name in honor of the ancient Caspian tribes (horse breeders) who lived in the 1st century. BC e. on its coast. The lowest level of the Caspian Sea (-29 m) was recorded by scientists in 1997. Since 1998, the water level began to rise, and has now reached -27 m.

Many scientists are studying the problem of water level fluctuations in the Caspian Sea. According to a number of experts, the main reason is climatic, and it is associated with a decrease in solar activity and, as a consequence, a decrease in the evaporation of water from the surface of the lake. The average salinity of water in the lake is 11‰, i.e., each liter of water contains 11 g of salt (in the Azov Sea - 10-12 g, in the Black Sea - from 17 to 22 g).

The flora of the lake is represented by more than 700 species of algae, including green and blue-green. The wealth of the Caspian Sea is sturgeon and salmon species of fish.

To restore stocks of especially valuable sturgeon fish in the lower reaches of the Volga, eight sturgeon hatcheries were built, where sturgeon fry are grown from eggs (Aleksandrovsky, Volgogradsky, Lebyazhiy).

North Caucasus economic region

Composition of the district(ten subjects of the federation) - republics: Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetia - Alania, Ingushetia, Chechen, Dagestan; Krasnodar, Stavropol territories; Rostov region.

The region stands out among others by having the maximum number of republics in its composition (seven republics).

Conditions of a developed economy. The main wealth of the region is its agroclimatic potential. Here there are optimal combinations of climatic and soil conditions for growing most cultivated plants of the temperate zone, as well as for the development of almost all branches of livestock farming.

The region provides itself with coal from the deposits of the eastern wing of Donbass. There are reserves of good quality oil, gas, and non-ferrous metal ores (lead, zinc, tungsten and molybdenum, copper, mercury). There are also significant resources of non-metallic raw materials (barite, rock salt, gypsum, marls, dolomites).

The combination of climatic resources with mountainous terrain and warm sea creates conditions for the development of resorts and various types of tourism.

Population. This is the only region of the country where the population tends to stabilize. In many republics of the region, a fairly high natural increase has been maintained, and the territories of the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories and the Rostov region are the main regions for receiving migrants not only from the national republics of the region, but from the entire post-Soviet space. The average population density is relatively high - 50 people/km 2 .

The national composition is very diverse; for example, it is believed that more than 130 nationalities live in Dagestan. Representatives of the North Caucasian language family are distinguished (Adygs, Circassians, Kabardians, Ingush, Chechens, Avars, Laks, Dargins, Lezgins, etc.). Representatives of the Turkic group of the Altai language family (Karachais, Balkars, Nogais, Kumyks) also live in the republics. Ossetians belong to the Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Russians are predominant in the region as a whole (62%), but their share in the national republics decreases from the west (Adygea - 68%) to the east (Dagestan - 9%). Among the Slavic peoples there is a high percentage of Ukrainians.

The urban population is approaching 10 million people, or more than 55% of the total (the lowest in the Russian Federation). Largest cities: Rostov-on-Don (1 million people), Krasnodar (640 thousand people). Rural settlements are numerous. Lowland areas are characterized by very large villages (more than 25-30 thousand people).

The North Caucasus region as a whole is provided with labor resources.

Farming. The role of the North Caucasus region in the country's economic complex is determined by the agro-industrial complex and the recreational complex.

Agro-industrial complex. The region occupies a leading position in the country as the largest producer of rice, sunflowers, corn, grapes, tea, fruits and berries, and wool. It stands out for the production of grain crops (Krasnodar region produces more than 10% of Russian grain) and sugar beets (2nd place in the country), vegetables (4th place), milk (5th place), meat (4th place) . Almost all agricultural products are processed locally. In some cases, enterprise capacity Food Industry so large that they allow the use of not only local raw materials (for example, the sugar industry processes imported raw sugar).

Industry. During Soviet times, the district was one of the largest in the country in terms of agricultural engineering(Rostov, Taganrog, Krasnodar), but the economic crisis sharply reduced the performance of this industry. Among other areas of mechanical engineering, the production of electric locomotives (Novocherkassk), nuclear reactors (Volgodonsk), and steam boilers (Taganrog) should be highlighted. Equipment for the food and chemical industries is produced in small quantities.

Currently the leading position is occupied by chemistry(fertilizers - Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk, organic chemistry - Kamensk-Shakhtinsky, Budennovsk, Volgodonsk).

The electric power industry is mainly represented by large thermal power plants. In connection with the commissioning of the Rostov NPP in 2001, the importance of nuclear energy has sharply increased.

Transport. The transit position of the area determines the development of almost all types of transport. The largest oil loading port in Russia, Novorossiysk, is located in the region. Roads and railways pass through the area, connecting the country with the south of Ukraine, Georgia, and via a ferry with Turkey.

Basic problems and development prospects. An analysis of the current economic situation in Russia shows a clearly expressed trend of declining production volumes in most sectors of the economy. In the North Caucasus, this trend, common to all regions, is aggravated by the difficult political situation and armed conflicts. The cessation of hostilities in the region, the establishment of peace and stability in the region is the main task of the further economic and social development of the North Caucasus economic region.

Development prospects include the most effective use of favorable natural and climatic factors of the region’s balneological resources for the development of resort areas and turning them into resorts of world importance, areas of domestic and foreign tourism.

Lower Volga region

This is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions. The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main industries of specialization are oil production, oil refining, and gas industries. In addition, the Volga region is the main region for catching valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important regions for growing grain crops, sunflowers, mustard, vegetables and melons, and a major supplier of wool, meat, and fish.

. Natural resource potential is diverse. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, which passes into the Caspian Lowland in the south. A special place is occupied by the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain, composed of river sediments, favorable for agriculture.

The creation of a large industry in the Volga basin that pollutes its waters, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture that uses large volumes of mineral fertilizers, a significant part of which is washed into the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power stations has a negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster zone in the area. The region's water resources are significant, but unevenly distributed. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the interior regions, especially in Kalmykia. The region has oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobkovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas industrial complex is being formed.

In the Caspian lowland in lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of table salt; These lakes are also rich in bromine, iodine, and magnesium salts.

Population. The population of the Volga region is distinguished by its diverse national composition. Kalmyks occupy a significant share in the population structure of the Republic of Kalmykia - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, with a predominance of the Russian population, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Ukrainians live. The population of the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The population of Volgograd exceeds one million inhabitants. Kalmykia has the lowest population density and the smallest share of the urban population.

Economy of the region. Oil and gas are produced in the region. The largest is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, where natural gas is produced and processed.

Oil refineries and petrochemical plants are located in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. The Astrakhan region has significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry based on the use of hydrocarbon fractions from the Astrakhan field.

The region's electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power station and thermal power plants.

The region has a developed engineering complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is developed in Volgograd, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant and an aluminum plant. The enormous resources of the salt lakes have led to the development of the salt industry, which supplies 25% of the country's need for food-grade salt and other valuable chemical products.

The fishing industry is developed in the Lower Volga region, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishing concern "Kaspryba", which includes a caviar and balyk association, a number of large fish processing plants, a naval base, a fishing fleet ("Kasprybkholod-fleet"), which conducts expeditionary fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish hatchery for the production of juvenile sturgeon and a net knitting factory. In agricultural production, areas of specialization are the cultivation of vegetables and melons, sunflowers; in livestock farming - sheep breeding.

Transport and economic relations. The Volga region exports crude oil and oil products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetables and melons, etc. Imports timber, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, and light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-capacity cargo flows.

The region has developed river, railway and pipeline transport.

Intradistrictdifferences. The Lower Volga region includes the Astrakhan, Volgograd regions and Kalmykia. The Lower Volga region is a subregion of developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, it is an important agricultural region with developed grain farming, beef cattle and sheep farming, as well as the production of rice, vegetables and melons, and fishing.

The main centers of the Lower Volga region are Volgograd (developed mechanical engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, container production, various food industries), Elista (building materials industry, mechanical engineering and metalworking).

The most industrially developed is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industries have the largest share in the diversified complex.

Main problems and development prospects. Degradation of natural forage lands, especially in Kalmykia with its system of transhumance-grazing livestock farming, is one of the main environmental problems of the region. Environmental damage is caused by industrial emissions and transport to the water and fish resources of the region. The solution to the problem is possible through the implementation of the targeted federal program “Caspian”, the main task of which is to clean up the Volga-Caspian water basin and increase the number of valuable fish species.

One of the main tasks is to equalize the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and, first of all, Kalmykia, which has been granted a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The development prospects of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Oil Company (COC) has been created, which will engage in exploration and development of oil fields in a number of promising areas of the sea shelf.

The North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD) was separated from the Southern Federal District in 2010 into an independent administrative unit. The region's territory occupies the eastern and central parts of the North Caucasus and the southern European part of the country.

The formation of the North Caucasus Federal District is the first stage of the program for changing federal districts, which began in 2000. That year the North Caucasian Federal District was called

General characteristics of the region

The occupied area of ​​the district is about 1% of the entire territory of the Russian Federation. The central city of the North Caucasus Federal District is Pyatigorsk. This is the only settlement in the Russian Federation that has not been given the status of an administrative center. Its area is not even the largest in comparison with other cities in the district.

The administrative unit borders the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan and Georgia are visible in the south of the district. The borders also run along the Rostov region, Kalmykia and Krasnodar region.

The composition of the North Caucasus Federal District consists of 7 republics.

Dagestan

This is the southernmost part of Russia and is located in the east of the North Caucasus, and on the east side it is washed by the Caspian Sea. In the west, the territory borders the Stavropol Territory and Chechnya. In the north with Kalmykia, and in the southwest with Georgia. The southern part is in contact with Azerbaijan. Makhachkala is recognized as the capital of the administrative unit. The republic occupies about 50.27 thousand m2. The date of formation is considered to be 1921. The region's population is about 3 million inhabitants.

The composition of citizens of the North Caucasus Federal District is multinational. The same can be said about Dagestan. There are few Russians in the republic - 3.6%, which is approximately 104 thousand. Avars are the most - 850 thousand, which is 29.4 percent. Next come the Dargins, who make up 17%, Kumyks - 14.9%, Lezgins - 13.3%, Laks - 5.6%, and so on. The least number of residents in the republic are Archa residents and Armenians, there are only 5 thousand of them each.

Ingushetia

The youngest republic within the North Caucasus Federal District is Ingushetia. Year of creation - 1992.

The republic borders on North Ossetia and Georgia. The climate here is continental, and in winter the temperature does not drop below -5 degrees.

Population - 480 thousand people. The republic is dominated by Ingush, about 94%. About 4.6% are Chechens, and only 0.8% of the population are Russians. The remaining percentage comes from other ethnic groups.

Chechens live quite compactly, mainly in the Nazran region. Other nationalities do not have a specific territory of residence.

Only 42.5% of all residents of the republic live in cities. The population mainly lives in the Nuzha and Alkhanchur valleys, Achaluka, and this is only 25% of the entire territory. Only 5% of all residents live on the remaining 85% of the republic’s lands.

Kabardino-Balkaria

The North Caucasus Federal District includes the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, founded back in 1921, with its capital being the city of Nalchik.

The territory is located mainly in the mountains of the North Caucasus. It is in Kabardino-Balkaria that the stratovolcano Mount Elbrus is located, with the highest mountain peak in Europe and the Russian Federation. This figure is 5642 meters above sea level.

Despite the predominantly mountainous area, the territory of the administrative unit is home to 864 thousand people on 12.5 km 2 .

The climate of the republic is quite diverse: in the plains there is a humid and continental climate, and higher in the mountains the climate is similar to the Alpine.

National composition of the republic:

There are even Finno-Ugric and Kurds in the republic, although in a very small proportion in relation to the total population - no more than 0.03%.

Karachay-Cherkess Republic

Since 1957, the territory received the status of an autonomous region, and since 1992 - a republic with the capital Cherkessk. It borders on the Stavropol and Krasnodar territories, Abkhazia and Georgia.

The republic has a population of 466 thousand people. The titular nationalities are Karachais (40.67%) and Russians (31.40%). There are only 11.82% Circassians, and even fewer Abazas - 7.73%, Nogais - about 3.28%. Other nationalities are represented by less than 1%.

Ethnic composition of the North Caucasus Federal District in terms of cities of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic:

Nationality	City, district, % of population
	Cherkessk	Karachaevsk	Abaza district	Adyge-Khablsky district
Karachais

North Ossetia Alania

The territory of the republic is spread out on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus Range. The mountainous strip accounts for 48% of the entire territory. The capital is Vladikavkaz. The total area of ​​the administrative unit is 8 thousand m2. The area was recognized as a republic in 1936. North Ossetia occupies 4121 km 2. The climate is continental almost everywhere, and on the plains it is predominantly arid.

The republic has 1 city district and 8 municipal districts. To get to Moscow you will need to cover 2 thousand km, and to Pyatigorsk only 200 km.

The climate of the republic is classified as subtropical. There are 130-140 summer days a year. These factors have a beneficial effect on the development of resorts and tourist routes.

According to rough estimates, 706 thousand people live in the republic. Most of the citizens are in the city. This is approximately 451 thousand, the rest are in rural areas.

Composition The North Caucasus Federal District in part of North Ossetia is one of the most multinational territories. In terms of population density, the republic ranks after Moscow, St. Petersburg and Ingushetia.

There are about 100 national minorities here, but Ossetians account for more than 65%. In second place are the Russians. There are 21% of them. Third place in the list was taken by the Ingush - 4%.

List of national composition, number of persons exceeding 1 thousand:

Stavropol region

When it comes to this region, one immediately remembers the balneological resorts with which the territory is saturated. There are many health resorts located here in different cities: Essentuki, Kislovodsk and Zheleznovodsk.

Conventionally divided into two climatic zones:

• the northeast resembles semi-deserts and deserts;
• the northwest is plains with fertile lands.

In general, the climate of the region can be described as temperate continental.

The administrative center of the region is Stavropol, and there are 19 cities in total.

The total area of ​​the administrative unit is 40.9 thousand km 2. The total number of residents is 2.7 million people. Urban residents account for 8.9%.

The territory is predominantly inhabited by Russians - there are about 2.2 million people. Armenians are second on the list. There are 161.3 thousand of them in the Stavropol Territory, which is 5.9%. The third place is occupied by the Dargins (as of 2015), previously this position was occupied by the Ukrainians. There are 49.3 thousand Dargins in the region. The fourth largest number of national minorities are Greeks. There are about 1.5% of them here.

Chechnya

It is hard to imagine the composition of the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia without She left the Russian Federation several times and last signed an agreement to join Russia in 2003.

The republic is predominantly inhabited by Chechens. There are 1.2 million people, which as a percentage of the total population is 95.3. According to Rosstat, the total population of the republic in 2017 is 1,414,865 people.

Other nationalities are represented in fairly small numbers:

Southern and North Caucasian Federal District

Until 2010, these districts were a single territorial unit. According to the government, the allocation of the North Caucasus will allow the new federal district to accelerate the development of the southern regions. This makes it possible to resolve economic and ethnopolitical problematic issues.

If we consider the national composition of the Southern and North Caucasus Federal District, it is quite diverse. In Dagestan alone there are about 130 nationalities. In the region you can find the most unique nationalities and quite small in number, even within Russia. These are Avars, Dargins, Kabardians and Lezgins, Circassians and Adygs, that is, representatives of the North Caucasian language group. In the republics of these federal districts there are representatives of the Altai people. These are Nogais, Karachais and Balkars. But if we take the general data, Russians still predominate in the two regions. There are about 62% of them here. Ukrainians are also included in this number.

North Caucasus Federal District(NCFD) – federal district in the south of the European part of Russia; one of the eight federal districts of the Russian Federation. The administrative center is Pyatigorsk.

The north of the district is located on the Stavropol Upland, which passes into the Terek-Kuma Lowland in the east. In the south are the slopes of the Greater Caucasus, which stretches from northwest to southeast for almost 1000 km. Here are the highest peaks of Russia - Elbrus and Kazbek. Modern glaciation has developed in the Caucasus Mountains.

The territory of the district is 170,439 km2, the population (as of January 1, 2017) is 9,718,001 people.

The district includes 6 republics (Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia-Alania and Chechnya) and 1 region (Stavropol).

Surface water resources

The flow of rivers in the North Caucasus Federal District is regulated by numerous reservoirs and ponds in the interests of energy, water supply and watering of territories. The largest reservoirs in the district are the reservoirs of the Don River basin in the Stavropol Territory - the reservoirs of the Manych cascade (Chograyskoye and Proletarskoye) and the Yegorlyk water tract (Sengileevskoye and Novotroitskoye). Large ones also include the Dagestan Irganai and Chirkey reservoirs and the bulk Kuban reservoir in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

The largest lakes in the district and, in general, in the world are the Caspian Sea. Another large lake in the district is Manych-Gudilo on the border of the Rostov region and the Stavropol region.

The territory of the North Caucasus Federal District is covered with a dense network of canals of irrigation and water supply systems; the largest main canals in Russia are located here - the Bolshoi Stavropol, Alkhanchurt, Pravoegorlyk, Tersko-Kum, Canal named after the October Revolution and others.

On the territory of the federal district there is part of one of the largest

North Caucasus Federal District– administrative formation in the south of Russia, in the central and eastern parts of the North Caucasus, consists of 7 subjects. The North Caucasus Federal District was separated from the Southern Federal District in January 2010.

The administrative center is the city of Pyatigorsk.

The district borders: the Southern Federal District, as well as Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and South Ossetia.

The area of ​​the district is approximately 1% of the total territory of the Russian Federation (about 172 thousand 360 square kilometers) - the smallest federal district in Russia.

Large cities that are part of the North Caucasus Federal District, with a population of over 100 thousand people: Makhachkala, Stavropol, Vladikavkaz, Nalchik, Grozny, Pyatigorsk, Nazran, Kislovodsk, Nevinnomyssk, Khasavyurt, Cherkessk, Derbent.
The North Caucasus Federal District includes:
Stavropol Territory and 6 republics: Kabardino-Balkarian, Chechen, Karachay-Cherkess, Dagestan, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania.

The North Caucasus Federal District is the youngest federal district of the Russian Federation.
In general, the economy of the North Caucasus Federal District is dominated by agriculture and livestock raising; in some areas the mining industry, winemaking, and fishing are developed. The greatest contribution to the economy of the district is made by: Stavropol Territory, Karachay-Cherkess Republic and Kabardino-Balkaria.

In the economy of the Stavropol Territory, a significant role is played by: mining, oil and gas refining industries, mechanical engineering, electric power, chemical, food and light industries, and agriculture. In addition, the Stavropol Territory is home to the world-famous medical resorts of the Caucasian Mineral Waters.

Kabardino-Balkaria has a fairly rich resource base: rare and non-ferrous ores, oil and natural gas, mineral and fresh waters. Agriculture, logging, and the production of industrial equipment are well developed in the republic.

In the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, mechanical engineering, light, chemical, mining and wood processing industries, agriculture, and sheep breeding predominate. Tourism, mountaineering and resort activities are also of great importance for the region.

The North Caucasus District has been experiencing an unstable political situation for many years, with armed conflicts occurring frequently. This has an extremely negative impact on the development of the region’s economy. Industrial production figures have dropped significantly compared to Soviet times. In addition, the situation is aggravated by the small amount of investment flowing into the region.

With the separation of the territories of the North Caucasus into an independent federal district, more attention was paid to the development of the region. It is expected that thanks to this, the difficult political and economic situation will be overcome, and the district will be able to compete in economic development with other federal districts of Russia.

There are 6 nature reserves located in the district:

Dagestan- The Republic of Dagestan
Kabardino-Balkarian
Caucasian- Republics of Karachay-Cherkessia, Adygea, Krasnodar Territory
North Ossetian- Republic of North Ossetia (Alania)
Teberdinsky
Erzi- The Republic of Ingushetia

2 National Parks:
Alanya
Elbrus region- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic

Federal reserves:
Agrakhansky- The Republic of Dagestan
Dautsky- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Ingush- The Republic of Ingushetia
Karachay-Cherkess GOKH- Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia
Nalchik GOOH- Kabardino-Balkarian Republic
Samursky- The Republic of Dagestan
North Ossetian GOOH- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)
Soviet- Chechen district
Tlyaratinsky- The Republic of Dagestan
Tseysky- Republic of North. Ossetia (Alania)