You are starting to get acquainted with a new subject called chemistry. Since ancient times, people have been trying to understand what the world around us consists of, how one substance is transformed into another. You will find answers to these and many other questions in the school textbook for the entire chemistry course from grades 8 to 11. And to make it easier for schoolchildren to perceive new information, the famous specialist Khomchenko I.G. I sorted out the textbook and placed the ready-made answers in my workbook.
Collection GDZ in chemistry for grades 8-11, collection of problems by Khomchenko reveals the essence of all tasks and exercises from the textbook. The material in the manual fully complies with the requirements of the school curriculum and is approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for general education institutions. Ready-made answers will help schoolchildren understand unclear tasks and test themselves. In addition, such a publication is also useful for parents, who will find it easier and faster to check their child’s homework and explain unclear topics to him. And for teachers, such a manual will act as additional material for classes.
In total, the GDZ in chemistry for grades 8-11 includes thirty chapters. And first, students will become familiar with the basics of the subject. In chapter two, they learn about oxygen and its radicals. Students will understand how hydrogen participates in the formation of acid and salt in the next chapter. Next, eighth-graders will study the topic of solutions, water and bases. The fifth chapter will bring knowledge about classes of inorganic compounds. From the sixth chapter, ninth graders will finally learn about the law of D.I. Mendeleev and will understand the structure of the atom.
The ninth grade involves the study of chemical bonds and features in the structure of substances. The eighth chapter is entirely devoted to Avogadro's law. Ninth-graders will learn to solve all exercises and problems on halogens from the next chapter. An equally important topic about electrolytic dissociation will be discussed further. In the eleventh chapter, schoolchildren will have to deal with the p-elements of group VI of the periodic table, which are a subgroup of oxygen. The twelfth chapter will tell you about the patterns of chemical reactions.
Students will learn about the elements of group V of the periodic table, which are a subgroup of nitrogen, from the thirteenth chapter. The n-elements of group IV of the periodic table from the carbon subgroup will not remain unexamined. Students will learn about the general properties of metal from the fifteenth chapter. And the sixteenth chapter will talk about metals, as elements of the main subgroups of the periodic table. But we will learn about metals, as elements of side subgroups, from the next chapter.
Tenth graders will also have to master the theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds. In chapter nineteen they will talk about saturated hydrocarbons. But the twentieth chapter will tell you about all unsaturated hydrocarbons. In tenth grade, the topic of aromatic hydrocarbons is also discussed. You can learn about natural sources of hydrocarbons from the twenty-second chapter. You will learn about alcohols and phenols from the twenty-third chapter. And now eleventh graders will begin to get acquainted with aldehydes and carboxylic acids.
Graduates will learn to solve problems and design laboratory work on esters and fats. Reactions with carbohydrates are discussed in chapter twenty-seven. The twenty-eighth chapter will bring information about all nitrogen-containing organic compounds. And at the end of the chemistry course, students will consider high-molecular compounds. And the thirtieth chapter is entirely devoted to repetition and deepening of knowledge in the chemistry course. The authors did not forget to provide answers to all calculation problems.
Chemistry 8-11 grade Collection of problems and exercises Khomchenko New wave
Chemistry- this is a very interesting, albeit difficult science, and even more so for children 14-17 years old. Sometimes even teachers themselves forget how to solve certain tasks. Workbook for the textbook "Chemistry 8-11 grades Collection of problems and exercises Khomchenko New wave"- this is an easy way to deal with tasks that turned out to be too tough for you. But you should not use this guide all the time, since it was created so that you can find the answer to a question that you yourself could not figure out.
Why was the solution book created?
There is no shame in not understanding a task, as everyone is different. Some people literally “get it on the fly,” while others need to sit longer and understand an incomprehensible topic.
But some tasks are very difficult to solve only with the help of your mind, and there is no point in asking your parents. Use it solver only when it is impossible to solve any task.
What is the function of this book
The solver was created to enable the student to:
- Find the answer to a task he doesn’t understand.
- Expand your knowledge in the field chemistry.
- Learn to solve problems independently.
And these are not all the possibilities GDZ.
2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2011 - 214 p.
The collection includes tasks and exercises in chemistry and is fully consistent with the school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for general education institutions. The book is intended for chemistry teachers as a teaching aid.
Format: pdf
Size: 23 MB
Watch, download: 1 .10.2018, links removed at the request of the publishing house "New Wave"
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 3
1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 5
Chemical phenomena. Substances 5
Relative atomic and molecular masses. Constancy of the composition of matter 6
Chemical formulas and calculations using them 7
Valence 8
Chemical equations. Types of reactions 9
Amount of substance. Mol. Molar mass 10
Calculations using chemical equations 11
2. OXYGEN. OXIDES. BURNING 14
Production and properties of oxygen 14
Air. Burning 15
Thermal effect of chemical reactions 16
3. HYDROGEN. ACIDS. SALT 18
Production and properties of hydrogen 18
Acids and salts 19
4. SOLUTIONS. WATER. GROUNDS 21
Solutions 21
Water 23
Bases 24
5. GENERALIZATION OF INFORMATION ABOUT CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 27
Oxides 27
Bases 28
Acids 29
Salts 30
Relationship between classes of inorganic compounds 31
6. PERIODIC LAW OF D. I. MENDELEEV. ATOMIC STRUCTURE 35
Periodic law and periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev 35
The structure of the atom. Isotopes. Nuclear reactions 36
Structure of electronic shells of atoms 37
7. CHEMICAL BONDING AND STRUCTURE OF MATTER 39
8. AVOGADRO'S LAW 42
9. HALOGEN 45
Chlorine 45
Hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid and its salts 46
General characteristics of halogens 47
10. ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION 50
Electrolytes 50
Ion exchange reactions 52
Redox reactions in solutions 54
Hydrolysis of salts 57
11.p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC SYSTEM (oxygen subgroup) 59
General characteristics of elements of subgroup 59
Sulfur 60
Sulfuric acid and its salts 62
12. REGULARITIES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 64
Rate of chemical reactions 64
Chemical equilibrium 65
Production of sulfuric acid 67
13. ^-ELEMENTS OF GROUP V OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC SYSTEM (nitrogen subgroup) 69
Nitrogen 69
Ammonia and ammonium salts 70
Nitric acid and its salts 72
Phosphorus 74
Phosphoric acid and its salts 75
Mineral fertilizers 76
14. n-ELEMENTS OF GROUP IV OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF D. I. MENDELEEV (carbon subgroup) 78
Carbon 78
Carbon oxides. Carbonic acid and its salts 79
Silicon and its compounds 82
Silicates and silicate industry 84
15. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 86
The structure of atoms of metal elements and their position in the periodic table 86
Obtaining metals 87
Electrolysis 89
Physical and chemical properties of metals 91
Alloys. Metal corrosion 94
16. ELEMENTS-METALS OF THE MAIN SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEV 96
Alkali metals 96
Magnesium. Calcium 99
Aluminum 102
Tin. Lead 105
17. ELEMENTS-METALS OF SIDE SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D. I. MENDELEEV 107
Iron and its compounds 107
Metallurgy. Cast iron and steel 110
Titanium and vanadium 112
Chrome 113
Manganese 115
18. THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 117
19. SATURAL HYDROCARBONS 122
Alkanes 122
Cycloalkanes 126
20. UNSATURED HYDROCARBONS 127
Alkenes 127
Alkadienes 132
Alkynes 134
21. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 138
22. NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS 142
23. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS 145
Saturated monohydric alcohols 145
Polyhydric alcohols 149
Phenols 150
24. ALDEHYDES 153
25. CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 157
26. ESTERS. FATS 164
27. CARBOHYDRATES 167
28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 171
Amines 171
Amino acids 173
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds 175
Proteins 176
29. HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 178
30. TASKS FOR REVISING AND DEPTHENING KNOWLEDGE IN THE CHEMISTRY COURSE 180
APPLICATIONS
1. Recommended designations of physical quantities 193
2. Solubility of bases and salts in water 194
3. Rounded values of relative atomic masses of some chemical elements 195
4. Relative molecular weights of some inorganic substances 196
5. Relative molecular weights of some organic substances 197
6. Relative electronegativity of some chemical elements 198
7. Electrochemical series of voltages (a series of standard electrode potentials of metals) 199
8. Periodic table of elements by D. I. Mendeleev 200
ANSWERS TO CALCULATION PROBLEMS 201
Preface
Mastering the important and very interesting academic subject of chemistry is almost impossible without solving various problems and performing exercises.
This collection contains tasks and exercises on all topics that are studied in secondary educational institutions (schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, technical schools, etc.). It contains tasks of various levels. Mostly these are the simplest and moderately difficult tasks. There are also a small number of tasks of increased complexity. The most difficult problems, which, for example, are offered at chemical olympiads and when entering universities with increased requirements for chemistry, are not included in this collection; they can be found in special publications (see, for example, G. P. Khomchenko, I. G Khomchenko “Collection of problems in chemistry for those entering universities”, M.: RIA “New Wave”, 2010). The arrangement of the material in the problem book corresponds to the most traditional sequence of studying chemistry in high school.
Solving calculation problems and performing various exercises is an important element of studying a chemistry course, since it allows you to better assimilate and systematize theoretical material. Without practice in solving problems, students' knowledge can be highly formalized, so this element of learning should be given special attention. At the same time, it is important to solve problems and perform exercises regularly, on all topics studied.
Most of the calculation problems included in the collection are provided with answers, which are given at the end of the book. The problem book does not provide solutions, since the choice of solution method and recording form is determined by the teacher.
When solving problems, you should use the international system of units SI. It is also possible to use some common non-systemic units in calculations, for example, liter (l), milliliter (ml), ton (t).
At the end of the book there are appendices containing the reference data necessary to solve the problems. We recommend using rounded values of the atomic masses of chemical elements and their compounds when solving calculation problems (see Appendices 3, 4 and 5). In this case, the answers received should be rounded to 3-4 significant figures.
