During production earthworks have to produce whole line side work, without which development is impossible. These works are called auxiliary.
The most common auxiliary works during excavation work include:
- installation of fastenings for trenches and pits;
- drainage (removal of water from pits);
- construction of temporary roads, entrances to and exits from the mine face for transporting soil during its development.
We must always strive to ensure that all auxiliary work is carried out by special workers and that production auxiliary works did not delay or interfere with the main work.
Pit fastening device
As already indicated in, not every soil can support vertical slopes when digging. The magnitude of the required pit slope is equal to the magnitude of the angle of natural repose of the soil. This slope is the most reliable.
However, digging pits and trenches at great depths with gentle slopes is considered uneconomical, as it causes a significant amount of unnecessary excavation work. Even at shallow depths, natural slopes are sometimes impossible to achieve, for example, if buildings are located nearby. In those cases when the bottom of a pit or trench is under water, free slopes are completely unacceptable, since they are not protected in any way from soaking by water and destruction.
This is why, in most cases, when constructing pits and trenches, it is necessary to arrange various kinds of temporary fastenings. In addition, as indicated above, a special type of fastening (sheet piling) serves to reduce the inflow into the pits groundwater.
Fastening trenches and pits with wooden spacers
The simplest fastenings to the walls of pits and trenches up to 2 m deep are arranged as follows.
Along the walls of the trenches, 4 boards 50 mm thick are laid with spacers between them, placed every 1.5-2 m along the length of the trenches (Fig. 38);
Spacers are made from short logs or pipes 10-12 cm thick. This type of fastening is used for dense, dry soils that can hold a vertical slope for some time and are not washed away by rain (dense clay, dense loam). In this case, the slopes can be either vertical or with a slight slope (1/10).
At greater depths (up to 4 m) for dry soils that give rise to local sliding within a short period of time after lifting, a so-called horizontal fastening is installed. It is arranged like this: a series of thrust posts made of boards up to 6 cm thick or plates are installed over the entire depth of the pit at a distance of 2 to 3 m, depending on the depth of the pit (Fig. 39). Behind these posts, a fence is laid from horizontal rows of boards 4-5 cm thick, staggered or continuous, depending on the ground. Wooden or steel spacers are used to hold the posts in place. The spacers should have a length slightly greater than the distance between the opposite walls. When installing a spacer, this circumstance makes it possible to “start” the spacers with blows of a sledgehammer or hammer, and thereby tightly press the posts and fence against the walls of the pit or trench.
To prevent the spacers from falling (Fig. 40), short pieces (bobs) made from scrap boards 4-5 cm thick are placed under their ends. The short pieces are nailed to the posts with 125 mm nails.
The distance between the spacers in height depends on the depth of the trench. As the depth increases, the pressure of the soil on the fastenings increases, so spacers are placed at the bottom more often than at the top, namely: at the top - after 1.2 m and at the bottom - after 0.9 m in height. The upper horizontal board is placed slightly higher than the edge of the trench so that the soil from the edge does not fall into the trench. To transfer the soil, shelves made of boards are laid on spacers.
For loose and wet soils, as well as crumbling soils, vertical fastening is used, which differs from horizontal in that the horizontal boards in it are replaced by vertical ones, and the racks are replaced by horizontal pressure bars. The pressure bars are pushed apart by spacers from the knurl, forming spacer or pressure frames (Fig. 41).
Clamping frames for vertical fastening to a depth of up to 3 m are made of semi-edged boards 6 cm thick, and spacers are made of knurling or plates. At a depth of up to 6 m, the thickness of the pressure boards, as well as the spacer, should be increased to 10 cm.
The upper clamping frame must have, in addition to internal board also an outer board 6 cm thick. This board cuts into the wall of the trench to its full thickness.
The height distance between individual clamping frames made of boards is 0.7 - 1.0 m, and with frames made of plates and beams - 1.0 - 1.4 m.
At a depth of up to 5.0 m, the number of spacers for each frame made of boards 6.5 m long is 4 pcs., at greater depths - 5 pcs.
Both with vertical and with horizontal mounting The walls of the trenches must be vertical. With inclined walls, the spacers can pop up under the pressure of the earth.
The lower clamping bars and spacers for fastening water supply and sewer trenches must be positioned in such a way that there is a gap between them and the bottom of the trench sufficient for unhindered laying of pipes.
There are often cases (weak soil, presence of water) when fastenings are necessary before digging begins. In these cases, the fastenings are more complex.
Such fastenings include:
Bottomhole fastening
In small but deep pits and pits, the so-called downhole fastening is used (Fig. 42).
It is arranged as follows: on the surface of the earth at the location of the pit or pit, a horizontal cobblestone frame is laid according to the size of the pit. This frame is buried flush in the ground, after the frame a row of boards is driven in slightly at an angle. Then they begin to dig a pit under the protection of the walls formed by boarded boards. When the excavation approaches the lower ends of the forgotten boards, a second frame is placed between them. To ensure that the upper frame does not fall down as the soil is excavated, short bars made of bars that are gradually lengthened are placed under it. When the second frame is installed, bars are installed between it and the upper frame, which support the upper frame. Next, another row of slightly sloping boards is nailed along the outer edge of the bottom frame. Between the upper and lower rows of the fence, wedges for greater stability of the upper fence are driven in.
Fastening pits with piles with a wooden fence between them
Fastening pits with piles with a wooden fence is used when weak soils, preventing the excavation of a pit to full depth. In addition, the installation of transverse struts when fastening a pit is often undesirable, since it complicates the work in the pit. If the pit is large or its shape is complex, it is generally impossible to install spacers. Therefore, in all such cases, they resort to a device for fastening piles with wooden filling between them. This type of fastening is as follows: before digging begins, wooden and sometimes steel (iron) piles, the so-called lighthouse piles, are driven into the ground at a distance of 1.5-2 m from each other, depending on the depth of the pit (Fig. 43) ; Between these piles, as the excavation deepens from the side of the slope, separate fastening boards are laid. Piles are driven to a depth somewhat greater than the depth of the pit, so that until the end of digging the pit, the pile remains sufficiently stable. To enhance the stability of lighthouse piles, their upper ends are anchored in the slope or supported by struts, resting the latter on the piles driven into the bottom of the pit.
Fastening pits with piles with a fence can also be installed in pre-dug pits, if it is undesirable to have spacers in the pit, and the soil allows digging without pre-installed fastenings.
Fastening with sheet piles
For fastening pits in soils, saturated with water(slurry and quicksand), the so-called sheet piling is used. A sheet piling fence consists of a continuous row of vertically installed sheet piling pipes or boards (in which a tongue-and-groove is made on one edge and a tongue on the other), pressed against the walls of a trench or pit by horizontal frames with spacers (Fig. 44). Everything that has been said about spacers in vertical fastening applies entirely to sheet piling fencing; the thing is that with sheet piling, the sheet pile is first driven in, and then a trench is dug with the spacer frames being gradually installed; in a vertical fastening, a trench or foundation pit is first dug, and then a fastening is installed, which is gradually lowered down as the soil is further excavated. The sheet pile boards are driven to a depth slightly greater (0.2-0.5 m) than the depth of the trench or pit, so that after digging is completed, their lower ends cannot be moved by the pressure of the soil.
Wooden tongue and groove is made from boards 6-7 cm thick or from beams 10x20 cm (Fig. 45). A tongue and groove are installed in each sheet piling (pile). When driving piles, the ridge of one fits into the groove of the other. The cutting of the lower end of the pile is made in the form of a wedge with an acute angle on the groove side. With this type of driving, the piles fit tightly to each other when driving, which is very important in wet soils, when water seeps under pressure into the cracks of loose sheet piles. Sheet piles must be made from raw, freshly cut wood. If they are made from wood that has been lying in the air for some time, then before driving they must be placed in water for 10-15 days so that they have time to swell. This is done because the sheet piling row, driven from dried piles, swells in wet soil and, due to the increase in the volume of the piles, the row bends; individual piles are turned out, forming cracks, and the row becomes unusable. the work of driving piles begins with the installation of a row of so-called lighthouse piles exactly along the line of the future, 2 m apart from each other (Fig. 43).
These piles are driven first and frame beams are attached to them on both sides. In the spaces between the lighthouse piles and the frame beams that serve as guides, the remaining piles of the sheet piling row are driven. Each subsequent pile must be adjacent to the one already driven into the groove, and the ridge must remain free, otherwise the grooves will become heavily clogged with earth, and it will be difficult to achieve a tight row. Driving is done with a mechanical piledriver, and at shallow depths and weak soil it can also be done manually using wooden poles.
Dismantling the fastenings of the sheet piling of the pit
Dismantling of fasteners should be done starting from the bottom, as the trenches are filled.
Horizontal fastenings are disassembled one board at a time in weak soils, and in very dense soils - no more than 3-4 boards. Wherein vertical racks are filed down at the bottom the desired height. Before sawing the posts, the spacers must be moved above the sawing point. The rearrangement of the spacers is done as follows: first, a new spacer is installed on top of the undercut, and then the bottom one is knocked out.
With vertical fastening and sheet piling, the spacers and pressure bars are removed gradually as backfilling occurs, starting from the bottom: sheet piles and vertical boards are pulled out at the end of the backfill using a lever (Fig. 46). The engagement of the piles is done according to one of the methods shown in Fig. 47.
Dismantling of fastenings on piles with a wooden fence is carried out by gradual sawing as the fence boards are filled, starting from the bottom; You need to remove the fence one board at a time. The piles are removed after all backfilling has been completed in the same way as when dismantling sheet piling fastenings.
IN this moment time use steel fencing: Larsen sheet pile, used steel pipes with diameter: from 159 to 426 mm.
Lining pits and trenches can be done as follows:
a) vertical cladding, consisting of a system of vertical load-bearing posts, the space between which is sheathed with horizontally located elements. The fastening is installed after excavating soil from a pit or trench without first securing the walls;
b) vertical retaining structures. The fastening consists of a vertically positioned sheet pile, which is installed before or parallel to the excavation and secured with horizontal spacers or special pile attachments;
c) load-bearing sheet pile walls. They are constructed from vertical load-bearing sheet pile elements, which are driven into the ground before it is excavated, and then secured with horizontal struts. Maybe anchorage tongue and groove;
d) fastening with special plates. The walls of the pits are lined with specially manufactured large-size slabs, installed immediately after excavation. They are secured by vertical or horizontal load-bearing elements, which can be additionally secured with spacers.
When constructing deep pits with vertical walls in residential, industrial and agricultural construction before installation load-bearing structures the walls must be lined with protective elements coated with various film materials.
In accordance with the above classification, their areas of application are distributed as follows:
a) for small and medium-sized pits;
b) limited width of the construction site;
c) close location of construction soil;
d) in conditions that exclude the possibility of shocks. The types of cladding described in this chapter are used only
in conditions of limited groundwater flow. The groundwater level must be located below the bottom of the pit. If necessary, dewatering should be carried out in a closed manner.
3.1. FASTENING PIT WALLS WITH HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS
The method of fastening the walls of pits appeared a long time ago and is still widely used in the construction of small and complex objects. It is used when, according to ground conditions, the height of the loose part of the wall should not exceed 0.5 m, and the mark of the bottom of the pit is above the groundwater level. Lining the vertical walls of pits with horizontal tongue and groove is used in cases where two parallel walls of the pit are slightly spaced from each other. The design of such walls consists of:
horizontal - wooden, metal or reinforced concrete elements;
vertical posts made from round wooden racks or steel beams;
horizontal or inclined struts made of round timber or beams, steel beams or screw struts for narrow trenches;
elements providing local rigidity of the structure, consisting of additional posts and struts.
The following advantages of fastening racks with horizontal elements can be mentioned:
possibility of constructing pits of complex configuration;
small mass of individual building elements;
possibility of repeated use of fastening structures.
However, this solution has several disadvantages: restrictions on the use of machines for laying pipelines and performing other types of work due to the presence of a large number of transverse struts;
the need to re-ensure stability when disassembling and reassembling the struts;
possibility of loss of stability of the walls when removing the spacers during execution construction work.
Rice. 3.6. Fastening the vertical walls of a wide pit
a - driving a guide trench; b - arrangement of the load-bearing element with its anchoring; c - supporting the walls of the pit on load-bearing element; d - top view of the anchorage; 1 - round steel anchor; 2 - spacers; 3 - metal supporting racks; 4 - racks; 5 - casing; 6 - traverse; 7 - transverse beam; 8 - wedges
3.1.1. Trench lining.
When implementing a design with horizontal elements to protect the walls of trenches when laying pipelines (Fig. 3.1), the following design solutions are used:
the thickness of the boards used for cladding must be at least 50 mm;
wooden posts with a cross-section of at least 100x140 mm must support at least four horizontal elements or boards along the length;
when using metal racks, their cross-section must be at least 10;
diameter of wooden posts round section must be at least 100 mm and have a chamfer at the ends.
For lining the walls of trenches, boards with a length of 4.0 to 4.5 m, a width of 200 to 300 mm and a thickness of 50 to 70 mm are usually used. For each individual section of the cladding, it is allowed to use boards only of the same length, since it is not allowed to extend them along the length. Can be used instead of wood metal cladding from profiled elements. Under normal conditions, the length of the posts and spacers is from 1.5 to 2.5 m. The posts should be located at a distance of no more than 200 mm from the end of the horizontal board. Boards 2.5 long; 4.5 m are attached to three posts. The length of the vertical posts is at least 1 m, this allows you to place at least two spacers along their length. In Fig. Figure 3.2 shows the structure for fastening the walls of a trench for laying a pipeline, made of boards. Design solutions for the construction of an inspection well at the end of a narrow trench are shown in Fig. 3.3.
When laying pipelines, the distance between the lower tier of spacers and the bottom of the trench is often insufficient. This leads to the need to install stronger and longer posts that can withstand large bending moments. In Fig. 3.4 shows a solution that allows you to do without the lower spacer. In this case, in addition to the usual short racks, long vertical racks that have greater strength are additionally installed almost at the entire height of the walls, and the lower struts are attached at a greater height from the bottom of the trench.
In Fig. 3.5 shown constructive solution fastening the trench walls for laying steel pipeline with a diameter of 800 mm. The racks for securing the horizontal cladding are made of metal profiles. Metal tubular struts with a diameter of 60 mm with a wall thickness of 4 mm are laid in the base (Fig. 3.5, a) and two wooden struts are installed in the upper part of the trench. This provides the space necessary for pipeline laying work. For the installation of individual sections of the pipeline, sections of 6 m in length were provided, where spacers were not installed. The pipes were laid in a trench in these places and then pulled to the installation site.
In Fig. 3.5c shows a plan of the area where individual sections of pipes are lowered. After excavating the soil, special metal frames are installed in the trench to prevent the walls from collapsing.
Served as a lower strut concrete base trench into which the lower ends of the racks were inserted.
If traffic or construction machinery is intended to move along the edge of the trench, the vertical fastening of the trench walls must be strengthened.
In this case, the upper struts should be located at a depth of no more than 0.5 m from the ground surface and if the road for vehicle access is located at a distance of less than 1 m from the edge of the trench, their number should be doubled.
3.1.2. Fastening the walls of pits.
When constructing wide pits with vertical walls in conditions that exclude the possibility of ground shaking, it is possible to use the above-described structures with horizontal cladding elements. The walls of the pit are secured in two ways:
1) a slot-shaped trench is constructed along the perimeter of the future pit, the walls of which are secured using the method described above, after which the main soil of the pit is excavated (Fig. 3.6);
2) first, the main part of the soil is excavated in a pit with slopes, after which the soil that lies at the base of the slope is excavated and subsequently secured with cladding, which is secured to the existing structure (Fig. 3.7).
In Fig. 3.8 shown phased implementation work according to the first option during the construction of a railway bridge in conditions of continuous traffic. Initially, two slot-like slots were developed and secured with horizontal cladding. After this stage of the work was completed, numerous wooden spacers were installed. Long-term spacers and their heads were made of metal. In parallel with the excavation, the wooden struts were gradually replaced with metal ones and the lining of the trench walls was installed. In Fig. 3.9 shows the design solution for the bridge crossing support.
When carrying out excavation work, it is necessary to arrange for fastening the walls of trenches and pits to prevent soil shedding. The walls are usually secured with shields with spacers, which are placed along the length of the trench at least every 2 meters at a depth of up to 3.75 meters in dry and loose soils and at least 1.5 meters in loose, wet and wet soils at a depth of more than 3. 75 meters. How are the walls of trenches and pits fastened in practice?
How should spacers be installed?
Height spacers (in tiers) should be placed at least every 1.2 meters at all depths, regardless of the nature of the soil. The presence of wall fastening elements imposes its own requirements on the width of the trenches. The width of the trenches should be divided by calculating the width of the base of the foundation, adding 15-20 centimeters on both sides for fastening. The width of trenches for pipelines is divided based on the width of the outer diameter of the pipes plus 0.6 meters for fastening.
Wooden or metal shields
Shields used to secure soil in trenches and pits are made of wood or metal. For loose and floating soils, solid shields are used, and for dense soils in trenches up to 3 meters deep, shields can be assembled with gaps from boards up to 200 millimeters wide. In this case, the width of the gaps between the boards of the shield should not exceed the width of the boards themselves.
To fasten the walls of medium-width trenches, inventory ladder-type metal fasteners can be used. Inventory fastenings from steel pipes made in trenches with vertical walls 0.8-1.8 meters wide, using pipes with a diameter of about 60 millimeters and a length of up to 3 meters (for longitudinal elements of ladder fastening).
The transverse struts of the inventory fastenings have threaded sections, by turning the screws on which you can increase the length of the struts, thereby pressing the racks to the panels. Although inventory fasteners cost more than timber fasteners, they pay for themselves in the long run due to their multiple uses.
Tongue and tongue fastening of walls
In both loose and fluid soils (quicksands), the walls of trenches and pits are fastened with a sheet pile row, which is a continuous fastening of lighthouse piles and sheet piling boards. The tongue-and-groove fastening also serves as a fence for drainage work.
The structure of a wooden sheet piling row is as follows: screw piles are driven in, guide boards are attached to them, between which the sheet piling is driven. Completely clogged spans are fastened at the top with a special nozzle, which has grooves with sockets.
The nozzle is attached to the piles with brackets. To prevent the earth from destroying the sheet pile row in the trenches with a double-sided device, spacers are made in the places where the sheet piles are driven. Metal and reinforced concrete sheet piles are also used in construction, the design of which differs from wooden ones only in the manufacturing technology.
With a one-sided sheet pile row, struts are installed in the pit, and in the pits, spacers are placed in the direction perpendicular to the sheet pile row. A sheet pile row can be constructed as a permanent fence or as a temporary one.
Driving lighthouse piles
When installing sheet piling fencing, the most labor-intensive work is driving the lighthouse piles and the sheet piling itself. If the amount of work is insignificant and the sheet piling row is driven in light soils, then it is advisable to use simple devices, for example a tripod. The tripod is arranged as follows: a metal hammer - “baba” weighing 200-250 kg on a cable with a folding hook is suspended on a block through which the cable to the winch passes. As a result of the rotation of the winch, the woman rises up to a height of 0.5-1 meters.
When the winch drum moves back freely, it falls down and clogs the sheet pile or pile with its weight. For small volumes of work, simple wooden or rolled steel pile drivers are used, equipped with hand winches and a head weighing up to 1 ton.
Mechanical pile drivers
For large volumes piling works mechanical pile drivers are used, which include those operating with compressed air hammers and diesel hammers. They operate on the same principle; they are struck by the free fall force of a hammer or the pressure force of compressed air. Using mechanized pile drivers, a pile can be driven to a depth of 6-8 m in 10-15 minutes, which significantly speeds up the construction of sheet pile rows for fastening the walls of trenches and pits in comparison with manual installation sheet pile row.
The geometric dimensions of the trenches are determined based on the depth of the pipelines, the required width of the trenches along the bottom (along the bottom) and the configuration of the walls.
The width of the trench along the bottom consists of the size of the pipelines and technological gaps that ensure all construction work is carried out. The width of the trench along the bottom b (m) depending on the outer diameter of the pipeline D (m) is taken equal to:
b = D + (0.5...0.6) m with D ≤0.5 m;
b = D + (0.8...1.2) m at D > 0.5 m.
The width of the trench along the bottom can be specified in the work plan, but should not be less than 0.7 m.
Trenches are dug with sloping or vertical side walls. Trenches with vertical walls are more economical. However, due to the danger of soil collapse, their greatest depth in dense soils without special calculations and fastening the walls should not exceed 2 m. Therefore, trenches with slopes (with inclined walls) are mainly used, the greatest steepness of which in soils natural humidity ranges from 1: 0.25 to I: 1.25 (Table 5.3).
In waterlogged clayey and dry sandy soils The steepness of the slopes should be taken as for bulk soils. In all cases, in the work project it is necessary to check the stability of the slopes, taking into account specific hydrogeological conditions and the presence of a temporary load on the collapse prism.
Trenches with slopes, due to their large width at the top, can only be developed in undeveloped areas. In cramped conditions, trenches with vertical reinforced walls are mainly used. Depending on the depth of the trench, soil and hydrogeological conditions, the type (Table 5.4) and design parameters of fastening are selected.
Most widespread During the construction of drains, embedded fasteners are found that are installed in the trench as the soil is excavated. They consist (Fig. 5.9) of a pick-up, risers and spacers. Horizontal or vertical scaffolding is made from boards 4 cm thick, installed close to one another or with gaps (with gaps) equal to the width of the board.
Rice. 5.9. Embedded trench fastenings
a - horizontal staggered; b - vertical solid; c - inventory; 1 - pick-up boards; 2 - risers; 3 - spacers; 4 - bosses; 5 - runs; 6 - wooden boards; 7 - tubular frames; 8 - screw spacers
Horizontal intake boards (Fig. 5.9a) are supported by vertical risers, pressed against the walls of the trench by spacers. Risers made of boards at least 5-6 cm thick or pipes are installed at a distance of 1.5-2 m along the length of the trench. Spacers made of logs with a diameter of 12-18 cm or pipes are placed at 0.6-0.75 m 410 to the depth of the trench. In continuous vertical mounts(Fig. 5.9.6) the pick-up boards are united every 0.7-1.4 m by horizontal belts (purlins) pressed against the walls of the trench with spacers.
Inventory fastenings consist of standard, most often plank panels and metal tubular frames with screw spacers (Fig. 5.9c). These are prefabricated fastenings, so they are less labor-intensive and material-intensive compared to the considered wooden fastenings.
The development of trenches during the construction of a drainage network is carried out, as a rule, by single-bucket excavators equipped with a backhoe or dragline with a bucket volume of 0.25-1 m 3. A backhoe excavator provides higher productivity and digging accuracy, but has limitations on the size of the face. Therefore, when the trenches are large and deep, a dragline is used. To develop trenches with vertical reinforced walls, excavators with grab equipment are used.
Excavators continuous action have the highest productivity, but can only develop relatively narrow trenches with vertical walls, so their use is limited to separate installations, mainly cable networks.
Scope of work: 1. Arrangement and dismantling of trench fastenings inventory shields.
Meter: 100 m2 mounts
Fastening the walls of trenches up to 2 m wide in soils with inventory panels:
1-171-1 unstable and wet
1-171-2 stable
Table 311- Group 171 Standards 1 to 2
| Resource code | Resource name | Unit of measurement | 1-171 | 1-171 |
| man-hour | 44,2 | 34,34 | ||
| Average level of work | 2,9 | |||
| Driver labor costs | man-hour | 2,07 | 2,07 | |
| Machines and mechanisms | ||||
| 200-0002 | mash-h | 2,07 | 2,07 | |
| Materials | ||||
| 121-0757 | Separate structural elements buildings and structures [columns, | T | 0,011 | 0,011 |
| beams, trusses, braces, crossbars, racks, etc.] with a predominance of hot-rolled | ||||
| profiles, average mass of an assembly unit over 0.5 to 1.0 t | ||||
| 123-0509-U | Planed inventory formwork panel, thickness 120 mm | m2 |
Group 172 Fastening the walls of pits and trenches with boards
Scope of work: 1. Fastening the walls of pits and trenches with boards, cleaning the walls and preparing fasteners. 2. Dismantling the fasteners.
Meter: 100 m2 mounts
Fastening with boards the walls of pits and trenches more than 2 m wide, up to 3 m deep, in soils:
1-172-1 unstable
1-172-2 stable
1-172-3 wet
The same, more than 3 m deep, in soils:
1-172-4 unstable
1-172-5 stable
1-172-6 wet
Table 312- Group 172 Standards 1 to 3
| Resource code | Resource name | Unit of measurement | 1-172 | 1-172 | 1-172 |
| Labor costs of construction workers | man-hour | 66,64 | 42,33 | 85,17 | |
| Average level of work | 2,9 | 2,9 | 2,9 | ||
| Driver labor costs | man-hour | 3,04 | 2,24 | 3,16 | |
| Machines and mechanisms | |||||
| 200-0002 | Flatbed vehicles, load capacity up to 5 tons | mash-h | 3,04 | 2,24 | 3,16 |
| Materials | |||||
| 111-0179 | T | 0,0039 | 0,0039 | 0,0039 | |
| 112-0020 | m3 | 0,43 | 0,43 | 0,46 | |
| 112-0082 | m3 | 1,61 | 0,95 | 1,61 | |
| thickness 44 mm or more grade IV |
Table 313- Group 172 Standards 4 to 6
| Resource code | Resource name | Unit of measurement | 1-172 | 1-172 | 1-172 |
| Labor costs of construction workers | man-hour | 110,16 | 88,4 | 139,74 | |
| Average level of work | 3,3 | 3,3 | 3,3 | ||
| Driver labor costs | man-hour | 3,37 | 3,08 | 3,16 | |
| Machines and mechanisms | |||||
| 200-0002 | Flatbed vehicles, load capacity up to 5 tons | mash-h | 3,37 | 3,08 | 3,16 |
| Materials | |||||
| 111-0179 | Construction nails with flat head 1.6x50 mm | T | 0,0039 | 0,0039 | 0,0039 |
| 112-0020 | Round birch and soft timber hardwood | m3 | 0,46 | 0,46 | 0,46 |
| for construction, length 4-6.5 m, diameter 12-24 cm | |||||
| 112-0082 | Unedged boards from coniferous species, length 4-6.5 m, all widths, | m3 | 1,23 | 0,79 | 1,23 |
| thickness 44 mm or more, grade IV |
Group 173 Drainage
Scope of work: 1. Drainage from pits with an area of up to 30 m 2. Drainage from trenches with a width along the bottom of up to 2 m for strip foundations for buildings and structures, as well as for intra-factory and yard [intra-block] communications.
Meter: 100 m3 wet soil
1-173-1 Drainage from trenches
1-173-2 Drainage from pits
Table 314- Group 173 Standards 1 to 2
Development of seasonally frozen soils
Group 187 Snow removal from construction sites and roads
Scope of work: 1.Snow removal using mechanisms. 2.0 manual cleaning of places inaccessible to machinery, with snow being thrown over a distance of up to 3 m, or loaded onto vehicles [standards 5,6].
Meter: 1000 m3 snow
Snow removal from construction sites and roads:
1-187-1 rotary auger snow blowers
1-187-2 snow plows on a tractor
1-187-3 bulldozers moving a distance of up to 20 m
1-187-4 with bulldozers moving every next 10 m, over 20
1-187-5 manually, loose snow
1-187-6 manually, dense snow
Table 315 - Group 187 Standards 1 to 3
| Resource code | Resource name | Unit of measurement | 1-187 | 1-187 | 1-187 |
| Labor costs of construction workers | man-hour | - | 0,37 | - | |
| Average level of work | - | - | |||
| Driver labor costs | man-hour | 1,11 | 0,74 | 3,57 | |
| Machines and mechanisms | |||||
| 201-0312 | Crawler tractors, power 79 kW | mash-h | - | 0,37 | - |
| 207-0149 | Bulldozers, power 79 kW | mash-h | - | - | 3,57 |
| 212-1901 | Snow plows on a car plow | mash-h | - | 0,37 | - |
| 212-1902 | Snow blowers on a vehicle, rotary augers | mash-h | 1,11 | - | - |
Table 316- Group 187 Standards 4 to 6
