Sumer was one of the ancient civilizations on planet Earth. About seven thousand years ago, the Sumerians built walls and passages for their first city. As history indicates, they were the first of all such tribes to decide to abandon everyday agriculture and cattle breeding, and left their shelters.

To date, archaeological finds indicating life in 5000 BC are negligible, but despite this, researchers can draw some conclusions about the life of the Sumerians.

1. The Sumerians - the fairer sex spoke their own language

The Sumerians did not have equality between men and women. When morning comes, the wife must already prepare breakfast for her man. If there were children in the family, only boys went to school, and girls did not leave the walls of their homes. In view of such obvious inequality between the sexes, women began to speak in an invented language.

“Emegir” was the name of the Sumerian language, and the female dialect was called “Emzal”, but, unfortunately, there is no data about it. The female language of the Sumerians had differences in the pronunciation of some sounds, the use of some words and vowels that were absent in the Emegir language.

2. The Sumerians paid taxes before they invented money.

Taxes have existed longer than the money to pay them. Even before the first coins and silver shekels appeared in Mesopotamia, the people had to give the ruler a part of their income. Often Sumerian taxes were no different from modern ones. Instead of money, the ruler took a percentage of what the people produced. Farmers sent crops or livestock, while merchants could pay in leather or wood.

Rich people were taxed much more - in some cases having to give the ruler half of what they earned. However, this was not the only way to pay taxes. The Sumerians practiced working on public projects. For a month each year, a man had to leave his home to work on a farm, dig irrigation canals, or fight. Only rich people could pay off such a duty (pay someone else to work in his place).

3. Life revolved around beer

There is a theory that civilization began because of beer. Allegedly, people began to engage in agriculture only to be able to get drunk. And they were “lured” to the city only by the promise of more beer. True or not, beer was certainly an important part of life in Sumer. It was served at every meal, from breakfast to dinner, and was not considered a staple drink in anyone's life.

Of course, Sumerian beer was different from modern beer. It had the consistency of something like porridge, with a dirty sediment at the bottom, a layer of foam on top, and small pieces of bread left over from fermentation floating on the surface. It could only be drunk through a straw. But it was worth it.

Sumerian beer contained enough grain to be considered a nutritious part of a balanced breakfast. When workers came to work on public projects, they were often paid in beer. This is how the ruler “lured” farmers to work on his construction projects: he had the best beer.

4. Use of opium

Beer was not the only way to “relax” in Sumer. The Sumerians had opium and they definitely used the substance. The Sumerians have been cultivating opium poppies since at least 3000 BC. Today there is not much information about what they did with it, but the name that the Sumerians gave to the poppy clearly speaks for itself - they called it “the plant of joy.” There are theories that the Sumerians used these plants for medicine, in particular as a painkiller.

5. A new wife for the ruler every year

Every year the ruler married a new woman. He was to marry one of the priestesses—a group of virgin girls chosen to be “perfect in body”—and make love to her. Otherwise, the gods would supposedly make the earth and the women of Sumer barren. The ruler and his chosen bride would "represent the act of lovemaking of the gods in the earthly world." On her wedding day, the bride was bathed, perfumed with incense and dressed in the most beautiful robes, while the ruler and his entourage walked to her temple.

In the temple, a crowd of priests and priestesses were waiting, who began to sing songs of love. When the ruler arrived, he presented gifts to the bride, and then they went together to a room smoked with incense and made love on a ceremonial bed, which was custom-made exclusively for this event.

6. Priestesses were doctors and dentists

Priestesses were not only the ruler's harem - they were among the most useful people in Sumerian society. These were poets, scribes and some of the first doctors in history. Sumerian cities were always built around a temple complex. At the center was a great ziggurat, surrounded by buildings in which priests and priestesses lived and artisans worked on public projects. It was a huge space that took up a third of the city, and it was used for more than just ceremonies.

There were also orphanages, astronomical centers and large business organizations here. However, it was outside the complex where the most historically important work was done. The sick came here and asked the priestesses to examine them. These women went outside and checked the health of the patients. They diagnosed the sick and prepared medicines for them.

7. Literacy is wealth

Reading and writing were fairly new concepts in ancient Sumer, but they were already incredibly important. People never became rich by working with their hands. Typically, merchants and farmers belonged to the lower class. If someone wanted to get rich, he became a manager or priest. And literacy was a prerequisite.

Sumerian boys could begin school as soon as they turned seven, but it was expensive. Only the richest people in the city could afford to send their children to school, where they were taught mathematics, history and literacy. Usually children simply copied what you wrote t teacher, until they couldn't exactly imitate it.

8. Poor people living outside the city

Not every Sumerian was part of this “upper echelon of society.” Most were lower class, living on farms outside the city walls or helping low-paid artisan workers in the city. While the rich lived in adobe houses with furniture, windows and lamps, the poor had to live in reed tents.

They slept on straw mats on the ground, and all their families lived in such conditions. Life outside the city walls was hard. But people could move up. An industrious family could trade some of their crops to buy more land, or rent out their lands for a profit.

9. Army of Conquerors

Yet life for the poor of Sumer was much better than that of the slaves. Sumerian rulers constantly used enslaved workers in their cities, and recruited slaves simply by raiding the people who lived in the mountains. The raiders took these people captive with them and took away all their property. The Sumerian rulers believed that if the gods granted them victory, then the divine will was to make slaves out of the inhabitants of the mountains.

Typically, male slaves were led by women, and female slaves often became completely powerless concubines. Although, it is worth noting that there were also options to gain freedom. A female slave could only marry a free man, although she would have to give her first-born child to her master as payment.

A male slave could do enough to buy his freedom and even get his land. But there was also a downside - no one was immune from slavery. If a free person fell into debt bondage or committed a crime, he was made a slave.

10. Ritual burials

In Sumer, death was a real mystery. The dead were supposedly sent to what the Sumerians called “the land of no return,” but no one knew what was there. Therefore, the Sumerians believed that they would need all the earthly goods they owned in the afterlife.

They were terrified of spending eternity alone and hungry, so the dead were buried with jewelry, gold, food, and even their pet dogs. The rulers “took” with them to another world all their servants and “courtiers,” and sometimes their families.

Be interesting with

I came across an interesting article online ( original here), which provides interesting data on the Sumerian civilization, which can be considered confirmation of the theory that before the civilization known to us, there existed a no less developed one, including in technical terms. I already expressed this theory in a post - Technologies of the ancient gods. Who were the ancient gods?

For some reason, everyone is more willing to adhere to the theory of paleocontact and do not see the explanation that, in my opinion, lies on the surface - all this data came from people, our ancestors.

Let's imagine that in the past there were still some contacts with aliens. But why should this lead to the appearance, among the same Sumerians, of some kind of astronomical data? Did the aliens open schools?

For example, now, a lot of people claim that they had alien contacts. But the aliens do not transmit any more or less serious data to these people. And no one sees anything strange in this. Why should they share something with us? Why should the situation be different in the past?

But if we admit that in the past there was a developed technical civilization, everything looks much more logical. This civilization was technically even more advanced than today's. This is evidenced by the drawings of helicopters, planes and tanks in the Egyptian pyramids. This is also evidenced by unknown construction technologies that were used in the construction of the same pyramids.

Then the civilization died as a result of a natural disaster. There is a mention of this in the Bible, in the legend of the great flood. Naturally, not the entire population died. But the infrastructure, naturally, was completely destroyed. Naturally, the survivors and their descendants tried to revive the lost civilization, and in every possible way preserved and shared the knowledge that they had or managed to find. But as we see, nothing came of this. Even the data saved by the Sumerians did not help us in any way. Everything we know, we did not learn from the Sumerians, but we discovered it ourselves.

It is precisely the developed proto-civilization, in my opinion, that explains the fact that the more ancient a civilization is, the more scientific knowledge it has, which should not exist. And most importantly, in ancient times they did not have any practical value or practical application. The following is the text of the article:

It has already been proven that the Sumerian civilization is the most ancient on Earth. Their first civilization arose in a mind-boggling time: no less than 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have struggled and are struggling to resolve the mystery of the most ancient people on the planet, but mysteries still remain.

More than 6 thousand years ago, in the region of Mesopotamia, a unique Sumerian civilization appeared out of nowhere, having all the signs of a highly developed one. It is enough to mention that the Sumerians used the ternary counting system and knew Fibonacci numbers. Sumerian texts contain information about the origin, development and structure of the solar system. Their depiction of the solar system, in the Middle East section of the State Museum in Berlin, has the Sun at the center of the system, surrounded by all the planets known today. However, there are differences in their depiction of the solar system, the main one of which is that the Sumerians place an unknown large planet between Mars and Jupiter - the 12th planet in the Sumerian system! The Sumerians called this mysterious planet Nibiru, which means “crossing planet.” The orbit of this planet is a highly elongated ellipse, crossing the solar system once every 3600 years.

Niberu's next passage through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their lifespan was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women were from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.

It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt Akhenaten was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten’s city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, directly above the head of the mummy, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved. And in the second coffin, the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters, were found. Now this coffin with OS tanks is on display in the Cairo Museum.

In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle,” a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system. Modern astronomy confirms the data on this catastrophe!

A sensational discovery by astronomers in recent years has been the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body that have a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.

The Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin of intelligent life on Earth. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots.
I’ll immediately make a reservation that there are some temporary inconsistencies in the article. This is due to the fact that many deadlines are set only with a certain degree of accuracy.

Six thousand years ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climate optimum.

The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked researchers. Let us give a short and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization, which existed at the dawn of the development of Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so Ancient Greece. We are talking about a time about 6 thousand years ago.

After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge from the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, it used the golden ratio, the ternary number system, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers! ), had knowledge of genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts was given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the deciphering of the manuscripts), had a modern government system - a jury trial and elected bodies of people's (in modern terminology) deputies, and so on...

Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's look at some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant because the average temperature on the planet was then several degrees higher than it is now. The effect is called the temperature optimum. The approach of the double system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the Solar system dates back to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, instead of one Moon, two were visible in the sky - the second celestial body, comparable in size to the Moon at that time, was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago! At the same time, absolutely independent of the development of the Sumerian civilization in central Africa, there was a Dogon tribe, leading a rather isolated way of life from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it became known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure of the Sirius star system, but also owned other information from the field of cosmogony. These are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from the sky and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then if you believe the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with settlers from the lost 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.

Crossing planet.

According to Sumerian cosmogony, the planet Nibiru, not without reason called “crossing”, has a very elongated and inclined elliptical orbit and passes between Mars and Jupiter once every 3600 years. For many years, information from the Sumerians about the lost 12th planet of the solar system was classified as legend. However, one of the most amazing discoveries of the last two years was the discovery of a collection of fragments of a previously unknown celestial body, moving along a common orbit in a way that only fragments of a once single celestial body can do. The orbit of this aggregate crosses the solar system once every 3600 years precisely between Mars and Jupiter and exactly corresponds to the data from the Sumerian manuscripts. Where could the ancient civilization of Earth have such information 6 thousand years ago?

“Those who descended from heaven” - myth or reality?

The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious Sumerian civilization. So, the Sumerians claim that they had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet, according to Sumerian texts, that the Anunaki came to Earth, “descending from heaven to Earth.”

The Bible also testifies in favor of this statement. In the sixth chapter of Genesis there is a mention of them, where they are called nifilim, “descended from heaven.” The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they were called "nifilim"), often mistaken for "gods", "took earthly women as wives."

Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, of which there are many in various cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they were able to have common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. Let us add that in most religions, the gods met with earthly women. Doesn't what has been said indicate the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago?

How incredible is it that creatures close to human nature exist outside of Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.

However, the Sumerians report much more than the biblical books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth approximately 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.

People or... biorobots?

Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?

If we take as a basis the version of an environmental disaster on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that technology similar to the proposed one is now used in space projects.

The image shows an example of a Sumerian clay tablet with cuneiform writing.

At first, the Anunaki unsuccessfully tried to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, and then took up mining in Southeast Africa. Every 3600 years, when the planet Niberu appeared near the earth, gold reserves were sent to it. According to the chronicles, the Anunaki were mining gold for quite a long time: from 100 to 150 thousand years. And then, as expected, an uprising broke out. The long-lived Anunnaki were tired of working in the mines for hundreds of thousands of years. And then the leaders made a unique decision: to create “primitive workers” to work in the mines.
And the entire process of the creation of man or the process of mixing divine and earthly components - the process of in vitro fertilization - is painted in detail on clay tablets and depicted on the cylinder seals of the Sumerian chronicles. This information literally shocked modern geneticists.

The ancient Hebrew Bible, the Torah, which was born in the ruins of Sumer, attributed the act of creating man to Elohim. This word is given in the plural and should be translated as gods. Well, the purpose of the creation of man is defined very precisely: “... and there was no man to cultivate the land.” The ruler of Niberu Anu and the chief scientist of the Anunaki Enki decided to create “Adamu”. This word comes from "Adamah" (earth) and means "Earthling".

Enki decided to use straight walking anthropomorphic creatures that already lived on earth, and improve them so much that they understood orders and could use tools. They understood that earthly hominids had not yet undergone evolution and decided to speed up this process. Viewing the universe as a single living and intelligent being, self-organizing on an infinite number of levels, whereby mind and intelligence are permanent cosmic factors, he believed that life on earth originated from the same cosmic seed of life as on his home planet.

In the Torah, Enki is called Nahash, which translated means “snake, serpent” or “one who knows secrets, secrets.” And the emblem of the cult center of Enki were two intertwined snakes. In this symbol you can see a model of the structure of DNA, which Enki was able to unravel as a result of genetic research.

Enki's plans included using primate DNA and Anunaki DNA to create a new race. Enki attracted a young beautiful girl, whose name was Ninti - “the lady who gives life,” as an assistant. Later this name was replaced by the pseudonym Mami? The prototype of the universal word mom.

The chronicles record the instructions that Enki gave to Ninti. First of all, all procedures must be performed under completely sterile conditions. Sumerian texts repeatedly mention that before working with “clay,” Ninti first washed her hands. As is clear from the text, Enki used in his work the egg of an African female monkey that lived north of Zimbabwe.

The instructions read: “Mix clay (egg) from the base of the earth, which is slightly up (to the north) from Abzu, to the “essence”, and fit it into a mold with the “essence.” I imagine a good, knowledgeable, young Anunaki who will bring the clay (egg) to the desired state... you will pronounce the fate of the newborn... Ninti will embody in him the image of the gods, and what it will become will be a Man.”
The divine element, which in the Sumerian chronicles is called "TE-E-MA" and is translated as "essence" or "that which binds memory", and in our understanding it is DNA, was obtained from the blood of a specially selected Anunaki (or Anunaki) and subjected to processing in a “cleansing bath”. Shiru - sperm was also taken from the young man.
The word "clay" comes from "TI-IT", translated as "that which accompanies life." A derivative of this word is “egg”. In addition, the texts note that what is called napishtu (the parallel biblical term Naphsh, which is usually not accurately translated as “soul”) was obtained from the blood of one of the gods. Sumerian texts say that luck did not immediately favor the scientists, and as a result of experiments, ugly hybrids initially appeared. Finally they came to success. The successfully formed egg was then placed in the body of the goddess, whom Ninti agreed to become. As a result of a long pregnancy and caesarean section, the first person was born - Adam.

Since a lot of industrial workers were needed for the mines, Eve was created to reproduce her own kind by cloning. Unfortunately, this can only be assumed; no descriptions of the details of cloning have yet been found in the Sumerian chronicles. But having passed on to us their image and abilities for intellectual development, the Anunnaki did not give us longevity. The Torah says about this: “Elohim said the phrase: “Adam became like one of us... And now, lest he stretch out his hand and take from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever.” And Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden!

More recently, as a result of thorough DNA research, Wesley Brown made an interesting discovery “about the mitochondrial Eve, common to all people on Earth,” who lived in Africa approximately 250,000 years ago. And it turned out that the first human being came from the very valley where, according to the Sumerians, we mined gold!
Later, when the women of the Earth acquired an attractive appearance, the Anunnaki began to take them as wives, which also contributed to the development of the intellect of the next generations of people. The Bible of Moses says the following about this: “Then the sons of God saw the daughters of men, and they began to give birth to them. These are strong people who have been famous since ancient times.” The New Explanatory Bible says the following about this: “This is one of the most difficult passages of the Bible to interpret; The main difficulty lies in determining who can be understood here as “sons of God.” And since the Bible of Moses does not directly say anything about the Anunnaki, the interpreters decided to consider the “sons of God” the descendants of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve, who “were exponents of all that is good, sublime and good” - “Giants of the Spirit.” Well! If you don’t know about the content of the Sumerian chronicles, then this is still some kind of explanation.

Questions and answers.

1. Who could conduct mine development during the Stone Age?!

Archaeological research confirms that mining was carried out in South Africa during the Stone Age(!). Back in 1970, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines in Swaziland, up to 20 meters deep. In 1988, an international group of physicists determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years.

2. How do wild tribes know about “artificial people”?

Zulu legends say that these mines were manned by flesh-and-blood slaves artificially created by the “first men.”

3. The second discovery of astronomers testifies - there was a planet Nibiru!

In addition to the above-mentioned discovery of a group of fragments moving along the desired trajectory, corresponding to the ideas of the Sumerians, the recent subsequent discovery of astronomers was no less surprising. Modern astronomical laws confirm that between Mars and Jupiter there must have been planets twice as large as the Earth! This planet was either destroyed as a result of a major catastrophe, or was not formed at all due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter.

4. The Sumerians’ claim about the “heavenly battle” 4 billion years ago is also most likely confirmed by science!

After the discovery of the fact that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto “lie on their sides”, and their satellites lie in a completely different plane, it became clear that collisions of celestial bodies changed the face of the solar system. This means that they could not have been satellites of these planets before the disaster. Where did they come from? Scientists believe that they were formed from emissions from the planet Uranus during the collision. It is clear that some destructive force of the object collided with these planets, so much so that it was able to rotate their axes. According to modern scientists, this catastrophe, which the Sumerians dubbed the “heavenly battle,” occurred 4 billion years ago. Note that the “heavenly battle” according to the Sumerians does not at all mean the notorious “star wars”. We are talking about a collision of celestial bodies of enormous mass or another similar cataclysm.

Note that the Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the “heavenly battle” (that is, 4 billion years ago), but also indicate the reasons for that dramatic period! True, it’s a small matter - deciphering figurative phrases and allegories! One thing is clear: the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young”, is information transmitted by someone! By whom?

Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of the history of 4 billion years ago has a right to exist!

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The Sumerians are the first human civilization to leave written records. It mysteriously arose in fertile Mesopotamia (between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers) in the 4th millennium BC. The Sumerian language is not related to any of the known ancient or modern languages. Where did these people come from? Sumerian mythology claims that he was cloned by aliens.

Sumerian civilization is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for supporters of the theory of paleocontacts - UFO visits to earth in ancient times. And this is not surprising, because when talking about this people we constantly have to use the word “for the first time.”

According to historical data, the Sumerians invented many necessary things, for example: the wheel, the potter's wheel, money (initially they looked like small silver bars), the first writing, which was later borrowed by other peoples. It was also the Sumerians who, for the first time in human history, created teaching schools, courts, law, parliament and elections. I wonder how they got to all this on their own, or maybe they got help?

Sumerian masters amaze with their achievements. They invented a brick kiln and were the first to use this material to build houses, multi-story palaces and square towers - ziggurats. When the supply of native copper was exhausted, the Sumerians mastered the processes of smelting metals from ores, ore beneficiation, and casting. They first began to obtain an alloy of copper and tin - bronze, thereby marking the beginning of a new period in the history of mankind - the Bronze Age. Moreover, they were able not only to find tin somewhere, the deposits of which do not exist in Mesopotamia, but also to extract it from ore - the mineral cassiterite, or tin stone, which is quite difficult from a technical point of view. Finally, they calculated the optimal ratio of alloy components - 85% copper and 15% tin.

Tens of thousands of Sumerian clay tablets with cuneiform writing have been discovered in Mesopotamia, many of which have not yet been deciphered. But those that were deciphered became a sensation in the scientific world. It turned out that the Sumerians knew all the planets of the solar system, and, unlike many later civilizations, such as Medieval Europe, they believed that the Earth and other planets rotated, and the Sun and stars were motionless. The most accurate astronomical tables for calculating the phases of the Moon, solar eclipses, and planetary trajectories were discovered on baked pieces of clay.

The Sumerian calendar was also extremely accurate. The sexagesimal number system adopted by this/amazing people made it possible to calculate fractions, raise to powers, and extract roots. From the Sumerian calendar we inherited the division of hours into 60 minutes and minutes into 60 seconds. The sexagesimal system is used to divide the day into 24 hours, the year into 12 months, and feet into 12 inches.

Sumerian astronomers and mathematicians introduced the basic concepts of modern spherical astronomy: the division of the celestial sphere into northern, central and southern segments, a 360° circle, zenith, horizon, ecliptic, axes of the celestial sphere, poles, equinoxes. A number of scientists suggest that the Sumerians knew precession - the phenomenon of deviation of the earth's axis under the influence of the attraction of the Moon and the Sun. The precession cycle is approximately 26 thousand years. Where did ancient people get such knowledge and why did they need it?

According to the knowledge of the Sumerians, there are 12 planets in the solar system, one of which is called Nibiru or “crossing planet”. It moves along a very elongated elliptical orbit. And every 3600 years it approaches a record close distance from the Earth, thereby approaching both Mars and Jupiter, after which it disappears back into the dark depths of the universe. The Anunaki, the Sumerian gods, live on this planet. This is a highly developed civilization of centenarians, whose age by earthly standards reaches 360 thousand years. They visited Earth many times in the past and established gold mining on it, necessary to protect the collapsing atmosphere of their home planet. Once every 3600 years, at the moments of closest approach to the Earth, the Anunaki transferred the mined gold to Nibiru. Gradually, discontent grew among the miners that they had to do unskilled hard labor in the mines. Then the leaders of the expedition, the supreme gods Anu and Enlil, decided on a bold experiment to create assistants - earthly people.

The clay tablets detail how Enlil took the egg of a monkey and mixed with it “that which binds memory” (in modern parlance - a DNA molecule), extracted from the specially purified blood of the Anunnaki. A certain “soul” was added to the egg, also isolated from the Anunnaki’s body. The prepared egg was placed in the uterus of the “donor” - the goddess Ninti (“life-giver”). It is said about her that she constantly washed her hands - that is, the experiment required complete sterility.

After a long period of gestation and a caesarean section, a man was born. So that the human race could reproduce independently, the first woman was cloned from the body tissue of the first man. Alien geneticists shared with their charges the knowledge necessary for successful economic activity and the development of new territories.

It’s just a pity that they didn’t pass on their longevity to people...

Is there even a grain of truth in this story?

Kepler also suggested that the orbit of an unknown planet in the solar system could pass between Mars and Jupiter. Recently, NASA experts, studying data obtained from satellites, also recognized that there may be another celestial body beyond the orbit of Pluto.

In addition, modern geneticists have stated that the common ancestor of all people on the maternal side is a certain “mitochondrial Eve” who lived 250 thousand years ago.

Kyo, where did they come from? History knows how to keep its secrets. But the casket always opens easily. But the truth lies on the surface. But we dig deeper and find more and more mysteries.

We will begin our study of written cultures with the culture of the Sumerians - the first written civilization. Conventionally, the history of Sumerian civilization can be divided into 5 parts: The first era. About 6000-5500 years ago - the emergence of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. It is impossible to say exactly where these people came from. Perhaps a certain proto-people already lived in this territory, or maybe the Sumerians appeared with a complete store of knowledge. It is this time that is considered the date of the appearance of the Sumerian civilization on the pages of history. They are actively starting to build temples, ziggurats, and sanctuaries. Scientific achievements receive a powerful impetus that defies explanation. The Sumerians have no equal in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. Second era. 5500-5000 years ago. This period was marked by rapidly growing cities, a strengthening economy, and an increase in the holdings of the Sumerian civilization. They actively trade, writing and scribe schools appear. The Sumerian city-states, realizing that there is strength in unity, create a political union. Sumerian colonies appeared in Syria, Iran, and Egypt. The trade connections of the ancient Sumerian civilization are amazing. Without any navigational instruments, they reached the distant lands of Africa and Asia, where they established economic relations with local states. From there they, since it was always very difficult to obtain wood in Mesopotamia, delivered cedar. Third era. 5000-4300 years ago. The influence of the Sumerian civilization in the region is weakening, but the Sumerians themselves are becoming a more united people. The northern and southern parts of the country are becoming closely connected. Religious institutions emerge and gradually begin to gain influence and power. Divine commandments are recorded on clay tablets. Servants of cults are gaining increasing influence in the life of Sumerian civilization. This era is marked by the construction of the Tower of Babel, just at this time the Sumerians begin to forget about their language and become more and more assimilated with the Akkadians. Fourth era. 4300-4150 years ago. This period in the history of Sumerian civilization was marked by decline. The Sumerian people merge with the Akkadians, their language and customs are forgotten. The Akkadians become the new rulers and destroy Sumerian temples and foundations. Fifth era. 4150-4000 years ago. The final disappearance of the Sumerian civilization.

Now let's look at the Sumerian civilization in more detail. According to many researchers: M. Belitsky, Sumerians: a forgotten world. ; M., 2000. S. Kramer, History begins in Sumer. ; M., 1991. Sumerians: the first civilization on Earth. ; M., 2002. A. Chernyshov, Sumerians; M., 1993.etc.

The oldest civilization in Asia arose in the south of Mesopotamia (Interfluve), the territory of which is formed by two stormy, unruly rivers; Tigris and Euphrates. They originate in the Armenian Plateau (the territory of modern Turkey) and flow into the Persian Gulf. This region is usually called Western Asia, the Western East, and when it comes to modern events, the Middle East.

In ancient times, the south of Mesopotamia was a flat plain, along which sandstorms often swept, raising clouds of sand and dust. The earth there was cracking from the heat, the scanty vegetation was dying from lack of moisture. Even rivers brought innumerable troubles: their floods destroyed crops, destroyed homes and livestock. There was no sparkling marble, as in Greece, no pink granite, as in Egypt, there was not even simple building stone, no wood, no metals. The only wealth of the territory was clay and reeds. They were used by the people who lived on this land: they built houses from sun-dried clay bricks, made household utensils and tools from baked clay, and used clay as a material for writing.

These short, stocky, big-headed people (this is how they most often portrayed themselves) were surprisingly persistent and hardworking. The Sumerians knew how to drain swamps, build dams, and lay canals into arid lands. They transformed the barren valley: arable lands began to produce high yields, date groves, mimosa, willows and many other plants grew on the irrigated lands. In numerous cities, palaces and temples were built, decorated with colorful mosaics made of colored clay, and various crafts appeared. The Sumerians created a writing system called “cuneiform” because of its appearance.

In appearance, the Sumerians could be attributed more to the Caucasian peoples than to the Indo-European type. Although they bear little resemblance to modern Caucasians. They called themselves blackheads because of their blue-black hair. The Sumerians' figures were stocky, and their faces were more often round than any other shape. Another sign is large thoroughbred noses.

In the process of assimilation, creating marriages with other local peoples, the appearance of the Sumerians changed greatly. The Babylonians already had more elongated oval faces, and their figures became slimmer. Men's fashion for not having a mustache has also changed. If the Sumerians preferred a clean-shaven face, then their descendants became adherents of mustaches, sideburns and beards.

The Sumerians loved to dress beautifully, especially since the choice of outfits was very large due to the developed textile industry. By the way, subsequently the textile industry degraded, like other industries. But at the height of the Sumerian civilization, fashion trends were followed by both women and men. Sumerian women's attire consisted of either a smooth short-sleeved dress or a woven or woolen kaunakes skirt and jacket. The length of the skirt was just below the knee. In cold weather, representatives of ancient civilization wore a woolen cloak with a belt. The Sumerians, by the way, were the people who invented stockings. In addition to stockings, sandals or boots were worn on the feet. Representatives of some classes did not have shoes and walked barefoot. Everyone, without exception, did not wear shoes in their homes.
The Sumerians observed all modern rules of hygiene, used toiletries, and women took care of their nails, removed excess facial hair and constantly carried a manicure knife and tweezers hanging on a ring. Also, women already used perfumes and cosmetics at that time. They used blush, lined their eyes and eyebrows, and applied lipstick and eye shadow. Palms and feet were painted with henna, and tattoos were applied to the skin of the arms and body. Cosmetics were stored in special jars and sinks. When applying cosmetics, bronze mirrors on the handle were used, and hair was combed using a comb made of wood or ivory.

A bronze mirror, various jewelry, and tattoos on her body were found in the grave of Princess Ukok in Altai. The age of the burial is 2400 -2300 years. There is continuity between the Scythian (3000 - 2000 years ago) and Sumerian (6000 - 4000 years ago) cultures, despite the age difference of about 1000 years.

The question of the time of the appearance of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and their ancestral homeland still remains unresolved. Scientists have put forward various hypotheses, and the latest research not only has not brought a final solution, but has made it even more difficult. And the Sumerian language also baffles researchers. Neither among the ancient nor among the modern languages ​​has it been possible to find one that had even a distant relationship with the language of the Sumerians. But thanks to written monuments; clay tablets; preserved in large numbers to our time, we know what the Sumerians looked like, how they ran their households, what gods they believed in, how they raised children, and much more.

Samuel Kramer, who is the largest expert on Sumer in the book “History Begins in Sumer,” described in detail the life and way of life of this ancient people: “The cities built by the Sumerians became centers of progress. Life was in full swing in the labyrinth of cramped streets. Carts rumbled along the pavements, the hammers of carpenters making tables and chairs clattered, the furnaces of glassblowers and bronze foundries smoked with heat. Local weavers made fine fabrics from flax.”

In Sumer, barter trade flourished using the so-called “payment stones”; a prototype of future money.

Typically, a third of urban areas were allocated to gardens and vegetable gardens. The grown grains were used as food; the Sumerians used them to cook porridge, flavoring it with honey and dates. They baked bread and roasted locusts in spherical ovens.

Ladies of that distant era wore wigs, loved precious jewelry, and among the accessories of the ladies' toilet there were even tiny spoons to clean ear wax. For men, the upper body was often simply naked, and a woolen skirt replaced pants. The man's head was shaved and his beard was cut in the shape of a rectangular board; they did not recognize mustaches,

The Sumerians organized carnivals: once a year, at a festival, men dressed in women's clothing, and women; in a soldier's uniform.

In the city one could meet a whole army of scribes who, with sharp thin sticks, wrote onto clay everything that seemed important: legislative acts and sacred texts, tax payments, business letters, notes from lovers, mathematical exercises. During excavations in the archives of Sumerian cities, tens of thousands of tablets were found, from which it is clear what great importance the Sumerians attached to reporting and drawing up business documents. Everything was recorded, accounted for and written down on a tablet.

The Sumerians showed an amazing passion for scientific knowledge, becoming the first mathematicians and astronomers of antiquity, and their achievements in geography, physics, chemistry, medicine, history, philology, military affairs and agriculture amaze modern scientists.

Residents of this state conducted observations of the stars and planets. Thousands of clay tablets have been found containing hundreds of astronomical terms. Some of these tablets contained mathematical formulas and astronomical tables with which the Sumerians could predict solar eclipses, various phases of the moon, and the trajectories of the planets. The Sumerians measured the rising and setting of visible planets and stars relative to the earth's horizon, using the same system that is used today. We also adopted from them the division of the celestial sphere into three segments - northern, central and southern (among the Sumerians, these are the “path of Enlil”, “path of Anu” and “path of Ea”). In fact, all modern concepts of spherical astronomy, including the complete spherical circle of 360 degrees, the zenith, the horizon, the axes of the celestial sphere, the poles, the ecliptic, the equinox, all originated in Sumer.

All the knowledge of the Sumerians regarding the movement of the Sun and the Earth was combined in the world's first solar-lunar calendar, which they created, which began in 3760 BC. This calendar consisted of 12 lunar months of approximately 354 days, and then added 11 additional days to create a complete solar year.
Long before Pythagoras, the Sumerians were able to calculate the right triangle. They were also capable of quadratic equations with many unknowns, and they were also familiar with the number “pi.”

The Sumerians used a sexagesimal number system. Although cumbersome, it allowed them to calculate fractions and multiply numbers up to millions, take roots and raise to powers. In some respects this system was even superior to the decimal system we currently use. Firstly, the number 60 has ten prime factors, while the number 100 has only 7. Secondly, it is the only system ideally suited for geometric calculations, which is why it continues to be used today. for example, dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
We rarely realize that we owe not only our geometry, but also our modern way of calculating time, to the Sumerian sexagesimal number system. It is based on the division of an hour into 60 minutes, and minutes into 60 seconds. Echoes of the Sumerian number system were preserved in the division of the day into 24 hours, and the year into 12 months.

Sumerian doctors could heal fractures, amputate diseased organs, remove eyesores, and systematize diseases. The famous library of Ashurbanipal had a large medical department. Medical procedures were described in special reference books, which contained descriptions of diseases, information about hygiene rules, and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations.

It seems incredible, but the Sumerians knew how to make alloys - a process by which different metals are chemically combined when heated in a furnace. The Sumerians learned to produce bronze, a hard but easily workable metal, and knew how to alloy copper with tin. Their language had about thirty words for different types of copper of different qualities, and they always called tin only by one word "AMMA", which literally means "Heavenly Stone

The Sumerians were excellent travelers and explorers - they are also credited with inventing the world's first sea and river vessels. The Sumerian language contains at least 100 words denoting different types of ships, classifying them by size, purpose and type of cargo transported. Various texts talk about the repair of ships, and about building materials and all kinds of goods transported on ships, ranging from gold, silver, copper, to diorite, carnelian and cedar. In some cases, these materials were transported over thousands of kilometers.

Professor Kramer names 39 objects that were discovered by the Sumerians. In addition to the first writing system, he included in this list the wheel, the first schools, the first bicameral parliament, and the first “farmer's almanac.” The first collection of proverbs and aphorisms appeared in Sumer, and literary debates took place for the first time. Here the first book catalog appeared, the first money was circulated, taxes began to be introduced for the first time, the first laws were adopted and social reforms were carried out, and attempts were made for the first time to achieve peace and harmony in society. The Sumerians invented the diamond drill, the water-lifting wheel, and built the world's first aqueduct.

The Sumerians highly valued wisdom, which they believed was concentrated in the ears of man; therefore, many images of people were distinguished by their large protruding ears. Sumerian rulers often ordered to capture themselves in a special “builder’s pose” - with a drawing of a building spread out on their knees, with a small bucket of raw clay placed at their feet. These people loved to build more than to fight, and the image of a creator, according to the Sumerians, was more suitable for a ruler than the image of a warrior. Despite this, they had powerful military equipment for those times: mounted troops, ramming guns, and even floating bridges made of wineskins. The Sumerians built fortresses. For example, the city of Uruk, where more than one hundred thousand inhabitants lived, was surrounded by a ten-kilometer wall on which 800 defensive towers rose.

The Sumerians created a rich and complex culture that became a role model throughout Mesopotamia (Interfluve). Sumerian cuneiform was subsequently used by many peoples who adapted it to their languages.

According to Yuri Lednev, “Secrets of the first civilizations of Sumer. Vimana" M., 2012, "Even from the school course on ancient history, we remember that the very first highly developed civilization was ancient Egypt, a state that, according to academic science, appeared 3500–4000 BC. Later, this baton was taken over by another hypothesis, as soon as in the region of Mesopotamia (in the southeast of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) archaeologists discovered traces of the more ancient civilization of the Sumerians, the emergence of which dates back to 4 thousand years BC. According to the artifacts found, the city of Sumer had all the signs of a highly developed civilization. For example, in their mathematical calculations, the Sumerians used the ternary number system. They were familiar with the numbers “Pi” and “Phi” (also called the Fibonacci number). In Sumerian legends one can find a description of the structure and development of the solar system. In those distant times, many peoples were attracted to the fertile oases of Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians. There is no reliable data on the nature of the Sumerians in science yet, and it is also unknown where they disappeared. The Sumerians were good farmers, using a special system of water canals to irrigate their lands. The Sumerians had their own cuneiform script, it is also believed that they invented the wheel and had a broad understanding of astronomy and mathematics. The Sumerians built amazing cities. The most important Sumerian city of that time was Uruk. Approximately 3 thousand years BC it was one of the largest cities in the world, with a population of about 100 thousand people, and also a center of worship of the god Unu and the goddess Inanna. The Sumerian state was formed as a result of the merger of several settlements, under the names of Kulaba, Eana and Uruk, and occupied an area of ​​​​about 125 hectares, where it was the center of Mesopotamia. The entire territory of Uruk was surrounded by a nine-kilometer brick wall, erected during the reign of King Gilgamesh. The Epic of King Gilgamesh is considered the first literary work in history. The wall was erected as a defensive fortification as a result of numerous wars with other states that took place over a long period of time. The legend “Gilgamesh and Aga” tells us about this, which tells about the wars of the city of Uruk with the city of Kish. The victory of King Gilgamesh brought the city of Uruk dominance over the entire Southern Mesopotamia and remained throughout the reign of the first dynasty. In the middle of the third millennium it was replaced by the Ur dynasty. Then Uruk is conquered by Sargon the Ancient, destroying almost all the walls of the huge city and incorporating it into the newly formed state of Akkad. Uruk retained its importance as a major trade and craft center throughout subsequent times. Numerous ruins of the Ziggurat, the “palace of the Parthian kings” (built by King Karaindash), as well as an ancient temple have survived to this day. For a long time, Uruk remained the center of all epic traditions telling of the Sumerian gods and the stories of King Gilgamesh. Only the smallest part of the ruins of that former state has been explored today. Nowadays Mesopotamia is considered the “cradle” of all civilizations. The Sumerians were a very mysterious people, leaving behind many secrets and food for thought for scientists and researchers.

For example, one of the mysteries is that the Sumerians divided the entire human history into two main stages: before the flood and after the flood. Before the flood, ten kings ruled the Sumerian lands. The Babylonian priest Berossus, who lived in the third century BC and systematized all Sumerian mythology, tells us about this. The second riddle is kept in the Berlin State Museum, where one of the Akkadian cylinder seals depicts a large circle with six rays, and around it there are eleven more circles. Obviously, this is the structure of the solar system and this is 3 thousand years ago! But the mystery here is not this, but the fact that Pluto is depicted here not as a planet, but as a satellite of Saturn, and between Jupiter and Mars a small circle is shown, approximately four times larger in size than the Earth. The Sumerians identified this circle as the twelfth planet of the solar system and called it Nibiru, and in the mythology of ancient Babylon this planet was also called Marduk, which means “Taurus”. The orbit of the planet Nibiru is very elongated, but every 3600 years Nibiru crosses the Solar System, and the name “Nibiru” is translated as “crossing.” The Sumerians have a lot associated with this planet, from legends describing the origins of life on earth to subsequent global cataclysms. Scientists themselves have long admired such deep and accurate knowledge of the ancient Sumerians about the structure of our solar system, making only one small amendment to the fact that the Sumerians, after all, made two small mistakes: they called Pluto a satellite and claimed that it rotates between Jupiter and Mars some kind of planet unknown to science. And such an “oversight” was considered such only until recently, until, relatively recently, astronomers recognized that Pluto is not a planet, and that between Jupiter and Mars, in fact, the orbit of a large planet once passed, next to which there were many unknown asteroids origin.

The essence of the question here is that the Sumerians were the bearers of ancient secret knowledge about the past of our planet, which we have already seen more than once, let us recall at least the Sumerians’ knowledge about the structure of the solar system. In this entire mythological story that the Sumerians told us, in addition to the structure of the solar system, much is now recognized by scientists, except, of course, the version about the “alien” origin of humanity. It is believed that most of the Biblical Old Testament was taken precisely from Sumerian legends.

Obviously, this was one of the most ancient human civilizations bestowed by the Gods. A civilization that, for unknown reasons, disappeared from the face of the earth, leaving behind many secrets and mysteries. So why and where did this civilization disappear? Zecharia Sitchin connects the disappearance of the Sumerians with the war between the Gods beyond the Cosmodrome on the Sinai Peninsula. Indeed, in the Sinai Peninsula there are huge areas of melting rocks, which is a consequence of the release of high-temperature gases, such as from modern rockets. Official science has to doubt the reliability of these judgments. It is difficult to argue about what was not reflected in ancient textbooks and books, or in the memory of any people. Could ancient people really fly in spaceships and wage wars like in science fiction films? “Nonsense,” the skeptics will say. “Yes, that’s exactly how it happened!” - supporters of the theory of paleocontact, or simply people with a rich imagination, will say. Here we can agree that at school we were not taught that our ancestors traveled on aircraft. We do not study in aviation schools and universities the methods of construction and designs of ancient “airplanes”. And science, as we know, in its judgments relies exclusively on any sources, primarily written ones. But where can you get books that are several thousand years old? It turns out that such books exist. Many people began to turn to ancient sources, images, artifacts of various peoples of the world, which directly indicate, not even indirectly, that such aircraft actually existed. One of such descriptions is considered to be the manuscript “Vimanika Shastra”, found in one of the temples of India in 1875. It is believed that this manuscript was written by Bharadwaja the Wise in the 4th century BC, who took even more ancient texts as a basis. That's when the scientists started getting headaches. They are used to the fact that the airplane was invented only in the middle of the 19th century, but here they have this.”

According to Wikipedia, the Sumerians are a people who in later written documents call themselves “black-headed” (Sumerian “sang-ngiga”, Akkadian “tsalmat-kakkadi”).

They were a people ethnically, linguistically and culturally alien to the Semitic tribes who settled Northern Mesopotamia at approximately the same time or somewhat later. The Sumerian language, with its bizarre grammar, is not related to any of the surviving languages. Attempts to find their original homeland have so far ended in failure.

Apparently, the country from which the Sumerians came was located somewhere in Asia, rather in a mountainous area, but located in such a way that its inhabitants were able to master the art of navigation. Evidence that the Sumerians came from the mountains is their way of building temples, which were erected on artificial embankments or on terraced hills made of brick or clay blocks. It is unlikely that such a custom could have arisen among the inhabitants of the plains. It, along with their beliefs, had to be brought from their ancestral homeland by the inhabitants of the mountains, who paid honor to the gods on the mountain peaks. And another piece of evidence is that in the Sumerian language the words “country” and “mountain” are written the same way.

There is also a lot to suggest that the Sumerians came to Mesopotamia by sea. Firstly, they primarily appeared in river mouths. Secondly, in their ancient beliefs the main role was played by the gods Anu, Enlil and Enki.

The gods were depicted with wings and a halo above their heads, the Goddess Enlil for some reason is depicted with flippers, the gods were depicted with hooves and a tail, this is how devils are drawn now,

And finally, as soon as they settled in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians immediately began organizing irrigation, navigation and navigation along rivers and canals. The first Sumerians to appear in Mesopotamia were a small group of people. There was no need to think about the possibility of mass migration by sea at that time. The Sumerian epic mentions their homeland, which they considered the ancestral home of all humanity - the island of Dilmun, but there are no mountains on this island. Dilmu;n (possibly the modern island of Bahrain) is an island in the Persian Gulf known to the ancient Sumerians. In the ideas of the Sumerians, Dilmun was represented as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization in general and the Sumerian people in particular. Through Dilmun, copper, precious stones, pearls and certain vegetables were exported to Sumer; in return, a variety of products were exported from Mesopotamia through the island,

Having settled at the mouths of the rivers, the Sumerians captured the city of Eredu. This was their first city. Later they began to consider it the cradle of their statehood. Over the years, the Sumerians moved deeper into the Mesopotamian plain, building or conquering new cities. For the most distant times, the Sumerian tradition is so legendary that it has almost no historical significance. It was already known from Berossus’ data that the Babylonian priests divided the history of their country into two periods: “before the flood” and “after the flood.” Berossus, in his historical work, notes 10 kings who ruled “before the flood” and gives fantastic figures for their reign. The same data is given by the Sumerian text of the 21st century BC. e., the so-called “Royal List”. In addition to Eredu, the “Royal List” names Bad Tibiru, Larak (later unimportant settlements), as well as Sippar in the north and Shuruppak in the center as “antediluvian” centers of the Sumerians. This newcomer people subjugated the country without displacing - the Sumerians simply could not do this - the local population, but on the contrary, they adopted many of the achievements of the local culture.

The identity of material culture, religious beliefs, and socio-political organization of various Sumerian city-states does not at all prove their political community. On the contrary, it is more likely to assume that from the very beginning of the Sumerian expansion into Mesopotamia, rivalry arose between individual cities, both newly founded and conquered.
The origins of this population group and the ancestry of the Sumerian language are part of a larger historical problem known in scientific literature as the "Sumerian problem".

The ethnonym "Sumerians" is a scientific abstraction used to designate the ancient non-Semitic population of Mesopotamia who spoke a known language. The “Sumerians” themselves did not clearly separate themselves from their neighbors, the Semites-Akkadians: both had the same self-name - “black-headed” (Sum. sag-gig-ga, Akkadian; almat qaqqadim). The name is taken from the name of the country from the title of the ancient Assyrian kings "king of Sumer and Akkad". Since the Semitic-speaking population of Mesopotamia - Akkadians, Babylonians and ancient Assyrians called their language “Akkadian”, early researchers designated another, difficult to decipher language as “Sumerian”, and its speakers as “Sumerians”

The origin of the Sumerians is one of the most difficult scientific problems. Basically, the “Sumerian question” was formulated at the end of the 19th century. F. Weisbach. Initially, many studies were related to the search for the “Sumerian ancestral home.” This was due to the acceptance in the scientific community of the concept of the initial flooding of Southern Mesopotamia by the waters of the Persian Gulf and the gradual retreat of the sea due to the progradation of the Tigro-Euphrates delta. Since such a model rejected the existence of any aboriginal population in Sumer before a certain time, the question arose about the origins of the Sumerian civilization. Various researchers placed the “Sumerian ancestral home” in Arabia (W. K. Loftus), Elam (G. Frankfort, E. Perkins), and connected it with the Harappan civilization. After the publication in 1952 of an article by geologists J. M. Lees and N. L. Folken, proving the insignificant effect of progradation, a separate branch of discussion and research appeared, primarily of a geological orientation. In the course of these studies, it was established that the Persian Gulf was formed relatively recently (approximately from the 8th millennium BC), that its coastline constantly fluctuated, but in general, never flooded the entire south of Mesopotamia, and that in Ubaid times, which date the earliest finds in Sumer, the water level was approximately equal to the modern one. Indications that, due to severe climatic conditions, the existence of a permanent population in Lower Mesopotamia is impossible without irrigation skills (and such skills could only arise in sufficiently developed societies) are refuted by ethnographic information and data on the productivity of the resources of swamps and reed beds of the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. However, the low slope of the valley of the great rivers, which led to frequent flooding, and the high level of groundwater have not yet allowed archaeologists to discover layers in Lower Mesopotamia that predate the Ubaid time; a possible exception, Tell el-Wayli, was located on a hill and is by far the earliest site in Sumer. Finds from Tell el-Wayli indicate the connection of the inhabitants of this monument with the Samarra culture and the traditions of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Syria.

From the middle of the 20th century. Research on the Sumerian problem finally moved into the field of linguistics. Basically, these works were looking for genetic connections to the Sumerian language, which today is considered isolated. These searches are complicated by a double distortion of the language: the Sumerian cuneiform was deciphered through the completely alien Akkadian language, and that, in turn, through other unrelated languages, including ancient Greek. As a result, many hypotheses have been put forward linking Sumerian with many languages ​​of Eurasia, but to date, none of these hypotheses is generally accepted.
The Sumerians themselves in their myths call the island of Dilmun the ancestral home of humanity, the description of which contains archetypal features of the golden age and the lost paradise. The toponym “Dilmun” is also found in historical texts and is identified with modern Bahrain, but the Mesopotamian finds in Bahrain are younger than the Sumerian ones. On the other hand, recent geological and archaeological studies indicate the likelihood of the existence in the Pleistocene era of a huge oasis located on the site of the Persian Gulf before the latter was flooded by the waters of the Indian Ocean (the so-called Gulf Oasis), however, due to the lack of material, it is not yet possible to draw any reliable parallels does not seem possible.

Anthropological features of the Sumerians are a subject of debate; this situation is due to two factors: 1) the small number and poor preservation of anthropological material, 2) the long coexistence of the Sumerians with representatives of other population groups, the “ethnic” mixture of burials, the difficulty of establishing the “ethnic” affiliation of the skeletons. In general, researchers attribute the ancient population of Southern Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean type of the Caucasian race. These are people with dark skin, dark eyes, straight nose, dark straight or curly hair; The population of modern Southern Iraq also has this appearance. At the same time, researchers made an attempt to identify the actual “Sumerian” features. In particular, A. Mortgat suggested differences in the cranial index between the Sumerians and the Semites/Akkadians; He considered dolichocephaly to be a characteristic feature of the former, and brachycephaly of the latter. G. Frankfort made an attempt to establish the anthropological type of the Sumerians from ancient images; According to his research, the Sumerians, on the contrary, were short-headed. Subsequent researchers were skeptical about G. Frenkfort's thesis, pointing out the distortion and unrepresentativeness of these images for anthropological research.

Sumerian is an agglutinative language; forms and derivatives are formed by adding unambiguous affixes (unlike inflected languages ​​such as Russian, where affixes are usually ambiguous). Agglutination is characteristic of the Uralic, Altai, Philippine, Dravidian languages, Basque languages, some Indian peoples, etc. From the point of view of the strategy for encoding verbal actants, Sumerian is an ergative language, that is, its grammar is not dominated by the opposition of subject and object, carried out in languages ​​of the nominative structure , but a contrast between the agent (the producer of the action) and the patient (the bearer of the action). This feature is characteristic of the languages ​​of the Caucasian peoples, Burushaski, Basque, Papuan, Australian, Chukchi-Kamchatka, Eskimo-Aleut, and Indian languages. Phonology is reconstructed in the most general terms. The name was divided into classes, had categories of number (1 singular and 6 plural), case (9 in total) and possessiveness. The verb had the categories of person, number, class, aspect, mood and orientation. There were 12 inclinations. The usual word order in Sumerian is SOV (subject - object - predicate). It is known that there are two dialects: Eme-Gir and Eme-Sal

Sumerian writing underwent an evolution from semi-pictographic writing, which, according to D. Schmandt-Besser, dates back to registration marks (known in the Middle East since the 9th millennium BC) to a relatively ordered cuneiform script. After the disappearance of Sumerian from everyday communication, it was used for a long time as the language of worship and science.
Modern researchers see no obstacles to the existence of the population in Lower Mesopotamia in the pre-Ubaid era (that is, before the 6th-5th millennium BC); however, it is not yet possible to determine whether the ancestors of the Sumerians were among this population. Around the 6th millennium, traces of colonization of the region by newcomers from Central and Upper Mesopotamia, possibly Elam and the Eastern Mediterranean, have been recorded. Connections with a particular region are evidenced by architectural features, the nature of ceramics and some other features. Apparently, the main role was played by people from the north (representatives of the Samarran and Halaf cultures), who had skills in irrigation, monumental construction, specialization of crafts, economic accounting, etc. In Lower Mesopotamia they founded autonomous colonies (like Tell el-Wayli), living off irrigation and the resources of the surrounding rivers and swamps. Over time, some colonies turned into large centers, proto-cities (the most striking example is Eredu, inhabited continuously from the Ubaid 1 phase until historical times). It is possible that early contacts with northern colonists led to the Sumerians borrowing a number of “cultural terms” (the so-called “proto-Euphrates substrate”); The names of some famous cities of Lower Mesopotamia - Larsa, Babylon, etc. - also have a non-Sumerian etymology.

In the Ubaid time (approximately V - early IV millennium BC), the economic rise of Lower Mesopotamia was recorded. When irrigation is used, the local alluvium is particularly fertile; The abundance of agricultural products leads to rapid population growth, accumulation of surpluses, and deepening social differentiation. The skills of the early farmers of Northern Mesopotamia - monumental construction, interregional exchange, economic accounting, division of labor, metal processing, etc. are rapidly developing in the south. As a result, by the end of the Ubaid time, the first temples appeared in Lower Mesopotamia (in Eredu, Uruk), proto-cities, the first irrigation networks, the first nomes, etc. were formed. The ethnic composition of Lower Mesopotamia of the Ubaid time is unclear, but the ancestors of the Sumerians could have been among the local population. One way or another, the obvious continuity of the material culture of this time with the subsequent “Sumerian” eras allows some researchers to call the culture of Ubaid Southern Mesopotamia “proto-Sumerian”.

Further progress is observed in the Uruk era (second half of the 4th millennium BC). The vast majority of researchers accept the thesis about the presence or predominance of the Sumerian population in Lower Mesopotamia at this time. Uruk is a Bronze Age culture that replaced the Chalcolithic Ubaid. The expansion of irrigation networks, the development of specialization of production, the rapid growth of proto-cities against the background of deepening social differentiation could be the reasons for such a phenomenon as Sumerian colonization. The Sumerian colonies were well-fortified fortresses with a well-thought-out layout (examples are the monuments of Habub Kabir, Jebel Aruda, etc.), created in strategically important places (near crossings, on trade routes, etc.). The main object of colonization was Northern Mesopotamia, where southern influence became strong during Ubaid times (the so-called “northern Ubaid”). In the indigenous zone of the Sumerian civilization, the foundations of statehood were laid. At the end of Uruk time, during the period of Jemdet Nasr (late 4th - early 3rd millennium BC; often distinguished as a separate period), images of rulers and priest-kings appeared, semi-pictographic writing already existed, city-states were formed, complex temple administration, monumental construction is underway, predatory campaigns are carried out in neighboring countries. Thus, by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. The foundations of the Sumerian civilization were formed.

The subsequent period of the Early Dynasties (approximately XXVIII - XXIV centuries BC) is the heyday of the Sumerian civilization. At that time, the latter covered the territories of Lower Mesopotamia - the regions of Ki-Engi (Sumer proper) and Ki-Uri (later Akkad). For unknown reasons, Uruk colonization had ceased by the time of the RD, and the presence of the Sumerian population in the centers north of Ki-Uri is a subject of debate. In the Early Dynastic era, Lower Mesopotamia was a conglomerate of city-states or nomes constantly warring among themselves. The most important centers of Sumer (Ki-Engi) were Ur and Uruk, in Ki-Uri - Kish. A special place was occupied by the vast nome of Lagash, which initially apparently was under the hegemony of Kish. At the end of the Early Dynastic period, the vast majority of the nomes of Sumer and Ki-Uri found themselves united under the rule of Lugalzagesi. However, the Akkadian revolt put an end to this confederation.

Since ancient times, Eastern Semites lived in the neighborhood of the Sumerians. The circumstances and time of their appearance in Lower Mesopotamia remain the subject of debate and are not known for certain. The Eastern Semites were a minority in Sumer (Ki-Engi), but in the region of Ki-Uri their proportion was significant. In the XXIV century. BC e. The Akkadian kingdom arose in Ki-Uri, whose rulers and language were Semitic. The Akkadians (as the Eastern Semites have since been called) were able to establish control over the city-states of Sumer. The suppression of uprisings and terror of the Akkadian kings leads to a decline in culture in Sumer. In the XXII century. BC e. The lands of Sumer and Akkad were united under the rule of the Third Dynasty of Ur, whose kings patronized Sumerian culture in every possible way. Despite the visible “Sumerian revival”, at this time the peak of Semitization of the population of Ki-Enga was observed: Akkadian was rapidly displacing Sumerian from spoken language.
After the collapse of the powers of the III dynasty of Ur, the lands of Sumer and Akkad fell under the rule of the Amorites. Subsequently, this territory was subjugated by the Babylonian kings. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. As a result of the mixing of the Sumerians with the Akkadians and some other ethnic groups, the Babylonians were formed.

Now there is not much fiction. According to Aktore Bazarov, “perhaps the Sumerian civilization is the most ancient on Earth. Their first civilization arose in a mind-boggling time: no less than 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have struggled and are struggling to solve the mystery of the most ancient people on the planet, but mysteries still remain.

Niberu's next passage through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their lifespan was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women were from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.

It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt Akhenaten was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten’s city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, directly above the head of the mummy, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved. And in the second coffin, the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters, were found. Now this coffin with the remains is on display in the Cairo Museum.

In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle,” a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system.

A sensational discovery by astronomers in recent years has been the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body that have a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.

The Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin of intelligent life on Earth. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots.

Six thousand years ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climate optimum.

The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked researchers. Let us give a short and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization, which existed at the dawn of the development of Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so Ancient Greece. We are talking about a time about 6 thousand years ago.

After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge from the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, it used the golden ratio, the ternary number system, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers! ), had knowledge of genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts was given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the deciphering of the manuscripts), had a modern government system - a jury trial and elected bodies of people's (in modern terminology) deputies, and so on...
Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's look at some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant because the average temperature on the planet was then several degrees higher than it is now. The effect is called the temperature optimum.

The approach of the double system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the Solar system dates back to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, instead of one Moon, two were visible in the sky - the second celestial body, comparable in size to the Moon at that time, was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago!

At the same time, absolutely independent of the development of the Sumerian civilization in central Africa, there was a Dogon tribe, leading a rather isolated way of life from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it became known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure of the Sirius star system, but also owned other information from the field of cosmogony.

These are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from the sky and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then if you believe the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with settlers from the lost 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.

The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious Sumerian civilization. So, the Sumerians claim that they had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet, according to Sumerian texts, that the Anunaki came to Earth, “descending from heaven to Earth.”

The Bible also testifies in favor of this statement. In the sixth chapter of Genesis there is a mention of them, where they are called nifilim, “descended from heaven.” The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they were called "nifilim"), often mistaken for "gods", "took earthly women as wives."

Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, of which there are many in various cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they were able to have common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. Let us add that in most religions, the gods met with earthly women. Doesn't what has been said indicate the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago?

How incredible is it that creatures close to human nature exist outside of Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.

However, the Sumerians report much more than the biblical books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth approximately 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.

Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?

If we take as a basis the version of an environmental disaster on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that technology similar to the proposed one is now used in space projects.

At first, the Anunaki unsuccessfully tried to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, and then took up mining in Southeast Africa. Every 3600 years, when the planet Niberu appeared near the earth, gold reserves were sent to it.

According to the chronicles, the Anunaki were mining gold for quite a long time: from 100 to 150 thousand years. And then, as expected, an uprising broke out. The long-lived Anunnaki were tired of working in the mines for hundreds of thousands of years. And then the leaders made a unique decision: to create “primitive workers” to work in the mines.

And the entire process of the creation of man or the process of mixing divine and earthly components - the process of in vitro fertilization - is painted in detail on clay tablets and depicted on the cylinder seals of the Sumerian chronicles. This information literally shocked modern geneticists.

The ancient Hebrew Bible, the Torah, which was born in the ruins of Sumer, attributed the act of creating man to Elohim. This word is given in the plural and should be translated as gods. Well, the purpose of the creation of man is defined very precisely: “... and there was no man to cultivate the land.” The ruler of Niberu Anu and the chief scientist of the Anunaki Enki decided to create “Adamu”. This word comes from "Adamah" (earth) and means "Earthling".

Enki decided to use straight walking anthropomorphic creatures that already lived on earth, and improve them so much that they understood orders and could use tools. They understood that earthly hominids had not yet undergone evolution and decided to speed up this process.

Viewing the universe as a single living and intelligent being, self-organizing on an infinite number of levels, whereby mind and intelligence are permanent cosmic factors, he believed that life on earth originated from the same cosmic seed of life as on his home planet.

In the Torah, Enki is called Nahash, which translated means “snake, serpent” or “one who knows secrets, secrets.” And the emblem of the cult center of Enki were two intertwined snakes. In this symbol you can see a model of the structure of DNA, which Enki was able to unravel as a result of genetic research.

Enki's plans included using primate DNA and Anunaki DNA to create a new race. Enki attracted a young beautiful girl, whose name was Ninti - “the lady who gives life,” as an assistant. Subsequently, this name was replaced by the pseudonym Mami, a prototype of the universal word mom.

The chronicles record the instructions that Enki gave to Ninti. First of all, all procedures must be performed under completely sterile conditions. Sumerian texts repeatedly mention that before working with “clay,” Ninti first washed her hands. As is clear from the text, Enki used in his work the egg of an African female monkey that lived north of Zimbabwe.

The instructions read: “Mix clay (egg) from the base of the earth, which is slightly up (to the north) from Abzu, to the “essence”, and fit it into a mold with the “essence.” I imagine a good, knowledgeable, young Anunaki who will bring the clay (egg) to the desired state... you will pronounce the fate of the newborn... Ninti will embody in him the image of the gods, and what it will become will be Man.”

The divine element, which in the Sumerian chronicles is called “TE-E-MA” and is translated as “essence” or “that which binds memory”, and in our understanding it is DNA, was obtained from the blood of a specially selected Anunaki and processed in a “cleansing bath” " Shiru – sperm – was also taken from the young man.

The word "clay" comes from "TI-IT", translated as "that which accompanies life." A derivative of this word is “egg”. In addition, the texts note that what is called napishtu (the parallel biblical term Naphsh, which is usually not accurately translated as “soul”) was obtained from the blood of one of the gods.

Sumerian texts say that luck did not immediately favor the scientists, and as a result of experiments, ugly hybrids initially appeared. Finally they came to success. The successfully formed egg was then placed in the body of the goddess, whom Ninti agreed to become. As a result of a long pregnancy and caesarean section, the first man, Adam, was born.

Since a lot of industrial workers were needed for the mines, Eve was created to reproduce her own kind by cloning. Unfortunately, this can only be assumed; no descriptions of the details of cloning have yet been found in the Sumerian chronicles. But having passed on to us their image and abilities for intellectual development, the Anunaki did not give us longevity. The Torah says about this: “Elohim said the phrase: “Adam became like one of us... And now, lest he stretch out his hand and take from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever.” And Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden!

More recently, as a result of thorough DNA research, Wesley Brown made an interesting discovery “about the mitochondrial Eve, common to all people on Earth,” who lived in Africa approximately 250,000 years ago. And it turned out that the first human being came from the very valley where, according to the Sumerians, we mined gold!

Later, when the women of the Earth acquired an attractive appearance, the Anunaki began to take them as wives, which also contributed to the development of the intellect of the next generations of people. The Bible of Moses says the following about this: “Then the sons of God saw the daughters of men, and they began to give birth to them. These are strong people who have been famous since ancient times.”

The New Explanatory Bible says the following about this: “This is one of the most difficult passages of the Bible to interpret; The main difficulty lies in determining who can be understood here as “sons of God.” And since the Bible of Moses does not directly say anything about the Anunnaki, the interpreters decided to consider the “sons of God” the descendants of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve, who “were exponents of all that is good, sublime and good” - “Giants of the Spirit.” Well! If you don’t know about the content of the Sumerian chronicles, then this is still some kind of explanation.
Questions and answers.
1. Who could conduct mine development during the Stone Age?!
Archaeological research confirms that mining was carried out in South Africa during the Stone Age(!). Back in 1970, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines in Swaziland, up to 20 meters deep. In 1988, an international group of physicists determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years.
2. How do wild tribes know about “artificial people”?
Zulu legends say that these mines were manned by flesh-and-blood slaves artificially created by the “first men.”
3. The second discovery of astronomers testifies - there was a planet Nibiru!
In addition to the above-mentioned discovery of a group of fragments moving along the desired trajectory, corresponding to the ideas of the Sumerians, the recent subsequent discovery of astronomers was no less surprising. Modern astronomical laws confirm that between Mars and Jupiter there must have been planets twice as large as the Earth! This planet was either destroyed as a result of a major catastrophe, or was not formed at all due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter.
4. The Sumerians’ claim about the “heavenly battle” 4 billion years ago is also most likely confirmed by science!
After the discovery of the fact that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto “lie on their sides”, and their satellites lie in a completely different plane, it became clear that collisions of celestial bodies changed the face of the solar system. This means that they could not have been satellites of these planets before the disaster. Where did they come from? Scientists believe that they were formed from emissions from the planet Uranus during the collision.

It is clear that some destructive force of the object collided with these planets, so much so that it was able to rotate their axes. According to modern scientists, this catastrophe, which the Sumerians dubbed the “heavenly battle,” occurred 4 billion years ago. Note that the “heavenly battle” according to the Sumerians does not at all mean the notorious “star wars”. We are talking about a collision of celestial bodies of enormous mass or another similar cataclysm.

Note that the Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the “heavenly battle” (that is, 4 billion years ago), but also indicate the reasons for that dramatic period! True, it’s a small matter – deciphering figurative phrases and allegories! One thing is clear: the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young”, is information transmitted by someone! By whom?

Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of the history of 4 billion years ago has a right to exist!

Personally, I am not a supporter of the above, not many fantastic opinions. I pay tribute to their courage. The truth is somewhere near.

Of course, one cannot deny the existence of more ancient written civilizations than the Sumerians, but little evidence of their existence has been found; the older the culture, the fewer traces remain, the more difficult it is to determine their exact age. According to the laws of history, civilizations periodically arise, flourish and disappear, just like empires. Not long ago, the empire of the Soviet Union collapsed, along with the countries of the Warsaw Pact and other countries of the “Red World”, and in one day, as a result of the strong-willed decision of the leaders of the 3 countries of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, Apparently the time has come,

In thousands of years, scientists will study our civilization and wonder where we came from, invented the car, airplane, telephone, computer, etc. and in just about a hundred years. In an instant from the plow into space. Compared to thousands of years of historical process. Likewise, the Sumerians made a breakthrough in a short period of time of two hundred to three hundred years, it is almost impossible to track it, that’s the whole mystery.

Do not forget about the information field (data bank), the information from which reaches us.

The countless troops of the Persians Cyrus and Darius marched across this once densely populated fertile land, the Greek armies of Alexander the Great gathered dust, troops of the Prophet Muhammad and the Janissaries of the Ottoman Empire galloped, and Bedouin tribes roamed for centuries, not even suspecting what was under their feet.

Forgotten Sumer

The years passed, turning into centuries and millennia. Rare Europeans saw only strange hills on the desert plain, illuminated by the merciless sun. But, apparently, the time has come to learn about a completely forgotten past. In 1869, the French archaeologist Jules Oppert found cuneiform inscriptions of the ancient kingdom, whose ruler - Sargon - called himself the king of Sumer and Akkad, and proposed calling the Sumerians the people who owned Mesopotamia, the territory between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, long before the emergence of Assyria and Babylon.

At that time, no one knew the word “Sumer”. The fact of its existence was long forgotten. The land of Shinar mentioned in the Bible remained unexplained. And in this land rested unknown masterpieces of the worship and admiration of ancient people and objects of their everyday life.

The fourth expedition to excavate one of the most ancient cities of Sumer - Nippur - was successful for archaeologists.

- in 1889, led by Professor of the University of Pennsylvania (USA) H. Hilprecht. While studying the stepped ziggurat (temple tower), he found a library containing more than 20 thousand cuneiform tablets.

This mass of documents became a revelation to those who studied them. It is impossible to study them all at once in such a volume. However, even the translation of some of them provided an unprecedented collection of monuments of Sumerian literature, religious writings and commercial documents.

Under the protection of higher powers

There were plenty of difficulties in the work of researchers. Cholera, malaria and dust storms. The entire area was engulfed in war. Rebellious, wild and unbridled tribes were in a state of bloody feudal civil strife: discord, their enmity with the irregular troops and the authorities of the Ottoman Empire. There were constant threats of attacks by nomads, attempts to get to the expedition's weapons, and theft. There were cases of shootings and robbery of expeditionary property.

In order to somehow protect their lives, archaeologists had to intimidate the superstitious population with their “magical power.” The launch of rockets and fireworks terribly frightened not only the women and children, who ran away screaming madly in search of shelter, but also the men. Scientists have unearthed a giant human head made of alabaster, which plunged the local population into horror and confusion. Whatever happened, but, as they say, God had mercy on archaeologists. Great successes were achieved by P. Botha and R. Koldewey, O. Layard and L. Woolley. We found ancient Nineveh - the stronghold and capital of the mighty Assyrian kings, mentioned in the Bible, and Babylon, which in the days of the greatest glory of the forgotten Sumer was an unknown village. Only under Hammurabi in the 18th century BC. e. Babylon began to thunder throughout the entire Ancient World. It is unclear where the cuneiform tablet from the time of Sargon the Ancient came from. They found bilinguals - inscriptions in two languages, which made it possible to decipher ancient texts in a previously unknown language. By clearing away centuries-old debris and dirt, shoveling thousands of cubic meters of earth with the help of several hundred diggers, archaeologists discovered a whole layer of forgotten history.

From the darkness of centuries

Our newspaper wrote about the once sensational excavations of the city of Ur, where the biblical Abraham was born, in the spring of 2011 in the article “Sumerian Chronicles”. It was about the fabulous wealth of its forgotten kings, compared to whom the famous Tutankhamun is just a poor man. However, archaeologists also came across completely looted burials, in which the looters did not even spare the royal remains.
The ruins of ancient palaces and temples, giant statues of winged bulls and lions with a human head, and wonderful bas-reliefs of deities, sphinxes and winged creatures were found. Battle scenes of siege and battle are depicted on chariots, executed with great skill and rich ornamentation.
What the ancient walls have not preserved: drawings of warriors dressed from head to toe in chain mail, with pointed helmets on their heads and shooting from bows; images of women begging for mercy and tearing out their hair in grief; figures of people with styled hair and curled beards in richly decorated clothes, decorated with embroidery and tassels that have not lost color; bricks stamped with the names of unknown kings and one with the name of the semi-mythical Naram-Sin (circa 3750 BC).
They also found terracotta figurines of bearded men and other devices in their hands, toys in the form of horses and riders, elephants and monkeys, rams, dogs and birds. Spearheads and daggers, coins and necklaces, bracelets and earrings, rings and clasps, brass hairpins and relics made of agate, turquoise, malachite and lapis lazuli, dishes and cups with ancient legends written on them, often covered with images of terrible demons, and much more were discovered other.

Unique information

Found and deciphered Sumerian texts made it possible to look into antediluvian history and learn about the emergence of homo sapiens, the arrival of aliens (nephilim) from the planet Nibiru and their life on Earth. The documents we read talk about how they passed on knowledge to people, taught them crafts and created ancient civilizations. There are references to two visits to Earth by Anu, the ruler of Nibiru, about the dynasty of antediluvian rulers and the first king of all Sumer after the flood, Mesannepadda.
The Sumerians' high level of knowledge is striking, especially in astronomy, mathematics and metallurgy. They had 23 types of copper alone. With the collapse of civilization, much knowledge was lost, but the legacy of the Sumerians is still present in our lives. We know the 12 signs of the zodiac and the 12 months of the year, use a clock with 60 seconds and minutes and divide the circle into 360 degrees.

The Sumerian texts provided insight into many unexplained passages in the biblical stories and the actions of its characters. Later, Zecharia Sitchin wrote a history of lost kingdoms and civilizations, and Alan Alford compiled a chronology of gods and men. A temple was excavated in Nippur, the religious center of Sumer, and it became clear that the cult of the god Bel played an important role in the life of the people in the past, as evidenced by the huge ruins and a lot of cuneiform literature.

The temple library indicated the existence of a huge class of priests and clergy.

Sumerian priest helped

True, one day information came to scientists in a mysterious way. At the end of the expedition, Hilprecht finished a book about the excavations and their scientific results and had to give it to the publisher the next day. In it, he mentioned two fragments of agate found during the work. The archaeologist could not read the ancient Sumerian inscriptions on them. He sat in his office until late at night, trying to decipher the text and give the book a finished look.

Having dozed off (if it was a dream, and not something else in an altered state of consciousness), the scientist saw next to him a man in Sumerian priestly attire. The surprised archaeologist stood up, but not from his chair, but from the stone step on which for some reason he found himself. He was not even surprised that the priest told him in English: “Follow me! I will help you". They walked down the street past several massive buildings and entered the dimly lit hall of the next one, which seemed even larger. "Where are we?" – asked Hilprecht. “In Nippur, between the Tigris and Euphrates. We are in the temple of Bel, the father of the gods,” answered the priest.

During the excavations, archaeologists were unable to find the treasury - a room that must be at the temple, and the scientist asked his guide about it. He led him to a small room in the far corner of the temple. There in a wooden chest lay several pieces of agate, among which Hilprecht recognized two fragments that he could not decipher.

The priest explained that these were parts of a cylinder donated to the temple by Kurigalzu, the ruler of the Kassites. They wanted to use it to make ear decorations for a statue of a god. When sawing, one piece split. The inscriptions on the fragments, which the scientist could not read, were parts of the same text. At the request of the archaeologist, the priest read this inscription to him. Having woken up (or woken up), Hilprecht wrote down everything that the priest told him. The decipherment of the inscription, dating back to the very distant past, was considered flawless by other scientists. The location of the treasury in the temple indicated by the Sumerian priest, which was soon found by archaeologists, also turned out to be accurate. And thousands of unread cuneiform tablets are still waiting for their researchers, and no one knows what information they will bring to humanity.

Sumer was one of the ancient civilizations on planet Earth. About seven thousand years ago, the Sumerians built walls and passages for their first city. As history indicates, they were the first of all such tribes to decide to abandon everyday agriculture and cattle breeding, and left their shelters.

To date, archaeological finds indicating life in 5000 BC are negligible, but despite this, researchers can draw some conclusions about the life of the Sumerians.

1. The Sumerians - the fairer sex spoke their own language

The Sumerians did not have equality between men and women. When morning comes, the wife must already prepare breakfast for her man. If there were children in the family, only boys went to school, and girls did not leave the walls of their homes. In view of such obvious inequality between the sexes, women began to speak in an invented language.

“Emegir” was the name of the Sumerian language, and the female dialect was called “Emzal”, but, unfortunately, there is no data about it. The female language of the Sumerians had differences in the pronunciation of some sounds, the use of some words and vowels that were absent in the Emegir language.

2. The Sumerians paid taxes before they invented money.

Taxes have existed longer than the money to pay them. Even before the first coins and silver shekels appeared in Mesopotamia, the people had to give the ruler a part of their income. Often Sumerian taxes were no different from modern ones. Instead of money, the ruler took a percentage of what the people produced. Farmers sent crops or livestock, while merchants could pay in leather or wood.

Rich people were taxed much more - in some cases having to give the ruler half of what they earned. However, this was not the only way to pay taxes. The Sumerians practiced working on public projects. For a month each year, a man had to leave his home to work on a farm, dig irrigation canals, or fight. Only rich people could pay off such a duty (pay someone else to work in his place).

3. Life revolved around beer

There is a theory that civilization began because of beer. Allegedly, people began to engage in agriculture only to be able to get drunk. And they were “lured” to the city only by the promise of more beer. True or not, beer was certainly an important part of life in Sumer. It was served at every meal, from breakfast to dinner, and was not considered a staple drink in anyone's life.

Of course, Sumerian beer was different from modern beer. It had the consistency of something like porridge, with a dirty sediment at the bottom, a layer of foam on top, and small pieces of bread left over from fermentation floating on the surface. It could only be drunk through a straw. But it was worth it.

Sumerian beer contained enough grain to be considered a nutritious part of a balanced breakfast. When workers came to work on public projects, they were often paid in beer. This is how the ruler “lured” farmers to work on his construction projects: he had the best beer.

4. Use of opium

Beer was not the only way to “relax” in Sumer. The Sumerians had opium and they definitely used the substance. The Sumerians have been cultivating opium poppies since at least 3000 BC. Today there is not much information about what they did with it, but the name that the Sumerians gave to the poppy clearly speaks for itself - they called it “the plant of joy.” There are theories that the Sumerians used these plants for medicine, in particular as a painkiller.

5. A new wife for the ruler every year

Every year the ruler married a new woman. He was to marry one of the priestesses - a group of virgin girls chosen to be "perfect in body" - and make love to her. Otherwise, the gods would supposedly make the earth and the women of Sumer barren. The ruler and his chosen bride would "represent the act of lovemaking of the gods in the earthly world." On her wedding day, the bride was bathed, perfumed with incense and dressed in the most beautiful robes, while the ruler and his entourage walked to her temple.

In the temple, a crowd of priests and priestesses were waiting, who began to sing songs of love. When the ruler arrived, he presented gifts to the bride, and then they went together to a room smoked with incense and made love on a ceremonial bed, which was custom-made exclusively for this event.

6. Priestesses were doctors and dentists

Priestesses were not only the ruler's harem - they were among the most useful people in Sumerian society. These were poets, scribes and some of the first doctors in history. Sumerian cities were always built around a temple complex. At the center was a great ziggurat, surrounded by buildings in which priests and priestesses lived and artisans worked on public projects. It was a huge space that took up a third of the city, and it was used for more than just ceremonies.

There were also orphanages, astronomical centers and large business organizations here. However, it was outside the complex where the most historically important work was done. The sick came here and asked the priestesses to examine them. These women went outside and checked the health of the patients. They diagnosed the sick and prepared medicines for them.

7. Literacy is wealth

Reading and writing were fairly new concepts in ancient Sumer, but they were already incredibly important. People never became rich by working with their hands. Typically, merchants and farmers belonged to the lower class. If someone wanted to get rich, he became a manager or priest. And literacy was a prerequisite.

Sumerian boys could begin school as soon as they turned seven, but it was expensive. Only the richest people in the city could afford to send their children to school, where they were taught mathematics, history and literacy. Typically, children simply copied what the teacher wrote until they could imitate it exactly.

8. Poor people living outside the city

Not every Sumerian was part of this “upper echelon of society.” Most were lower class, living on farms outside the city walls or helping low-paid artisan workers in the city. While the rich lived in adobe houses with furniture, windows and lamps, the poor had to live in reed tents.

They slept on straw mats on the ground, and all their families lived in such conditions. Life outside the city walls was hard. But people could move up. An industrious family could trade some of their crops to buy more land, or rent out their lands for a profit.

9. Army of Conquerors

Yet life for the poor of Sumer was much better than that of the slaves. Sumerian rulers constantly used enslaved workers in their cities, and recruited slaves simply by raiding people who lived in the mountains. The raiders took these people captive with them and took away all their property. The Sumerian rulers believed that if the gods granted them victory, then the divine will was to make slaves out of the inhabitants of the mountains.

Typically, male slaves were led by women, and female slaves often became completely powerless concubines. Although, it is worth noting that there were also options to gain freedom. A female slave could only marry a free man, although she would have to give her first-born child to her master as payment.

A male slave could do enough to buy his freedom and even get his land. But there was also a downside - no one was immune from slavery. If a free person fell into debt bondage or committed a crime, he was made a slave.

10. Ritual burials

In Sumer, death was a real mystery. The dead were supposedly sent to what the Sumerians called “the land of no return,” but no one knew what was there. Therefore, the Sumerians believed that they would need all the earthly goods they owned in the afterlife.

They were terrified of spending eternity alone and hungry, so the dead were buried with jewelry, gold, food, and even their pet dogs. The rulers “took” with them to another world all their servants and “courtiers,” and sometimes their families.

The civilization of ancient Sumer, its sudden appearance, produced an effect on humanity comparable to a nuclear explosion: a block of historical knowledge shattered into hundreds of small fragments, and years passed before this monolith could be put together in a new way.

The Sumerians, who practically did not “exist” at all one hundred and fifty years before the heyday of their civilization, gave so much to humanity that many still wonder: did they really exist? And if they were, why did they disappear into the darkness of centuries with resigned muteness?

Until the middle of the 19th century, no one knew anything about the Sumerians. Those finds that were later recognized as Sumerian were initially attributed to other periods and other cultures. And this defies explanation: a rich, well-organized, “powerful” civilization has gone so deeply “underground” that it defies logic. Moreover, the achievements of ancient Sumer, as it turned out, are so impressive that it is almost impossible to “hide” them, just as it is impossible to remove Egyptian pharaohs, Mayan pyramids, Etruscan tombstones, and Jewish antiquities from history.

An uplifting deception?

After the phenomenon of Sumerian civilization became a generally accepted fact, many researchers recognized their right to “cultural birthright.” The greatest expert on Sumer, Professor Samuel Noah Kramer, summed up this phenomenon in one of his books, declaring that “history begins in Sumer.” The professor did not sin against the truth - he counted the number of objects the right of discovery of which belonged to the Sumerians, and found that there were at least thirty-nine of them. And most importantly, what kind of items! If one of the ancient civilizations had invented one thing, they would have gone down in history forever! And here there are as many as 39 (!), and one is more significant than the other!

The Sumerians invented the wheel, parliament, medicine and many other things we still use today.

Judge for yourself: in addition to the first writing system, the Sumerians invented the wheel, a school, a bicameral parliament, historians, something like a newspaper or magazine, which historians called “The Farmer's Almanac.” They were the first to study cosmogony and cosmology, compiled a collection of proverbs and aphorisms, introduced literary debates, were the first to invent money, taxes, legislate laws, carry out social reforms, and invent medicine (the recipes by which we obtain medicine in pharmacies also first appeared in ancient Sumer ). They also created a real literary hero, who in the Bible received the name Noah, and the Sumerians called him Ziudsura. It first appeared in the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh long before the Bible was created.

Some Sumerian designs are still used and admired by people today. For example, medicine had a very high level. In Nineveh (one of the Sumerian cities) they discovered a library that had an entire medical department: about a thousand clay tablets! Can you imagine - the most complex medical procedures were described in special reference books, which talked about hygiene rules, operations, even the removal of cataracts and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations! And all this happened around 3500 BC - that is, more than fifty centuries ago!

Considering the antiquity when all this happened, it is very difficult to comprehend other achievements of the civilization hidden between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

The Sumerians were fearless travelers and outstanding sailors who built the world's first ships. One of the inscriptions excavated in the city of Lagash talks about how to repair ships and lists the materials that the local ruler supplied for the construction of the temple. There was everything from gold, silver, copper to diorite, carnelian and cedar.

What can I say: the first brick kiln was also built in Sumer! They also invented a technology for smelting metals from ore, such as copper - for this, the ore was heated to a temperature of over 800 degrees in a closed furnace with a low oxygen supply. This process, called smelting, was carried out when the supply of natural native copper was exhausted. Surprisingly, these innovative technologies were mastered by the Sumerians several centuries after the emergence of civilization.

And in general, the Sumerians made all their discoveries and inventions in a very short time - one hundred and fifty years! During this period of time, other civilizations were just getting on their feet, taking their first steps, but the Sumerians, like a non-stop conveyor belt, supplied the world with examples of inventive thought and brilliant discoveries. Looking at all this, many questions involuntarily arise, the first of which is: what kind of wonderful, mythical people are they, who came from nowhere, gave a lot of useful things - from a wheel to a bicameral parliament - and went into the unknown, leaving behind practically nothing traces?

A unique writing system, cuneiform, is also an invention of the Sumerians. The Sumerian cuneiform script could not be solved for a long time, until English diplomats, and at the same time intelligence officers, took up it.

Judging by the list of achievements, the Sumerians were the founders of the civilization with which history began its record. And if so, then it makes sense to take a closer look at them to understand how this became possible? Where did this mysterious ethnic group get its material for inspiration?

Low Truths

There are many versions about where the Sumerians came from and where their homeland is located, but this mystery has not been completely resolved. Let's start with the fact that even the name “Sumerians” appeared recently - they themselves called themselves black-headed (why is also unclear). However, the fact that their homeland is not Mesopotamia is quite obvious: their appearance, language, culture were completely alien to the tribes living in Mesopotamia at that time! Moreover, the Sumerian language is not related to any of the languages ​​that have survived to this day!

Most historians are inclined to believe that the original habitat of the Sumerians was a certain mountainous area in Asia - it is not for nothing that the words “country” and “mountain” are written the same in the Sumerian language. And taking into account their ability to build ships and be at ease with water, they lived either on the seashore or next to it. The Sumerians also came to Mesopotamia by water: first they appeared in the Tigris delta, and only then began to develop the swampy, unsuitable shores for life.

Having drained them, the Sumerians erected various buildings, both on artificial embankments or on terraces made of mud brick. This method of construction is most likely not typical of lowland inhabitants. Based on this, scientists have suggested that their homeland is the island of Dilmun (the current name is Bahrain). This island, located in the Persian Gulf, is mentioned in the Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh. The Sumerians called Dilmun their homeland, their ships visited the island, but modern researchers believe that there is no serious evidence that Dilmun was the cradle of ancient Sumer.

Gilgamesh, surrounded by bull-like people, supports a winged disk - a symbol of the Assyrian god Ashur

There is also a version that the homeland of the Sumerians was India, Transcaucasia and even West Africa. But then it is not clear: why at that time there was no special progress observed in the notorious Sumerian homeland, but in Mesopotamia, where the fugitives sailed, there was an unexpected takeoff? And what kind of ships, for example, were there in Transcaucasia? Or in Ancient India?

There is also a version that the Sumerians are the descendants of the indigenous population of the sunken Atlantis, the Atlanteans. Supporters of this version claim that this island-state died as a result of a volcanic eruption and a giant tsunami that even covered the continent. Despite the controversy of this version, it at least explains the mystery of the origin of the Sumerians.

If we assume that a volcanic eruption on the island of Santorini, located in the Mediterranean Sea, destroyed the Atlantean civilization in its very heyday, why not assume that part of the population escaped and subsequently settled in Mesopotamia? But the Atlanteans (if we assume that it was they who inhabited Santorini) had a highly developed civilization, which was famous for its excellent sailors, architects, doctors, who knew how to build a state and manage it.

The most reliable way to establish a family connection between certain peoples is to compare their languages. The connection can be close - then the languages ​​are considered to belong to the same language group. In this sense, all peoples, including those that disappeared long ago, have linguistic relatives among the peoples living to this day.

But the Sumerians are the only people who have no linguistic relatives! They are unique and inimitable in this too! And the deciphering of their language and writing was accompanied by a number of circumstances that cannot be called anything other than suspicious.

British trace

The most important point in the long chain of circumstances that led to the discovery of ancient Sumer was that it was found not thanks to the curiosity of archaeologists, but in... the offices of scientists. Alas, the right to discover the most ancient civilization belongs to linguists. Trying to understand the secrets of the wedge-shaped letter, they, like detectives in a detective novel, followed the trail of a hitherto unknown people.

But at first this was nothing more than a guess, until in the middle of the 19th century, employees of the British and French consulates began searching (as you know, most consular employees are professional intelligence officers).

Behistun inscription

At first it was a British army officer, Major Henry Rawlinson. In 1837-1844, this inquisitive military man, a decipherer of Persian cuneiform, copied the Behistun Inscription, a trilingual inscription on a rock between Kermanshah and Hamadan in Iran. The major deciphered this inscription, made in ancient Persian, Elamite and Babylonian, for 9 years (by the way, a similar inscription was on the Rosetta Stone in Egypt, which was found under the leadership of Baron Denon, also a diplomat and intelligence officer, who was once exposed for espionage from Russia).

Even then, some scholars began to suspect that the translation from the ancient Persian language was suspicious and similar to the language of the embassy code talkers. But Rawlinson immediately introduced scientists to clay dictionaries made by the ancient Persians. It was they who pushed scientists to search for the ancient civilization that existed in these places.

Ernest de Sarzhak, another diplomat, this time French, also joined this search. In 1877 he found a figurine made in an unknown style. Sarzhak organized excavations in that area and - what do you think? - pulled out from under the ground a whole pile of unprecedented beauty of artifacts. So one fine day, traces were found of the people who gave the world the first writing in history - the Babylonians, the Assyrians, and the later large city-states of Asia Minor and the Middle East.

Amazing luck also accompanied the former London engraver George Smith, who deciphered the outstanding Sumerian epic of Gilgamesh. In 1872 he worked as an assistant in the Egyptian-Assyrian department of the British Museum. While deciphering part of the text written on clay tablets (they were sent to London by Hormuz Rasam, Rawlinson's friend and also an intelligence officer), Smith discovered that a number of the tablets described the exploits of a hero named Gilgamesh.

He realized that part of the story was missing because several tablets were missing. Smith's discovery caused a sensation. The Daily Telegraph even promised £1,000 to anyone who could find the missing pieces of the tale. George took advantage of this and went to Mesopotamia. And what do you think? His expedition managed to find 384 tablets, among which was the missing part of the epic that changed our understanding of the Ancient World.

All these “oddities” and “accidents” accompanying the big discovery have led to the emergence of many supporters of the conspiracy theory in the world, which says: ancient Sumer never existed, it was all the work of a brigade of swindlers!

But why did they need this? The answer is simple: in the middle of the 19th century, Europeans decided to firmly establish themselves in the Middle East and Asia Minor, where there was a clear smell of great profit. But for their presence to appear legitimate, a theory was required to justify their appearance. And then a myth appeared about the Indo-Aryans - the white-skinned ancestors of Europeans who lived here from time immemorial, before the arrival of the Semites, Arabs and other “unclean” ones. This is how the idea of ​​ancient Sumer arose - a great civilization that existed in Mesopotamia and gave humanity the greatest discoveries.

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Kyo, where did they come from? History knows how to keep its secrets. But the casket always opens easily. But the truth lies on the surface. But we dig deeper and find more and more mysteries.

We will begin our study of written cultures with the culture of the Sumerians - the first written civilization. Conventionally, the history of Sumerian civilization can be divided into 5 parts: The first era. About 6000-5500 years ago - the emergence of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. It is impossible to say exactly where these people came from. Perhaps a certain proto-people already lived in this territory, or maybe the Sumerians appeared with a complete store of knowledge. It is this time that is considered the date of the appearance of the Sumerian civilization on the pages of history. They are actively starting to build temples, ziggurats, and sanctuaries. Scientific achievements receive a powerful impetus that defies explanation. The Sumerians have no equal in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, and medicine. Second era. 5500-5000 years ago. This period was marked by rapidly growing cities, a strengthening economy, and an increase in the holdings of the Sumerian civilization. They actively trade, writing and scribe schools appear. The Sumerian city-states, realizing that there is strength in unity, create a political union. Sumerian colonies appeared in Syria, Iran, and Egypt. The trade connections of the ancient Sumerian civilization are amazing. Without any navigational instruments, they reached the distant lands of Africa and Asia, where they established economic relations with local states. From there they, since it was always very difficult to obtain wood in Mesopotamia, delivered cedar. Third era. 5000-4300 years ago. The influence of the Sumerian civilization in the region is weakening, but the Sumerians themselves are becoming a more united people. The northern and southern parts of the country are becoming closely connected. Religious institutions emerge and gradually begin to gain influence and power. Divine commandments are recorded on clay tablets. Servants of cults are gaining increasing influence in the life of Sumerian civilization. This era is marked by the construction of the Tower of Babel, just at this time the Sumerians begin to forget about their language and become more and more assimilated with the Akkadians. Fourth era. 4300-4150 years ago. This period in the history of Sumerian civilization was marked by decline. The Sumerian people merge with the Akkadians, their language and customs are forgotten. The Akkadians become the new rulers and destroy Sumerian temples and foundations. Fifth era. 4150-4000 years ago. The final disappearance of the Sumerian civilization.

Now let's look at the Sumerian civilization in more detail. According to many researchers: M. Belitsky, Sumerians: a forgotten world. ; M., 2000. S. Kramer, History begins in Sumer. ; M., 1991. Sumerians: the first civilization on Earth. ; M., 2002. A. Chernyshov, Sumerians; M., 1993.etc.

The oldest civilization in Asia arose in the south of Mesopotamia (Interfluve), the territory of which is formed by two stormy, unruly rivers; Tigris and Euphrates. They originate in the Armenian Plateau (the territory of modern Turkey) and flow into the Persian Gulf. This region is usually called Western Asia, the Western East, and when it comes to modern events, the Middle East.

In ancient times, the south of Mesopotamia was a flat plain, along which sandstorms often swept, raising clouds of sand and dust. The earth there was cracking from the heat, the scanty vegetation was dying from lack of moisture. Even rivers brought innumerable troubles: their floods destroyed crops, destroyed homes and livestock. There was no sparkling marble, as in Greece, no pink granite, as in Egypt, there was not even simple building stone, no wood, no metals. The only wealth of the territory was clay and reeds. They were used by the people who lived on this land: they built houses from sun-dried clay bricks, made household utensils and tools from baked clay, and used clay as a material for writing.

These short, stocky, big-headed people (this is how they most often portrayed themselves) were surprisingly persistent and hardworking. The Sumerians knew how to drain swamps, build dams, and lay canals into arid lands. They transformed the barren valley: arable lands began to produce high yields, date groves, mimosa, willows and many other plants grew on the irrigated lands. In numerous cities, palaces and temples were built, decorated with colorful mosaics made of colored clay, and various crafts appeared. The Sumerians created a writing system called “cuneiform” because of its appearance.

In appearance, the Sumerians could be attributed more to the Caucasian peoples than to the Indo-European type. Although they bear little resemblance to modern Caucasians. They called themselves blackheads because of their blue-black hair. The Sumerians' figures were stocky, and their faces were more often round than any other shape. Another sign is large thoroughbred noses.

In the process of assimilation, creating marriages with other local peoples, the appearance of the Sumerians changed greatly. The Babylonians already had more elongated oval faces, and their figures became slimmer. Men's fashion for not having a mustache has also changed. If the Sumerians preferred a clean-shaven face, then their descendants became adherents of mustaches, sideburns and beards.

The Sumerians loved to dress beautifully, especially since the choice of outfits was very large due to the developed textile industry. By the way, subsequently the textile industry degraded, like other industries. But at the height of the Sumerian civilization, fashion trends were followed by both women and men. Sumerian women's attire consisted of either a smooth short-sleeved dress or a woven or woolen kaunakes skirt and jacket. The length of the skirt was just below the knee. In cold weather, representatives of ancient civilization wore a woolen cloak with a belt. The Sumerians, by the way, were the people who invented stockings. In addition to stockings, sandals or boots were worn on the feet. Representatives of some classes did not have shoes and walked barefoot. Everyone, without exception, did not wear shoes in their homes.
The Sumerians observed all modern rules of hygiene, used toiletries, and women took care of their nails, removed excess facial hair and constantly carried a manicure knife and tweezers hanging on a ring. Also, women already used perfumes and cosmetics at that time. They used blush, lined their eyes and eyebrows, and applied lipstick and eye shadow. Palms and feet were painted with henna, and tattoos were applied to the skin of the arms and body. Cosmetics were stored in special jars and sinks. When applying cosmetics, bronze mirrors on the handle were used, and hair was combed using a comb made of wood or ivory.

A bronze mirror, various jewelry, and tattoos on her body were found in the grave of Princess Ukok in Altai. The age of the burial is 2400 -2300 years. There is continuity between the Scythian (3000 - 2000 years ago) and Sumerian (6000 - 4000 years ago) cultures, despite the age difference of about 1000 years.

The question of the time of the appearance of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and their ancestral homeland still remains unresolved. Scientists have put forward various hypotheses, and the latest research not only has not brought a final solution, but has made it even more difficult. And the Sumerian language also baffles researchers. Neither among the ancient nor among the modern languages ​​has it been possible to find one that had even a distant relationship with the language of the Sumerians. But thanks to written monuments; clay tablets; preserved in large numbers to our time, we know what the Sumerians looked like, how they ran their households, what gods they believed in, how they raised children, and much more.

Samuel Kramer, who is the largest expert on Sumer in the book “History Begins in Sumer,” described in detail the life and way of life of this ancient people: “The cities built by the Sumerians became centers of progress. Life was in full swing in the labyrinth of cramped streets. Carts rumbled along the pavements, the hammers of carpenters making tables and chairs clattered, the furnaces of glassblowers and bronze foundries smoked with heat. Local weavers made fine fabrics from flax.”

In Sumer, barter trade flourished using the so-called “payment stones”; a prototype of future money.

Typically, a third of urban areas were allocated to gardens and vegetable gardens. The grown grains were used as food; the Sumerians used them to cook porridge, flavoring it with honey and dates. They baked bread and roasted locusts in spherical ovens.

Ladies of that distant era wore wigs, loved precious jewelry, and among the accessories of the ladies' toilet there were even tiny spoons to clean ear wax. For men, the upper body was often simply naked, and a woolen skirt replaced pants. The man's head was shaved and his beard was cut in the shape of a rectangular board; they did not recognize mustaches,

The Sumerians organized carnivals: once a year, at a festival, men dressed in women's clothing, and women; in a soldier's uniform.

In the city one could meet a whole army of scribes who, with sharp thin sticks, wrote onto clay everything that seemed important: legislative acts and sacred texts, tax payments, business letters, notes from lovers, mathematical exercises. During excavations in the archives of Sumerian cities, tens of thousands of tablets were found, from which it is clear what great importance the Sumerians attached to reporting and drawing up business documents. Everything was recorded, accounted for and written down on a tablet.

The Sumerians showed an amazing passion for scientific knowledge, becoming the first mathematicians and astronomers of antiquity, and their achievements in geography, physics, chemistry, medicine, history, philology, military affairs and agriculture amaze modern scientists.

Residents of this state conducted observations of the stars and planets. Thousands of clay tablets have been found containing hundreds of astronomical terms. Some of these tablets contained mathematical formulas and astronomical tables with which the Sumerians could predict solar eclipses, various phases of the moon, and the trajectories of the planets. The Sumerians measured the rising and setting of visible planets and stars relative to the earth's horizon, using the same system that is used today. We also adopted from them the division of the celestial sphere into three segments - northern, central and southern (among the Sumerians, these are the “path of Enlil”, “path of Anu” and “path of Ea”). In fact, all modern concepts of spherical astronomy, including the complete spherical circle of 360 degrees, the zenith, the horizon, the axes of the celestial sphere, the poles, the ecliptic, the equinox, all originated in Sumer.

All the knowledge of the Sumerians regarding the movement of the Sun and the Earth was combined in the world's first solar-lunar calendar, which they created, which began in 3760 BC. This calendar consisted of 12 lunar months of approximately 354 days, and then added 11 additional days to create a complete solar year.
Long before Pythagoras, the Sumerians were able to calculate the right triangle. They were also capable of quadratic equations with many unknowns, and they were also familiar with the number “pi.”

The Sumerians used a sexagesimal number system. Although cumbersome, it allowed them to calculate fractions and multiply numbers up to millions, take roots and raise to powers. In some respects this system was even superior to the decimal system we currently use. Firstly, the number 60 has ten prime factors, while the number 100 has only 7. Secondly, it is the only system ideally suited for geometric calculations, which is why it continues to be used today. for example, dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
We rarely realize that we owe not only our geometry, but also our modern way of calculating time, to the Sumerian sexagesimal number system. It is based on the division of an hour into 60 minutes, and minutes into 60 seconds. Echoes of the Sumerian number system were preserved in the division of the day into 24 hours, and the year into 12 months.

Sumerian doctors could heal fractures, amputate diseased organs, remove eyesores, and systematize diseases. The famous library of Ashurbanipal had a large medical department. Medical procedures were described in special reference books, which contained descriptions of diseases, information about hygiene rules, and the use of alcohol for disinfection during surgical operations.

It seems incredible, but the Sumerians knew how to make alloys - a process by which different metals are chemically combined when heated in a furnace. The Sumerians learned to produce bronze, a hard but easily workable metal, and knew how to alloy copper with tin. Their language had about thirty words for different types of copper of different qualities, and they always called tin only by one word "AMMA", which literally means "Heavenly Stone

The Sumerians were excellent travelers and explorers - they are also credited with inventing the world's first sea and river vessels. The Sumerian language contains at least 100 words denoting different types of ships, classifying them by size, purpose and type of cargo transported. Various texts talk about the repair of ships, and about building materials and all kinds of goods transported on ships, ranging from gold, silver, copper, to diorite, carnelian and cedar. In some cases, these materials were transported over thousands of kilometers.

Professor Kramer names 39 objects that were discovered by the Sumerians. In addition to the first writing system, he included in this list the wheel, the first schools, the first bicameral parliament, and the first “farmer's almanac.” The first collection of proverbs and aphorisms appeared in Sumer, and literary debates took place for the first time. Here the first book catalog appeared, the first money was circulated, taxes began to be introduced for the first time, the first laws were adopted and social reforms were carried out, and attempts were made for the first time to achieve peace and harmony in society. The Sumerians invented the diamond drill, the water-lifting wheel, and built the world's first aqueduct.

The Sumerians highly valued wisdom, which they believed was concentrated in the ears of man; therefore, many images of people were distinguished by their large protruding ears. Sumerian rulers often ordered to capture themselves in a special “builder’s pose” - with a drawing of a building spread out on their knees, with a small bucket of raw clay placed at their feet. These people loved to build more than to fight, and the image of a creator, according to the Sumerians, was more suitable for a ruler than the image of a warrior. Despite this, they had powerful military equipment for those times: mounted troops, ramming guns, and even floating bridges made of wineskins. The Sumerians built fortresses. For example, the city of Uruk, where more than one hundred thousand inhabitants lived, was surrounded by a ten-kilometer wall on which 800 defensive towers rose.

The Sumerians created a rich and complex culture that became a role model throughout Mesopotamia (Interfluve). Sumerian cuneiform was subsequently used by many peoples who adapted it to their languages.

According to Yuri Lednev, “Secrets of the first civilizations of Sumer. Vimana" M., 2012, "Even from the school course on ancient history, we remember that the very first highly developed civilization was ancient Egypt, a state that, according to academic science, appeared 3500–4000 BC. Later, this baton was taken over by another hypothesis, as soon as in the region of Mesopotamia (in the southeast of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) archaeologists discovered traces of the more ancient civilization of the Sumerians, the emergence of which dates back to 4 thousand years BC. According to the artifacts found, the city of Sumer had all the signs of a highly developed civilization. For example, in their mathematical calculations, the Sumerians used the ternary number system. They were familiar with the numbers “Pi” and “Phi” (also called the Fibonacci number). In Sumerian legends one can find a description of the structure and development of the solar system. In those distant times, many peoples were attracted to the fertile oases of Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians. There is no reliable data on the nature of the Sumerians in science yet, and it is also unknown where they disappeared. The Sumerians were good farmers, using a special system of water canals to irrigate their lands. The Sumerians had their own cuneiform script, it is also believed that they invented the wheel and had a broad understanding of astronomy and mathematics. The Sumerians built amazing cities. The most important Sumerian city of that time was Uruk. Approximately 3 thousand years BC it was one of the largest cities in the world, with a population of about 100 thousand people, and also a center of worship of the god Unu and the goddess Inanna. The Sumerian state was formed as a result of the merger of several settlements, under the names of Kulaba, Eana and Uruk, and occupied an area of ​​​​about 125 hectares, where it was the center of Mesopotamia. The entire territory of Uruk was surrounded by a nine-kilometer brick wall, erected during the reign of King Gilgamesh. The Epic of King Gilgamesh is considered the first literary work in history. The wall was erected as a defensive fortification as a result of numerous wars with other states that took place over a long period of time. The legend “Gilgamesh and Aga” tells us about this, which tells about the wars of the city of Uruk with the city of Kish. The victory of King Gilgamesh brought the city of Uruk dominance over the entire Southern Mesopotamia and remained throughout the reign of the first dynasty. In the middle of the third millennium it was replaced by the Ur dynasty. Then Uruk is conquered by Sargon the Ancient, destroying almost all the walls of the huge city and incorporating it into the newly formed state of Akkad. Uruk retained its importance as a major trade and craft center throughout subsequent times. Numerous ruins of the Ziggurat, the “palace of the Parthian kings” (built by King Karaindash), as well as an ancient temple have survived to this day. For a long time, Uruk remained the center of all epic traditions telling of the Sumerian gods and the stories of King Gilgamesh. Only the smallest part of the ruins of that former state has been explored today. Nowadays Mesopotamia is considered the “cradle” of all civilizations. The Sumerians were a very mysterious people, leaving behind many secrets and food for thought for scientists and researchers.

For example, one of the mysteries is that the Sumerians divided the entire human history into two main stages: before the flood and after the flood. Before the flood, ten kings ruled the Sumerian lands. The Babylonian priest Berossus, who lived in the third century BC and systematized all Sumerian mythology, tells us about this. The second riddle is kept in the Berlin State Museum, where one of the Akkadian cylinder seals depicts a large circle with six rays, and around it there are eleven more circles. Obviously, this is the structure of the solar system and this is 3 thousand years ago! But the mystery here is not this, but the fact that Pluto is depicted here not as a planet, but as a satellite of Saturn, and between Jupiter and Mars a small circle is shown, approximately four times larger in size than the Earth. The Sumerians identified this circle as the twelfth planet of the solar system and called it Nibiru, and in the mythology of ancient Babylon this planet was also called Marduk, which means “Taurus”. The orbit of the planet Nibiru is very elongated, but every 3600 years Nibiru crosses the Solar System, and the name “Nibiru” is translated as “crossing.” The Sumerians have a lot associated with this planet, from legends describing the origins of life on earth to subsequent global cataclysms. Scientists themselves have long admired such deep and accurate knowledge of the ancient Sumerians about the structure of our solar system, making only one small amendment to the fact that the Sumerians, after all, made two small mistakes: they called Pluto a satellite and claimed that it rotates between Jupiter and Mars some kind of planet unknown to science. And such an “oversight” was considered such only until recently, until, relatively recently, astronomers recognized that Pluto is not a planet, and that between Jupiter and Mars, in fact, the orbit of a large planet once passed, next to which there were many unknown asteroids origin.

The essence of the question here is that the Sumerians were the bearers of ancient secret knowledge about the past of our planet, which we have already seen more than once, let us recall at least the Sumerians’ knowledge about the structure of the solar system. In this entire mythological story that the Sumerians told us, in addition to the structure of the solar system, much is now recognized by scientists, except, of course, the version about the “alien” origin of humanity. It is believed that most of the Biblical Old Testament was taken precisely from Sumerian legends.

Obviously, this was one of the most ancient human civilizations bestowed by the Gods. A civilization that, for unknown reasons, disappeared from the face of the earth, leaving behind many secrets and mysteries. So why and where did this civilization disappear? Zecharia Sitchin connects the disappearance of the Sumerians with the war between the Gods beyond the Cosmodrome on the Sinai Peninsula. Indeed, in the Sinai Peninsula there are huge areas of melting rocks, which is a consequence of the release of high-temperature gases, such as from modern rockets. Official science has to doubt the reliability of these judgments. It is difficult to argue about what was not reflected in ancient textbooks and books, or in the memory of any people. Could ancient people really fly in spaceships and wage wars like in science fiction films? “Nonsense,” the skeptics will say. “Yes, that’s exactly how it happened!” - supporters of the theory of paleocontact, or simply people with a rich imagination, will say. Here we can agree that at school we were not taught that our ancestors traveled on aircraft. We do not study in aviation schools and universities the methods of construction and designs of ancient “airplanes”. And science, as we know, in its judgments relies exclusively on any sources, primarily written ones. But where can you get books that are several thousand years old? It turns out that such books exist. Many people began to turn to ancient sources, images, artifacts of various peoples of the world, which directly indicate, not even indirectly, that such aircraft actually existed. One of such descriptions is considered to be the manuscript “Vimanika Shastra”, found in one of the temples of India in 1875. It is believed that this manuscript was written by Bharadwaja the Wise in the 4th century BC, who took even more ancient texts as a basis. That's when the scientists started getting headaches. They are used to the fact that the airplane was invented only in the middle of the 19th century, but here they have this.”

According to Wikipedia, the Sumerians are a people who in later written documents call themselves “black-headed” (Sumerian “sang-ngiga”, Akkadian “tsalmat-kakkadi”).

They were a people ethnically, linguistically and culturally alien to the Semitic tribes who settled Northern Mesopotamia at approximately the same time or somewhat later. The Sumerian language, with its bizarre grammar, is not related to any of the surviving languages. Attempts to find their original homeland have so far ended in failure.

Apparently, the country from which the Sumerians came was located somewhere in Asia, rather in a mountainous area, but located in such a way that its inhabitants were able to master the art of navigation. Evidence that the Sumerians came from the mountains is their way of building temples, which were erected on artificial embankments or on terraced hills made of brick or clay blocks. It is unlikely that such a custom could have arisen among the inhabitants of the plains. It, along with their beliefs, had to be brought from their ancestral homeland by the inhabitants of the mountains, who paid honor to the gods on the mountain peaks. And another piece of evidence is that in the Sumerian language the words “country” and “mountain” are written the same way.

There is also a lot to suggest that the Sumerians came to Mesopotamia by sea. Firstly, they primarily appeared in river mouths. Secondly, in their ancient beliefs the main role was played by the gods Anu, Enlil and Enki.

The gods were depicted with wings and a halo above their heads, the Goddess Enlil for some reason is depicted with flippers, the gods were depicted with hooves and a tail, this is how devils are drawn now,

And finally, as soon as they settled in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians immediately began organizing irrigation, navigation and navigation along rivers and canals. The first Sumerians to appear in Mesopotamia were a small group of people. There was no need to think about the possibility of mass migration by sea at that time. The Sumerian epic mentions their homeland, which they considered the ancestral home of all humanity - the island of Dilmun, but there are no mountains on this island. Dilmu;n (possibly the modern island of Bahrain) is an island in the Persian Gulf known to the ancient Sumerians. In the ideas of the Sumerians, Dilmun was represented as the birthplace of humanity and the cradle of civilization in general and the Sumerian people in particular. Through Dilmun, copper, precious stones, pearls and certain vegetables were exported to Sumer; in return, a variety of products were exported from Mesopotamia through the island,

Having settled at the mouths of the rivers, the Sumerians captured the city of Eredu. This was their first city. Later they began to consider it the cradle of their statehood. Over the years, the Sumerians moved deeper into the Mesopotamian plain, building or conquering new cities. For the most distant times, the Sumerian tradition is so legendary that it has almost no historical significance. It was already known from Berossus’ data that the Babylonian priests divided the history of their country into two periods: “before the flood” and “after the flood.” Berossus, in his historical work, notes 10 kings who ruled “before the flood” and gives fantastic figures for their reign. The same data is given by the Sumerian text of the 21st century BC. e., the so-called “Royal List”. In addition to Eredu, the “Royal List” names Bad Tibiru, Larak (later unimportant settlements), as well as Sippar in the north and Shuruppak in the center as “antediluvian” centers of the Sumerians. This newcomer people subjugated the country without displacing - the Sumerians simply could not do this - the local population, but on the contrary, they adopted many of the achievements of the local culture.

The identity of material culture, religious beliefs, and socio-political organization of various Sumerian city-states does not at all prove their political community. On the contrary, it is more likely to assume that from the very beginning of the Sumerian expansion into Mesopotamia, rivalry arose between individual cities, both newly founded and conquered.
The origins of this population group and the ancestry of the Sumerian language are part of a larger historical problem known in scientific literature as the "Sumerian problem".

The ethnonym "Sumerians" is a scientific abstraction used to designate the ancient non-Semitic population of Mesopotamia who spoke a known language. The “Sumerians” themselves did not clearly separate themselves from their neighbors, the Semites-Akkadians: both had the same self-name - “black-headed” (Sum. sag-gig-ga, Akkadian; almat qaqqadim). The name is taken from the name of the country from the title of the ancient Assyrian kings "king of Sumer and Akkad". Since the Semitic-speaking population of Mesopotamia - Akkadians, Babylonians and ancient Assyrians called their language “Akkadian”, early researchers designated another, difficult to decipher language as “Sumerian”, and its speakers as “Sumerians”

The origin of the Sumerians is one of the most difficult scientific problems. Basically, the “Sumerian question” was formulated at the end of the 19th century. F. Weisbach. Initially, many studies were related to the search for the “Sumerian ancestral home.” This was due to the acceptance in the scientific community of the concept of the initial flooding of Southern Mesopotamia by the waters of the Persian Gulf and the gradual retreat of the sea due to the progradation of the Tigro-Euphrates delta. Since such a model rejected the existence of any aboriginal population in Sumer before a certain time, the question arose about the origins of the Sumerian civilization. Various researchers placed the “Sumerian ancestral home” in Arabia (W. K. Loftus), Elam (G. Frankfort, E. Perkins), and connected it with the Harappan civilization. After the publication in 1952 of an article by geologists J. M. Lees and N. L. Folken, proving the insignificant effect of progradation, a separate branch of discussion and research appeared, primarily of a geological orientation. In the course of these studies, it was established that the Persian Gulf was formed relatively recently (approximately from the 8th millennium BC), that its coastline constantly fluctuated, but in general, never flooded the entire south of Mesopotamia, and that in Ubaid times, which date the earliest finds in Sumer, the water level was approximately equal to the modern one. Indications that, due to severe climatic conditions, the existence of a permanent population in Lower Mesopotamia is impossible without irrigation skills (and such skills could only arise in sufficiently developed societies) are refuted by ethnographic information and data on the productivity of the resources of swamps and reed beds of the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates. However, the low slope of the valley of the great rivers, which led to frequent flooding, and the high level of groundwater have not yet allowed archaeologists to discover layers in Lower Mesopotamia that predate the Ubaid time; a possible exception, Tell el-Wayli, was located on a hill and is by far the earliest site in Sumer. Finds from Tell el-Wayli indicate the connection of the inhabitants of this monument with the Samarra culture and the traditions of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Syria.

From the middle of the 20th century. Research on the Sumerian problem finally moved into the field of linguistics. Basically, these works were looking for genetic connections to the Sumerian language, which today is considered isolated. These searches are complicated by a double distortion of the language: the Sumerian cuneiform was deciphered through the completely alien Akkadian language, and that, in turn, through other unrelated languages, including ancient Greek. As a result, many hypotheses have been put forward linking Sumerian with many languages ​​of Eurasia, but to date, none of these hypotheses is generally accepted.
The Sumerians themselves in their myths call the island of Dilmun the ancestral home of humanity, the description of which contains archetypal features of the golden age and the lost paradise. The toponym “Dilmun” is also found in historical texts and is identified with modern Bahrain, but the Mesopotamian finds in Bahrain are younger than the Sumerian ones. On the other hand, recent geological and archaeological studies indicate the likelihood of the existence in the Pleistocene era of a huge oasis located on the site of the Persian Gulf before the latter was flooded by the waters of the Indian Ocean (the so-called Gulf Oasis), however, due to the lack of material, it is not yet possible to draw any reliable parallels does not seem possible.

Anthropological features of the Sumerians are a subject of debate; this situation is due to two factors: 1) the small number and poor preservation of anthropological material, 2) the long coexistence of the Sumerians with representatives of other population groups, the “ethnic” mixture of burials, the difficulty of establishing the “ethnic” affiliation of the skeletons. In general, researchers attribute the ancient population of Southern Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean type of the Caucasian race. These are people with dark skin, dark eyes, straight nose, dark straight or curly hair; The population of modern Southern Iraq also has this appearance. At the same time, researchers made an attempt to identify the actual “Sumerian” features. In particular, A. Mortgat suggested differences in the cranial index between the Sumerians and the Semites/Akkadians; He considered dolichocephaly to be a characteristic feature of the former, and brachycephaly of the latter. G. Frankfort made an attempt to establish the anthropological type of the Sumerians from ancient images; According to his research, the Sumerians, on the contrary, were short-headed. Subsequent researchers were skeptical about G. Frenkfort's thesis, pointing out the distortion and unrepresentativeness of these images for anthropological research.

Sumerian is an agglutinative language; forms and derivatives are formed by adding unambiguous affixes (unlike inflected languages ​​such as Russian, where affixes are usually ambiguous). Agglutination is characteristic of the Uralic, Altai, Philippine, Dravidian languages, Basque languages, some Indian peoples, etc. From the point of view of the strategy for encoding verbal actants, Sumerian is an ergative language, that is, its grammar is not dominated by the opposition of subject and object, carried out in languages ​​of the nominative structure , but a contrast between the agent (the producer of the action) and the patient (the bearer of the action). This feature is characteristic of the languages ​​of the Caucasian peoples, Burushaski, Basque, Papuan, Australian, Chukchi-Kamchatka, Eskimo-Aleut, and Indian languages. Phonology is reconstructed in the most general terms. The name was divided into classes, had categories of number (1 singular and 6 plural), case (9 in total) and possessiveness. The verb had the categories of person, number, class, aspect, mood and orientation. There were 12 inclinations. The usual word order in Sumerian is SOV (subject - object - predicate). It is known that there are two dialects: Eme-Gir and Eme-Sal

Sumerian writing underwent an evolution from semi-pictographic writing, which, according to D. Schmandt-Besser, dates back to registration marks (known in the Middle East since the 9th millennium BC) to a relatively ordered cuneiform script. After the disappearance of Sumerian from everyday communication, it was used for a long time as the language of worship and science.
Modern researchers see no obstacles to the existence of the population in Lower Mesopotamia in the pre-Ubaid era (that is, before the 6th-5th millennium BC); however, it is not yet possible to determine whether the ancestors of the Sumerians were among this population. Around the 6th millennium, traces of colonization of the region by newcomers from Central and Upper Mesopotamia, possibly Elam and the Eastern Mediterranean, have been recorded. Connections with a particular region are evidenced by architectural features, the nature of ceramics and some other features. Apparently, the main role was played by people from the north (representatives of the Samarran and Halaf cultures), who had skills in irrigation, monumental construction, specialization of crafts, economic accounting, etc. In Lower Mesopotamia they founded autonomous colonies (like Tell el-Wayli), living off irrigation and the resources of the surrounding rivers and swamps. Over time, some colonies turned into large centers, proto-cities (the most striking example is Eredu, inhabited continuously from the Ubaid 1 phase until historical times). It is possible that early contacts with northern colonists led to the Sumerians borrowing a number of “cultural terms” (the so-called “proto-Euphrates substrate”); The names of some famous cities of Lower Mesopotamia - Larsa, Babylon, etc. - also have a non-Sumerian etymology.

In the Ubaid time (approximately V - early IV millennium BC), the economic rise of Lower Mesopotamia was recorded. When irrigation is used, the local alluvium is particularly fertile; The abundance of agricultural products leads to rapid population growth, accumulation of surpluses, and deepening social differentiation. The skills of the early farmers of Northern Mesopotamia - monumental construction, interregional exchange, economic accounting, division of labor, metal processing, etc. are rapidly developing in the south. As a result, by the end of the Ubaid time, the first temples appeared in Lower Mesopotamia (in Eredu, Uruk), proto-cities, the first irrigation networks, the first nomes, etc. were formed. The ethnic composition of Lower Mesopotamia of the Ubaid time is unclear, but the ancestors of the Sumerians could have been among the local population. One way or another, the obvious continuity of the material culture of this time with the subsequent “Sumerian” eras allows some researchers to call the culture of Ubaid Southern Mesopotamia “proto-Sumerian”.

Further progress is observed in the Uruk era (second half of the 4th millennium BC). The vast majority of researchers accept the thesis about the presence or predominance of the Sumerian population in Lower Mesopotamia at this time. Uruk is a Bronze Age culture that replaced the Chalcolithic Ubaid. The expansion of irrigation networks, the development of specialization of production, the rapid growth of proto-cities against the background of deepening social differentiation could be the reasons for such a phenomenon as Sumerian colonization. The Sumerian colonies were well-fortified fortresses with a well-thought-out layout (examples are the monuments of Habub Kabir, Jebel Aruda, etc.), created in strategically important places (near crossings, on trade routes, etc.). The main object of colonization was Northern Mesopotamia, where southern influence became strong during Ubaid times (the so-called “northern Ubaid”). In the indigenous zone of the Sumerian civilization, the foundations of statehood were laid. At the end of Uruk time, during the period of Jemdet Nasr (late 4th - early 3rd millennium BC; often distinguished as a separate period), images of rulers and priest-kings appeared, semi-pictographic writing already existed, city-states were formed, complex temple administration, monumental construction is underway, predatory campaigns are carried out in neighboring countries. Thus, by the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. e. The foundations of the Sumerian civilization were formed.

The subsequent period of the Early Dynasties (approximately XXVIII - XXIV centuries BC) is the heyday of the Sumerian civilization. At that time, the latter covered the territories of Lower Mesopotamia - the regions of Ki-Engi (Sumer proper) and Ki-Uri (later Akkad). For unknown reasons, Uruk colonization had ceased by the time of the RD, and the presence of the Sumerian population in the centers north of Ki-Uri is a subject of debate. In the Early Dynastic era, Lower Mesopotamia was a conglomerate of city-states or nomes constantly warring among themselves. The most important centers of Sumer (Ki-Engi) were Ur and Uruk, in Ki-Uri - Kish. A special place was occupied by the vast nome of Lagash, which initially apparently was under the hegemony of Kish. At the end of the Early Dynastic period, the vast majority of the nomes of Sumer and Ki-Uri found themselves united under the rule of Lugalzagesi. However, the Akkadian revolt put an end to this confederation.

Since ancient times, Eastern Semites lived in the neighborhood of the Sumerians. The circumstances and time of their appearance in Lower Mesopotamia remain the subject of debate and are not known for certain. The Eastern Semites were a minority in Sumer (Ki-Engi), but in the region of Ki-Uri their proportion was significant. In the XXIV century. BC e. The Akkadian kingdom arose in Ki-Uri, whose rulers and language were Semitic. The Akkadians (as the Eastern Semites have since been called) were able to establish control over the city-states of Sumer. The suppression of uprisings and terror of the Akkadian kings leads to a decline in culture in Sumer. In the XXII century. BC e. The lands of Sumer and Akkad were united under the rule of the Third Dynasty of Ur, whose kings patronized Sumerian culture in every possible way. Despite the visible “Sumerian revival”, at this time the peak of Semitization of the population of Ki-Enga was observed: Akkadian was rapidly displacing Sumerian from spoken language.
After the collapse of the powers of the III dynasty of Ur, the lands of Sumer and Akkad fell under the rule of the Amorites. Subsequently, this territory was subjugated by the Babylonian kings. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. As a result of the mixing of the Sumerians with the Akkadians and some other ethnic groups, the Babylonians were formed.

Now there is not much fiction. According to Aktore Bazarov, “perhaps the Sumerian civilization is the most ancient on Earth. Their first civilization arose in a mind-boggling time: no less than 445 thousand years ago. Many scientists have struggled and are struggling to solve the mystery of the most ancient people on the planet, but mysteries still remain.

Niberu's next passage through the solar system is expected between 2100 and 2158. According to the Sumerians, the planet Niberu was inhabited by conscious beings - the Anunaki. Their lifespan was 360,000 Earth years. They were real giants: women were from 3 to 3.7 meters tall, and men from 4 to 5 meters.

It is worth noting here that, for example, the ancient ruler of Egypt Akhenaten was 4.5 meters tall, and the legendary beauty Nefertiti was about 3.5 meters tall. Already in our time, two unusual coffins were discovered in Akhenaten’s city of Tel el-Amarna. In one of them, directly above the head of the mummy, an image of the Flower of Life was engraved. And in the second coffin, the bones of a seven-year-old boy, whose height was about 2.5 meters, were found. Now this coffin with the remains is on display in the Cairo Museum.

In Sumerian cosmogony, the main event is called the “celestial battle,” a catastrophe that occurred 4 billion years ago and changed the appearance of the solar system.

A sensational discovery by astronomers in recent years has been the discovery of a set of fragments of some celestial body that have a common orbit corresponding to the orbit of the unknown planet Nibiru.

The Sumerian manuscripts contain information that can be interpreted as information about the origin of intelligent life on Earth. According to these data, the genus Homo sapiens was created artificially as a result of genetic engineering about 300 thousand years ago. Thus, perhaps humanity is a civilization of biorobots.

Six thousand years ago... Civilizations ahead of their time, or the mystery of the climate optimum.

The deciphering of Sumerian manuscripts shocked researchers. Let us give a short and incomplete list of the achievements of this unique civilization, which existed at the dawn of the development of Egyptian civilization, long before the Roman Empire, and even more so Ancient Greece. We are talking about a time about 6 thousand years ago.

After deciphering the Sumerian tables, it became clear that the Sumerian civilization had a number of modern knowledge from the field of chemistry, herbal medicine, cosmogony, astronomy, modern mathematics (for example, it used the golden ratio, the ternary number system, used after the Sumerians only when creating modern computers, used Fibonacci numbers! ), had knowledge of genetic engineering (this interpretation of the texts was given by a number of scientists in the order of the version of the deciphering of the manuscripts), had a modern government system - a jury trial and elected bodies of people's (in modern terminology) deputies, and so on...
Where could such knowledge come from at that time? Let's try to figure it out, but let's look at some facts about that era - 6 thousand years ago. This time is significant because the average temperature on the planet was then several degrees higher than it is now. The effect is called the temperature optimum.

The approach of the double system of Sirius (Sirius-A and Sirius-B) to the Solar system dates back to the same period. At the same time, for several centuries of the 4th millennium BC, instead of one Moon, two were visible in the sky - the second celestial body, comparable in size to the Moon at that time, was the approaching Sirius, an explosion in the system of which occurred again in the same period - 6 thousand years ago!

At the same time, absolutely independent of the development of the Sumerian civilization in central Africa, there was a Dogon tribe, leading a rather isolated way of life from other tribes and nationalities, however, as it became known in our time, the Dogon knew the details of not only the structure of the Sirius star system, but also owned other information from the field of cosmogony.

These are the parallels. But if the Dogon legends contain people from Sirius, whom this African tribe perceived as gods who descended from the sky and flew to Earth due to a catastrophe on one of the inhabited planets of the Sirius system associated with an explosion on the star Sirius, then if you believe the Sumerian According to texts, the Sumerian civilization was associated with settlers from the lost 12th planet of the solar system, the planet Nibiru.

The planet Nibiru plays a special role in the formation of the mysterious Sumerian civilization. So, the Sumerians claim that they had contact with the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru! It was from this planet, according to Sumerian texts, that the Anunaki came to Earth, “descending from heaven to Earth.”

The Bible also testifies in favor of this statement. In the sixth chapter of Genesis there is a mention of them, where they are called nifilim, “descended from heaven.” The Anunaki, according to Sumerian and other sources (where they were called "nifilim"), often mistaken for "gods", "took earthly women as wives."

Here we are dealing with evidence of the possible assimilation of settlers from Nibiru. By the way, if you believe these legends, of which there are many in various cultures, then humanoids not only belonged to the protein form of life, but were also so compatible with earthlings that they were able to have common offspring. Biblical sources also testify to such assimilation. Let us add that in most religions, the gods met with earthly women. Doesn't what has been said indicate the reality of paleocontacts, that is, contacts with representatives of other inhabited celestial bodies that occurred from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of years ago?

How incredible is it that creatures close to human nature exist outside of Earth? Among the supporters of the plurality of intelligent life in the Universe there were many great scientists, among whom it is enough to mention Tsiolkovsky, Vernadsky and Chizhevsky.

However, the Sumerians report much more than the biblical books. According to Sumerian manuscripts, the Anunaki first arrived on Earth approximately 445 thousand years ago, that is, long before the emergence of the Sumerian civilization.

Let's try to find an answer in the Sumerian manuscripts to the question: why did the inhabitants of the planet Nibiru fly to Earth 445 thousand years ago? It turns out that they were interested in minerals, primarily gold. Why?

If we take as a basis the version of an environmental disaster on the 12th planet of the solar system, then we could talk about creating a protective gold-containing screen for the planet. Note that technology similar to the proposed one is now used in space projects.

At first, the Anunaki unsuccessfully tried to extract gold from the waters of the Persian Gulf, and then took up mining in Southeast Africa. Every 3600 years, when the planet Niberu appeared near the earth, gold reserves were sent to it.

According to the chronicles, the Anunaki were mining gold for quite a long time: from 100 to 150 thousand years. And then, as expected, an uprising broke out. The long-lived Anunnaki were tired of working in the mines for hundreds of thousands of years. And then the leaders made a unique decision: to create “primitive workers” to work in the mines.

And the entire process of the creation of man or the process of mixing divine and earthly components - the process of in vitro fertilization - is painted in detail on clay tablets and depicted on the cylinder seals of the Sumerian chronicles. This information literally shocked modern geneticists.

The ancient Hebrew Bible, the Torah, which was born in the ruins of Sumer, attributed the act of creating man to Elohim. This word is given in the plural and should be translated as gods. Well, the purpose of the creation of man is defined very precisely: “... and there was no man to cultivate the land.” The ruler of Niberu Anu and the chief scientist of the Anunaki Enki decided to create “Adamu”. This word comes from "Adamah" (earth) and means "Earthling".

Enki decided to use straight walking anthropomorphic creatures that already lived on earth, and improve them so much that they understood orders and could use tools. They understood that earthly hominids had not yet undergone evolution and decided to speed up this process.

Viewing the universe as a single living and intelligent being, self-organizing on an infinite number of levels, whereby mind and intelligence are permanent cosmic factors, he believed that life on earth originated from the same cosmic seed of life as on his home planet.

In the Torah, Enki is called Nahash, which translated means “snake, serpent” or “one who knows secrets, secrets.” And the emblem of the cult center of Enki were two intertwined snakes. In this symbol you can see a model of the structure of DNA, which Enki was able to unravel as a result of genetic research.

Enki's plans included using primate DNA and Anunaki DNA to create a new race. Enki attracted a young beautiful girl, whose name was Ninti - “the lady who gives life,” as an assistant. Subsequently, this name was replaced by the pseudonym Mami, a prototype of the universal word mom.

The chronicles record the instructions that Enki gave to Ninti. First of all, all procedures must be performed under completely sterile conditions. Sumerian texts repeatedly mention that before working with “clay,” Ninti first washed her hands. As is clear from the text, Enki used in his work the egg of an African female monkey that lived north of Zimbabwe.

The instructions read: “Mix clay (egg) from the base of the earth, which is slightly up (to the north) from Abzu, to the “essence”, and fit it into a mold with the “essence.” I imagine a good, knowledgeable, young Anunaki who will bring the clay (egg) to the desired state... you will pronounce the fate of the newborn... Ninti will embody in him the image of the gods, and what it will become will be Man.”

The divine element, which in the Sumerian chronicles is called “TE-E-MA” and is translated as “essence” or “that which binds memory”, and in our understanding it is DNA, was obtained from the blood of a specially selected Anunaki and processed in a “cleansing bath” " Shiru – sperm – was also taken from the young man.

The word "clay" comes from "TI-IT", translated as "that which accompanies life." A derivative of this word is “egg”. In addition, the texts note that what is called napishtu (the parallel biblical term Naphsh, which is usually not accurately translated as “soul”) was obtained from the blood of one of the gods.

Sumerian texts say that luck did not immediately favor the scientists, and as a result of experiments, ugly hybrids initially appeared. Finally they came to success. The successfully formed egg was then placed in the body of the goddess, whom Ninti agreed to become. As a result of a long pregnancy and caesarean section, the first man, Adam, was born.

Since a lot of industrial workers were needed for the mines, Eve was created to reproduce her own kind by cloning. Unfortunately, this can only be assumed; no descriptions of the details of cloning have yet been found in the Sumerian chronicles. But having passed on to us their image and abilities for intellectual development, the Anunaki did not give us longevity. The Torah says about this: “Elohim said the phrase: “Adam became like one of us... And now, lest he stretch out his hand and take from the tree of life, and eat, and live forever.” And Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden!

More recently, as a result of thorough DNA research, Wesley Brown made an interesting discovery “about the mitochondrial Eve, common to all people on Earth,” who lived in Africa approximately 250,000 years ago. And it turned out that the first human being came from the very valley where, according to the Sumerians, we mined gold!

Later, when the women of the Earth acquired an attractive appearance, the Anunaki began to take them as wives, which also contributed to the development of the intellect of the next generations of people. The Bible of Moses says the following about this: “Then the sons of God saw the daughters of men, and they began to give birth to them. These are strong people who have been famous since ancient times.”

The New Explanatory Bible says the following about this: “This is one of the most difficult passages of the Bible to interpret; The main difficulty lies in determining who can be understood here as “sons of God.” And since the Bible of Moses does not directly say anything about the Anunnaki, the interpreters decided to consider the “sons of God” the descendants of Seth, the third son of Adam and Eve, who “were exponents of all that is good, sublime and good” - “Giants of the Spirit.” Well! If you don’t know about the content of the Sumerian chronicles, then this is still some kind of explanation.
Questions and answers.
1. Who could conduct mine development during the Stone Age?!
Archaeological research confirms that mining was carried out in South Africa during the Stone Age(!). Back in 1970, archaeologists discovered extensive gold mines in Swaziland, up to 20 meters deep. In 1988, an international group of physicists determined the age of the mines - from 80 to 100 thousand years.
2. How do wild tribes know about “artificial people”?
Zulu legends say that these mines were manned by flesh-and-blood slaves artificially created by the “first men.”
3. The second discovery of astronomers testifies - there was a planet Nibiru!
In addition to the above-mentioned discovery of a group of fragments moving along the desired trajectory, corresponding to the ideas of the Sumerians, the recent subsequent discovery of astronomers was no less surprising. Modern astronomical laws confirm that between Mars and Jupiter there must have been planets twice as large as the Earth! This planet was either destroyed as a result of a major catastrophe, or was not formed at all due to the gravitational influence of Jupiter.
4. The Sumerians’ claim about the “heavenly battle” 4 billion years ago is also most likely confirmed by science!
After the discovery of the fact that Uranus, Neptune and Pluto “lie on their sides”, and their satellites lie in a completely different plane, it became clear that collisions of celestial bodies changed the face of the solar system. This means that they could not have been satellites of these planets before the disaster. Where did they come from? Scientists believe that they were formed from emissions from the planet Uranus during the collision.

It is clear that some destructive force of the object collided with these planets, so much so that it was able to rotate their axes. According to modern scientists, this catastrophe, which the Sumerians dubbed the “heavenly battle,” occurred 4 billion years ago. Note that the “heavenly battle” according to the Sumerians does not at all mean the notorious “star wars”. We are talking about a collision of celestial bodies of enormous mass or another similar cataclysm.

Note that the Sumerians quite accurately not only describe the appearance of the solar system before the “heavenly battle” (that is, 4 billion years ago), but also indicate the reasons for that dramatic period! True, it’s a small matter – deciphering figurative phrases and allegories! One thing is clear: the description of the solar system before the catastrophe, when it was still “young”, is information transmitted by someone! By whom?

Thus, the version that the Sumerian texts contain a description of the history of 4 billion years ago has a right to exist!

Personally, I am not a supporter of the above, not many fantastic opinions. I pay tribute to their courage. The truth is somewhere near.

Of course, one cannot deny the existence of more ancient written civilizations than the Sumerians, but little evidence of their existence has been found; the older the culture, the fewer traces remain, the more difficult it is to determine their exact age. According to the laws of history, civilizations periodically arise, flourish and disappear, just like empires. Not long ago, the empire of the Soviet Union collapsed, along with the countries of the Warsaw Pact and other countries of the “Red World”, and in one day, as a result of the strong-willed decision of the leaders of the 3 countries of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, Apparently the time has come,

In thousands of years, scientists will study our civilization and wonder where we came from, invented the car, airplane, telephone, computer, etc. and in just about a hundred years. In an instant from the plow into space. Compared to thousands of years of historical process. Likewise, the Sumerians made a breakthrough in a short period of time of two hundred to three hundred years, it is almost impossible to track it, that’s the whole mystery.

Do not forget about the information field (data bank), the information from which reaches us.

4000 thousand years BC there were no swords, palaces, hierarchy of power, statues, etc., since people were at a very low level of development. This is what historians thought until recently, when Sumerian clay tablets began to tell amazing details.

What has stunned the scientific world so much?

Cuneiform was used for 3 thousand years.

Cuneiform was a writing system made up of wedge-shaped strokes and was originally used to keep accounts and business records, but over time it developed into a real writing system that could be used to write stories and poems, laws and history. Most modern writing systems are derived from Sumerian cuneiform.

The Sumerians were the oldest merchants.

Their land was rich in timber, minerals, and stone, so they established some of the world's first trade routes, both by sea and by land.

The Epic of Gilgamesh may have been written about a real Sumerian.

This ancient poem tells the story of a Sumerian king who fought a forest monster and tried to solve the mystery of eternal life. Although the character is a demigod and has the power of Hercules, scientists believe that he was a real person - the 5th ruler of the city of Uruk. He is mentioned in the Sumerian King List, which tells how he built a protective wall around the city and restored the temple of one of their goddesses. Most likely, he was a real person whose actions were later transformed into myths.

Sumerian mathematics and measures are still used today.

The idea that there are 60 seconds in a minute and 60 minutes in an hour comes from ancient Mesopotamia. Modern mathematics is based on the decimal number system, while Sumerian mathematics was based on sexagesimal. This system was later adopted by the Babylonians, who used it in astronomical calculations of the length of the month and year. The sexagesimal system gradually fell out of use, but its echoes can still be heard in the hour and minute system. This also includes 360 degrees in a circle and 12 inches in a foot.

Sumerian culture was lost to history until the 19th century.

After being conquered by the Babylonians and Amorites in the second millennium BC, the Sumerians gradually lost their cultural identity and ceased to exist as a political force. All knowledge about their history, literature, technology and even their name were eventually forgotten. Their secrets were hidden in the depths of the Iraqi desert until the 19th century, when French and British archaeologists finally stumbled upon Sumerian artifacts while searching for traces of the ancient Assyrians.

The Sumerians may have been the oldest civilization to exist on Earth.

And the oldest city could be Sumerian Eridu, built around 5400 BC.

The Sumerian king Eanatum created the world's first empire.

In the 25th century BC. he undertook a military campaign, as a result of which he captured several neighboring city-states; he later conquered all of Sumer and even extended his power beyond its borders.

The ancient Sumerians have a flood myth similar to the Great Flood story in the Bible.

According to Sumerian legend, the Gods decided to send water to Earth to destroy humanity. However, God Ea warned Ziusudra, the ruler of Shuruppak, and told him to build a large boat. A strong storm rocked the boat for 7 days and 7 nights, and then Utu, the sun god, appeared. After the flood, the animals left the ship, and the Gods gave Ziusudra eternal life in order to “preserve the animals and human seed.”

The Sumerians created the most ancient code of laws.

It was called “The Laws of Ur-Nammu,” after the compiler – the king of the city-state of Ur (the homeland of the biblical prophet Abraham, by the way).

The Sumerians were the first to invent the calendar.

The Sumerians created the world's first schools, the education in which was not inferior (and in some places even superior) to modern ones.

They studied writing, reading, mathematics, history, mapping, linguistics, medicine, and learned how to perform operations.

The population of one of the largest Sumerian cities could be 80 thousand inhabitants.

For us, living in megacities with a population of more than a million people, 80 thousand inhabitants seems like a small number. But for comparison, even in the Middle Ages, a medium-sized city had only 5 thousand inhabitants; in Italy alone, the population of large cities totaled 35-40 thousand people. But the ancient Sumerians lived 5 and a half millennia before the Middle Ages! At the same time, the Sumerians built their houses from clay bricks, and irrigation canals were laid throughout the city.

The list of Sumerian rulers includes one woman.

One of the most valuable sources reporting on the life of the ancient Sumerians is the “Royal List”, which tells about the most ancient rulers of the Sumerians. The history on this list is intertwined with myth. This list includes a woman who became the ruler of one of the Sumerian city-states. She was called Kubaba and was originally a tavern owner. The list says that she strengthened her kingdom and became the ancestor of an entire dynasty of kings who reigned for 100 years.

The Sumerian city-states were often at war with each other.

This was despite the fact that they shared a common language and cultural traditions.

The ancient Sumerians loved... beer.

The Sumerians not only invented writing, the wheel, the plow, laws and literature, they were also one of the oldest brewers. Their brewing technique is still a mystery, but it is known that they made beer based on barley, and it was so thick that it had to be strained through a special filter system. The Sumerians valued their beer for its health benefits and considered it the key to a “joyful heart and a contented liver.”

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