Kuligin says: “Cruel morals... in our city,” talking about the life of the people of the city of Kalinov. In the drama “The Thunderstorm,” it is he who acts as the bearer of the author’s thoughts, exposing the morals of the inhabitants living in the “dark kingdom.” And among the reasons for such morals is the dominant position of wealthy people: “... whoever has money... tries to enslave the poor in order... to make even more money.” People in the city are embittered and find joy when they manage to do something bad to their neighbor: “but among themselves... how they live! Trade... is being undermined... They are fighting....”

The defender of the order established in Kalinov is the page of Feklush, who exclaims admiringly: “You live in the promised land! And the merchants... pious people!” So, N.A. Ostrovsky creates a contrast of opinions when he shows the reader two different points of view on what is happening. Feklusha is the real embodiment of inertia, ignorance and superstition, which enters the houses of influential people in the city of Kalinov. It is with the help of her image that the playwright emphasizes how much what is happening in Kalinov contradicts her assessment, when she continually says: “Splendor, dear, splendor!..”

The embodiment of tyranny, feeble-mindedness, ignorance, and cruelty in the play are the wealthy merchants Kabanova Marfa Ignatievna and Dikoy Savel Prokofievich. Kabanikha is the head of the family, who considers herself right in everything, she holds everyone living in the house in her fist, closely monitors the observance of largely outdated customs and orders based on Domostroy and church prejudices. Moreover, the principles of Domostroy are distorted in her; she takes from it not a wise way of life, but prejudices and superstitions.

Kabanikha is the bearer of the principles of the “dark kingdom”. She is smart enough to understand that her money alone will not give her real power, and that is why she craves obedience from those around her. And according to N.A. Dobrolyubova, for deviating from her established rules, she “gnaws at her victim... relentlessly.” Most of all goes to Katerina, who must bow at her husband’s feet and howl when leaving. She diligently hides her tyranny and tyranny under the guise of piety, and she herself destroys the lives of people around her: Tikhon, Varvara, Katerina. It’s not in vain that Tikhon regrets that he did not die with Katerina: “Good for you..! Why did I stay in the world and suffer?”

Diky, unlike Kabanikha, can hardly be called a bearer of the ideas of the “dark kingdom”; he is simply a narrow-minded and rude tyrant. He is proud of his ignorance and rejects everything new. The achievements of science and culture mean absolutely nothing to him. He's superstitious. The dominant trait of the Wild is the desire for profit and greed; he devotes his life to accumulating and increasing his fortune, while not disdaining any methods.

Despite the gloomy picture of the cruel morals that reign in Kalinov, the playwright leads us to the idea that the oppression of the “dark kingdom” is not eternal, because the death of Katerina served as the beginning of change and became a symbol of the fight against tyranny. Kudryash and Varvara cannot live any longer in this world and therefore run away to distant lands.

To summarize, we can say that N.A. Ostrovsky in his drama exposed the morals of life of the merchant class and the autocratic-serf system of his contemporary Russia, which he did not want to see in society: despotism, tyranny, greed and ignorance.

Essay The cruel morals of the city of Kalinov

The drama “The Thunderstorm,” written by Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky in the mid-nineteenth century, remains a work relevant and understandable to everyone today. Human dramas, difficult life choices and ambiguous relationships between seemingly close people - these are the main issues that the writer touches on in his work, which has become truly iconic for Russian literature.

The small town of Kalinov, located on the banks of the Volga River, amazes with its picturesque places and beautiful nature. However, the man whose foot set foot on such fertile soil managed to ruin absolutely the entire impression of the city. Kalinov is stuck in the highest and strongest fences, and all the houses are similar to each other in their facelessness and grayness. We can say that the inhabitants of the city are very reminiscent of the place where they live, and using the example of the two main negative characters of the play, Marfa Kabanova and Savel Dikiy, I would like to show exactly why.

Kabanova, or Kabanikha, is a very wealthy merchant of the city of Kalinov. She is despotic towards members of her family, and especially towards Katerina, her daughter-in-law, but strangers know her as a person of exceptional decency and kindness. It is not difficult to guess that this virtue is nothing more than a mask behind which hides a truly cruel and evil woman who is not afraid of anyone, and therefore feels complete impunity.

The second negative character of the play, Savel Dikoy, appears to readers as a man of rare ignorance and narrow-mindedness. He does not strive to learn something new, improve and develop, instead preferring to quarrel with someone once again. Dikoy believes that accumulating money is the most important goal in the life of every reasonable person, such as he considers himself to be, so he is always busy looking for easy money.

In my opinion, in his work “At the Bottom” Ostrovsky shows readers how terrible ignorance, limitations and banal human stupidity are. After all, it was Kalinin’s morals that destroyed Katerina, who simply could not live in such an environment and in such a moral atmosphere. The worst thing is that there are very, very many people like Kabanova and Dikoy, we meet them at almost every step, and it is very important to be able to abstract from their harmful and destructive influence and, of course, to realize how important it is to remain a bright and kind person .

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Gogol made the officials of an ordinary district town the heroes of the comedy. Thanks to a seemingly simple plot device (a minor official passing by is mistaken for an auditor), the author vividly and colorfully describes the types and characters, their habits - in general, a description of Russia in miniature - a city from which you can ride for three years, but so You can’t get to any state. “There is a tavern on the streets, uncleanliness!” Near the ancient fence, which is located near the shoemaker, “all kinds of rubbish were piled on forty carts.” Even the church, which is located at a charitable institution, for the construction of which money was allocated five years ago, began to be built, but then burned down, and it still stands.

How is life for the “merchants” and “citizens”? Here some are robbed, some are flogged by an official, some are beaten due to Derzhimorda’s hard work. In prisons, prisoners are not fed, hospitals are dirty, and the sick “all get better like flies.” Having learned that the arrival of the auditor is coming, officials immediately try to restore at least some order in the city. Their actions come down to window dressing, to observing only external decency (removing the hunting arapnik that was hanging in the presence, cleaning and clearing only the street along which the arriving inspector will travel). “As for the internal order... I can’t say anything... There is no person who does not have some sins behind him. This is how God himself arranged it,” says the mayor. Gogol shows the reader that life in a particular city directly depends on the attitude of officials towards their service.

Those who, by virtue of their duty, are called upon to resist violations of the law and take care of the welfare of the townspeople, are mired in bribery, drunkenness, gambling and gossip.

The mayor proudly declares: “I have been living in the service for thirty years! He deceived three governors! “The judge is not far behind him: “I tell you frankly that I take bribes... With greyhound puppies. This... is a different matter.” Even the postmaster was ridiculed by Gogol. When he is given instructions to lightly open all the letters, he naively admits: “I do this not so much out of precaution, but more out of curiosity: I love to know what’s new in the world.” All the images created by Gogol in the comedy “The Inspector General” embody typical features characteristic of officials from Nikolaev Russia. Vulgar, two-faced, poorly educated - the most “educated” of the comedy characters is Judge Lyapkin-Tyapkin. He has read as many as five or six books in his entire life, so he is considered the most “well-read” and “somewhat free-thinking.”

Unscrupulousness, self-interest, various abuses of official position - these are the morals of the district officials. It is interesting that embezzlement, bribery, robbery of the population - all these terrible social vices - are shown by Gogol as everyday and even natural phenomena.

• Name of the official The area of ​​city life that he leads Information about the state of affairs in this area Characteristics of the hero according to the text Anton Antonovich Skvoznik-Dmukhanovsky Mayor: general administration, police, ensuring order in the city, improvements Takes bribes, connives in this to other officials, the city is not well-maintained , public money is being stolen “Speaks neither loudly nor quietly; neither more nor less"; facial features are rough and hard; crudely developed inclinations of the soul. “Look, I have an ear […]
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Residents of the city N (Based on the play by N. Gogol “The Inspector General”)

“In The Inspector General,” Gogol later recalled, “I decided to collect in one pile everything bad in Russia that I knew then, all the injustices... and laugh at everyone at once.”

The writer’s focus is on the fictional provincial town of N., from where, according to the mayor, “even if you ride for three years, you won’t reach any state.” The action in the comedy takes place in the 30s of the 19th century. All kinds of abuses of power, embezzlement and bribery, arbitrariness and disdain for the people were characteristic features of the bureaucracy of that time. And these negative phenomena of social life could be observed throughout the country. Therefore, the district town of N., which is not on the map, is a generalized image of Russia.

The composition of the population of this city is the same as in the entire Russian state of that time. There are officials, nobles, merchants, and ordinary townspeople here.

Among the bureaucrats who make up the main group of characters in The Inspector General, there is not a single positive person. At the same time, the play is not about the individual shortcomings of individual representatives of the bureaucracy. Gogol portrays them as vicious in general. While characterizing the entire bureaucratic class, the author did not ignore its main feature - a penchant for veneration of rank. To Khlestakov’s question: “Why are you, gentlemen, standing?”, the mayor, who himself knows how to humiliate a person, obsequiously answers: “The rank is such that you can still stand.” In general, all officials talk to Khlestakov “at length.” When Khlestakov intimidated the officials with his imaginary importance, they “shake with fear,” and the mayor, speechless, barely pronounces: “And va-va-va... va... Va-va-va... procession.”

The mayor's tyranny is limitless. He embezzles money intended for the construction of the church. Imitating him in embezzlement and despotism, the trustee of charitable institutions, Zemlyanika, believes that an ordinary person “if he dies, he will die anyway; “If you get well, then you will get well,” and instead of eating oatmeal soup, he gives the sick only cabbage. The judge, confident that in his papers “Solomon himself will not decide what is true and what is not true,” turned the judicial institution into his own fiefdom.

The speech characteristics of city officials are very interesting. The speech of the trustee of charitable institutions is flattering, florid and pompous and bureaucratic: “I do not dare to disturb with my presence, to take away the time allocated for sacred duties...” The vocabulary and intonations of the judge are determined by the claims of a smug ignoramus to intellectuality. “No, I’ll tell you, you’re not the one...” The speech of the school superintendent reflects his extreme timidity and fear: “I’m timid, your blah...preos...shine...” The postmaster’s phraseology is a clear evidence of his stupidity: “What am I? How are you, Anton Antonovich? He is meager in thoughts and words, often gets confused and leaves out phrases.

Gogol also paints a negative picture of the nobility of the city of N. So, for example, Bobchinsky and Dobchinsky are slackers, gossips and liars. Emphasizing the complete facelessness of the landowners, Gogol gives them the same names (Peter), patronymics (Ivanovich) and similar surnames (Bobchinsky - Dobchinsky). The landowners' vocabulary is extremely poor and primitive. They make abundant use of introductory (or similar) words (“yes, sir,” “entogo,” “please see”) and connect phrases using coordinating conjunctions (“And not having found Korobkin... and not having found Rastakovsky”). To Khlestakov’s question: “Have you hurt yourself?” Bobchinsky answers tongue-tiedly: “Nothing, nothing, sir, without any insanity.”

The nobility is also represented in the images of the mayor's wife and daughter. Anna Andreevna is very cutesy and mannered. It seems to her that she looks more like a society lady when she says: “Oh, what a passage!” With an important look, she says: “If I’m not mistaken, you are making a declaration about my daughter,” and then expresses herself very colloquially: “She ran in like a mad cat.” The essence of her character was perfectly defined by the mayor himself, calling her a “ratchet.”

Gogol laughs evilly at his heroes, sometimes making them look like complete fools. So, for example, the judge, clearly at odds with elementary logic, sees the reason for the assessor’s characteristic alcoholic smell in the fact that “his mother hurt him a little when he was a child, and since then he smells a little like vodka.” When asked by the mayor what he thinks about the arrival of the auditor, the postmaster declares: “... there will be a war with the Turks... It’s the Frenchman who is crap.” The trustee of charitable institutions boasts: “Since I took over, it may even seem incredible to you - everyone is getting better like flies.” We understand the depth of the author's irony by remembering the well-known saying - “they die like flies.”

We also see the merchants in the play. Merchants, accustomed to giving bribes, come to Khlestakov “with a body of wine and sugar loaves.” Just like the officials of the city of N., merchants are always ready to deceive. They are afraid of the mayor’s anger and his disfavor, so they always try to please him.

When depicting minor figures, like Derzhimorda and Gibner, Gogol uses only social-typical features that absorb individual ones. Derzhimorda is extremely rude and despotic.

But why does Gogol paint a non-commissioned officer’s wife? As a victim of police brutality? Of course, but not only. Otherwise, she, like other residents of the city, would not have been exposed to general ridicule. She is not concerned about restoring justice or protecting her human dignity. Like her offender, who, as we know, “is a smart man and does not like to miss what comes into his hands,” she, too, is trying to benefit from the insult inflicted on her. “And for his mistake they ordered him to pay a fine. I have no reason to give up my happiness,” she tells Khlestakov. Thus, the non-commissioned officer, unfairly flogged behind the stage, morally flogs, that is, humiliates herself, in front of the audience, confirming the justice of the seemingly absurd words of the mayor: “She flogged herself.”

Gogol refused to introduce a positive hero into the play, as this would have softened the satirical image of the social environment he depicted and would have weakened the general meaning of his comedy. The only honest and noble face acting throughout the comedy is the author's laughter. In Gogol’s understanding, social comedy, in contrast to the entertaining comedy that dominated the Russian stage at that time, was supposed to arouse indignation in the viewer against “society’s deviation from the straight path.” In “The Inspector General,” the author, by his own admission, decided to collect “in one pile everything that is bad in Russia.” That is why among the residents of the city of N. there is not a single decent person. Before us are selfish and greedy officials, dishonest merchants, rude and ignorant ordinary people.

City N and its inhabitants.

One of the most expressive, impressive images of Gogol’s comedy “The Inspector General” is certainly the image of the city N.

The reader gets acquainted with him almost from the first pages of the famous work. From the dialogue of those frightened by the imminent arrival of an official, a small provincial town appears in all its glory: Ivan Kuzmich Shpekin, the local postmaster, who opens other people’s correspondence without any remorse and reads it with pleasure, seems to blow up the city authorities with his news.

We can safely say that in a small work, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol manages to brilliantly show all layers of society: the people, the merchants, the bureaucrats. “The Inspector General” reflects the main areas of life: trade, social, spiritual.

From the very first pages of the play we learn about the dirt that has not been removed from the city streets for many years. Particular attention is paid to the huge puddle in the central square, which is impossible to pass through in bad weather. However, the Mayor is convinced that the deplorable state of the city is not his fault, but that the same townspeople are to blame. “What a nasty city this is! Just put up some kind of monument somewhere or just a fence - God knows where they’ll come from and they’ll do all sorts of crap!”

It turns out that officials had previously highlighted these shortcomings, but did not consider it necessary to put everything listed above in order. They suddenly begin to care about the comfort of the townspeople only after the news of the arrival of the auditor.

And what morals reign in this amazing town! People. who represent the state, turn the lives of city residents into survival rather.

The reader learns with horror about the order in the local hospital. Here, sick people walk around in scary gray caps, and few people actually think about curing them. As Strawberry put it, “...the closer to nature, the better - we don’t use expensive medicines. The man is simple: if he dies, he will die anyway; if he recovers, then he will recover.”

The teaching also amazes with the “flight of imagination”. One of the teachers “makes scary faces”, another talks with such inspiration about the affairs of “bygone days” that the students are simply afraid of him: “He is a learned head - it’s obvious, and he’s picked up a ton of information, but he only explains with such fervor that he doesn’t remembers himself. I listened to him once: well, for now I talked about the Assyrians and Babylonians - nothing yet, but when I got to Alexander the Great, I cannot tell you what happened to him. I thought it was a fire, by God! He ran away from the pulpit and slammed his chair on the floor with all his might. Of course, Alexander the Great is a hero, but why break the chairs? This is a loss to the treasury."

What is justice like? Law and order certainly reign here! However, from the wishes expressed by the Governor, the reader can learn that here, too, the picture is far from being the best. Bribery, condoning illegal actions - all this does not decorate the city of N.

I even feel sorry for the inhabitants of this town, but they, in my opinion, are so accustomed to this way of life that they cannot imagine their existence without such wonderful “little things” as bribery, flattery, laziness, stupidity of the commanding officials...

Gogol wrote this work in the first half of the 19th century, but how recognizable some of its scenes are now! Russia is certainly changing for the better, but some features of city life, it seems to me, are far from being corrected...

Depiction of the morals of a district town in the comedy by N.V. Gogol "The Inspector General"

I. Introduction

In the comedy “The Inspector General,” Gogol strove for very broad generalizations (“I decided to collect in one pile everything bad in Russia that I knew then... and laugh at everything at once”). Therefore, the city in comedy is a generalized, typical image; it is no coincidence that it does not have any, even a conventional name. This is any of thousands of similar cities in Russia.

II. main part

1. The city in the comedy is a district one, that is, the smallest of all in Russia at that time. This is a wilderness, from it, in the words of the City, it’s okay, “even if you gallop for three years, you won’t reach any state.” The inhabitants of the city have a very weak idea of ​​​​metropolitan life (this is partly why Khlestakov manages to pass for an important person). In general, enlightenment almost did not touch even the highest officials: the author notes that the judge read five or six books as a rare and remarkable phenomenon; In a district school, strange orders and wild logic reign (if a teacher “cut a student’s face,” this means that he instills free-thinking thoughts in the youth), etc.

2. The most striking feature of district morals is the complete arbitrariness of the officials. It is virtually uncontrollable (an auditor from St. Petersburg is an out of the ordinary phenomenon for them, but the Governor and his officials, apparently, can easily cope with it). Gogol did not bring out a single honest person in his comedy, with the exception, perhaps, of Khlopov, but he is so downtrodden and intimidated that he does not change the overall picture. Extortion, embezzlement and arbitrariness have become part of the life of the district city, and many officials, and other townspeople, consider them to be in the order of things: The mayor is convinced that “this is already arranged this way by God himself,” the judge sincerely believes that taking bribes with greyhound puppies is quite It’s possible that it doesn’t occur to the postmaster that, by opening and even holding letters, he is acting illegally. The mayor reprimands the quarterly not because he took a piece of material from the merchant, but because he took too much: “Don’t you take it according to rank!”, etc.

III. Conclusion

Gogol was the first writer in Russian literature who began to study and depict the average Russian district or provincial town. ‘Before him, the scene of action was either the capital or the village. Thus, Gogol laid the foundation for a very important tradition, which was inherited by such writers as Leskov, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Gorky and others.

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